String case
From Rosetta Code
You are encouraged to solve this task according to the task description, using any language you may know.
- Task
Take the string alphaBETA and demonstrate how to convert it to:
- upper-case and
- lower-case
Use the default encoding of a string literal or plain ASCII if there is no string literal in your language.
Show any additional case conversion functions (e.g. swapping case, capitalizing the first letter, etc.) that may be included in the library of your language.
Other tasks related to string operations:
- Metrics
- Counting
- Word frequency
- Letter frequency
- Jewels and stones
- I before E except after C
- Bioinformatics/base count
- Count occurrences of a substring
- Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string
- Remove/replace
- XXXX redacted
- Conjugate a Latin verb
- Remove vowels from a string
- String interpolation (included)
- Strip block comments
- Strip comments from a string
- Strip a set of characters from a string
- Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail
- Strip control codes and extended characters from a string
- Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling
- Word wheel
- ABC problem
- Sattolo cycle
- Knuth shuffle
- Ordered words
- Superpermutation minimisation
- Textonyms (using a phone text pad)
- Anagrams
- Anagrams/Deranged anagrams
- Permutations/Derangements
- Find/Search/Determine
- ABC words
- Odd words
- Word ladder
- Semordnilap
- Word search
- Wordiff (game)
- String matching
- Tea cup rim text
- Alternade words
- Changeable words
- State name puzzle
- String comparison
- Unique characters
- Unique characters in each string
- Extract file extension
- Levenshtein distance
- Palindrome detection
- Common list elements
- Longest common suffix
- Longest common prefix
- Compare a list of strings
- Longest common substring
- Find common directory path
- Words from neighbour ones
- Change e letters to i in words
- Non-continuous subsequences
- Longest common subsequence
- Longest palindromic substrings
- Longest increasing subsequence
- Words containing "the" substring
- Sum of the digits of n is substring of n
- Determine if a string is numeric
- Determine if a string is collapsible
- Determine if a string is squeezable
- Determine if a string has all unique characters
- Determine if a string has all the same characters
- Longest substrings without repeating characters
- Find words which contains all the vowels
- Find words which contains most consonants
- Find words which contains more than 3 vowels
- Find words which first and last three letters are equals
- Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa
- Formatting
- Substring
- Rep-string
- Word wrap
- String case
- Align columns
- Literals/String
- Repeat a string
- Brace expansion
- Brace expansion using ranges
- Reverse a string
- Phrase reversals
- Comma quibbling
- Special characters
- String concatenation
- Substring/Top and tail
- Commatizing numbers
- Reverse words in a string
- Suffixation of decimal numbers
- Long literals, with continuations
- Numerical and alphabetical suffixes
- Abbreviations, easy
- Abbreviations, simple
- Abbreviations, automatic
- Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases
- Mad Libs
- Magic 8-ball
- 99 Bottles of Beer
- The Name Game (a song)
- The Old lady swallowed a fly
- The Twelve Days of Christmas
- Tokenize
- Text between
- Tokenize a string
- Word break problem
- Tokenize a string with escaping
- Split a character string based on change of character
- Sequences
Contents
- 1 11l
- 2 360 Assembly
- 3 4D
- 4 6502 Assembly
- 5 8080 Assembly
- 6 Action!
- 7 ActionScript
- 8 Ada
- 9 ALGOL 68
- 10 ALGOL W
- 11 Amazing Hopper
- 12 APL
- 13 AppleScript
- 14 Arbre
- 15 Arturo
- 16 AutoHotkey
- 17 AutoIt
- 18 Avail
- 19 AWK
- 20 BASIC
- 21 BCPL
- 22 Befunge
- 23 Bracmat
- 24 Burlesque
- 25 C
- 26 C#
- 27 C++
- 28 Clojure
- 29 CMake
- 30 COBOL
- 31 ColdFusion
- 32 Common Lisp
- 33 Component Pascal
- 34 D
- 35 DBL
- 36 Delphi
- 37 DWScript
- 38 Dyalect
- 39 E
- 40 EchoLisp
- 41 ECL
- 42 Elena
- 43 Elixir
- 44 Elm
- 45 Erlang
- 46 Excel
- 47 F#
- 48 Factor
- 49 Falcon
- 50 Fantom
- 51 Forth
- 52 Fortran
- 53 FreeBASIC
- 54 Frink
- 55 FutureBasic
- 56 Gambas
- 57 GAP
- 58 GML
- 59 Go
- 60 Groovy
- 61 Haskell
- 62 HicEst
- 63 Icon and Unicon
- 64 IDL
- 65 J
- 66 Java
- 67 JavaScript
- 68 jq
- 69 Jsish
- 70 Julia
- 71 K
- 72 Kotlin
- 73 Lambdatalk
- 74 Lasso
- 75 Lingo
- 76 LiveCode
- 77 Logo
- 78 Lua
- 79 M4
- 80 Maple
- 81 Mathematica/Wolfram Language
- 82 MATLAB / Octave
- 83 Maxima
- 84 MAXScript
- 85 Mercury
- 86 Metafont
- 87 min
- 88 MiniScript
- 89 mIRC Scripting Language
- 90 Modula-3
- 91 MUMPS
- 92 Nanoquery
- 93 Nemerle
- 94 NetRexx
- 95 NewLISP
- 96 Nial
- 97 Nim
- 98 Objeck
- 99 Objective-C
- 100 OCaml
- 101 Octave
- 102 Oforth
- 103 OpenEdge/Progress
- 104 Oz
- 105 Pascal
- 106 Peloton
- 107 Perl
- 108 Phix
- 109 PHP
- 110 PicoLisp
- 111 Pike
- 112 PL/I
- 113 PL/SQL
- 114 Plain English
- 115 Pop11
- 116 Potion
- 117 Powerbuilder
- 118 PowerShell
- 119 Python
- 120 QB64
- 121 Quackery
- 122 R
- 123 Racket
- 124 Raku
- 125 Raven
- 126 REBOL
- 127 Red
- 128 Retro
- 129 REXX
- 130 Ring
- 131 Ruby
- 132 Rust
- 133 Scala
- 134 Scheme
- 135 Sed
- 136 Seed7
- 137 SenseTalk
- 138 Sidef
- 139 Simula
- 140 Slate
- 141 Smalltalk
- 142 SNOBOL4
- 143 SQL
- 144 SQL PL
- 145 Standard ML
- 146 Stata
- 147 Swift
- 148 Tcl
- 149 Toka
- 150 TorqueScript
- 151 TUSCRIPT
- 152 UNIX Shell
- 153 Ursa
- 154 Ursala
- 155 Vala
- 156 VBA
- 157 VBScript
- 158 Vedit macro language
- 159 Visual Basic
- 160 Wren
- 161 XPL0
- 162 Z80 Assembly
- 163 zkl
- 164 Zoea
- 165 Zoea Visual
11l[edit]
V s = ‘alphaBETA’
print(s.uppercase())
print(s.lowercase())
- Output:
ALPHABETA alphabeta
360 Assembly[edit]
The first version uses a nice thing of EBCDIC coding, uppercase can be performed with a simple 'OR' with blank character (X'40'), in the same way lowercase can be performed with a 'AND' with character 191 (X'BF').
UCASE CSECT
USING UCASE,R15
MVC UC,PG
MVC LC,PG
OC UC,=16C' ' or X'40' uppercase
NC LC,=16X'BF' and X'BF' lowercase
XPRNT PG,L'PG print original
XPRNT UC,L'UC print uc
XPRNT LC,L'LC print lc
BR R14
PG DC CL9'alphaBETA'
UC DS CL(L'PG)
LC DS CL(L'PG)
YREGS
END UCASE
- Output:
alphaBETA ALPHABETA alphabeta
The second version uses the translate operation (TR opcode), but now EBCDIC coding with alphabetic in 3 sequences, makes things a bit longer to create translation tables.
UCASE CSECT
USING UCASE,R15
MVC UC,PG
MVC LC,PG
TR UC,TABLEU TR uppercase
TR LC,TABLEL TR lowercase
XPRNT PG,L'PG print original
XPRNT UC,L'UC print uc
XPRNT LC,L'LC print lc
BR R14
PG DC CL9'alphaBETA'
UC DS CL(L'PG)
LC DS CL(L'PG)
TABLEU DC 256AL1(*-TABLEU)
ORG TABLEU+C'a'
DC C'ABCDEFGHI'
ORG TABLEU+C'j'
DC C'JKLMNOPQR'
ORG TABLEU+C's'
DC C'STUVWXYZ'
ORG
TABLEL DC 256AL1(*-TABLEL)
ORG TABLEL+C'A'
DC C'abcdefghi'
ORG TABLEL+C'J'
DC C'jklmnopqr'
ORG TABLEL+C'S'
DC C'stuvwxyz'
ORG
YREGS
END UCASE
- Output:
alphaBETA ALPHABETA alphabeta
4D[edit]
$string:="alphaBETA"
$uppercase:=Uppercase($string)
$lowercase:=Lowercase($string)
6502 Assembly[edit]
.lf case6502.lst
.cr 6502
.tf case6502.obj,ap1
;------------------------------------------------------
; String Case for the 6502 by barrym95838 2013.04.07
; Thanks to sbprojects.com for a very nice assembler!
; The target for this assembly is an Apple II with
; mixed-case output capabilities. Apple IIs like to
; work in '+128' ascii, so this version leaves bit 7
; alone, and can be used with either flavor.
; 6502s work best with data structures < 256 bytes;
; several instructions would have to be added to
; properly deal with longer strings.
; Tested and verified on AppleWin 1.20.0.0
;------------------------------------------------------
; Constant Section
;
StrPtr = $6 ;0-page temp pointer (2 bytes)
Low = $8 ;0-page temp low bound
High = $9 ;0-page temp high bound
CharOut = $fded ;Specific to the Apple II
BigA = "A" ;'A' for normal ascii
BigZ = "Z" ;'Z' " " "
LittleA = "a" ;'a' " " "
LittleZ = "z" ;'z' " " "
;======================================================
.or $0f00
;------------------------------------------------------
; The main program
;
main ldx #sTest ;Point to the test string
lda /sTest
jsr puts ;print it to stdout
jsr toUpper ;convert to UPPER-case
jsr puts ;print it
jsr toLower ;convert to lower-case
jmp puts ;print it and return to caller
;------------------------------------------------------
toUpper ldy #LittleA
sty Low ;set up the flip range
ldy #LittleZ
bne toLow2 ;return via toLower's tail
;------------------------------------------------------
toLower ldy #BigA
sty Low ;set up the flip range
ldy #BigZ
toLow2 sty High
; ;return via fall-thru to flip
;------------------------------------------------------
; Given a NUL-terminated string at A:X, flip the case
; of any chars in the range [Low..High], inclusive;
; only works on the first 256 bytes of a long string
; Uses: StrPtr, Low, High
; Preserves: A, X
; Trashes: Y
;
flip stx StrPtr ;init string pointer
sta StrPtr+1
ldy #0
pha ;save A
flip2 lda (StrPtr),y ;get string char
beq flip5 ;done if NUL
cmp Low
bcc flip4 ;if Low <= char <= High
cmp High
beq flip3
bcs flip4
flip3 eor #$20 ; then flip the case
sta (StrPtr),y
flip4 iny ;point to next char
bne flip2 ;loop up to 255 times
flip5 pla ;restore A
rts ;return
;------------------------------------------------------
; Output NUL-terminated string @ A:X; strings longer
; than 256 bytes are truncated there
; Uses: StrPtr
; Preserves: A, X
; Trashes: Y
;
puts stx StrPtr ;init string pointer
sta StrPtr+1
ldy #0
pha ;save A
puts2 lda (StrPtr),y ;get string char
beq puts3 ;done if NUL
jsr CharOut ;output the char
iny ;point to next char
bne puts2 ;loop up to 255 times
puts3 pla ;restore A
rts ;return
;------------------------------------------------------
; Test String (in '+128' ascii, Apple II style)
;
sTest .as -"Alpha, BETA, gamma, {[(<[email protected]_>)]}."
