String case

String case
You are encouraged to solve this task according to the task description, using any language you may know.

Task

Take the string     alphaBETA     and demonstrate how to convert it to:

•   upper-case     and
•   lower-case

Use the default encoding of a string literal or plain ASCII if there is no string literal in your language.

Show any additional case conversion functions   (e.g. swapping case, capitalizing the first letter, etc.)   that may be included in the library of your language.

Other tasks related to string operations:

Metrics

• Array length
• String length
• Copy a string
• Empty string  (assignment)

Counting

• Word frequency
• Letter frequency
• Jewels and stones
• I before E except after C
• Bioinformatics/base count
• Count occurrences of a substring
• Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string

Remove/replace

• XXXX redacted
• Remove vowels from a string
• String interpolaton (included)
• Strip block comments
• Strip comments from a string
• Strip a set of characters from a string
• Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail
• Strip control codes and extended characters from a string

Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling

• Word wheel
• ABC problem
• Sattolo cycle
• Knuth shuffle
• Ordered words
• Superpermutation minimisation
• Textonyms (using a phone text pad)
• Anagrams
• Anagrams/Deranged anagrams
• Permutations/Derangements

Find/Search/Determine

• ABC words
• Odd words
• Word ladder
• Semordnilap
• Word search
• String matching
• Tea cup rim text
• Alternade words
• Changeable words
• String comparison
• Unique characters
• Unique characters in each string
• Extract file extension
• Levenshtein distance
• Palindrome detection
• Common list elements
• Longest common suffix
• Longest common prefix
• Compare a list of strings
• Longest common substring
• Find common directory path
• Words from neighbour ones
• Change e letters to i in words
• Non-continuous subsequences
• Longest common subsequence
• Longest palindromic substrings
• Longest increasing subsequence
• Words containing "the" substring
• Sum of the digits of n is substring of n
• Determine if a string is numeric
• Determine if a string is collapsible
• Determine if a string is squeezable
• Determine if a string has all unique characters
• Determine if a string has all the same characters
• Longest substrings without repeating characters
• Find words which contains all the vowels
• Find words which contains most consonants
• Find words which contains more than 3 vowels
• Find words which first and last three letters are equals
• Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa

Formatting

• Substring
• Rep-string
• Word wrap
• String case
• Align columns
• Literals/String
• Repeat a string
• Brace expansion
• Brace expansion using ranges
• Reverse a string
• Phrase reversals
• Comma quibbling
• Special characters
• String concatenation
• Substring/Top and tail
• Commatizing numbers
• Reverse words in a string
• Suffixation of decimal numbers
• Long literals, with continuations
• Numerical and alphabetical suffixes
• Abbreviations, easy
• Abbreviations, simple
• Abbreviations, automatic

Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases

• Mad Libs
• Magic 8-ball
• 99 Bottles of Beer
• The Name Game (a song)
• The Old lady swallowed a fly
• The Twelve Days of Christmas

Tokenize

• Text between
• Tokenize a string
• Word break problem
• Tokenize a string with escaping
• Split a character string based on change of character

Sequences

• Show ASCII table
• De Bruijn sequences
• Self-referential sequences
• Generate lower case ASCII alphabet

11l

Translation of: Python

V s = ‘alphaBETA’
print(s.uppercase())
print(s.lowercase())

Output:

ALPHABETA
alphabeta

360 Assembly

The first version uses a nice thing of EBCDIC coding, uppercase can be performed with a simple 'OR' with blank character (X'40'), in the same way lowercase can be performed with a 'AND' with character 191 (X'BF').

UCASE    CSECT
         USING  UCASE,R15
         MVC    UC,PG
         MVC    LC,PG
         OC     UC,=16C' '         or  X'40' uppercase 
         NC     LC,=16X'BF'        and X'BF' lowercase
         XPRNT  PG,L'PG            print original
         XPRNT  UC,L'UC            print uc
         XPRNT  LC,L'LC            print lc
         BR     R14
PG       DC     CL9'alphaBETA'
UC       DS     CL(L'PG)
LC       DS     CL(L'PG)
         YREGS 
         END    UCASE

Output:

alphaBETA
ALPHABETA
alphabeta

The second version uses the translate operation (TR opcode), but now EBCDIC coding with alphabetic in 3 sequences, makes things a bit longer to create translation tables.

UCASE    CSECT
         USING  UCASE,R15
         MVC    UC,PG
         MVC    LC,PG
         TR     UC,TABLEU          TR uppercase 
         TR     LC,TABLEL          TR lowercase
         XPRNT  PG,L'PG            print original
         XPRNT  UC,L'UC            print uc
         XPRNT  LC,L'LC            print lc
         BR     R14
PG       DC     CL9'alphaBETA'
UC       DS     CL(L'PG)
LC       DS     CL(L'PG)
TABLEU   DC     256AL1(*-TABLEU)
         ORG    TABLEU+C'a'
         DC     C'ABCDEFGHI'
         ORG    TABLEU+C'j'
         DC     C'JKLMNOPQR'
         ORG    TABLEU+C's'
         DC     C'STUVWXYZ'
         ORG
TABLEL   DC     256AL1(*-TABLEL)
         ORG    TABLEL+C'A'
         DC     C'abcdefghi'
         ORG    TABLEL+C'J'
         DC     C'jklmnopqr'
         ORG    TABLEL+C'S'
         DC     C'stuvwxyz'
         ORG
         YREGS 
         END    UCASE

Output:

alphaBETA
ALPHABETA
alphabeta

4D

$string:="alphaBETA"
$uppercase:=Uppercase($string)
$lowercase:=Lowercase($string)

6502 Assembly

	.lf  case6502.lst	
	.cr  6502	
	.tf  case6502.obj,ap1
;------------------------------------------------------
; String Case for the 6502 by barrym95838 2013.04.07
; Thanks to sbprojects.com for a very nice assembler!
; The target for this assembly is an Apple II with
;   mixed-case output capabilities.  Apple IIs like to
;   work in '+128' ascii, so this version leaves bit 7
;   alone, and can be used with either flavor.
; 6502s work best with data structures < 256 bytes;
;   several instructions would have to be added to
;   properly deal with longer strings.
; Tested and verified on AppleWin 1.20.0.0
;------------------------------------------------------
; Constant Section	
;			
StrPtr	 =   $6		;0-page temp pointer (2 bytes)
Low	 =   $8		;0-page temp low bound
High	 =   $9		;0-page temp high bound
CharOut	 =   $fded	;Specific to the Apple II
BigA	 =   "A"	;'A' for normal ascii
BigZ	 =   "Z"	;'Z'  "    "      "
LittleA	 =   "a"	;'a'  "    "      "
LittleZ	 =   "z"	;'z'  "    "      "
;======================================================
	.or  $0f00	
;------------------------------------------------------
; The main program	
;			
main	ldx  #sTest	;Point to the test string	
	lda  /sTest	
	jsr  puts	;print it to stdout
	jsr  toUpper	;convert to UPPER-case
	jsr  puts	;print it
	jsr  toLower	;convert to lower-case
	jmp  puts	;print it and return to caller
;------------------------------------------------------
toUpper	ldy  #LittleA
	sty  Low	;set up the flip range
	ldy  #LittleZ	
	bne  toLow2	;return via toLower's tail
;------------------------------------------------------
toLower	ldy  #BigA
	sty  Low	;set up the flip range
	ldy  #BigZ	
toLow2	sty  High	
	;		;return via fall-thru to flip
;------------------------------------------------------
; Given a NUL-terminated string at A:X, flip the case
;   of any chars in the range [Low..High], inclusive;
;   only works on the first 256 bytes of a long string 
; Uses:  StrPtr, Low, High
; Preserves:  A, X	
; Trashes:  Y		
;                       
flip	stx  StrPtr	;init string pointer
	sta  StrPtr+1	
	ldy  #0		
	pha  		;save A
flip2	lda  (StrPtr),y	;get string char
	beq  flip5	;done if NUL
	cmp  Low	
	bcc  flip4	;if Low <= char <= High
	cmp  High	
	beq  flip3	
	bcs  flip4	
flip3	eor  #$20	;  then flip the case
	sta  (StrPtr),y	
flip4	iny  		;point to next char
	bne  flip2	;loop up to 255 times
flip5	pla  		;restore A
	rts  		;return
;------------------------------------------------------
; Output NUL-terminated string @ A:X; strings longer
;   than 256 bytes are truncated there
; Uses:  StrPtr
; Preserves:  A, X	
; Trashes:  Y		
;			
puts	stx  StrPtr	;init string pointer
	sta  StrPtr+1	
	ldy  #0		
	pha  		;save A
puts2	lda  (StrPtr),y	;get string char
	beq  puts3	;done if NUL
	jsr  CharOut	;output the char
	iny  		;point to next char
	bne  puts2	;loop up to 255 times
puts3	pla  		;restore A
	rts  		;return
;------------------------------------------------------
; Test String (in '+128' ascii, Apple II style)
;			
sTest	.as	-"Alpha, BETA, gamma, {[(<[email protected]_>)]}."
	.az	-#13	
;------------------------------------------------------
	.en  		

Output:

Alpha, BETA, gamma, {[(<[email protected]_>)]}.
ALPHA, BETA, GAMMA, {[(<[email protected]_>)]}.
alpha, beta, gamma, {[(<[email protected]_>)]}.