.az -#13
;------------------------------------------------------
.en
Output:
Alpha, BETA, gamma, {[(<[email protected]_>)]}.
ALPHA, BETA, GAMMA, {[(<[email protected]_>)]}.
alpha, beta, gamma, {[(<[email protected]_>)]}.
8080 Assembly[edit]
org 100h
jmp demo
;;; Convert CP/M string under [HL] to upper case
unext: inx h
ucase: mov a,m ; Get character <- entry point is here
cpi '$' ; Done?
rz ; If so, stop
cpi 'a' ; >= 'a'?
jc unext ; If not, next character
cpi 'z'+1 ; <= 'z'?
jnc unext ; If not, next character
sui 32 ; Subtract 32
mov m,a ; Write character back
jmp unext
;;; Convert CP/M string under [HL] to lower case
lnext: inx h
lcase: mov a,m ; Get character <- entry point is here
cpi '$' ; Done?
rz ; If so, stop
cpi 'A' ; >= 'A'?
jc lnext ; If not, next character
cpi 'Z'+1 ; <= 'Z'?
jnc lnext ; If not, next character
adi 32 ; Subtract 32
mov m,a ; Write character back
jmp lnext
;;; Apply to given string
demo: call print ; Print without change
lxi h,str
call ucase ; Make uppercase
call print ; Print uppercase version
lxi h,str
call lcase ; Make lowercase (fall through to print)
print: lxi d,str ; Print string using CP/M call
mvi c,9
jmp 5
str: db 'alphaBETA',13,10,'$'
- Output:
alphaBETA ALPHABETA alphabeta
Action![edit]
INCLUDE "D2:CHARTEST.ACT" ;from the Action! Tool Kit
PROC UpperCase(CHAR ARRAY text,res)
BYTE i
res(0)=text(0)
FOR i=1 TO res(0)
DO
res(i)=ToUpper(text(i))
OD
RETURN
PROC LowerCase(CHAR ARRAY text,res)
BYTE i
res(0)=text(0)
FOR i=1 TO res(0)
DO
res(i)=ToLower(text(i))
OD
RETURN
PROC Main()
CHAR ARRAY text="alphaBETA"
CHAR ARRAY upper(20),lower(20)
UpperCase(text,upper)
LowerCase(text,lower)
Put(125) PutE() ;clear screen
PrintF("Original string: ""%S""%E",text)
PrintF("Upper-case string: ""%S""%E",upper)
PrintF("Lower-case string: ""%S""%E",lower)
RETURN
- Output:
Screenshot from Atari 8-bit computer
Original string: "alphaBETA" Upper-case string: "ALPHABETA" Lower-case string: "alphabeta"
ActionScript[edit]
var string:String = 'alphaBETA';
var upper:String = string.toUpperCase();
var lower:String = string.toLowerCase();
Ada[edit]
with Ada.Characters.Handling, Ada.Text_IO;
use Ada.Characters.Handling, Ada.Text_IO;
procedure Upper_Case_String is
S : constant String := "alphaBETA";
begin
Put_Line (To_Upper (S));
Put_Line (To_Lower (S));
end Upper_Case_String;
ALGOL 68[edit]
#!/usr/local/bin/a68g --script #
# Demonstrate toupper and tolower for standard ALGOL 68
strings. This does not work for multibyte character sets. #
INT l2u = ABS "A" - ABS "a";
PROC to upper = (CHAR c)CHAR:
(ABS "a" > ABS c | c |: ABS c > ABS "z" | c | REPR ( ABS c + l2u ));
PROC to lower = (CHAR c)CHAR:
(ABS "A" > ABS c | c |: ABS c > ABS "Z" | c | REPR ( ABS c - l2u ));
# Operators can be defined in ALGOL 68 #
OP (CHAR)CHAR TOLOWER = to lower, TOUPPER = to upper;
# upper-cases s in place #
PROC string to upper = (REF STRING s)VOID:
FOR i FROM LWB s TO UPB s DO s[i] := to upper(s[i]) OD;
# lower-cases s in place #
PROC string to lower = (REF STRING s)VOID:
FOR i FROM LWB s TO UPB s DO s[i] := to lower(s[i]) OD;
main: (
STRING t := "alphaBETA";
string to upper(t);
printf(($"uppercase: "gl$, t));
string to lower(t);
printf(($"lowercase: "gl$, t))
)
Output:
uppercase: ALPHABETA lowercase: alphabeta
ALGOL W[edit]
begin
% algol W doesn't have standard case conversion routines, this is one way %
% such facilities could be provided %
% converts text to upper case %
% assumes the letters are contiguous in the character set (as in ASCII) %
% would not work in EBCDIC (as the original algol W implementations used) %
procedure upCase( string(256) value result text ) ;
for i := 0 until 255 do begin
string(1) c;
c := text( i // 1 );
if c >= "a" and c <= "z"
then begin
text( i // 1 ) := code( decode( "A" )
+ ( decode( c ) - decode( "a" ) )
)
end
end upCase ;
% converts text to lower case %
% assumes the letters are contiguous in the character set (as in ASCII) %
% would not work in EBCDIC (as the original algol W implementations used) %
procedure dnCase( string(256) value result text ) ;
for i := 0 until 255 do begin
string(1) c;
c := text( i // 1 );
if c >= "A" and c <= "Z"
then begin
text( i // 1 ) := code( decode( "a" )
+ ( decode( c ) - decode( "A" ) )
)
end
end dnCase ;
string(256) text;
text := "alphaBETA";
upCase( text );
write( text( 0 // 40 ) );
dnCase( text );
write( text( 0 // 40 ) );
end.
- Output:
ALPHABETA alphabeta
Amazing Hopper[edit]
#include <hopper.h>
#proto swapcase(_X_)
main:
// literal:
String to process = "alphaBETA", {"String to process: ",String to process}println
{"UPPER: ",String to process} upper,println
{"LOWER: ",String to process} lower,println
{"SWAP CASE: "}
s="", let( s := _swap case(String to process)),{s}println
// arrays:
vArray=0, {5,5} new array(vArray), vArray=String to process
{"ARRAY UPPER: \n",vArray} upper,println
{"ARRAY LOWER: \n",vArray} lower,println
[1:2:end,1:2:end]get(vArray),upper, put(vArray)
[2:2:end,2:2:end]get(vArray),lower, put(vArray)
{"INTERVAL ARRAY UPPER/LOWER: \n",vArray},println
exit(0)
.locals
swapcase(_X_)
nLen=0, {_X_}len,mov(nLen)
__SWAPCASE__:
if( [nLen:nLen]get(_X_),{"upper"}!typechar? )
lower
else
upper
end if
put(_X_)
--nLen,{nLen}jnz(__SWAPCASE__)
{_X_} // put processed string into the stack...
back
- Output:
String to process: alphaBETA UPPER: ALPHABETA LOWER: alphabeta SWAP CASE: ALPHAbeta ARRAY UPPER: ALPHABETA ALPHABETA ALPHABETA ALPHABETA ALPHABETA ALPHABETA ALPHABETA ALPHABETA ALPHABETA ALPHABETA ALPHABETA ALPHABETA ALPHABETA ALPHABETA ALPHABETA ALPHABETA ALPHABETA ALPHABETA ALPHABETA ALPHABETA ALPHABETA ALPHABETA ALPHABETA ALPHABETA ALPHABETA ARRAY LOWER: alphabeta alphabeta alphabeta alphabeta alphabeta alphabeta alphabeta alphabeta alphabeta alphabeta alphabeta alphabeta alphabeta alphabeta alphabeta alphabeta alphabeta alphabeta alphabeta alphabeta alphabeta alphabeta alphabeta alphabeta alphabeta INTERVAL ARRAY UPPER/LOWER: ALPHABETA alphaBETA ALPHABETA alphaBETA ALPHABETA alphaBETA alphabeta alphaBETA alphabeta alphaBETA ALPHABETA alphaBETA ALPHABETA alphaBETA ALPHABETA alphaBETA alphabeta alphaBETA alphabeta alphaBETA ALPHABETA alphaBETA ALPHABETA alphaBETA ALPHABETA
APL[edit]
a←'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz'
A←'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ'
X←'alphaBETA'
(a,⎕AV)[(A,⎕AV)⍳'alphaBETA']
alphabeta
(A,⎕AV)[(a,⎕AV)⍳'alphaBETA']
ALPHABETA
In the following example, puntuation is not covered. It is substituted by '*'.
AlphLower←'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ'
AlphUpper←'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ*'
AlphUpper[AlphLower⍳'I'm using APL!']
I*M USING APL*
AlphLower←'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ*'
AlphUpper←'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ'
AlphLower[AlphUpper⍳'I'm using APL!']
i*m using apl*
APL (Dyalog)[edit]
Dyalog APL has a system function for case conversion, ⎕C. This is Unicode-aware and preserves punctuation. If called monadically, maps character arrays to lower case. If called with a left-hand argument of 1, maps character arrays to upper case.
⎕C 'Πέτρος is using APL!'
πέτροσ is using apl!
1 ⎕C 'Πέτρος is using APL!'
ΠΈΤΡΟΣ IS USING APL!
Note: The I-Beam operator with code 819 is now deprecated in favor of the system function ⎕C.
AppleScript[edit]
AppleScript lacks built in string case functions, but since OS X 10.10 (Yosemite version, Oct 2014) it has been possible to use ObjC Foundation class methods directly in AppleScript code.
use framework "Foundation"
-- TEST -----------------------------------------------------------------------
on run
ap({toLower, toTitle, toUpper}, {"alphaBETA αβγδΕΖΗΘ"})
--> {"alphabeta αβγδεζηθ", "Alphabeta Αβγδεζηθ", "ALPHABETA ΑΒΓΔΕΖΗΘ"}
end run
-- GENERIC FUNCTIONS ----------------------------------------------------------
-- toLower :: String -> String
on toLower(str)
set ca to current application
((ca's NSString's stringWithString:(str))'s ¬
lowercaseStringWithLocale:(ca's NSLocale's currentLocale())) as text
end toLower
-- toTitle :: String -> String
on toTitle(str)
set ca to current application
((ca's NSString's stringWithString:(str))'s ¬
capitalizedStringWithLocale:(ca's NSLocale's currentLocale())) as text
end toTitle
-- toUpper :: String -> String
on toUpper(str)
set ca to current application
((ca's NSString's stringWithString:(str))'s ¬
uppercaseStringWithLocale:(ca's NSLocale's currentLocale())) as text
end toUpper
-- A list of functions applied to a list of arguments
-- (<*> | ap) :: [(a -> b)] -> [a] -> [b]
on ap(fs, xs)
set {nf, nx} to {length of fs, length of xs}
set lst to {}
repeat with i from 1 to nf
tell mReturn(item i of fs)
repeat with j from 1 to nx
set end of lst to |λ|(contents of (item j of xs))
end repeat
end tell
end repeat
return lst
end ap
-- Lift 2nd class handler function into 1st class script wrapper
-- mReturn :: Handler -> Script
on mReturn(f)
if class of f is script then
f
else
script
property |λ| : f
end script
end if
end mReturn
- Output:
{"alphabeta αβγδεζηθ", "Alphabeta Αβγδεζηθ", "ALPHABETA ΑΒΓΔΕΖΗΘ"}
Arbre[edit]
main():
uppercase('alphaBETA') + '\n' + lowercase('alphaBETA') + '\n' -> io
Output:
ALPHABETA alphabeta
Arturo[edit]
str: "alphaBETA"
print ["uppercase :" upper str]
print ["lowercase :" lower str]
print ["capitalize :" capitalize str]
- Output:
uppercase : ALPHABETA lowercase : alphabeta capitalize : AlphaBETA
AutoHotkey[edit]
a := "alphaBETA"
StringLower, b, a ; alphabeta
StringUpper, c, a ; ALPHABETA
StringUpper, d, a, T ; Alphabeta (T = title case) eg "alpha beta gamma" would become "Alpha Beta Gamma"
AutoIt[edit]
$sString = "alphaBETA"
$sUppercase = StringUpper($sString) ;"ALPHABETA"
$sLowercase = StringLower($sString) ;"alphabeta"
Avail[edit]
Print: uppercase "alphaBETA";
Print: lowercase "alphaBETA";
AWK[edit]
BEGIN {
a = "alphaBETA";
print toupper(a), tolower(a)
}
Capitalize:
BEGIN {
a = "alphaBETA";
print toupper(substr(a, 1, 1)) tolower(substr(a, 2))
}
BASIC[edit]
s$ = "alphaBETA"
PRINT UCASE$(s$)
PRINT LCASE$(s$)
Applesoft BASIC[edit]
S$ = "alphaBETA"
UP$ = "" : FOR I = 1 TO LEN(S$) : C = ASC(MID$(S$, I, 1)) : UP$ = UP$ + CHR$(C - (C > 96 AND C < 123) * 32) : NEXT I : ? UP$
LO$ = "" : FOR I = 1 TO LEN(S$) : C = ASC(MID$(S$, I, 1)) : LO$ = LO$ + CHR$(C + (C > 64 AND C < 91) * 32) : NEXT I : ? LO$
BBC BASIC[edit]
INSTALL @lib$+"STRINGLIB"
original$ = "alphaBETA"
PRINT "Original: " original$
PRINT "Lower case: " FN_lower(original$)
PRINT "Upper case: " FN_upper(original$)
PRINT "Title case: " FN_title(original$)
Output:
Original: alphaBETA Lower case: alphabeta Upper case: ALPHABETA Title case: AlphaBETA
Commodore BASIC[edit]
The example here is based on AppleSoft BASIC, however, Commodore machines have a slightly different interpretation of ASCII:
- On a number of Commodore machines, the default character set at startup is uppercase letters with graphic symbols. In this instance, standard ASCII codes apply, which means printing the result of
ASC("A")returns65, and printing the result ofASC("♠")(SHIFT-A) returns 193. (Not 97... More on this below.) - However, on many of these Commodore machines, the character mode can be changed(†) to an alternate set of glyphs which consists of lowercase letters as well as uppercase letters. When this happens, the former uppercase letter glyphs are replaced with lowercase letter glyphs, and the graphics glyphs are replaced with uppercase letter glyphs. This maintains intuitive use of the computer where typing an uppercase letter is accomplished by holding the SHIFT key while pressing the letter, but the downside is that now the equivalent ASCII codes are reversed: 65 equates to a lowercase "a" (should be 97), and 97 equates to an uppercase "A".
- In addition to all of this, characters 192 through 255 are duplicates of other characters in the lower realms of the table. This allows one to easily use bit 7 as a flag for a shifted character. This is perhaps one reason why BASIC's
ASCreturns values for shifted letters starting at 193. In any case, it needs to be accounted for, and actually makes this task simpler.
† Exceptions to the above would be early PET 2001 models that either had no lowercase letters at all, or had upper and lowercase, but were locked into traditional ASCII encoding. The code example will not behave as expected on these models.
It should be noted that the program starts by sending a control code 14 to the display immediately after clearing the screen, which ensures that the computer is displaying the mixed lowercase/uppercase character set, otherwise the output will be a mix of uppercase letters and graphics.
Code Example
10 rem string case
15 rem rosetta code
20 s$="alphaBETA"
30 print chr$(147);chr$(14)
40 print "The original string is:"
41 print:print tab(11);s$
50 up$="":lo$=""
55 for i=1 to len(s$)
60 c=asc(mid$(s$,i,1))
65 up$=up$+chr$(c or 128)
70 lo$=lo$+chr$(c and 127)
75 next i
80 print:print "Uppercase: ";up$
90 print "Lowercase: ";lo$
- Output:
The original string is:
alphaBETA
Uppercase: ALPHABETA
Lowercase: alphabeta
ready.
█
IS-BASIC[edit]
100 INPUT PROMPT "String: ":TX$
110 PRINT "Lower case: ";LCASE$(TX$)
120 PRINT "Upper case: ";UCASE$(TX$)
Liberty BASIC[edit]
input$ ="alphaBETA"
print input$
print upper$( input$)
print lower$( input$)
end
PureBasic[edit]
s$ = "alphaBETA"
upper$ = UCase(s$) ;uppercase
lower$ = LCase(s$) ;lowercase
Run BASIC[edit]
a$ ="alphaBETA"
print a$ '=> alphaBETA
print upper$(a$) '=> ALPHABETA
print lower$(a$) '=> alphabeta
TI-83 BASIC[edit]
Note: While lowercase letters are built in to every TI-83/4/+/SE calculator, typing in lowercase is disabled by default and you have to hack the calculator to type in lowercase. However, the calculator does not have to be hacked to simply display lowercase output from a program, so on non-hacked calculators this program will only be useful one-way. To get lowercase letters, you have to create a new program with "AsmPrgmFDCB24DEC9" as the text, and then execute it on the homescreen with Asm(prgmYOURPROGRAMNAME). Then press [ALPHA] twice.
Visual Basic .NET[edit]
' Define 's'
Dim s AS String = "alphaBETA"
' Change 's' to Upper Case.
s = s.ToUpper()
' Change 's' to Lower Case.
s = s.ToLower()
:"ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ"→Str9
:"abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"→Str0
:Input ">",Str1
:":"+Str1+":"→Str1
:Prompt U
:If U:Then
:For(I,2,length(Str1))
:If inString(Str0,sub(Str1,I,1)) and sub(Str1,I,1)≠":"
:sub(Str1,1,I-1)+sub(Str9,inString(Str0,sub(Str1,I,1)),1)+sub(Str1,I+1,length(Str1)-I)→Str1
:End
:Else
:For(I,2,length(Str1))
:If inString(Str9,sub(Str1,I,1)) and sub(Str1,I,1)≠":"
:sub(Str1,1,I-1)+sub(Str0,inString(Str9,sub(Str1,I,1)),1)+sub(Str1,I+1,length(Str1)-I)→Str1
:End
:End
:sub(Str1,2,length(Str1)-2)→Str1
:Pause Str1
BCPL[edit]
get "libhdr"
// Check whether a character is an upper or lowercase letter
let islower(x) = 'a' <= x <= 'z'
let isupper(x) = 'A' <= x <= 'Z'
// Convert a character to upper or lowercase
let toupper(x) = islower(x) -> x - 32, x
let tolower(x) = isupper(x) -> x + 32, x
// Map a character function over a string
let strmap(f,s) = valof
$( for i=1 to s%0 do s%i := f(s%i)
resultis s
$)
// Convert a string to upper or lowercase
let strtoupper(s) = strmap(toupper,s)
let strtolower(s) = strmap(tolower,s)
let start() be
$( let s = "alphaBETA"
writef(" String: %S*N", s)
writef("Uppercase: %S*N", strtoupper(s))
writef("Lowercase: %S*N", strtolower(s))
$)
- Output:
String: alphaBETA Uppercase: ALPHABETA Lowercase: alphabeta
Befunge[edit]
Converts to uppercase only; lowercase is done in a similar way so I chose not to add it.
"ATEBahpla" > : #v_ 25* , @ >48*-v
> :: "`"` \"{"\` * | > , v
> ^
^ <
Bracmat[edit]
The functions upp$ and low$ assume that strings are UTF-8 encoded, but if a string is not valid UTF-8, it is assumed the string is ISO-8859-1. Case conversion is not restricted to the Latin alphabet, but extends to all alphabets that have upper and lower case characters.
"alphaBETA":?s
& out$str$(upp$!s \n low$!s)
Output:
ALPHABETA alphabeta
Burlesque[edit]
blsq ) "alphaBETA"^^zz\/ZZ
"ALPHABETA"
"alphabeta"
C[edit]
The tolower and toupper functions are locale-aware.
/* Demonstrate toupper and tolower for
standard C strings.
This does not work for multibyte character sets. */
#include <ctype.h>
#include <stdio.h>
/* upper-cases s in place */
void str_toupper(char *s)
{
while(*s)
{
*s=toupper(*s);
s++;
}
}
/* lower-cases s in place */
void str_tolower(char *s)
{
while(*s)
{
*s=tolower(*s);
s++;
}
}
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
char t[255]="alphaBETA";
str_toupper(t);
printf("uppercase: %s\n", t);
str_tolower(t);
printf("lowercase: %s\n", t);
return 0;
}
C#[edit]
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
string input;
Console.Write("Enter a series of letters: ");
input = Console.ReadLine();
stringCase(input);
}
private static void stringCase(string str)
{
char[] chars = str.ToCharArray();
string newStr = "";
foreach (char i in chars)
if (char.IsLower(i))
newStr += char.ToUpper(i);
else
newStr += char.ToLower(i);
Console.WriteLine("Converted: {0}", newStr);
}
}
Title case is a little different:
System.Console.WriteLine(System.Globalization.CultureInfo.CurrentCulture.TextInfo.ToTitleCase("exAmpLe sTrinG"));
C++[edit]
This method does the transform in-place. Alternate methods might return a new copy or use a stream manipulator.
#include <algorithm>
#include <string>
#include <cctype>
/// \brief in-place convert string to upper case
/// \return ref to transformed string
void str_toupper(std::string &str) {
std::transform(str.begin(),
str.end(),
str.begin(),
(int(*)(int)) std::toupper);
}
/// \brief in-place convert string to lower case
/// \return ref to transformed string
void str_tolower(std::string &str) {
std::transform(str.begin(),
str.end(),
str.begin(),
(int(*)(int)) std::tolower);
}
Here is sample usage code:
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
int main() {
string foo("_upperCas3Me!!");
str_toupper(foo);
cout << foo << endl;
str_tolower(foo);
cout << foo << endl;
return 0;
}
Clojure[edit]
(def string "alphaBETA")
(println (.toUpperCase string))
(println (.toLowerCase string))
CMake[edit]
string(TOUPPER alphaBETA s)
message(STATUS "Uppercase: ${s}")
string(TOLOWER alphaBETA s)
message(STATUS "Lowercase: ${s}")
-- Uppercase: ALPHABETA -- Lowercase: alphabeta
COBOL[edit]
Standard-compliant Methods[edit]
IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
PROGRAM-ID. string-case-85.
DATA DIVISION.
WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.
01 example PIC X(9) VALUE "alphaBETA".
01 result PIC X(9).
PROCEDURE DIVISION.
DISPLAY "Example: " example
*> Using the intrinsic functions.
DISPLAY "Lower-case: " FUNCTION LOWER-CASE(example)
DISPLAY "Upper-case: " FUNCTION UPPER-CASE(example)
*> Using INSPECT
MOVE example TO result
INSPECT result CONVERTING "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ"
TO "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"
DISPLAY "Lower-case: " result
MOVE example TO result
INSPECT result CONVERTING "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"
TO "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ"
DISPLAY "Upper-case: " result
GOBACK
.
Compiler Extensions[edit]
IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
PROGRAM-ID. string-case-extensions.
DATA DIVISION.
WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.
78 example VALUE "alphaBETA".
01 result PIC X(9).
PROCEDURE DIVISION.
DISPLAY "Example: " example
*> ACUCOBOL-GT
MOVE example TO result
CALL "C$TOLOWER" USING result, BY VALUE 9
DISPLAY "Lower-case: " result
MOVE example TO result
CALL "C$TOUPPER" USING result, BY VALUE 9
DISPLAY "Upper-case: " result
*> Visual COBOL
MOVE example TO result
CALL "CBL_TOLOWER" USING result, BY VALUE 9
DISPLAY "Lower-case: " result
MOVE example TO result
CALL "CBL_TOUPPER" USING result BY VALUE 9
DISPLAY "Upper-case: " result
GOBACK
.