8080 Assembly

	org	100h
	jmp	demo
	;;;	Convert CP/M string under [HL] to upper case
unext:	inx	h
ucase:	mov	a,m	; Get character <- entry point is here
	cpi	'$'	; Done?
	rz		; If so, stop
	cpi	'a'	; >= 'a'?
	jc	unext	; If not, next character
	cpi	'z'+1	; <= 'z'?
	jnc	unext	; If not, next character
	sui	32	; Subtract 32
	mov	m,a	; Write character back
	jmp	unext
	;;;	Convert CP/M string under [HL] to lower case
lnext:	inx	h
lcase:	mov	a,m	; Get character <- entry point is here
	cpi	'$'	; Done?
	rz		; If so, stop
	cpi	'A'	; >= 'A'?
	jc	lnext	; If not, next character
	cpi	'Z'+1	; <= 'Z'?
	jnc	lnext	; If not, next character
	adi	32	; Subtract 32
	mov	m,a	; Write character back
	jmp	lnext
	;;;	Apply to given string
demo:	call	print	; Print without change
	lxi	h,str
	call	ucase	; Make uppercase
	call	print	; Print uppercase version
	lxi	h,str
	call	lcase	; Make lowercase (fall through to print)
print:	lxi	d,str	; Print string using CP/M call
	mvi	c,9
	jmp	5
str:	db	'alphaBETA',13,10,'$'

Output:

alphaBETA
ALPHABETA
alphabeta

ActionScript

var string:String = 'alphaBETA';
var upper:String = string.toUpperCase();
var lower:String = string.toLowerCase();

Ada

with Ada.Characters.Handling, Ada.Text_IO;
use  Ada.Characters.Handling, Ada.Text_IO;
 
procedure Upper_Case_String is
   S : constant String := "alphaBETA";
begin
   Put_Line (To_Upper (S));
   Put_Line (To_Lower (S));
end Upper_Case_String;

ALGOL 68

Translation of: C – Note: This specimen retains the original C coding style.

Works with: ALGOL 68 version Revision 1 - no extensions to language used.

Works with: ALGOL 68G version Any - tested with release 1.18.0-9h.tiny.

#!/usr/local/bin/a68g --script #
 
# Demonstrate toupper and tolower for standard ALGOL 68
strings.  This does not work for multibyte character sets. #
 
INT l2u = ABS "A" - ABS "a";
 
PROC to upper = (CHAR c)CHAR:
  (ABS "a" > ABS c | c |: ABS c > ABS "z" | c | REPR ( ABS c + l2u ));
 
PROC to lower = (CHAR c)CHAR:
  (ABS "A" > ABS c | c |: ABS c > ABS "Z" | c | REPR ( ABS c - l2u ));
 
# Operators can be defined in ALGOL 68 #
OP (CHAR)CHAR TOLOWER = to lower, TOUPPER = to upper;
 
# upper-cases s in place #
PROC string to upper = (REF STRING s)VOID:
    FOR i FROM LWB s TO UPB s DO s[i] := to upper(s[i]) OD;
 
# lower-cases s in place #
PROC string to lower = (REF STRING s)VOID:
    FOR i FROM LWB s TO UPB s DO s[i] := to lower(s[i]) OD;
 
main: (
    STRING t := "alphaBETA";
    string to upper(t);
    printf(($"uppercase: "gl$, t));
    string to lower(t);
    printf(($"lowercase: "gl$, t))
)

Output:

uppercase: ALPHABETA
lowercase: alphabeta

ALGOL W

begin
    % algol W doesn't have standard case conversion routines, this is one way %
    % such facilities could be provided                                       %
 
    % converts text to upper case                                             %
    % assumes the letters are contiguous in the character set (as in ASCII)   %
    % would not work in EBCDIC (as the original algol W implementations used) %
    procedure upCase( string(256) value result text ) ;
        for i := 0 until 255 do begin
            string(1) c;
            c := text( i // 1 );
            if c >= "a" and c <= "z"
            then begin
                text( i // 1 ) := code( decode( "A" )
                                      + ( decode( c ) - decode( "a" ) )
                                      )
            end
        end upCase ;
 
    % converts text to lower case                                             %
    % assumes the letters are contiguous in the character set (as in ASCII)   %
    % would not work in EBCDIC (as the original algol W implementations used) %
    procedure dnCase( string(256) value result text ) ;
        for i := 0 until 255 do begin
            string(1) c;
            c := text( i // 1 );
            if c >= "A" and c <= "Z"
            then begin
                text( i // 1 ) := code( decode( "a" )
                                      + ( decode( c ) - decode( "A" ) )
                                      )
            end
        end dnCase ;
 
    string(256) text;
    text := "alphaBETA";
    upCase( text );
    write( text( 0 // 40 ) );
    dnCase( text );
    write( text( 0 // 40 ) );
 
end.

Output:

ALPHABETA                               
alphabeta                               

APL

Works with: APL2

      a←'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz'
      A←'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ'
      
      X←'alphaBETA'
      
      (a,⎕AV)[(A,⎕AV)⍳'alphaBETA']
alphabeta
      (A,⎕AV)[(a,⎕AV)⍳'alphaBETA']
ALPHABETA

Works with: APL

In the following example, puntuation is not covered. It is substituted by '*'.

 
    AlphLower←'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ'
    AlphUpper←'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ*'
    AlphUpper[AlphLower⍳'I'm using APL!']
I*M USING APL*
 
    AlphLower←'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ*'
    AlphUpper←'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ'
    AlphLower[AlphUpper⍳'I'm using APL!']
i*m using apl*
 

APL (Dyalog)

Dyalog APL has a system function for case conversion, ⎕C. This is Unicode-aware and preserves punctuation. If called monadically, maps character arrays to lower case. If called with a left-hand argument of 1, maps character arrays to upper case.

 
      ⎕C 'Πέτρος is using APL!'
πέτροσ is using apl!
      1 ⎕C 'Πέτρος is using APL!'
ΠΈΤΡΟΣ IS USING APL!
 

Note: The I-Beam operator with code 819 is now deprecated in favor of the system function ⎕C.

AppleScript

Translation of: JavaScript

AppleScript lacks built in string case functions, but since OS X 10.10 (Yosemite version, Oct 2014) it has been possible to use ObjC Foundation class methods directly in AppleScript code.

use framework "Foundation"
 
-- TEST -----------------------------------------------------------------------
on run
 
    ap({toLower, toTitle, toUpper}, {"alphaBETA αβγδΕΖΗΘ"})
 
    --> {"alphabeta αβγδεζηθ", "Alphabeta Αβγδεζηθ", "ALPHABETA ΑΒΓΔΕΖΗΘ"}
 
end run
 
 
-- GENERIC FUNCTIONS ----------------------------------------------------------
 
-- toLower :: String -> String
on toLower(str)
    set ca to current application
    ((ca's NSString's stringWithString:(str))'s ¬
        lowercaseStringWithLocale:(ca's NSLocale's currentLocale())) as text
end toLower
 
-- toTitle :: String -> String
on toTitle(str)
    set ca to current application
    ((ca's NSString's stringWithString:(str))'s ¬
        capitalizedStringWithLocale:(ca's NSLocale's currentLocale())) as text
end toTitle
 
-- toUpper :: String -> String
on toUpper(str)
    set ca to current application
    ((ca's NSString's stringWithString:(str))'s ¬
        uppercaseStringWithLocale:(ca's NSLocale's currentLocale())) as text
end toUpper
 
-- A list of functions applied to a list of arguments
-- (<*> | ap) :: [(a -> b)] -> [a] -> [b]
on ap(fs, xs)
    set {nf, nx} to {length of fs, length of xs}
    set lst to {}
    repeat with i from 1 to nf
        tell mReturn(item i of fs)
            repeat with j from 1 to nx
                set end of lst to |λ|(contents of (item j of xs))
            end repeat
        end tell
    end repeat
    return lst
end ap
 
-- Lift 2nd class handler function into 1st class script wrapper 
-- mReturn :: Handler -> Script
on mReturn(f)
    if class of f is script then
        f
    else
        script
            property |λ| : f
        end script
    end if
end mReturn

Output:

{"alphabeta αβγδεζηθ", "Alphabeta Αβγδεζηθ", "ALPHABETA ΑΒΓΔΕΖΗΘ"}

Arbre

main():
  uppercase('alphaBETA') + '\n' + lowercase('alphaBETA') + '\n' -> io

Output:

ALPHABETA
alphabeta

Arturo

str: "alphaBETA"
 
print ["uppercase  :" upper str]
print ["lowercase  :" lower str]
print ["capitalize :" capitalize str]

Output:

uppercase  : ALPHABETA 
lowercase  : alphabeta 
capitalize : AlphaBETA

AutoHotkey

a := "alphaBETA"
StringLower, b, a ; alphabeta
StringUpper, c, a ; ALPHABETA
 
StringUpper, d, a, T ; Alphabeta (T = title case) eg "alpha beta gamma" would become "Alpha Beta Gamma"

AutoIt

$sString = "alphaBETA"
$sUppercase = StringUpper($sString) ;"ALPHABETA"
$sLowercase = StringLower($sString) ;"alphabeta"

Avail

Print: uppercase "alphaBETA";
Print: lowercase "alphaBETA";

AWK

BEGIN {
  a = "alphaBETA";
  print toupper(a), tolower(a)
}

Capitalize:

BEGIN {
  a = "alphaBETA"; 
  print toupper(substr(a, 1, 1)) tolower(substr(a, 2))
}

BASIC

Works with: QBasic

s$ = "alphaBETA"
PRINT UCASE$(s$)
PRINT LCASE$(s$)

Applesoft BASIC

S$ = "alphaBETA"
 