ColdFusion[edit]
converting a string literal
<cfset upper = UCase("alphaBETA")>
<cfset lower = LCase("alphaBETA")>
converting the value of a variable
<cfset string = "alphaBETA">
<cfset upper = UCase(string)>
<cfset lower = LCase(string)>
Common Lisp[edit]
You can use the string-upcase function to perform upper casing:
CL-USER> (string-upcase "alphaBETA")
"ALPHABETA"
and you can do lower casing by using string-downcase:
CL-USER> (string-downcase "alphaBETA")
"alphabeta"
Component Pascal[edit]
BlackBox Component Builder
MODULE AlphaBeta;
IMPORT StdLog,Strings;
PROCEDURE Do*;
VAR
str,res: ARRAY 128 OF CHAR;
BEGIN
str := "alphaBETA";
Strings.ToUpper(str,res);
StdLog.String("Uppercase:> ");StdLog.String(res);StdLog.Ln;
Strings.ToLower(str,res);
StdLog.String("Lowercase:> ");StdLog.String(res);StdLog.Ln
END Do;
END AlphaBeta.
Execute: ^Q AlphaBeta.Do
Output:
Uppercase:> ALPHABETA Lowercase:> alphabeta
D[edit]
void main() {
import std.stdio, std.string;
immutable s = "alphaBETA";
s.toUpper.writeln;
s.toLower.writeln;
}
- Output:
ALPHABETA alphabeta
DBL[edit]
OPEN (1,O,'TT:') ;open video
STR="alphaBETA"
LOCASE STR
DISPLAY (1,STR,10) ;alphabeta
UPCASE STR
DISPLAY (1,STR,10) ;ALPHABETA
Delphi[edit]
writeln(uppercase('alphaBETA'));
writeln(lowercase('alphaBETA'));
DWScript[edit]
PrintLn(UpperCase('alphaBETA'));
PrintLn(LowerCase('alphaBETA'));
Dyalect[edit]
let str = "alphaBETA"
print("Lower case: ", str.lower(), separator: "")
print("Upper case: ", str.upper(), separator: "")
print("Capitalize: ", str.capitalize(), separator: "")
E[edit]
["alphaBETA".toUpperCase(),
"alphaBETA".toLowerCase()]
EchoLisp[edit]
EchoLisp includes the usual case conversion functions and the randcase function : random case
(string-downcase "alphaBETA")
→ "alphabeta"
(string-upcase "alphaBETA")
→ "ALPHABETA"
(string-titlecase "alphaBETA")
→ "Alphabeta"
(string-randcase "alphaBETA")
→ "alphaBEtA"
(string-randcase "alphaBETA")
→ "AlPHaBeTA"
ECL[edit]
IMPORT STD; //Imports the Standard Library
STRING MyBaseString := 'alphaBETA';
UpperCased := STD.str.toUpperCase(MyBaseString);
LowerCased := STD.str.ToLowerCase(MyBaseString);
TitleCased := STD.str.ToTitleCase(MyBaseString);
OUTPUT (UpperCased);
OUTPUT (LowerCased);
OUTPUT (TitleCased);
Elena[edit]
ELENA 4.x:
import system'culture;
public program()
{
string s1 := "alphaBETA";
// Alternative 1
console.writeLine(s1.lowerCase());
console.writeLine(s1.upperCase());
// Alternative 2
console.writeLine(s1.toLower(currentLocale));
console.writeLine(s1.toUpper(currentLocale));
console.readChar()
}
Elixir[edit]
The String module provides the following functions:
String.downcase("alphaBETA")
# => alphabeta
String.upcase("alphaBETA")
# => ALPHABETA
String.capitalize("alphaBETA")
# => Alphabeta
As with most String functions in Elixir, these are fully compatible with Unicode.
String.downcase("αΒ")
# => αβ
String.upcase("αΒ")
# => ΑΒ
String.capitalize("αΒ")
# => Αβ
Elm[edit]
import String exposing (toLower, toUpper)
s = "alphaBETA"
lower = toLower s
upper = toUpper s
Erlang[edit]
string:to_upper("alphaBETA").
string:to_lower("alphaBETA").
Excel[edit]
Take 3 cells, say A1,B1 and C1. In B1 type :
=LOWER(A1)
and in C1 :
=UPPER(A1)
For the stated input in A1, the result will be :
alphaBETA alphabeta ALPHABETA
F#[edit]
let s = "alphaBETA"
let upper = s.ToUpper()
let lower = s.ToLower()
Factor[edit]
"alphaBETA" >lower ! "alphabeta"
"alphaBETA" >upper ! "ALPHABETA"
"alphaBETA" >title ! "Alphabeta"
"ß" >case-fold ! "ss"
Falcon[edit]
printl("alphaBETA".lower())
printl("alphaBETA".upper())
Fantom[edit]
fansh> a := "alphaBETA"
alphaBETA
fansh> a.upper // convert whole string to upper case
ALPHABETA
fansh> a.lower // convert whole string to lower case
alphabeta
fansh> a.capitalize // make sure first letter is capital
AlphaBETA
fansh> "BETAalpha".decapitalize // make sure first letter is not capital
bETAalpha
Forth[edit]
ANS Forth does not have words to convert case for either strings or characters. For known alpha-numeric ASCII characters, the following can be used:
: tolower ( C -- c ) 32 or ; : toupper ( c -- C ) 32 invert and ; : lower ( addr len -- ) over + swap do i [email protected] tolower i c! loop ; : upper ( addr len -- ) over + swap do i [email protected] toupper i c! loop ;
If the character range is unknown, these definitions are better:
: tolower ( C -- c ) dup [char] A [char] Z 1+ within if 32 + then ; : toupper ( c -- C ) dup [char] a [char] z 1+ within if 32 - then ;
create s ," alphaBETA" s count type s count 2dup upper type s count 2dup lower type
Output:
alphaBETA ALPHABETA alphabeta
Fortran[edit]
program example
implicit none
character(9) :: teststring = "alphaBETA"
call To_upper(teststring)
write(*,*) teststring
call To_lower(teststring)
write(*,*) teststring
contains
subroutine To_upper(str)
character(*), intent(in out) :: str
integer :: i
do i = 1, len(str)
select case(str(i:i))
case("a":"z")
str(i:i) = achar(iachar(str(i:i))-32)
end select
end do
end subroutine To_upper
subroutine To_lower(str)
character(*), intent(in out) :: str
integer :: i
do i = 1, len(str)
select case(str(i:i))
case("A":"Z")
str(i:i) = achar(iachar(str(i:i))+32)
end select
end do
end subroutine To_Lower
end program example
Functions could be used instead, especially with later compilers that enable lengths not fixed at compile time, but this involves copying the text about. By contrast, the subroutines alter the text in-place, though if something like Utext = Uppercase(text) is desired so that both versions are available, a subroutine is less convenient.
F90 introduced the intrinsic function i = IACHAR(c), which returns the integer value of the position of character c in the ASCII character set, even if the processor's default character set is different, such as perhaps EBCDIC. Function ACHAR is the inverse. If the bit pattern of the character was not being interpreted as in the ASCII set, this will cause odd results, say on a system using EBCDIC or (on an ASCII-using cpu) for a file originating from an EBCDIC-using system. Some systems offer additional options to the file OPEN statement that enable character conversion between ASCII and EBCDIC, and there may also be options concerning big- and little-endian usage. But much will depend on the format of the data in the file. If the data are a mixture of text, integers, floating-point, etc. all in binary, there will be no hope for such simple translations.
For converting lower-case text to upper, the following will work both on an ASCII system and an EBCDIC system (or any other encodement), once it is compiled for that system:SUBROUTINE UPCASE(TEXT)The INDEX function of course returning zero if the character is not found. Converting from upper to lower case is the obvious inverse and it might be worthwhile defining a MODULE with suitable named character constants to avoid repetition - one might hope the compiler will share duplicated constants rather than producing a fresh version every time, but it might not too. The repeated text scanning done by the INDEX function for each character of TEXT will of course be a lot slower. A still-more advanced compiler might be able to take advantage of special translation op-codes, on systems that offer them. If storage space is not at a premium a swifter method would be to create something like
CHARACTER*(*) TEXT
INTEGER I,C
DO I = 1,LEN(TEXT)
C = INDEX("abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz",TEXT(I:I))
IF (C.GT.0) TEXT(I:I) = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ"(C:C)
END DO
END
CHARACTER*1 XLATUC(0:255) with most entries being equal to their index, except for those corresponding to the lower case letters for which the value is the corresponding upper case letter. Then DO I = 1,LEN(TEXT)
TEXT(I:I) = XLATUC(ICHAR(TEXT(I:I)))
END DO
Note that in EBCDIC the offset is not 32 but 64. Rather than using an undocumented "magic constant" such as 32, one could define PARAMETER (HIC = ICHAR("A") - ICHAR("a")) instead or just place such code in-line and have hope for the compiler. This would also handle the small detail that "A" > "a" in EBCDIC rather than ASCII's "A" < "a". But alas, in EBCDIC the letter codes are not contiguous (there are many non-letter symbols between "a" and "z" as well as between "A" and "Z"), so the bounds of "A" to "Z" will not isolate only letters for attack. And it was not just IBM mainframes that used various versions of EBCDIC, so also did Burroughs, among others.
Here a complete example, using functions, and as far as I can tell, will work also with EBCDIC:
module uplow
implicit none
character(len=26), parameter, private :: low = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"
character(len=26), parameter, private :: high = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ"
contains
function to_upper(s) result(t)
! returns upper case of s
implicit none
character(len=*), intent(in) :: s
character(len=len(s)) :: t
character(len=1), save :: convtable(0:255)
logical, save :: first = .true.
integer :: i
if(first) then
do i=0,255
convtable(i) = char(i)
enddo
do i=1,len(low)
convtable(iachar(low(i:i))) = char(iachar(high(i:i)))
enddo
first = .false.
endif
t = s
do i=1,len_trim(s)
t(i:i) = convtable(iachar(s(i:i)))
enddo
end function to_upper
function to_lower(s) result(t)
! returns lower case of s
implicit none
character(len=*), intent(in) :: s
character(len=len(s)) :: t
character(len=1), save :: convtable(0:255)
logical, save :: first = .true.
integer :: i
if(first) then
do i=0,255
convtable(i) = char(i)
enddo
do i = 1,len(low)
convtable(iachar(high(i:i))) = char(iachar(low(i:i)))
enddo
first = .false.
endif
t = s
do i=1,len_trim(s)
t(i:i) = convtable(iachar(s(i:i)))
enddo
end function to_lower
end module uplow
program doit
use uplow
character(len=40) :: s
s = "abcdxyz ZXYDCBA [email protected]"
print *,"original: ",'[',s,']'
print *,"to_upper: ",'[',to_upper(s),']'
print *,"to_lower: ",'[',to_lower(s),']'
end program doit
FreeBASIC[edit]
' FB 1.05.0 Win64
Dim s As String = "alphaBETA"
Print UCase(s)
Print LCase(s)
Sleep
- Output:
ALPHABETA alphabeta
Frink[edit]
a = "alphaBETA"
println[lc[a]]
println[uc[a]]
These functions use Unicode single- and multiple-character mapping tables and thus try to do the right thing with Unicode, possibly making the string longer in some cases:
uc["Imbiß"] // Last char is \u00df
Produces:
IMBISS
As the Unicode standard for casing states, "it is important to note that no casing operations on strings are reversible:"
lc[ uc["Imbiß"] ]
imbiss
FutureBasic[edit]
include "ConsoleWindow"
dim as Str255 a
a = "alphaBETA"
print a
print ucase$(a)
fn lcase(a)
print a
Output:
alphaBETA ALPHABETA alphabeta
Gambas[edit]
Click this link to run this code
Public Sub Main()
Dim sString As String = "alphaBETA "
Print UCase(sString)
Print LCase(sString)
End
Output:
ALPHABETA alphabeta
GAP[edit]
LowercaseString("alphaBETA");
UppercaseString("alphaBETA");
GML[edit]
#define cases
{
x = 'alphaBETA';
y = string_upper(x); // returns ALPHABETA
z = string_lower(x); // returns alphabeta
show_message(y);
show_message(z);
}
Go[edit]
"Title case" in Go's Unicode package does not mean capitalize the first letter of each word, but rather capitalize each letter as if it were the first letter of a word. The distinction matters in languages such as Croatian with digraphs with a capitialized form that is different from the all-caps form. ToTitle() converts a string to all title case.