UP$ = "" : FOR I = 1 TO LEN(S$) : C = ASC(MID$(S$, I, 1)) : UP$ = UP$ + CHR$(C - (C > 96 AND C < 123) * 32) : NEXT I : ? UP$
 
LO$ = "" : FOR I = 1 TO LEN(S$) : C = ASC(MID$(S$, I, 1)) : LO$ = LO$ + CHR$(C + (C > 64 AND C < 91) * 32) : NEXT I : ? LO$

BBC BASIC

Works with: BBC BASIC for Windows

      INSTALL @lib$+"STRINGLIB"
 
      original$ = "alphaBETA"
      PRINT "Original:   " original$
      PRINT "Lower case: " FN_lower(original$)
      PRINT "Upper case: " FN_upper(original$)
      PRINT "Title case: " FN_title(original$)

Output:

Original:   alphaBETA
Lower case: alphabeta
Upper case: ALPHABETA
Title case: AlphaBETA

Commodore BASIC

The example here is based on AppleSoft BASIC, however, Commodore machines have a slightly different interpretation of ASCII:

• On a number of Commodore machines, the default character set at startup is uppercase letters with graphic symbols. In this instance, standard ASCII codes apply, which means printing the result of ASC("A") returns 65, and printing the result of ASC("♠") (SHIFT-A) returns 193. (Not 97... More on this below.)
• However, on many of these Commodore machines, the character mode can be changed(†) to an alternate set of glyphs which consists of lowercase letters as well as uppercase letters. When this happens, the former uppercase letter glyphs are replaced with lowercase letter glyphs, and the graphics glyphs are replaced with uppercase letter glyphs. This maintains intuitive use of the computer where typing an uppercase letter is accomplished by holding the SHIFT key while pressing the letter, but the downside is that now the equivalent ASCII codes are reversed: 65 equates to a lowercase "a" (should be 97), and 97 equates to an uppercase "A".
• In addition to all of this, characters 192 through 255 are duplicates of other characters in the lower realms of the table. This allows one to easily use bit 7 as a flag for a shifted character. This is perhaps one reason why BASIC's ASC returns values for shifted letters starting at 193. In any case, it needs to be accounted for, and actually makes this task simpler.

† Exceptions to the above would be early PET 2001 models that either had no lowercase letters at all, or had upper and lowercase, but were locked into traditional ASCII encoding. The code example will not behave as expected on these models.

It should be noted that the program starts by sending a control code 14 to the display immediately after clearing the screen, which ensures that the computer is displaying the mixed lowercase/uppercase character set, otherwise the output will be a mix of uppercase letters and graphics.

Code Example

10 rem string case                      
15 rem rosetta code                     
20 s$="alphaBETA"                       
30 print chr$(147);chr$(14)             
40 print "The original string is:"      
41 print:print tab(11);s$               
50 up$="":lo$=""                        
55 for i=1 to len(s$)                   
60 c=asc(mid$(s$,i,1))                  
65 up$=up$+chr$(c or 128)               
70 lo$=lo$+chr$(c and 127)              
75 next i                               
80 print:print "Uppercase: ";up$        
90 print "Lowercase: ";lo$

Output:

The original string is:                 
                                        
           alphaBETA                    
                                        
Uppercase: ALPHABETA                    
Lowercase: alphabeta                    
                                        
ready.                                  
█

IS-BASIC

100 INPUT PROMPT "String:     ":TX$
110 PRINT "Lower case: ";LCASE$(TX$)
120 PRINT "Upper case: ";UCASE$(TX$)

Liberty BASIC

 
input$ ="alphaBETA"
 
print input$
print upper$( input$)
print lower$( input$)
 
end
 

PureBasic

s$ = "alphaBETA"
upper$ = UCase(s$)  ;uppercase
lower$ = LCase(s$)  ;lowercase

Run BASIC

a$ ="alphaBETA"
 
print a$           '=> alphaBETA
print upper$(a$)   '=> ALPHABETA
print lower$(a$)   '=> alphabeta

TI-83 BASIC

Note: While lowercase letters are built in to every TI-83/4/+/SE calculator, typing in lowercase is disabled by default and you have to hack the calculator to type in lowercase. However, the calculator does not have to be hacked to simply display lowercase output from a program, so on non-hacked calculators this program will only be useful one-way. To get lowercase letters, you have to create a new program with "AsmPrgmFDCB24DEC9" as the text, and then execute it on the homescreen with Asm(prgmYOURPROGRAMNAME). Then press [ALPHA] twice.

Visual Basic .NET

Works with: Visual Basic version 2008

' Define 's'
Dim s AS String = "alphaBETA"
 
' Change 's' to Upper Case.
s =  s.ToUpper()
 
' Change 's' to Lower Case.
s = s.ToLower()

:"ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ"→Str9
:"abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"→Str0
:Input ">",Str1
:":"+Str1+":"→Str1
:Prompt U
:If U:Then
:For(I,2,length(Str1))
:If inString(Str0,sub(Str1,I,1)) and sub(Str1,I,1)≠":"
:sub(Str1,1,I-1)+sub(Str9,inString(Str0,sub(Str1,I,1)),1)+sub(Str1,I+1,length(Str1)-I)→Str1
:End
:Else
:For(I,2,length(Str1))
:If inString(Str9,sub(Str1,I,1)) and sub(Str1,I,1)≠":"
:sub(Str1,1,I-1)+sub(Str0,inString(Str9,sub(Str1,I,1)),1)+sub(Str1,I+1,length(Str1)-I)→Str1
:End
:End
:sub(Str1,2,length(Str1)-2)→Str1
:Pause Str1

BCPL

get "libhdr"
 
// Check whether a character is an upper or lowercase letter
let islower(x) = 'a' <= x <= 'z'
let isupper(x) = 'A' <= x <= 'Z'
 
// Convert a character to upper or lowercase
let toupper(x) = islower(x) -> x - 32, x
let tolower(x) = isupper(x) -> x + 32, x
 
// Map a character function over a string
let strmap(f,s) = valof
$(  for i=1 to s%0 do s%i := f(s%i)
    resultis s
$)
 
// Convert a string to upper or lowercase
let strtoupper(s) = strmap(toupper,s)
let strtolower(s) = strmap(tolower,s)
 
let start() be
$(  let s = "alphaBETA"
    writef("   String: %S*N", s)
    writef("Uppercase: %S*N", strtoupper(s))
    writef("Lowercase: %S*N", strtolower(s))
$)

Output:

   String: alphaBETA
Uppercase: ALPHABETA
Lowercase: alphabeta

Befunge

Works with: befungee

Converts to uppercase only; lowercase is done in a similar way so I chose not to add it.

"ATEBahpla" > : #v_ 25* , @         >48*-v
                 > :: "`"` \"{"\` * |    > , v
                                    >    ^
            ^                                <

Bracmat

The functions upp$ and low$ assume that strings are UTF-8 encoded, but if a string is not valid UTF-8, it is assumed the string is ISO-8859-1. Case conversion is not restricted to the Latin alphabet, but extends to all alphabets that have upper and lower case characters.

  "alphaBETA":?s
& out$str$(upp$!s \n low$!s)

Output:

ALPHABETA
alphabeta

Burlesque

 
blsq ) "alphaBETA"^^zz\/ZZ
"ALPHABETA"
"alphabeta"
 

C

The tolower and toupper functions are locale-aware.

/* Demonstrate toupper and tolower for 
   standard C strings.
   This does not work for multibyte character sets. */
#include <ctype.h>
#include <stdio.h>
 
/* upper-cases s in place */
void str_toupper(char *s)
{
    while(*s)
    {
        *s=toupper(*s);
        s++;
    }
}
 
 
/* lower-cases s in place */
void str_tolower(char *s)
{
    while(*s)
    {
        *s=tolower(*s);
        s++;
    }
}
 
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    char t[255]="alphaBETA";
    str_toupper(t);
    printf("uppercase: %s\n", t);
    str_tolower(t);
    printf("lowercase: %s\n", t);
    return 0;
}

C#

 
class Program
{
    static void Main(string[] args)
    {
        string input;
        Console.Write("Enter a series of letters: ");
        input = Console.ReadLine();
        stringCase(input);
    }
 
    private static void stringCase(string str)
    {
        char[] chars = str.ToCharArray();
        string newStr = "";
 
        foreach (char i in chars)
            if (char.IsLower(i))
                newStr += char.ToUpper(i);
            else
                newStr += char.ToLower(i);
        Console.WriteLine("Converted: {0}", newStr);
    }
}

Title case is a little different:

System.Console.WriteLine(System.Globalization.CultureInfo.CurrentCulture.TextInfo.ToTitleCase("exAmpLe sTrinG"));

C++

Works with: g++ version 3.4.4 (cygming special)

Library: STL

This method does the transform in-place. Alternate methods might return a new copy or use a stream manipulator.

#include <algorithm>
#include <string>
#include <cctype>
 
/// \brief in-place convert string to upper case
/// \return ref to transformed string
void str_toupper(std::string &str) {
  std::transform(str.begin(), 
                 str.end(), 
                 str.begin(),
                 (int(*)(int)) std::toupper);
}
 
/// \brief in-place convert string to lower case
/// \return ref to transformed string
void str_tolower(std::string &str) {
  std::transform(str.begin(), 
                 str.end(), 
                 str.begin(),
                 (int(*)(int)) std::tolower);
}

Here is sample usage code:

#include <iostream>
#include <string>
 
using namespace std;
int main() {
  string foo("_upperCas3Me!!");
  str_toupper(foo);
  cout << foo << endl;
  str_tolower(foo);
  cout << foo << endl;
  return 0;
}

Clojure

(def string "alphaBETA")
(println (.toUpperCase string))
(println (.toLowerCase string))

CMake

string(TOUPPER alphaBETA s)
message(STATUS "Uppercase: ${s}")
string(TOLOWER alphaBETA s)
message(STATUS "Lowercase: ${s}")

-- Uppercase: ALPHABETA
-- Lowercase: alphabeta

COBOL

Standard-compliant Methods

       IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
       PROGRAM-ID. string-case-85.
 
       DATA DIVISION.
       WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.
       01  example PIC X(9) VALUE "alphaBETA".
 
       01  result  PIC X(9).
 
       PROCEDURE DIVISION.
           DISPLAY "Example: " example
 
           *> Using the intrinsic functions.
           DISPLAY "Lower-case: " FUNCTION LOWER-CASE(example)
 
           DISPLAY "Upper-case: " FUNCTION UPPER-CASE(example)
 
           *> Using INSPECT
           MOVE example TO result
           INSPECT result CONVERTING "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ"
               TO "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"
           DISPLAY "Lower-case: " result
 
           MOVE example TO result
           INSPECT result CONVERTING "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"
               TO  "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ"
           DISPLAY "Upper-case: " result
 
           GOBACK
           .

Compiler Extensions

       IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
       PROGRAM-ID. string-case-extensions.
 
       DATA DIVISION.
       WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.
       78  example VALUE "alphaBETA".
 
       01  result  PIC X(9).
 
       PROCEDURE DIVISION.
           DISPLAY "Example: " example
 
           *> ACUCOBOL-GT
           MOVE example TO result
           CALL "C$TOLOWER" USING result, BY VALUE 9
           DISPLAY "Lower-case: " result
 
           MOVE example TO result
           CALL "C$TOUPPER" USING result, BY VALUE 9
           DISPLAY "Upper-case: " result
 
           *> Visual COBOL
           MOVE example TO result
           CALL "CBL_TOLOWER" USING result, BY VALUE 9
           DISPLAY "Lower-case: " result
 
           MOVE example TO result
           CALL "CBL_TOUPPER" USING result BY VALUE 9
           DISPLAY "Upper-case: " result
 
           GOBACK
           .

ColdFusion

converting a string literal

<cfset upper = UCase("alphaBETA")>
<cfset lower = LCase("alphaBETA")>

converting the value of a variable

<cfset string = "alphaBETA">
<cfset upper = UCase(string)>
<cfset lower = LCase(string)>

Common Lisp

You can use the string-upcase function to perform upper casing:

CL-USER> (string-upcase "alphaBETA")
"ALPHABETA"

and you can do lower casing by using string-downcase:

CL-USER> (string-downcase "alphaBETA")
"alphabeta"

Component Pascal

BlackBox Component Builder

 
MODULE AlphaBeta;
IMPORT StdLog,Strings;
 
PROCEDURE Do*;
VAR
	str,res: ARRAY 128 OF CHAR;
BEGIN
	str := "alphaBETA";
	Strings.ToUpper(str,res);
	StdLog.String("Uppercase:> ");StdLog.String(res);StdLog.Ln;
	Strings.ToLower(str,res);
	StdLog.String("Lowercase:> ");StdLog.String(res);StdLog.Ln
END Do;
 
END AlphaBeta.
 

Execute: ^Q AlphaBeta.Do
Output:

Uppercase:> ALPHABETA
Lowercase:> alphabeta

D

void main() {
    import std.stdio, std.string;
 
    immutable s = "alphaBETA";
    s.toUpper.writeln;
    s.toLower.writeln;
}

Output:

ALPHABETA
alphabeta

DBL

 
OPEN (1,O,'TT:')              ;open video
 
STR="alphaBETA"
 
LOCASE STR
DISPLAY (1,STR,10)            ;alphabeta
 
UPCASE STR
DISPLAY (1,STR,10)            ;ALPHABETA

Delphi

writeln(uppercase('alphaBETA'));
writeln(lowercase('alphaBETA'));

DWScript

PrintLn(UpperCase('alphaBETA'));
PrintLn(LowerCase('alphaBETA'));

Dyalect

let str = "alphaBETA"
 
print("Lower case: ", str.lower(), separator: "")
print("Upper case: ", str.upper(), separator: "")
print("Capitalize: ", str.capitalize(), separator: "")

E

["alphaBETA".toUpperCase(),
"alphaBETA".toLowerCase()]

EchoLisp

EchoLisp includes the usual case conversion functions and the randcase function : random case

 
(string-downcase "alphaBETA")
    → "alphabeta"
(string-upcase "alphaBETA")
    → "ALPHABETA"
(string-titlecase "alphaBETA")
    → "Alphabeta"
(string-randcase "alphaBETA")
    → "alphaBEtA"
(string-randcase "alphaBETA")
    → "AlPHaBeTA"
 

ECL

IMPORT STD; //Imports the Standard Library
 
STRING MyBaseString := 'alphaBETA';
 
UpperCased := STD.str.toUpperCase(MyBaseString);
LowerCased := STD.str.ToLowerCase(MyBaseString);
TitleCased := STD.str.ToTitleCase(MyBaseString);
 
OUTPUT (UpperCased);
OUTPUT (LowerCased);
OUTPUT (TitleCased);

Elena

ELENA 4.x:

import system'culture;
 
public program()
{
    string s1 := "alphaBETA";
 
    // Alternative 1
    console.writeLine(s1.lowerCase());
    console.writeLine(s1.upperCase());
 
    // Alternative 2
    console.writeLine(s1.toLower(currentLocale));
    console.writeLine(s1.toUpper(currentLocale));
    console.readChar()
}

Elixir

The String module provides the following functions:

 
String.downcase("alphaBETA")
# => alphabeta
String.upcase("alphaBETA")
# => ALPHABETA
String.capitalize("alphaBETA")
# => Alphabeta
 

As with most String functions in Elixir, these are fully compatible with Unicode.

 
String.downcase("αΒ")
# => αβ
String.upcase("αΒ")
# => ΑΒ
String.capitalize("αΒ")
# => Αβ
 

Elm

import String exposing (toLower, toUpper)
 
s = "alphaBETA"
 
lower = toLower s
upper = toUpper s

Erlang

string:to_upper("alphaBETA").
string:to_lower("alphaBETA").

Excel

Take 3 cells, say A1,B1 and C1. In B1 type :

 
=LOWER(A1)
 

and in C1 :

 
=UPPER(A1)
 

For the stated input in A1, the result will be :

 
alphaBETA	alphabeta	ALPHABETA
 

F#

 
let s = "alphaBETA"
let upper = s.ToUpper()
let lower = s.ToLower()
 

Factor

"alphaBETA" >lower  ! "alphabeta"
"alphaBETA" >upper  ! "ALPHABETA"
"alphaBETA" >title  ! "Alphabeta"
"ß" >case-fold      ! "ss"

Falcon

printl("alphaBETA".lower())
printl("alphaBETA".upper())

Fantom

 
fansh> a := "alphaBETA"   
alphaBETA
fansh> a.upper // convert whole string to upper case
ALPHABETA
fansh> a.lower // convert whole string to lower case
alphabeta  
fansh> a.capitalize  // make sure first letter is capital
AlphaBETA
fansh> "BETAalpha".decapitalize  // make sure first letter is not capital
bETAalpha
 

Forth

ANS Forth does not have words to convert case for either strings or characters. For known alpha-numeric ASCII characters, the following can be used:

: tolower ( C -- c ) 32 or ;
: toupper ( c -- C ) 32 invert and ;
: lower ( addr len -- ) over + swap  do i [email protected] tolower i c!  loop ;
: upper ( addr len -- ) over + swap  do i [email protected] toupper i c!  loop ;

If the character range is unknown, these definitions are better:

: tolower ( C -- c ) dup [char] A [char] Z 1+ within if 32 + then ;
: toupper ( c -- C ) dup [char] a [char] z 1+ within if 32 - then ;

Works with: Win32Forth version 4.2

create s ," alphaBETA"
s count type
s count 2dup upper type
s count 2dup lower type

Output:

alphaBETA
ALPHABETA
alphabeta

Fortran

Works with: Fortran version 90 and later

 program example
 
   implicit none
 
   character(9) :: teststring = "alphaBETA"
 
   call To_upper(teststring)
   write(*,*) teststring
   call To_lower(teststring)
   write(*,*) teststring
 
 contains
 
   subroutine To_upper(str)
     character(*), intent(in out) :: str
     integer :: i
 
     do i = 1, len(str)
       select case(str(i:i))
         case("a":"z")
           str(i:i) = achar(iachar(str(i:i))-32)
       end select
     end do 
   end subroutine To_upper
 
   subroutine To_lower(str)
     character(*), intent(in out) :: str
     integer :: i
 
     do i = 1, len(str)
       select case(str(i:i))
         case("A":"Z")
           str(i:i) = achar(iachar(str(i:i))+32)
       end select
     end do  
   end subroutine To_Lower
 
 end program example

Functions could be used instead, especially with later compilers that enable lengths not fixed at compile time, but this involves copying the text about. By contrast, the subroutines alter the text in-place, though if something like Utext = Uppercase(text) is desired so that both versions are available, a subroutine is less convenient.