It is Title() on the other hand, that capitalizes the first letter of each word. It identifies word boundaries and capitalizes first letters, leaving other letters unmodified. As of Go 1.2 though, the word breaking algorithm is not Unicode compliant.
package main
import (
"fmt"
"strings"
"unicode"
"unicode/utf8"
)
func main() {
show("alphaBETA")
show("alpha BETA")
// Three digraphs that should render similar to DZ, Lj, and nj.
show("DŽLjnj")
// Unicode apostrophe in third word.
show("o'hare O'HARE o’hare don't")
}
func show(s string) {
fmt.Println("\nstring: ",
s, " len:", utf8.RuneCountInString(s), "runes") // DZLjnj
fmt.Println("All upper case: ", strings.ToUpper(s)) // DZLJNJ
fmt.Println("All lower case: ", strings.ToLower(s)) // dzljnj
fmt.Println("All title case: ", strings.ToTitle(s)) // DzLjNj
fmt.Println("Title words: ", strings.Title(s)) // Dzljnj
fmt.Println("Swapping case: ", // DzLjNJ
strings.Map(unicode.SimpleFold, s))
}
Output:
string: alphaBETA len: 9 runes All upper case: ALPHABETA All lower case: alphabeta All title case: ALPHABETA Title words: AlphaBETA Swapping case: ALPHAbeta string: alpha BETA len: 10 runes All upper case: ALPHA BETA All lower case: alpha beta All title case: ALPHA BETA Title words: Alpha BETA Swapping case: ALPHA beta string: DŽLjnj len: 3 runes All upper case: DŽLJNJ All lower case: džljnj All title case: DžLjNj Title words: DžLjnj Swapping case: DžljNJ string: o'hare O'HARE o’hare don't len: 26 runes All upper case: O'HARE O'HARE O’HARE DON'T All lower case: o'hare o'hare o’hare don't All title case: O'HARE O'HARE O’HARE DON'T Title words: O'Hare O'HARE O’hare Don'T Swapping case: O'HARE o'hare O’HARE DON'T
Groovy[edit]
def str = 'alphaBETA'
println str.toUpperCase()
println str.toLowerCase()
Output:
ALPHABETA alphabeta
Haskell[edit]
import Data.Char
s = "alphaBETA"
lower = map toLower s
upper = map toUpper s
HicEst[edit]
CHARACTER str = "alphaBETA"
EDIT(Text=str, UpperCase=LEN(str))
EDIT(Text=str, LowerCase=LEN(str))
EDIT(Text=str, UpperCase=1)
Icon and Unicon[edit]
procedure main()
write(map("alphaBETA"))
write(map("alphaBETA",&lcase,&ucase))
end
IDL[edit]
str = "alphaBETA" print, str print, strupcase(str) print, strlowcase(str)
J[edit]
Use standard utilities:
toupper 'alphaBETA'
ALPHABETA
tolower 'alphaBETA'
alphabeta
or alternative definitions:
upper=: {&((65+i.26) +&32@[} i.256)&.(a.&i.)
lower=: {&((97+i.26) -&32@[} i.256)&.(a.&i.)
For example:
upper 'alphaBETA'
ALPHABETA
lower 'alphaBETA'
alphabeta
Java[edit]
String str = "alphaBETA";
System.out.println(str.toUpperCase());
System.out.println(str.toLowerCase());
//Also works with non-English characters with no modification
System.out.println("äàâáçñßæεбế".toUpperCase());
System.out.println("ÄÀÂÁÇÑSSÆΕБẾ".toLowerCase()); //does not transalate "SS" to "ß"
You could also easily create a swapCase method using Character.isLowerCase(), Character.isUpperCase(), and Character.isLetter().
JavaScript[edit]
alert( "alphaBETA".toUpperCase() );
alert( "alphaBETA".toLowerCase() );
Output:
ALPHABETA alphabeta
var string = "alphaBETA";
var uppercase = string.toUpperCase();
var lowercase = string.toLowerCase();
jq[edit]
If your version of jq does not have ascii_downcase and ascii_upcase, then you might want to use their definitions:
# like ruby's downcase - only characters A to Z are affected
def ascii_downcase:
explode | map( if 65 <= . and . <= 90 then . + 32 else . end) | implode;
# like ruby's upcase - only characters a to z are affected
def ascii_upcase:
explode | map( if 97 <= . and . <= 122 then . - 32 else . end) | implode;
Examples:
"alphaBETA" | ascii_upcase
#=> "ALPHABETA"
"alphaBETA" | ascii_downcase
#=> "alphabeta"
Jsish[edit]
var msg = "alphaBETA";
;msg;
;msg.toUpperCase();
;msg.toLowerCase();
;msg.toTitle();
;msg.toLocaleUpperCase();
;msg.toLocaleLowerCase();
- Output:
prompt$ jsish --U string-case.jsi msg ==> alphaBETA msg.toUpperCase() ==> ALPHABETA msg.toLowerCase() ==> alphabeta msg.toTitle() ==> Alphabeta msg.toLocaleUpperCase() ==> ALPHABETA msg.toLocaleLowerCase() ==> alphabeta
Julia[edit]
julia> uppercase("alphaBETA")
"ALPHABETA"
julia> lowercase("alphaBETA")
"alphabeta"
K[edit]
s:"alphaBETA"
upper:{i:_ic x; :[96<i; _ci i-32;_ci i]}'
lower:{i:_ic x; :[91>i; _ci i+32;_ci i]}'
upper s
"ALPHABETA"
lower s
"alphabeta"
Kotlin[edit]
// version 1.0.6
fun main(args: Array<String>) {
val s = "alphaBETA"
println(s.toUpperCase())
println(s.toLowerCase())
println(s.capitalize())
println(s.decapitalize())
}
- Output:
ALPHABETA alphabeta AlphaBETA alphaBETA
Lambdatalk[edit]
Lambdatalk can take benefit from CSS rules.
{span {@ style="text-transform:lowercase"} alphaBETA } -> alphabeta
{span {@ style="text-transform:uppercase"} alphaBETA } -> ALPHABETA
Lasso[edit]
// Direct string return
'alphaBETA'->uppercase&
'alphaBETA'->lowercase&
// Assignment and manipulation of variables
local(toupper = 'alphaBETA')
#toupper->uppercase
#toupper
local(tolower = 'alphaBETA')
#tolower->lowercase
#tolower
Lingo[edit]
Lingo has no case conversion functions, but for ASCII strings they can e.g. be implemented like this:
----------------------------------------
-- Lower to upper case (ASCII only)
-- @param {string} str
-- @return {string}
----------------------------------------
on toUpper (str)
alphabet = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ"
len = str.length
repeat with i = 1 to len
pos = offset(str.char[i], alphabet)
if pos > 0 then put alphabet.char[pos] into char i of str
end repeat
return str
end
----------------------------------------
-- Upper to lower case (ASCII only)
-- @param {string} str
-- @return {string}
----------------------------------------
on toLower (str)
alphabet = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"
len = str.length
repeat with i = 1 to len
pos = offset(str.char[i], alphabet)
if pos > 0 then put alphabet.char[pos] into char i of str
end repeat
return str
end
put toUpper("alphaBETA")
-- "ALPHABETA"
put toLower("alphaBETA")
-- "alphabeta"
LiveCode[edit]
put upper("alphaBETA") && lower("alphaBETA")
ALPHABETA alphabeta
Logo[edit]
print uppercase "alphaBETA ; ALPHABETA print lowercase "alphaBETA ; alphabeta
Lua[edit]
str = "alphaBETA"
print( string.upper(str) )
print( string.lower(str) )
M4[edit]
define(`upcase', `translit(`$*', `a-z', `A-Z')')
define(`downcase', `translit(`$*', `A-Z', `a-z')')
define(`x',`alphaBETA')
upcase(x)
downcase(x)
Maple[edit]
str := "alphaBETA";
StringTools:-UpperCase(str);
StringTools:-LowerCase(str);
produces
alphabeta
ALPHABETA
Mathematica/Wolfram Language[edit]
str="alphaBETA";
ToUpperCase[str]
ToLowerCase[str]
- Output:
ALPHABETA alphabeta
MATLAB / Octave[edit]
>> upper('alphaBETA')
ans =
ALPHABETA
>> lower('alphaBETA')
ans =
alphabeta
Maxima[edit]
supcase('alphaBETA');
sdowncase('alphaBETA');
MAXScript[edit]
Requires MAX 2008
str = "alphaBETA"
print (toUpper str)
print (toLower str)
Mercury[edit]
The functions to_upper/1, to_lower/1, capitalize_first/1 and uncapitalize_first/1 only affect unaccented Latin characters.
:- module string_case.
:- interface.
:- import_module io.
:- pred main(io::di, io::uo) is det.
:- implementation.
:- import_module list, string.
main(!IO) :-
S = "alphaBETA",
io.format("uppercase : %s\n", [s(to_upper(S))], !IO),
io.format("lowercase : %s\n", [s(to_lower(S))], !IO),
io.format("capitalize first: %s\n", [s(capitalize_first(S))], !IO).
% We can use uncaptitalize_first/1 to ensure the first character in a
% string is lower-case.
Metafont[edit]
We need to implement it, since it is not already given; the following code works only for ASCII or ASCII based encodings. (It could work anyway also for single byte encodings where letters are contiguous).
vardef isbetween(expr a, i, f) =
if string a:
if (ASCII(a) >= ASCII(i)) and (ASCII(a) <= ASCII(f)):
true
else:
false
fi
else:
false
fi enddef;
vardef toupper(expr s) =
save ?; string ?; ? := ""; d := ASCII"A" - ASCII"a";
for i = 0 upto length(s)-1:
if isbetween(substring(i, i+1) of s, "a", "z"):
? := ? & char(ASCII(substring(i,i+1) of s) + d)
else:
? := ? & substring(i, i+1) of s
fi;
endfor
?
enddef;
vardef tolower(expr s) =
save ?; string ?; ? := ""; d := ASCII"a" - ASCII"A";
for i = 0 upto length(s)-1:
if isbetween(substring(i, i+1) of s, "A", "Z"):
? := ? & char(ASCII(substring(i,i+1) of s) + d)
else:
? := ? & substring(i, i+1) of s
fi;
endfor
?
enddef;
message toupper("alphaBETA");
message tolower("alphaBETA");
end
min[edit]
"alphaBETA" uppercase
"alphaBETA" lowercase
"alphaBETA" capitalize
MiniScript[edit]
mixedString = "alphaBETA"
print "Upper Case of " + mixedString + " is " + mixedString.upper
print "Lower Case of " + mixedString + " is " + mixedString.lower
- Output:
Upper Case of alphaBETA is ALPHABETA Lower Case of alphaBETA is alphabeta
mIRC Scripting Language[edit]
echo -ag $upper(alphaBETA)
echo -ag $lower(alphaBETA)
Modula-3[edit]
MODULE TextCase EXPORTS Main;
IMPORT IO, Text, ASCII;
PROCEDURE Upper(txt: TEXT): TEXT =
VAR
len := Text.Length(txt);
res := "";
BEGIN
FOR i := 0 TO len - 1 DO
res := Text.Cat(res, Text.FromChar(ASCII.Upper[Text.GetChar(txt, i)]));
END;
RETURN res;
END Upper;
PROCEDURE Lower(txt: TEXT): TEXT =
VAR
len := Text.Length(txt);
res := "";
BEGIN
FOR i := 0 TO len - 1 DO
res := Text.Cat(res, Text.FromChar(ASCII.Lower[Text.GetChar(txt, i)]));
END;
RETURN res;
END Lower;
BEGIN
IO.Put(Upper("alphaBETA\n"));
IO.Put(Lower("alphaBETA\n"));
END TextCase.