F90 introduced the intrinsic function i = IACHAR(c), which returns the integer value of the position of character c in the ASCII character set, even if the processor's default character set is different, such as perhaps EBCDIC. Function ACHAR is the inverse. If the bit pattern of the character was not being interpreted as in the ASCII set, this will cause odd results, say on a system using EBCDIC or (on an ASCII-using cpu) for a file originating from an EBCDIC-using system. Some systems offer additional options to the file OPEN statement that enable character conversion between ASCII and EBCDIC, and there may also be options concerning big- and little-endian usage. But much will depend on the format of the data in the file. If the data are a mixture of text, integers, floating-point, etc. all in binary, there will be no hope for such simple translations.

For converting lower-case text to upper, the following will work both on an ASCII system and an EBCDIC system (or any other encodement), once it is compiled for that system:

      SUBROUTINE UPCASE(TEXT)
       CHARACTER*(*) TEXT
       INTEGER I,C
        DO I = 1,LEN(TEXT)
          C = INDEX("abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz",TEXT(I:I))
          IF (C.GT.0) TEXT(I:I) = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ"(C:C)
        END DO
      END

The INDEX function of course returning zero if the character is not found. Converting from upper to lower case is the obvious inverse and it might be worthwhile defining a MODULE with suitable named character constants to avoid repetition - one might hope the compiler will share duplicated constants rather than producing a fresh version every time, but it might not too. The repeated text scanning done by the INDEX function for each character of TEXT will of course be a lot slower. A still-more advanced compiler might be able to take advantage of special translation op-codes, on systems that offer them. If storage space is not at a premium a swifter method would be to create something like CHARACTER*1 XLATUC(0:255) with most entries being equal to their index, except for those corresponding to the lower case letters for which the value is the corresponding upper case letter. Then

      DO I = 1,LEN(TEXT)
        TEXT(I:I) = XLATUC(ICHAR(TEXT(I:I)))
      END DO

Note that in EBCDIC the offset is not 32 but 64. Rather than using an undocumented "magic constant" such as 32, one could define PARAMETER (HIC = ICHAR("A") - ICHAR("a")) instead or just place such code in-line and have hope for the compiler. This would also handle the small detail that "A" > "a" in EBCDIC rather than ASCII's "A" < "a". But alas, in EBCDIC the letter codes are not contiguous (there are many non-letter symbols between "a" and "z" as well as between "A" and "Z"), so the bounds of "A" to "Z" will not isolate only letters for attack. And it was not just IBM mainframes that used various versions of EBCDIC, so also did Burroughs, among others.

Here a complete example, using functions, and as far as I can tell, will work also with EBCDIC:

 
module uplow
   implicit none
   character(len=26), parameter, private :: low  = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"
   character(len=26), parameter, private :: high = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ"
contains
 
   function to_upper(s) result(t)
      ! returns upper case of s
      implicit none
      character(len=*), intent(in) :: s
      character(len=len(s))        :: t
 
      character(len=1), save       :: convtable(0:255)
      logical, save                :: first = .true.
      integer                      :: i
 
      if(first) then
         do i=0,255
            convtable(i) = char(i)
         enddo
         do i=1,len(low)
            convtable(iachar(low(i:i))) = char(iachar(high(i:i)))
         enddo
         first = .false.
      endif
 
      t = s
 
      do i=1,len_trim(s)
         t(i:i) = convtable(iachar(s(i:i)))
      enddo
 
   end function to_upper
 
   function to_lower(s) result(t)
      ! returns lower case of s
      implicit none
      character(len=*), intent(in) :: s
      character(len=len(s))        :: t
 
      character(len=1), save :: convtable(0:255)
      logical, save          :: first = .true.
      integer                :: i
 
      if(first) then
         do i=0,255
            convtable(i) = char(i)
         enddo
         do i = 1,len(low)
            convtable(iachar(high(i:i))) = char(iachar(low(i:i)))
         enddo
         first = .false.
      endif
 
      t = s
 
      do i=1,len_trim(s)
         t(i:i) = convtable(iachar(s(i:i)))
      enddo
 
   end function to_lower
 
 
end module uplow
 
 
program doit
   use uplow
   character(len=40) :: s
 
   s = "abcdxyz ZXYDCBA [email protected]"
   print *,"original: ",'[',s,']'
   print *,"to_upper: ",'[',to_upper(s),']'
   print *,"to_lower: ",'[',to_lower(s),']'
 
end program doit
 

FreeBASIC

' FB 1.05.0 Win64
 
Dim s As String = "alphaBETA" 
Print UCase(s)
Print LCase(s)
Sleep

Output:

ALPHABETA
alphabeta

Frink

 
a = "alphaBETA"
println[lc[a]]
println[uc[a]]
 

These functions use Unicode single- and multiple-character mapping tables and thus try to do the right thing with Unicode, possibly making the string longer in some cases:

uc["Imbiß"] // Last char is \u00df

Produces:

IMBISS

As the Unicode standard for casing states, "it is important to note that no casing operations on strings are reversible:"

lc[ uc["Imbiß"] ]

imbiss

FutureBasic

 
include "ConsoleWindow"
 
dim as Str255 a
 
a = "alphaBETA"
 
print a
print ucase$(a)
fn lcase(a)
print a
 

Output:

alphaBETA
ALPHABETA
alphabeta

Gambas

Click this link to run this code

Public Sub Main()
Dim sString As String = "alphaBETA "
 
Print UCase(sString)
Print LCase(sString)
 
End

Output:

ALPHABETA 
alphabeta

GAP

LowercaseString("alphaBETA");
UppercaseString("alphaBETA");

GML

#define cases
{
    x = 'alphaBETA';
    y = string_upper(x); // returns ALPHABETA
    z = string_lower(x); // returns alphabeta
    show_message(y);
    show_message(z);
}

Go

"Title case" in Go's Unicode package does not mean capitalize the first letter of each word, but rather capitalize each letter as if it were the first letter of a word. The distinction matters in languages such as Croatian with digraphs with a capitialized form that is different from the all-caps form. ToTitle() converts a string to all title case.

It is Title() on the other hand, that capitalizes the first letter of each word. It identifies word boundaries and capitalizes first letters, leaving other letters unmodified. As of Go 1.2 though, the word breaking algorithm is not Unicode compliant.

package main
 
import (
    "fmt"
    "strings"
    "unicode"
    "unicode/utf8"
)
 
func main() {
    show("alphaBETA")
    show("alpha BETA")
    // Three digraphs that should render similar to DZ, Lj, and nj.
    show("DŽLjnj")
    // Unicode apostrophe in third word.
    show("o'hare O'HARE o’hare don't")
}
 
func show(s string) {
    fmt.Println("\nstring:         ",
        s, " len:", utf8.RuneCountInString(s), "runes") // DZLjnj
    fmt.Println("All upper case: ", strings.ToUpper(s)) // DZLJNJ
    fmt.Println("All lower case: ", strings.ToLower(s)) // dzljnj
    fmt.Println("All title case: ", strings.ToTitle(s)) // DzLjNj
    fmt.Println("Title words:    ", strings.Title(s))   // Dzljnj
    fmt.Println("Swapping case:  ",                     // DzLjNJ
        strings.Map(unicode.SimpleFold, s))
}

Output:

string:          alphaBETA  len: 9 runes
All upper case:  ALPHABETA
All lower case:  alphabeta
All title case:  ALPHABETA
Title words:     AlphaBETA
Swapping case:   ALPHAbeta

string:          alpha BETA  len: 10 runes
All upper case:  ALPHA BETA
All lower case:  alpha beta
All title case:  ALPHA BETA
Title words:     Alpha BETA
Swapping case:   ALPHA beta

string:          DŽLjnj  len: 3 runes
All upper case:  DŽLJNJ
All lower case:  džljnj
All title case:  DžLjNj
Title words:     DžLjnj
Swapping case:   DžljNJ

string:          o'hare O'HARE o’hare don't  len: 26 runes
All upper case:  O'HARE O'HARE O’HARE DON'T
All lower case:  o'hare o'hare o’hare don't
All title case:  O'HARE O'HARE O’HARE DON'T
Title words:     O'Hare O'HARE O’hare Don'T
Swapping case:   O'HARE o'hare O’HARE DON'T

Groovy

def str = 'alphaBETA'
 
println str.toUpperCase()
println str.toLowerCase()

Output:

ALPHABETA
alphabeta

Haskell

import Data.Char
 
s = "alphaBETA"
 
lower = map toLower s
upper = map toUpper s

HicEst

CHARACTER str = "alphaBETA"
EDIT(Text=str, UpperCase=LEN(str))
EDIT(Text=str, LowerCase=LEN(str))
EDIT(Text=str, UpperCase=1) 

Icon and Unicon

procedure main()
    write(map("alphaBETA"))
    write(map("alphaBETA",&lcase,&ucase))
end

IDL

str = "alphaBETA"
print, str
print, strupcase(str) 
print, strlowcase(str)

J

Use standard utilities:

   toupper 'alphaBETA'
ALPHABETA
   tolower 'alphaBETA'
alphabeta

or alternative definitions:

upper=: {&((65+i.26) +&32@[} i.256)&.(a.&i.)
lower=: {&((97+i.26) -&32@[} i.256)&.(a.&i.)

For example:

   upper 'alphaBETA'
ALPHABETA
   lower 'alphaBETA'
alphabeta

Java

String str = "alphaBETA";
System.out.println(str.toUpperCase());
System.out.println(str.toLowerCase());
//Also works with non-English characters with no modification
System.out.println("äàâáçñßæεбế".toUpperCase());
System.out.println("ÄÀÂÁÇÑSSÆΕБẾ".toLowerCase()); //does not transalate "SS" to "ß"

You could also easily create a swapCase method using Character.isLowerCase(), Character.isUpperCase(), and Character.isLetter().