Output:
ALPHABETA alphabeta
MUMPS[edit]
Output:
STRCASE(S)
SET UP="ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ"
SET LO="abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"
WRITE !,"Given: "_S
WRITE !,"Upper: "_$TRANSLATE(S,LO,UP)
WRITE !,"Lower: "_$TRANSLATE(S,UP,LO)
QUIT
USER>DO STRCASE^ROSETTA("alphaBETA")
Given: alphaBETA
Upper: ALPHABETA
Lower: alphabeta
Nanoquery[edit]
string = "alphaBETA"
println upper(string)
println lower(string)
Nemerle[edit]
using System.Console;
using System.Globalization;
module StringCase
{
Main() : void
{
def alpha = "alphaBETA";
WriteLine(alpha.ToUpper());
WriteLine(alpha.ToLower());
WriteLine(CultureInfo.CurrentCulture.TextInfo.ToTitleCase("exAmpLe sTrinG"));
}
}
NetRexx[edit]
/* NetRexx */
options replace format comments java crossref savelog symbols
abc = 'alphaBETA'
say abc.upper
say abc.lower
say abc.upper(1, 1) -- capitalize 1st character
NewLISP[edit]
(upper-case "alphaBETA")
(lower-case "alphaBETA")
Nial[edit]
toupper 'alphaBETA'
=ALPHABETA
tolower 'alphaBETA'
=alphabeta
Nim[edit]
In the following example, we use the ASCII version of the procedures to convert to lower case, to convert to upper case or to capitalize. In module “unicode” there exists also three procedures "toLower", "toUpper" and "capitalize" which can do the same thing for UTF-8 encoded strings.
import strutils
var s: string = "alphaBETA_123"
echo s, " as upper case: ", toUpperAscii(s)
echo s, " as lower case: ", toLowerAscii(s)
echo s, " as capitalized: ", capitalizeAscii(s)
echo s, " as normal case: ", normalize(s) # to lower case without underscores.
- Output:
alphaBETA_123 as upper case: ALPHABETA_123 alphaBETA_123 as lower case: alphabeta_123 alphaBETA_123 as capitalized: AlphaBETA_123 alphaBETA_123 as normal case: alphabeta123
Objeck[edit]
string := "alphaBETA";
string->ToUpper()->PrintLine();
string->ToLower()->PrintLine();
Objective-C[edit]
NSLog(@"%@", @"alphaBETA".uppercaseString);
NSLog(@"%@", @"alphaBETA".lowercaseString);
NSLog(@"%@", @"foO BAr".capitalizedString); // "Foo Bar"
OCaml[edit]
let () =
let str = "alphaBETA" in
print_endline (String.uppercase_ascii str); (* ALPHABETA *)
print_endline (String.lowercase_ascii str); (* alphabeta *)
print_endline (String.capitalize_ascii str); (* AlphaBETA *)
;;
Octave[edit]
s = "alphaBETA";
slc = tolower(s);
suc = toupper(s);
disp(slc);
disp(suc);
Oforth[edit]
"alphaBETA" toUpper
"alphaBETA" toLower
OpenEdge/Progress[edit]
CAPS("alphaBETA")
LC("alphaBETA")
Oz[edit]
Convert to upper/lower-case:
declare
Str = "alphaBETA"
in
{System.showInfo {Map Str Char.toUpper}}
{System.showInfo {Map Str Char.toLower}}
Capitalize:
declare
[StringX] = {Link ['x-oz://system/String.ozf']}
in
{System.showInfo {StringX.capitalize "alphaBETA"}} %% prints "AlphaBETA"
Pascal[edit]
// Uppercase and Lowercase functions for a minimal standard Pascal
// where no library routines for these operations exist
PROGRAM upperlower;
// convert a character to uppercase
FUNCTION uch(ch: CHAR): CHAR;
BEGIN
uch := ch;
IF ch IN ['a'..'z'] THEN
uch := chr(ord(ch) AND $5F);
END;
// convert a character to lowercase
FUNCTION lch(ch: CHAR): CHAR;
BEGIN
lch := ch;
IF ch IN ['A'..'Z'] THEN
lch := chr(ord(ch) OR $20);
END;
// toggle uper/lower case character
FUNCTION ulch(ch: CHAR): CHAR;
BEGIN
ulch := ch;
IF ch IN ['a'..'z'] THEN ulch := uch(ch);
IF ch IN ['A'..'Z'] THEN ulch := lch(ch);
END;
// convert a string to uppercase
FUNCTION ucase(str: STRING): STRING;
var i: Integer;
BEGIN
ucase := '';
FOR i := 1 TO Length(str) DO
ucase := ucase + uch(str[i]);
END;
// convert a string to lowercase
FUNCTION lcase(str: STRING): STRING;
var i: Integer;
BEGIN
lcase := '';
FOR i := 1 TO Length(str) DO
lcase := lcase + lch(str[i]);
END;
// reverse cases in a given string
FUNCTION ulcase(str: STRING): STRING;
var i: Integer;
BEGIN
ulcase := '';
FOR i := 1 TO Length(str) DO
ulcase := ulcase + ulch(str[i]);
END;
VAR
ab : STRING = 'alphaBETA';
BEGIN
// demonstration
Writeln('Original string : ',ab);
Writeln('Reversed case : ',ulcase(ab));
Writeln('Upper case : ',ucase(ab));
Writeln('Lower case : ',lcase(ab));
END.
Demonstration:
Original string : alphaBETA Reversed case : ALPHAbeta Upper case : ALPHABETA Lower case : alphabeta
Peloton[edit]
Iterating through the peerset
<@ ENU$$$LSTPSTLITLIT>UPP|
[<@ SAYELTLST>...</@>] <@ SAYHLPELTLST>...</@><@ DEFKEYELTLST>__SuperMacro|...</@>
<@ SAY&&&LIT>alphaBETA</@>
</@>
Same code in padded-out, variable-length English dialect
<# ENUMERATION LAMBDA LIST PEERSET LITERAL LITERAL>UPP|
[<# SAY ELEMENT LIST>...</#>] <# SAY HELP ELEMENT LIST>...</#><# DEFINE KEYWORD ELEMENT LIST>__SuperMacro|...</#>
<# SAY SUPERMACRO LITERAL>alphaBETA</#>
</#>
Output.
[FLC] 410400001 Flip case (410400001) [Transformers^Abstract type transforms^Text transformers^Platform relative encoding and encrypting] ALPHAbeta [LOW] 410400002 Lower case (410400002) [Transformers^Abstract type transforms^Text transformers^Platform relative encoding and encrypting] alphabeta [PRP] 410400003 Proper Case (410400003) [Transformers^Abstract type transforms^Text transformers^Platform relative encoding and encrypting] Alphabeta [SNT] 410400004 Sentence case (410400004) [Transformers^Abstract type transforms^Text transformers^Platform relative encoding and encrypting] Alphabeta [UPP] 410400005 Upper case (410400005) [Transformers^Abstract type transforms^Text transformers^Platform relative encoding and encrypting] ALPHABETA
Perl[edit]
my $string = "alphaBETA";
print uc($string), "\n"; # => "ALPHABETA"
print lc($string), "\n"; # => "alphabeta"
$string =~ tr/[a-z][A-Z]/[A-Z][a-z]/; print "$string\n"; # => ALPHAbeta
print ucfirst($string), "\n"; # => "AlphaBETA"
print lcfirst("FOObar"), "\n"; # => "fOObar"
Also works in Perl 4 if the my is removed.
Phix[edit]
constant s = "alphaBETA" ?upper(s) ?lower(s)
There is also a bespoke convertCase function in demo\Edix\Edix.exw which accepts five operators: LOWER, UPPER, CAPITALISE, SENTENCE, and INVERT, which is obviously not part of the language, and a bit too long, messy, ugly, and unedifying, to bother reproducing here.
PHP[edit]
$str = "alphaBETA";
echo strtoupper($str), "\n"; // ALPHABETA
echo strtolower($str), "\n"; // alphabeta
echo ucfirst($str), "\n"; // AlphaBETA
echo lcfirst("FOObar"), "\n"; // fOObar
echo ucwords("foO baR baZ"), "\n"; // FoO BaR BaZ
echo lcwords("FOo BAr BAz"), "\n"; // fOo bAr bAz
PicoLisp[edit]
(let Str "alphaBETA"
(prinl (uppc Str))
(prinl (lowc Str)) )
Pike[edit]
Note: String.Elite.elite_string has an element of randomness, so the output will differ from run to run.
string s = "alphaBETA";
string s2 = "foo bar gazonk";
write("Upper: %O\nLower: %O\nCapitalize: %O\nSilly: %O\nElite: %O\n",
upper_case(s),
lower_case(s),
String.capitalize(s),
String.sillycaps(s2),
String.Elite.elite_string(s2));
- Output:
Upper: "ALPHABETA" Lower: "alphabeta" Capitalize: "AlphaBETA" Silly: "Foo Bar Gazonk" Elite: "fo() 8ar 6azo|\\||<"
When dealing with Unicode (or any other supported encoding) care must be taken primarily in the output step to serialize the Unicode string into something the sink can handle. IO functions will throw an error if sent raw wide strings.
#charset utf8
void main()
{
string s = upper_case("ἀρχῇ ß");
string out = sprintf("Upper: %s\nLower: %s\n",
s, lower_case(s));
write( string_to_utf8(out) );
}
- Output:
Upper: ἈΡΧῇ ß Lower: ἀρχῇ ß
PL/I[edit]
declare s character (20) varying initial ('alphaBETA');
put skip list (uppercase(s));
put skip list (lowercase(s));
/* An alternative to the above, which might be used if some */
/* non-standard conversion is required, is shown for */
/* converting to upper case: */
put skip list ( translate(s, 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz',
'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ') );
PL/SQL[edit]
DECLARE
vc VARCHAR2(40) := 'alphaBETA';
ivc VARCHAR2(40);
lvc VARCHAR2(40);
uvc VARCHAR2(40);
BEGIN
ivc := INITCAP(vc); -- 'Alphabeta'
lvc := LOWER(vc); -- 'alphabeta'
uvc := UPPER(vc); -- 'ALPHABETA'
END;
Plain English[edit]
To run:
Start up.
Put "alphaBeta" into a string.
Uppercase the string.
Write the string to the console.
Lowercase the string.
Write the string to the console.
Capitalize the string.
Write the string to the console.
Wait for the escape key.
Shut down.
- Output:
ALPHABETA alphabeta Alphabeta
Pop11[edit]
lvars str = 'alphaBETA';
lowertoupper(str) =>
uppertolower(str) =>
Potion[edit]
lowercase = (str) :
low = ("")
str length times (i) :
low append(if (65 <= str(i) ord and str(i) ord <= 90) :
"abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"(str(i) ord - 65)
. else :
str(i)
.)
.
low join("")
.
uppercase = (str) :
upp = ("")
str length times (i) :
upp append(if (97 <= str(i) ord and str(i) ord <= 122) :
"ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ"(str(i) ord - 97)
. else :
str(i)
.)
.
upp join("")
.
lowercase("alphaBETA") print
uppercase("alphaBETA") print
Powerbuilder[edit]
string ls_string
ls_string = 'alphaBETA'
ls_string = Upper(ls_string)
ls_string = Lower(ls_string)
PowerShell[edit]
$string = 'alphaBETA'
$lower = $string.ToLower()
$upper = $string.ToUpper()
$title = (Get-Culture).TextInfo.ToTitleCase($string)
$lower, $upper, $title
- Output:
alphabeta ALPHABETA Alphabeta
Python[edit]
s = "alphaBETA"
print s.upper() # => "ALPHABETA"
print s.lower() # => "alphabeta"
print s.swapcase() # => "ALPHAbeta"
print "fOo bAR".capitalize() # => "Foo bar"
print "fOo bAR".title() # => "Foo Bar"
import string
print string.capwords("fOo bAR") # => "Foo Bar"
string.capwords() allows the user to define word separators, and by default behaves slightly differently than title().
print "foo's bar".title() # => "Foo'S Bar"
print string.capwords("foo's bar") # => "Foo's Bar"
QB64[edit]
DIM s AS STRING * 9
s = "alphaBETA"
PRINT "The original string: " + s
PRINT ""
PRINT "Translated to lowercase: " + LCASE$(s)
PRINT "Translated to uppercase: " + UCASE$(s)
Optimized version:
CBTJD: 2020/03/13
- String does not have to be defined with a specific length using DIM.
- Addding the string identifier ($) to the variable is sufficient.