JavaScript

alert( "alphaBETA".toUpperCase() );
alert( "alphaBETA".toLowerCase() );

Output:

ALPHABETA
alphabeta

Works with: NJS version 0.2.5

var string = "alphaBETA";
var uppercase = string.toUpperCase();
var lowercase = string.toLowerCase();

jq

If your version of jq does not have ascii_downcase and ascii_upcase, then you might want to use their definitions:

# like ruby's downcase - only characters A to Z are affected
def ascii_downcase:
  explode | map( if 65 <= . and . <= 90 then . + 32  else . end) | implode;
 
# like ruby's upcase - only characters a to z are affected
def ascii_upcase:
  explode | map( if 97 <= . and . <= 122 then . - 32  else . end) | implode;

Examples:

"alphaBETA" | ascii_upcase
#=> "ALPHABETA"
 
"alphaBETA" | ascii_downcase
#=> "alphabeta"

Jsish

var msg = "alphaBETA";
;msg;
;msg.toUpperCase();
;msg.toLowerCase();
 
;msg.toTitle();
;msg.toLocaleUpperCase();
;msg.toLocaleLowerCase();

Output:

prompt$ jsish --U string-case.jsi
msg ==> alphaBETA
msg.toUpperCase() ==> ALPHABETA
msg.toLowerCase() ==> alphabeta
msg.toTitle() ==> Alphabeta
msg.toLocaleUpperCase() ==> ALPHABETA
msg.toLocaleLowerCase() ==> alphabeta

Julia

julia> uppercase("alphaBETA")
"ALPHABETA"
 
julia> lowercase("alphaBETA")
"alphabeta"

K

 
  s:"alphaBETA"
  upper:{i:_ic x; :[96<i; _ci i-32;_ci i]}'
  lower:{i:_ic x; :[91>i; _ci i+32;_ci i]}'
  upper s
"ALPHABETA"
  lower s
"alphabeta"
 

Kotlin

// version 1.0.6
 
fun main(args: Array<String>) {
    val s = "alphaBETA"
    println(s.toUpperCase())
    println(s.toLowerCase()) 
    println(s.capitalize())
    println(s.decapitalize())    
}

Output:

ALPHABETA
alphabeta
AlphaBETA
alphaBETA

Lambdatalk

Lambdatalk can take benefit from CSS rules.

 
{span {@ style="text-transform:lowercase"} alphaBETA } -> alphabeta
{span {@ style="text-transform:uppercase"} alphaBETA } -> ALPHABETA
 

Lasso

// Direct string return
'alphaBETA'->uppercase&
'alphaBETA'->lowercase&
 
// Assignment and manipulation of variables
local(toupper = 'alphaBETA')
#toupper->uppercase
#toupper
 
local(tolower = 'alphaBETA')
#tolower->lowercase
#tolower

Lingo

Lingo has no case conversion functions, but for ASCII strings they can e.g. be implemented like this:

----------------------------------------
-- Lower to upper case (ASCII only)
-- @param {string} str
-- @return {string}
----------------------------------------
on toUpper (str)
  alphabet = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ"
  len = str.length
  repeat with i = 1 to len
    pos = offset(str.char[i], alphabet)
    if pos > 0 then put alphabet.char[pos] into char i of str
  end repeat
  return str
end
 
----------------------------------------
-- Upper to lower case (ASCII only)
-- @param {string} str
-- @return {string}
----------------------------------------
on toLower (str)
  alphabet = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"
  len = str.length
  repeat with i = 1 to len
    pos = offset(str.char[i], alphabet)
    if pos > 0 then put alphabet.char[pos] into char i of str
  end repeat
  return str
end

put toUpper("alphaBETA")
-- "ALPHABETA"
 
put toLower("alphaBETA")
-- "alphabeta"

LiveCode

put upper("alphaBETA") && lower("alphaBETA")
ALPHABETA alphabeta

Logo

print uppercase "alphaBETA  ; ALPHABETA
print lowercase "alphaBETA  ; alphabeta

Lua

str = "alphaBETA"
print( string.upper(str) )
print( string.lower(str) )

M4

define(`upcase', `translit(`$*', `a-z', `A-Z')')
define(`downcase', `translit(`$*', `A-Z', `a-z')')
 
define(`x',`alphaBETA')
upcase(x)
downcase(x)

Maple

str := "alphaBETA";
StringTools:-UpperCase(str);
StringTools:-LowerCase(str);

produces

     alphabeta

     ALPHABETA

Mathematica

str="alphaBETA";
ToUpperCase[str]
ToLowerCase[str]

gives:

 ALPHABETA
 alphabeta

MATLAB / Octave

>> upper('alphaBETA')
 
ans =
 
ALPHABETA
 
>> lower('alphaBETA')
 
ans =
 
alphabeta

Maxima

supcase('alphaBETA');
sdowncase('alphaBETA');

MAXScript

Requires MAX 2008

str = "alphaBETA"
print (toUpper str)
print (toLower str)

Mercury

The functions to_upper/1, to_lower/1, capitalize_first/1 and uncapitalize_first/1 only affect unaccented Latin characters.

:- module string_case.
:- interface.
 
:- import_module io.
:- pred main(io::di, io::uo) is det.
 
:- implementation.
:- import_module list, string.
 
main(!IO) :-
   S = "alphaBETA",
   io.format("uppercase       : %s\n", [s(to_upper(S))], !IO),
   io.format("lowercase       : %s\n", [s(to_lower(S))], !IO),
   io.format("capitalize first: %s\n", [s(capitalize_first(S))], !IO).
   % We can use uncaptitalize_first/1 to ensure the first character in a
   % string is lower-case.

Metafont

We need to implement it, since it is not already given; the following code works only for ASCII or ASCII based encodings. (It could work anyway also for single byte encodings where letters are contiguous).

vardef isbetween(expr a, i, f) =
  if string a:
    if (ASCII(a) >= ASCII(i)) and (ASCII(a) <= ASCII(f)):
      true
    else:
      false
    fi
  else:
    false
  fi enddef;
 
vardef toupper(expr s) =
  save ?; string ?; ? := ""; d := ASCII"A" - ASCII"a";
  for i = 0 upto length(s)-1:
    if isbetween(substring(i, i+1) of s, "a", "z"):
      ? := ? & char(ASCII(substring(i,i+1) of s) + d)
    else:
      ? := ? & substring(i, i+1) of s
    fi;
  endfor
  ?
enddef;
 
vardef tolower(expr s) =
  save ?; string ?; ? := ""; d := ASCII"a" - ASCII"A";
  for i = 0 upto length(s)-1:
    if isbetween(substring(i, i+1) of s, "A", "Z"):
      ? := ? & char(ASCII(substring(i,i+1) of s) + d)
    else:
      ? := ? & substring(i, i+1) of s
    fi;
  endfor
  ?
enddef;

message toupper("alphaBETA");
message tolower("alphaBETA");
 
end

min

Works with: min version 0.19.3

"alphaBETA" uppercase
"alphaBETA" lowercase
"alphaBETA" capitalize

MiniScript

mixedString = "alphaBETA"
print "Upper Case of " + mixedString + " is " + mixedString.upper
print "Lower Case of " + mixedString + " is " + mixedString.lower

Output:

Upper Case of alphaBETA is ALPHABETA
Lower Case of alphaBETA is alphabeta

mIRC Scripting Language

echo -ag $upper(alphaBETA)
echo -ag $lower(alphaBETA)

Modula-3

MODULE TextCase EXPORTS Main;
 
IMPORT IO, Text, ASCII;
 
PROCEDURE Upper(txt: TEXT): TEXT =
  VAR
    len := Text.Length(txt);
    res := "";
  BEGIN
    FOR i := 0 TO len - 1 DO
      res := Text.Cat(res, Text.FromChar(ASCII.Upper[Text.GetChar(txt, i)]));
    END;
    RETURN res;
  END Upper;
 
PROCEDURE Lower(txt: TEXT): TEXT =
  VAR
    len := Text.Length(txt);
    res := "";
  BEGIN
    FOR i := 0 TO len - 1 DO
      res := Text.Cat(res, Text.FromChar(ASCII.Lower[Text.GetChar(txt, i)]));
    END;
    RETURN res;
  END Lower;
 
BEGIN
  IO.Put(Upper("alphaBETA\n"));
  IO.Put(Lower("alphaBETA\n"));
END TextCase.

Output:

ALPHABETA
alphabeta

MUMPS

 
STRCASE(S)
 SET UP="ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ"
 SET LO="abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"
 WRITE !,"Given: "_S
 WRITE !,"Upper: "_$TRANSLATE(S,LO,UP)
 WRITE !,"Lower: "_$TRANSLATE(S,UP,LO)
 QUIT
 

Output:

USER>DO STRCASE^ROSETTA("alphaBETA")
 
Given: alphaBETA
Upper: ALPHABETA
Lower: alphabeta

Nanoquery

string = "alphaBETA"
 
println upper(string)
println lower(string)

Nemerle

using System.Console;
using System.Globalization;
 
module StringCase
{
    Main() : void
    {
        def alpha = "alphaBETA";
        WriteLine(alpha.ToUpper());
        WriteLine(alpha.ToLower());
 
        WriteLine(CultureInfo.CurrentCulture.TextInfo.ToTitleCase("exAmpLe sTrinG"));
 
    }
}

NetRexx

/* NetRexx */
 
options replace format comments java crossref savelog symbols
 
abc = 'alphaBETA'
 
say abc.upper
say abc.lower
say abc.upper(1, 1) -- capitalize 1st character
 

NewLISP

 
(upper-case "alphaBETA")
(lower-case "alphaBETA")
 

Nial

toupper 'alphaBETA'
=ALPHABETA
tolower 'alphaBETA'
=alphabeta

Nim

In the following example, we use the ASCII version of the procedures to convert to lower case, to convert to upper case or to capitalize. In module “unicode” there exists also three procedures "toLower", "toUpper" and "capitalize" which can do the same thing for UTF-8 encoded strings.

import strutils
 
var s: string = "alphaBETA_123"
echo s, " as upper case: ", toUpperAscii(s)
echo s, " as lower case: ", toLowerAscii(s)
echo s, " as capitalized: ", capitalizeAscii(s)
echo s, " as normal case: ", normalize(s)  # to lower case without underscores.

Output:

alphaBETA_123 as upper case: ALPHABETA_123
alphaBETA_123 as lower case: alphabeta_123
alphaBETA_123 as capitalized: AlphaBETA_123
alphaBETA_123 as normal case: alphabeta123

Objeck

 
string := "alphaBETA";
string->ToUpper()->PrintLine();
string->ToLower()->PrintLine();
 

Objective-C

Works with: GNUstep

Works with: Cocoa

NSLog(@"%@", @"alphaBETA".uppercaseString);
NSLog(@"%@", @"alphaBETA".lowercaseString);
 
NSLog(@"%@", @"foO BAr".capitalizedString); // "Foo Bar"

OCaml

let () =
  let str = "alphaBETA" in
  print_endline (String.uppercase_ascii str); (* ALPHABETA *)
  print_endline (String.lowercase_ascii str); (* alphabeta *)
 
  print_endline (String.capitalize_ascii str); (* AlphaBETA *)
;;

Octave

s = "alphaBETA";
slc = tolower(s);
suc = toupper(s);
disp(slc);
disp(suc);

Oforth

"alphaBETA" toUpper
"alphaBETA" toLower

OpenEdge/Progress

CAPS("alphaBETA") 
LC("alphaBETA")
 

Oz

Convert to upper/lower-case:

declare
  Str = "alphaBETA"
in
  {System.showInfo {Map Str Char.toUpper}}
  {System.showInfo {Map Str Char.toLower}}

Capitalize:

declare
  [StringX] = {Link ['x-oz://system/String.ozf']}
in
  {System.showInfo {StringX.capitalize "alphaBETA"}} %% prints "AlphaBETA"

Pascal

 
// Uppercase and Lowercase functions for a minimal standard Pascal
// where no library routines for these operations exist
PROGRAM upperlower;
 
// convert a character to uppercase
FUNCTION uch(ch: CHAR): CHAR;
	BEGIN
		uch := ch;
		IF ch IN ['a'..'z'] THEN
			uch := chr(ord(ch) AND $5F);
	END;
 
// convert a character to lowercase
FUNCTION lch(ch: CHAR): CHAR;
	BEGIN
		lch := ch;
		IF ch IN ['A'..'Z'] THEN
			lch := chr(ord(ch) OR $20);
	END;
 
// toggle uper/lower case character
FUNCTION ulch(ch: CHAR): CHAR;
	BEGIN
		ulch := ch;
		IF ch IN ['a'..'z'] THEN ulch := uch(ch);
		IF ch IN ['A'..'Z'] THEN ulch := lch(ch);
	END;
 
// convert a string to uppercase
FUNCTION ucase(str: STRING): STRING;
	var i: Integer;
	BEGIN
		ucase := '';
		FOR i := 1 TO Length(str) DO
			ucase := ucase + uch(str[i]);
	END;
 
// convert a string to lowercase
FUNCTION lcase(str: STRING): STRING;
	var i: Integer;
	BEGIN
		lcase := '';
		FOR i := 1 TO Length(str) DO
			lcase := lcase + lch(str[i]);
	END;
 
// reverse cases in a given string
FUNCTION ulcase(str: STRING): STRING;
	var i: Integer;
	BEGIN
		ulcase := '';
		FOR i := 1 TO Length(str) DO
			ulcase := ulcase + ulch(str[i]);
	END;
 
VAR
	ab : STRING = 'alphaBETA';
 
BEGIN
	// demonstration
	Writeln('Original string : ',ab);
	Writeln('Reversed case   : ',ulcase(ab));
	Writeln('Upper case      : ',ucase(ab));
	Writeln('Lower case      : ',lcase(ab));
END.
 

Demonstration:

Original string : alphaBETA
Reversed case   : ALPHAbeta
Upper case      : ALPHABETA
Lower case      : alphabeta

Peloton

Iterating through the peerset

<@ ENU$$$LSTPSTLITLIT>UPP|
[<@ SAYELTLST>...</@>] <@ SAYHLPELTLST>...</@><@ DEFKEYELTLST>__SuperMacro|...</@>
<@ SAY&&&LIT>alphaBETA</@>
 
</@>

Same code in padded-out, variable-length English dialect

<# ENUMERATION LAMBDA LIST PEERSET LITERAL LITERAL>UPP|
[<# SAY ELEMENT LIST>...</#>] <# SAY HELP ELEMENT LIST>...</#><# DEFINE KEYWORD ELEMENT LIST>__SuperMacro|...</#>
<# SAY SUPERMACRO LITERAL>alphaBETA</#>
 
</#>

Output.

[FLC] 410400001 Flip case (410400001)  [Transformers^Abstract type transforms^Text transformers^Platform relative encoding and encrypting]
ALPHAbeta

[LOW] 410400002 Lower case (410400002)  [Transformers^Abstract type transforms^Text transformers^Platform relative encoding and encrypting]
alphabeta

[PRP] 410400003 Proper Case (410400003)  [Transformers^Abstract type transforms^Text transformers^Platform relative encoding and encrypting]
Alphabeta

[SNT] 410400004 Sentence case (410400004)  [Transformers^Abstract type transforms^Text transformers^Platform relative encoding and encrypting]
Alphabeta

[UPP] 410400005 Upper case (410400005)  [Transformers^Abstract type transforms^Text transformers^Platform relative encoding and encrypting]
ALPHABETA

Perl

Works with: Perl version 5.x

my $string = "alphaBETA";
print uc($string), "\n"; # => "ALPHABETA"
print lc($string), "\n"; # => "alphabeta"
$string =~ tr/[a-z][A-Z]/[A-Z][a-z]/; print "$string\n"; # => ALPHAbeta 
 
print ucfirst($string), "\n"; # => "AlphaBETA"
print lcfirst("FOObar"), "\n"; # => "fOObar"

Also works in Perl 4 if the my is removed.

Phix

Library: Phix/basics

constant s = "alphaBETA"
?upper(s)
?lower(s)

There is also a bespoke convertCase function in demo\Edix\Edix.exw which accepts five operators: LOWER, UPPER, CAPITALISE, SENTENCE, and INVERT, which is obviously not part of the language, and a bit too long, messy, ugly, and unedifying, to bother reproducing here.

PHP

$str = "alphaBETA";
echo strtoupper($str), "\n"; // ALPHABETA
echo strtolower($str), "\n"; // alphabeta
 
echo ucfirst($str), "\n"; // AlphaBETA
echo lcfirst("FOObar"), "\n"; // fOObar
echo ucwords("foO baR baZ"), "\n"; // FoO BaR BaZ
echo lcwords("FOo BAr BAz"), "\n"; // fOo bAr bAz

PicoLisp

(let Str "alphaBETA"
   (prinl (uppc Str))
   (prinl (lowc Str)) )

Pike

Note: String.Elite.elite_string has an element of randomness, so the output will differ from run to run.

string s = "alphaBETA";
string s2 = "foo bar gazonk";
 
write("Upper: %O\nLower: %O\nCapitalize: %O\nSilly: %O\nElite: %O\n",
      upper_case(s),
      lower_case(s),
      String.capitalize(s),
      String.sillycaps(s2),
      String.Elite.elite_string(s2));
 

Output:

Upper: "ALPHABETA"
Lower: "alphabeta"
Capitalize: "AlphaBETA"
Silly: "Foo Bar Gazonk"
Elite: "fo() 8ar 6azo|\\||<"

When dealing with Unicode (or any other supported encoding) care must be taken primarily in the output step to serialize the Unicode string into something the sink can handle. IO functions will throw an error if sent raw wide strings.

#charset utf8
void main()
{
    string s = upper_case("ἀρχῇ ß");
    string out = sprintf("Upper: %s\nLower: %s\n",
			 s, lower_case(s));
    write( string_to_utf8(out) );
}

Output:

Upper: ἈΡΧῇ ß
Lower: ἀρχῇ ß

PL/I

 
declare s character (20) varying initial ('alphaBETA');
 
put skip list (uppercase(s));
put skip list (lowercase(s));
 

 
/* An alternative to the above, which might be used if some */
/* non-standard conversion is required, is shown for        */
/* converting to upper case:                                */
put skip list ( translate(s, 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz',
                             'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ') );
 

PL/SQL

DECLARE
    vc  VARCHAR2(40) := 'alphaBETA';
    ivc VARCHAR2(40);
    lvc VARCHAR2(40);
    uvc VARCHAR2(40);
BEGIN
    ivc := INITCAP(vc); -- 'Alphabeta'
    lvc := LOWER(vc);   -- 'alphabeta'
    uvc := UPPER(vc);   -- 'ALPHABETA'
END; 

Plain English

To run:
Start up.
Put "alphaBeta" into a string.
Uppercase the string.
Write the string to the console.
Lowercase the string.
Write the string to the console.
Capitalize the string.
Write the string to the console.
Wait for the escape key.
Shut down.