- PRINT does not need empty quotes to print a blank line.
- Semi-colons use less data than the concatenation (+) method.
s$ = "alphaBETA"
PRINT "The original string: "; s$: PRINT
PRINT "Converted to lowercase: "; LCASE$(s$)
PRINT "Converted to uppercase: "; UCASE$(s$)
Quackery[edit]
[ $ "" swap
witheach [ upper join ] ] is upper$ ( $ --> $ )
[ $ "" swap
witheach [ lower join ] ] is lower$ ( $ --> $ )
$ "PaTrIcK, I dOn'T tHiNk WuMbO iS a ReAl wOrD."
dup lower$ echo$ cr
upper$ echo$ cr
- Output:
patrick, i don't think wumbo is a real word. PATRICK, I DON'T THINK WUMBO IS A REAL WORD.
R[edit]
str <- "alphaBETA"
toupper(str)
tolower(str)
Racket[edit]
#lang racket
(define example "alphaBETA")
(string-upcase example)
;"ALPHABETA"
(string-downcase example)
;"alphabeta"
(string-titlecase example)
;"Alphabeta"
Raku[edit]
(formerly Perl 6) In Raku, case modification is implemented as builtin subroutine or method:
my $word = "alpha BETA" ;
say uc $word; # all uppercase (subroutine call)
say $word.uc; # all uppercase (method call)
# from now on we use only method calls as examples
say $word.lc; # all lowercase
say $word.tc; # first letter titlecase
say $word.tclc; # first letter titlecase, rest lowercase
say $word.wordcase; # capitalize each word
Output:
ALPHA BETA alpha beta Alpha BETA Alpha beta Alpha Beta
Raven[edit]
'alphaBETA' upper
'alhpaBETA' lower
REBOL[edit]
print ["Original: " original: "alphaBETA"]
print ["Uppercase:" uppercase original]
print ["Lowercase:" lowercase original]
Output:
Original: alphaBETA Uppercase: ALPHABETA Lowercase: alphabeta
Red[edit]
str: "alphaBETA"
>> uppercase str
== "ALPHABETA"
>> lowercase str
== "alphabeta"
>> uppercase/part str 5
== "ALPHAbeta"
Retro[edit]
'alphaBETA s:to-upper s:put
'alphaBETA s:to-lower s:put
REXX[edit]
with TRANSLATE BIF[edit]
The following code will execute correctly in ASCII and EBCDIC.
abc = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz" /*define all lowercase Latin letters.*/
abcU = translate(abc) /* " " uppercase " " */
x = 'alphaBETA' /*define a string to a REXX variable. */
y = translate(x) /*uppercase X and store it ───► Y */
z = translate(x, abc, abcU) /*translate uppercase──►lowercase chars*/
with PARSE UPPER & PARSE LOWER statements[edit]
The following code will execute correctly in ASCII and EBCDIC.
x = "alphaBETA" /*define a string to a REXX variable. */
parse upper var x y /*uppercase X and store it ───► Y */
parse lower var x z /*lowercase X " " " ───► Z */
/*Some REXXes don't support the LOWER option for the PARSE command.*/
with UPPER & LOWER BIFs[edit]
The following code will execute correctly in ASCII and EBCDIC.
x = 'alphaBETA' /*define a string to a REXX variable. */
y = upper(x) /*uppercase X and store it ───► Y */
z = lower(x) /*lowercase X " " " ───► Z */
/*Some REXXes don't support the UPPER and LOWER BIFs (built-in functions).*/
with UPPER statement[edit]
The following code will execute correctly in ASCII and EBCDIC.
x = "alphaBETA" /*define a string to a REXX variable. */
y=x; upper y /*uppercase X and store it ───► Y */
parse lower var x z /*lowercase Y " " " ───► Z */
/*Some REXXes don't support the LOWER option for the PARSE command.*/
with capitalized words[edit]
The following code will execute correctly in ASCII and EBCDIC.
/*REXX program capitalizes each word in string, and maintains imbedded blanks. */
x= "alef bet gimel dalet he vav zayin het tet yod kaf lamed mem nun samekh",
"ayin pe tzadi qof resh shin tav." /*the "old" spelling of Hebrew letters.*/
y= capitalize(x) /*capitalize each word in the string. */
say x /*display the original string of words.*/
say y /* " " capitalized words.*/
exit /*stick a fork in it, we're all done. */
/*──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
capitalize: procedure; parse arg z; $=' 'z /*prefix $ string with a blank. */
abc = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz" /*define all Latin lowercase letters.*/
do j=1 for 26 /*process each letter in the alphabet. */
_=' 'substr(abc,j,1); _U=_ /*get a lowercase (Latin) letter. */
upper _U /* " " uppercase " " */
$=changestr(_, $, _U) /*maybe capitalize some word(s). */
end /*j*/
return substr($, 2) /*return the capitalized words. */
Some older REXXes don't have a changestr BIF, so one is included here ───► CHANGESTR.REX.
- output:
alef bet gimel dalet he vav zayin het tet yod kaf lamed mem nun samekh ayin pe tzadi qof resh shin tav. Alef Bet Gimel Dalet He Vav Zayin Het Tet Yod Kaf Lamed Mem Nun Samekh Ayin Pe Tzadi Qof Resh Shin Tav.
Note: there are many variant spellings of the Hebrew alphabet.
with case swap[edit]
The following code will execute correctly in ASCII and EBCDIC.
/*REXX program swaps the letter case of a string: lower ──► upper & upper ──► lower.*/
abc = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz" /*define all the lowercase letters. */
abcU = translate(abc) /* " " " uppercase " */
x = 'alphaBETA' /*define a string to a REXX variable. */
y = translate(x, abc || abcU, abcU || abc) /*swap case of X and store it ───► Y */
say x
say y
/*stick a fork in it, we're all done. */
output
alphaBETA ALPHAbeta
version 2[edit]
x='alphaBETA'; Say ' x='||x
Say 'three ways to uppercase'
u1=translate(x); Say ' u1='u1
u2=upper(x); Say ' u2='u2
parse upper var x u3; Say ' u3='u3
abc ='abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz'
abcu=translate(abc); Say 'three ways to lowercase'
l1=translate(x,abc,abcu); Say ' l1='l1
l2=lower(x); Say ' l2='l2
parse lower var x l3; Say ' l3='l3
- Note: Parse options upper and lower not available in every Rexx
- Builtin functions upper and lower not available in every Rexx
- Upper instruction not available in ooRexx
For German input (considering umlaute) these will uppercase them:
uppercase: /*courtesy Gerard Schildberger */
return translate(changestr("ß",translate(arg(1),'ÄÖÜ',"äöü"),'SS'))
uppercase2: Procedure
Parse Arg a
a=translate(arg(1),'ÄÖÜ',"äöü") /* translate lowercase umlaute */
a=changestr("ß",a,'SS') /* replace ß with SS */
return translate(a) /* translate lowercase letters */
Translation to lowercase is not similarly possible because of 'SS'->'ß' or -> 'ss' ??
Note: Recently an uppercase ß was introduced in Austria. I haven't used it yet.
Ring[edit]
aString = "WELCOME TO THE ring programming language"
see lower(aString) + nl
see upper(aString) + nl
Ruby[edit]
"alphaBETA".downcase # => "alphabeta"
"alphaBETA".upcase # => "ALPHABETA"
"alphaBETA".swapcase # => "ALPHAbeta"
"alphaBETA".capitalize # => "Alphabeta"
These methods used to affect ASCII letters A-Z and a-z only. From Ruby 2.4 onward however, these methods support Full Unicode case mapping, suitable for most languages, by default. (Options can be specified for Turkic, Lithuanian and ascii)
'ĥåçýджк'.upcase # => "ĤÅÇÝДЖК"
Rust[edit]
fn main() {
println!("{}", "jalapeño".to_uppercase()); // JALAPEÑO
println!("{}", "JALAPEÑO".to_lowercase()); // jalapeño
}
Scala[edit]
val s="alphaBETA"
println(s.toUpperCase) //-> ALPHABETA
println(s.toLowerCase) //-> alphabeta
println(s.capitalize) //-> AlphaBETA
println(s.reverse) //-> ATEBahpla
Scheme[edit]
(define s "alphaBETA")
(list->string (map char-upcase (string->list s)))
(list->string (map char-downcase (string->list s)))
Using SRFI-13:
> (define s "alphaBETA gammaDELTA")
> (string-upcase s) ;; turn all into upper case
"ALPHABETA GAMMADELTA"
> (string-downcase s) ;; turn all into lower case
"alphabeta gammadelta"
> (string-titlecase s) ;; capitalise start of each word
"Alphabeta Gammadelta"
Sed[edit]
Piping through sed in bash:
echo "alphaBETA" | sed 'y/abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz/ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ/'
echo "alphaBETA" | sed 'y/ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ/abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz/'
Other functions:
# Invert case
echo "alphaBETA" | sed 'y/ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz/abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ/'
GNU sed supports special sequences to change case:
# to uppercase
$ echo alphaBETA | sed 's/.*/\U&/'
ALPHABETA
# to lowercase
$ echo alphaBETA | sed 's/.*/\L&/'
alphabeta
Seed7[edit]
writeln(upper("alphaBETA"));
writeln(lower("alphaBETA"));
SenseTalk[edit]
set letters to "alphaBETA"
put lowercase of letters // alphabeta
put uppercase of letters // ALPHABETA
put capitalized of letters // Alphabeta
repeat with each character of letters by reference
if it is an uppercase
set it to lowercase of it
else
set it to uppercase of it
end if
end repeat
put letters //ALPHAbeta
Sidef[edit]
say "alphaBETA".lc; #=> alphabeta
say "alphaBETA".uc; #=> ALPHABETA
say "alphaBETA".tc; #=> AlphaBETA
say "alpha BETA".wc; #=> Alpha Beta
say "alpha BETA".tc; #=> Alpha BETA
say "alpha BETA".tclc; #=> Alpha beta
Simula[edit]
TEXT soup, lower;
soup :- "alphaBETA";
lower :- LOWCASE(COPY(soup)); ! COPY, else soup is changed;
OutText("upper: "); OutText(UPCASE("alphaBETA"));
OutText(", lower: "); OutText(lower);
OutText(", soup: "); OutText(soup); Outimage;
Slate[edit]
'alphaBETA' toLowercase.
'alphaBETA' toUppercase.
Smalltalk[edit]
'ALPHAbeta' asUppercase "->'ALPHABETA' "
'ALPHAbeta' asLowercase "-> 'alphabeta' "
'alphabeta' asUppercaseFirst "-> 'Alphabeta' "
Unicode (notice, that this cannot be done simply with a straight forward "ch := ch -$a + $A" loop):
(may work with other dialects too, but I have not verified)'αβγω' asUppercase -> 'ΑΒΓΩ'
'ĥåçýджк' asUppercase "-> 'ĤÅÇÝДЖК'
'abcäöüáéíýıijńǵȅȇȉ' asUppercase -> 'ABCÄÖÜÁÉÍÝIIJŃǴȄȆȈ'
SNOBOL4[edit]
There are no standard Snobol libraries or case conversion built-ins. But case functions are easy to roll using the character class keywords. Native charset only.
define('uc(str)') :(uc_end)
uc uc = replace(str,&lcase,&ucase) :(return)
uc_end
define('lc(str)') :(lc_end)
lc lc = replace(str,&ucase,&lcase) :(return)
lc_end
define('ucfirst(str)ch') :(ucfirst_end)
ucfirst str len(1) . ch = uc(ch)
ucfirst = str :(return)
ucfirst_end
define('swapc(str)') :(swapc_end)
swapc str = replace(str,&ucase &lcase, &lcase &ucase)
swapc = str :(return)
swapc_end
* # Test and display
str = 'alphaBETA'
output = str
output = lc(str)
output = uc(str)
output = ucfirst(str)
output = swapc(str)
end
An alternative way of constructing the above that groups related functions together in a denser display:
define('UC(STR)')
define('LC(STR)')
define('UCFIRST(STR)')
define('SWAPC(STR)') :(CASES.END)
UC uc = replace(str,&lcase,&ucase) :(RETURN)
LC lc = replace(str,&ucase,&lcase) :(RETURN)
UCFIRST str len(1) . ch = uc(ch) ; ucfirst = str :(RETURN)
SWAPC swapc = replace(str, &ucase &lcase, &lcase &ucase) :(RETURN)
CASES.END
* # Test and display
str = 'alphaBETA'
output = str
output = lc(str)
output = uc(str)
output = ucfirst(str)
output = swapc(str)
END
Output:
alphaBETA alphabeta ALPHABETA AlphaBETA ALPHAbeta
SQL[edit]
DECLARE @s VARCHAR(10)
SET @s = 'alphaBETA'
print UPPER(@s)
print LOWER(@s)
SQL PL[edit]
With SQL only:
VALUES UPPER('alphaBETA');
VALUES LOWER('alphaBETA');
VALUES initcap('alphaBETA');
-- Within a SQL query.
SELECT UPPER('alphaBETA') FROM sysibm.sysdummy1;
Output:
db2 -t
db2 => values upper('alphaBETA');
1
---------
ALPHABETA
1 record(s) selected.
db2 => values lower('alphaBETA');
1
---------
alphabeta
1 record(s) selected.
db2 => values initcap('alphaBETA');
1
---------
Alphabeta
1 record(s) selected.
db2 => select upper('alphaBETA') from sysibm.sysdummy1;
1
---------
ALPHABETA
1 record(s) selected.
Standard ML[edit]
val strupr = String.map Char.toUpper;
val strlwr = String.map Char.toLower;
Test
- strupr "alphaBETA"; val it = "ALPHABETA" : string - strlwr "alphaBETA"; val it = "alphabeta" : string
Stata[edit]
Use strupper and strlower to change case of ASCII characters. Use ustrupper and ustrlower to change case of all Unicode letters.
. scalar s="alphaBETA"
. di strupper(s)
ALPHABETA
. di strlower(s)
alphabeta
Notice there may be some difficulties with Unicode characters. In the following, the uppercase sigma is correctly converted back to the lowercase variant, but the iota subscript is not.
. scalar a="Ἐν ἀρχῇ ἐποίησεν ὁ θεὸς τὸν οὐρανὸν καὶ τὴν γῆν"
. scalar b=ustrupper(a)
. di b
ἘΝ ἈΡΧΗ͂Ι ἘΠΟΊΗΣΕΝ Ὁ ΘΕῸΣ ΤῸΝ ΟΥ̓ΡΑΝῸΝ ΚΑῚ ΤῊΝ ΓΗ͂Ν
. di ustrlower(b)
ἐν ἀρχῆι ἐποίησεν ὁ θεὸς τὸν οὐρανὸν καὶ τὴν γῆν
Swift[edit]
import Foundation
println("alphaBETA".uppercaseString)
println("alphaBETA".lowercaseString)
println("foO BAr".capitalizedString)
- Output:
ALPHABETA alphabeta Foo Bar
Tcl[edit]
set string alphaBETA
# three built-in case conversion commands
string toupper $string ;# ==> ALPHABETA
string tolower $string ;# ==> alphabeta
string totitle $string ;# ==> Alphabeta
# not built-in
proc swapcase {s} {
foreach char [split $s ""] {
if {$char eq [set CHAR [string toupper $char]]} {
append new [string tolower $char]
} else {
append new $CHAR
}
}
return $new
}
swapcase $string ;# ==> ALPHAbeta
# better performance, but English alphabet only
proc swapcase_en {s} {
string map {
a A b B c C d D e E f F g G h H i I j J k K l L m M n N o O p P q Q r R s S t T u U v V w W x X y Y z Z
A a B b C c D d E e F f G g H h I i J j K k L l M m N n O o P p Q q R r S s T t U u V v W w X x Y y Z z
} $s
}
swapcase Père ;# ==> pÈRE
swapcase_en Père ;# ==> pèRE
Toka[edit]
needs ctype [ i 1 - ] is i [ string.getLength 0 [ dup i + [email protected] toupper over i + c! ] countedLoop ] is string.toUpper [ string.getLength 0 [ dup i + [email protected] tolower over i + c! ] countedLoop ] is string.toLower " alphaBETA" string.toUpper type cr " alphaBETA" string.toLower type cr
TorqueScript[edit]
$string = "alphaBETA"; $upperCase = strUpr($string); $lowerCase = strLwr($string);
TUSCRIPT[edit]
$$ MODE TUSCRIPT,{}
string="alphaBETA"
lowercase =EXCHANGE(string," {&a} {-0-} ")
uppercase1=EXCHANGE(string," {&a} {-0+} ")
uppercase2=CAPS (string)
PRINT lowercase
PRINT uppercase1
PRINT uppercase2
Output:
alphabeta ALPHABETA ALPHABETA
UNIX Shell[edit]
For System V tr:
echo alphaBETA | tr '[a-z]' '[A-Z]' # => ALPHABETA
echo alphaBETA | tr '[A-Z]' '[a-z]' # => alphabeta
For BSD tr, GNU tr, or any POSIX system:
echo alphaBETA | tr a-z A-Z # => ALPHABETA
echo alphaBETA | tr A-Z a-z # => alphabeta
System V has a different syntax, and requires square brackets around ranges. Portable scripts can use System V syntax; the other systems handle square brackets as literal characters, translating [ to [ and ] to ], which is harmless.
Bash[edit]
s="alphaBETA"
echo ${s^^} # => ALPHABETA
echo ${s,,} # => alphabeta
echo ${s^} # => AlphaBETA
Z Shell[edit]
s="alphaBETA"
echo ${s:u} # => ALPHABETA
echo ${s:l} # => alphabeta
Ursa[edit]
out (lower "alphaBETA") endl console
out (upper "alphaBETA") endl console
Ursala[edit]
Case conversion functions aren't built in but can be defined using the reification operator (-:) to construct a function from a list of pairs.
#import std
to_upper = * -:~& ~=`A-~p letters
to_lower = * -:~& ~=`A-~rlp letters
#show+
examples = <to_upper 'alphaBETA',to_lower 'alphaBETA'>
output:
ALPHABETA alphabeta
Vala[edit]
string s = "alphaBeta";
// stores ALPHABETA to string
string s_upper = s.up();
// stores alphabeta to string
string s_lower = s.down();
VBA[edit]
Function StringCase()
Dim s As String
s = "alphaBETA"
Debug.Print UCase(s)
Debug.Print LCase(s)
Debug.Print WorksheetFunction.Proper(s)
End Function
Output:
ALPHABETA alphabeta Alphabeta
VBScript[edit]
Dim MyWord
MyWord = UCase("alphaBETA") ' Returns "ALPHABETA"
MyWord = LCase("alphaBETA") ' Returns "alphabeta"
Vedit macro language[edit]
#1 = CP
IT("alphaBETA")
Case_Upper_Block(#1, CP)
Case_Lower_Block(#1, CP)
Visual Basic[edit]
Sub Main()
Const TESTSTRING As String = "alphaBETA"
Debug.Print "initial = " _
& TESTSTRING
Debug.Print "uppercase = " _
& UCase(TESTSTRING)
Debug.Print "lowercase = " _
& LCase(TESTSTRING)
Debug.Print "first letter capitalized = " _
& StrConv(TESTSTRING, vbProperCase)
Debug.Print "length (in characters) = " _
& CStr(Len(TESTSTRING))
Debug.Print "length (in bytes) = " _
& CStr(LenB(TESTSTRING))
Debug.Print "reversed = " _
& StrReverse(TESTSTRING)
Debug.Print "first position of letter A (case-sensitive) = " _
& InStr(1, TESTSTRING, "A", vbBinaryCompare)
Debug.Print "first position of letter A (case-insensitive) = " _
& InStr(1, TESTSTRING, "A", vbTextCompare)
Debug.Print "concatenated with '123' = " _
& TESTSTRING & "123"
End Sub
- Output:
initial = alphaBETA uppercase = ALPHABETA lowercase = alphabeta first letter capitalized = Alphabeta length (in characters) = 9 length (in bytes) = 18 reversed = ATEBahpla first position of letter A (case-sensitive) = 9 first position of letter A (case-insensitive) = 1 concatenated with '123' = alphaBETA123
Wren[edit]
import "/str" for Str
var s = "alphaBETA"
System.print(Str.upper(s))
System.print(Str.lower(s))
- Output:
ALPHABETA alphabeta
XPL0[edit]
string 0; \use zero-terminated string convention
include c:\cxpl\stdlib; \ToUpper, ToLower, and 'code' declarations
proc StrToUpper(S); \Convert string to uppercase characters
char S;
while S(0) do [S(0):= ToUpper(S(0)); S:=S+1];
proc StrToLower(S); \Convert string to lowercase characters
char S;
while S(0) do [S(0):= ToLower(S(0)); S:=S+1];
char Str;
[Str:= "alphaBETA";
StrToUpper(Str);
Text(0, Str); CrLf(0);
StrToLower(Str);
Text(0, Str); CrLf(0);
]
Output:
ALPHABETA alphabeta
Z80 Assembly[edit]
The English alphabet is a subset of the ASCII character set, and the upper and lower case letters are 32 bytes apart. Bit 5 "toggles" the case of any letter in this range. Assuming your string exists in RAM, these subroutines are all that is needed to switch the string from upper to lower case, and vice versa. The first two functions are destructive, meaning that you cannot recover the original string after using them. The ToggleCase function can be performed twice on the same string to get the original string back.
ToUpperCase:
;INPUT:
;HL = BASE ADDRESS OF A NULL-TERMINATED STRING
;OVERWRITES THE STRING YOU INPUT WITH THE UPPERCASE VERSION
ld bc,&617A ;lower case ascii range
loop_toUpperCase:
ld a,(hl)
or a
ret z
call CompareRange_Inclusive ;is this a lower case letter?
jr c,skipUpperCase ;if not, don't change it!
and %11011111 ;change to upper case
ld (hl),a ;store back in string
skipUpperCase:
inc hl
jr loop_toUpperCase
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
ToLowerCase:
;INPUT:
;HL = BASE ADDRESS OF A NULL-TERMINATED STRING
;OVERWRITES THE STRING YOU INPUT WITH THE LOWERCASE VERSION
ld bc,&415A ;upper case ascii range
loop_toLowerCase:
ld a,(hl)
or a
ret z
call CompareRange_Inclusive
jr c,skipLowerCase
or %00100000
ld (hl),a
skipLowerCase:
inc hl
jr loop_toLowerCase
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
ToggleCase:
;INPUT:
;HL = BASE ADDRESS OF A NULL-TERMINATED STRING
;INVERTS THE CASE OF ALL ALPHABET CHARACTERS IN THE STRING
ld bc,&415A
loop_toggleCase:
ld a,(hl)
or a
ret z
call CompareRange_Inclusive
jr nc,toggle
push bc
ld bc,&617A
call CompareRange_Inclusive
pop bc
jr c, skipToggleCase
toggle:
xor %00100000
ld (hl),a
skipToggleCase:
inc hl
jr loop_toggleCase
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
CompareRange_Inclusive:
;returns CF CLEAR if B <= A <= C, and CF SET otherwise.
cp b
ret c ;if carry set, A < B thus out of range.
push de
ld e,a
ld a,c
ld c,e ;swap A with C
cp c ;compare C to A. Signs are reversed.
;if carry set, "A" < "C" which means original C < original A. Thus out of range.
;if carry clear, we are in range.
ld e,a ;now put A and C back where they belong.
ld a,c
ld c,e ;none of this affects the flags, so the compare is still valid.
pop de
ret
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
- Output:
ALPHABETA alphabeta ALPHAbeta
zkl[edit]
s:="alphaBETA";
s.toLower(); //--> "alphabeta"
s.toUpper(); //--> "ALPHABETA"
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter_case
Zoea[edit]
program: uppercase
input: 'FOObar'
output: 'FOOBAR'
program: lowercase
input: 'FOObar'
output: 'foobar'
- Output:
ALPHABETA alphabeta
Zoea Visual[edit]
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