Output:

ALPHABETA
alphabeta
Alphabeta

Pop11

lvars str = 'alphaBETA';
lowertoupper(str) =>
uppertolower(str) =>

Potion

lowercase = (str) :
   low = ("")
   str length times (i) :
      low append(if (65 <= str(i) ord and str(i) ord <= 90) :
         "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"(str(i) ord - 65)
      . else :
         str(i)
      .)
   .
   low join("")
.
uppercase = (str) :
   upp = ("")
   str length times (i) :
      upp append(if (97 <= str(i) ord and str(i) ord <= 122) :
         "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ"(str(i) ord - 97)
      . else :
         str(i)
      .)
   .
   upp join("")
.
 
lowercase("alphaBETA") print
uppercase("alphaBETA") print

Powerbuilder

string ls_string
ls_string = 'alphaBETA'
ls_string  = Upper(ls_string)
ls_string  = Lower(ls_string)

PowerShell

 
$string = 'alphaBETA'
$lower  = $string.ToLower()
$upper  = $string.ToUpper()
$title  = (Get-Culture).TextInfo.ToTitleCase($string)
 
$lower, $upper, $title
 

Output:

alphabeta
ALPHABETA
Alphabeta

Python

s = "alphaBETA"
print s.upper() # => "ALPHABETA"
print s.lower() # => "alphabeta"
 
print s.swapcase() # => "ALPHAbeta"
 
print "fOo bAR".capitalize() # => "Foo bar"
print "fOo bAR".title() # => "Foo Bar"
 
import string
print string.capwords("fOo bAR") # => "Foo Bar"

string.capwords() allows the user to define word separators, and by default behaves slightly differently than title().

print "foo's bar".title()          # => "Foo'S Bar"
print string.capwords("foo's bar") # => "Foo's Bar"

QB64

DIM s AS STRING * 9
s = "alphaBETA"
PRINT "The original string: " + s
PRINT ""
PRINT "Translated to lowercase: " + LCASE$(s)
PRINT "Translated to uppercase: " + UCASE$(s)

Optimized version:
CBTJD: 2020/03/13

---

• String does not have to be defined with a specific length using DIM.
• Addding the string identifier ($) to the variable is sufficient.
• PRINT does not need empty quotes to print a blank line.
• Semi-colons use less data than the concatenation (+) method.

s$ = "alphaBETA"
PRINT "The original string: "; s$: PRINT
PRINT "Converted to lowercase: "; LCASE$(s$)
PRINT "Converted to uppercase: "; UCASE$(s$)

Quackery

  [ $ "" swap 
    witheach [ upper join ] ] is upper$ ( $ --> $ )
 
  [ $ "" swap 
    witheach [ lower join ] ] is lower$ ( $ --> $ )
 
   $ "PaTrIcK, I dOn'T tHiNk WuMbO iS a ReAl wOrD."
   dup lower$ echo$ cr
       upper$ echo$ cr

Output:

patrick, i don't think wumbo is a real word.
PATRICK, I DON'T THINK WUMBO IS A REAL WORD.

R

 str <- "alphaBETA"
 toupper(str)
 tolower(str)

Racket

#lang racket
(define example "alphaBETA")
 
(string-upcase example)
;"ALPHABETA"
(string-downcase example)
;"alphabeta"
(string-titlecase example)
;"Alphabeta"

Raku

(formerly Perl 6) In Raku, case modification is implemented as builtin subroutine or method:

my $word = "alpha BETA" ;
say uc $word;         # all uppercase (subroutine call)
say $word.uc;         # all uppercase (method call)
# from now on we use only method calls as examples
say $word.lc;         # all lowercase
say $word.tc;         # first letter titlecase
say $word.tclc;       # first letter titlecase, rest lowercase
say $word.wordcase;   # capitalize each word
 

Output:

ALPHA BETA
alpha beta
Alpha BETA
Alpha beta
Alpha Beta

Raven

'alphaBETA' upper
'alhpaBETA' lower

REBOL

print ["Original: " original: "alphaBETA"]
print ["Uppercase:" uppercase original]
print ["Lowercase:" lowercase original]

Output:

Original:  alphaBETA
Uppercase: ALPHABETA
Lowercase: alphabeta

Red

str: "alphaBETA"
>> uppercase str
== "ALPHABETA"
>> lowercase str
== "alphabeta"
>> uppercase/part str 5
== "ALPHAbeta"

Retro

'alphaBETA s:to-upper s:put
'alphaBETA s:to-lower s:put

REXX

with TRANSLATE BIF

The following code will execute correctly in   ASCII   and   EBCDIC.

abc  = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"              /*define all  lowercase  Latin letters.*/
abcU = translate(abc)                            /*   "    "   uppercase    "      "    */
 
x = 'alphaBETA'                                  /*define a string to a REXX variable.  */
y = translate(x)                                 /*uppercase  X  and store it ───►  Y   */
z = translate(x, abc, abcU)                      /*translate uppercase──►lowercase chars*/

with PARSE UPPER & PARSE LOWER statements

The following code will execute correctly in   ASCII   and   EBCDIC.

x = "alphaBETA"                                  /*define a string to a REXX variable.  */
parse upper var x y                              /*uppercase  X  and  store it ───►  Y  */
parse lower var x z                              /*lowercase  X   "     "    " ───►  Z  */
 
                 /*Some REXXes don't support the  LOWER  option for the  PARSE  command.*/

with UPPER & LOWER BIFs

The following code will execute correctly in   ASCII   and   EBCDIC.

x = 'alphaBETA'                                  /*define a string to a REXX variable.  */
y = upper(x)                                     /*uppercase  X  and  store it ───►  Y  */
z = lower(x)                                     /*lowercase  X   "     "    " ───►  Z  */
 
         /*Some REXXes don't support the  UPPER  and  LOWER  BIFs  (built-in functions).*/

with UPPER statement

The following code will execute correctly in   ASCII   and   EBCDIC.

x = "alphaBETA"                                  /*define a string to a REXX variable.  */
y=x;   upper y                                   /*uppercase  X  and  store it ───►  Y  */
parse lower var x z                              /*lowercase  Y   "     "    " ───►  Z  */
 
                 /*Some REXXes don't support the  LOWER  option for the  PARSE  command.*/

with capitalized words

The following code will execute correctly in   ASCII   and   EBCDIC.

/*REXX program  capitalizes  each word in string, and maintains imbedded blanks.        */
x= "alef bet gimel dalet he vav zayin het tet yod kaf lamed mem nun samekh",
   "ayin pe tzadi qof resh shin  tav."           /*the "old" spelling of Hebrew letters.*/
y= capitalize(x)                                 /*capitalize each word in the string.  */
say x                                            /*display the original string of words.*/
say y                                            /*   "     "    capitalized      words.*/
exit                                             /*stick a fork in it,  we're all done. */
/*──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
capitalize: procedure;  parse arg z;   $=' 'z    /*prefix    $    string with a  blank. */
            abc = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"   /*define all  Latin  lowercase letters.*/
 
                      do j=1  for 26             /*process each letter in the alphabet. */
                      _=' 'substr(abc,j,1); _U=_ /*get a  lowercase  (Latin) letter.    */
                      upper _U                   /* "  "  uppercase     "       "       */
                      $=changestr(_, $, _U)      /*maybe capitalize some word(s).       */
                      end   /*j*/
 
            return substr($, 2)                  /*return the capitalized words.        */

Some older REXXes don't have a   changestr   BIF, so one is included here   ───►   CHANGESTR.REX.

output:

alef bet gimel dalet he vav zayin het tet yod kaf lamed mem nun samekh ayin pe tzadi qof resh shin  tav.
Alef Bet Gimel Dalet He Vav Zayin Het Tet Yod Kaf Lamed Mem Nun Samekh Ayin Pe Tzadi Qof Resh Shin  Tav.

Note:   there are many variant spellings of the Hebrew alphabet.

with case swap

The following code will execute correctly in   ASCII   and   EBCDIC.

/*REXX program  swaps the letter case of a string:  lower ──► upper  &  upper ──► lower.*/
abc = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"               /*define all the  lowercase  letters.  */
abcU = translate(abc)                            /*   "    "   "   uppercase     "      */
 
x = 'alphaBETA'                                  /*define a string to a REXX variable.  */
y = translate(x,  abc || abcU,  abcU || abc)     /*swap case of  X  and store it ───► Y */
say x
say y
                                                 /*stick a fork in it,  we're all done. */

output

alphaBETA
ALPHAbeta

version 2

 
x='alphaBETA';                    Say '  x='||x
                                  Say 'three ways to uppercase'
u1=translate(x);                  Say '  u1='u1
u2=upper(x);                      Say '  u2='u2
parse upper var x u3;             Say '  u3='u3
 
abc ='abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz'
abcu=translate(abc);              Say 'three ways to lowercase'
l1=translate(x,abc,abcu);         Say '  l1='l1
l2=lower(x);                      Say '  l2='l2
parse lower var x l3;             Say '  l3='l3 
 

Note: Parse options upper and lower not available in every Rexx

Builtin functions upper and lower not available in every Rexx

Upper instruction not available in ooRexx

For German input (considering umlaute) these will uppercase them:

 
uppercase: /*courtesy Gerard Schildberger */
 return translate(changestr("ß",translate(arg(1),'ÄÖÜ',"äöü"),'SS'))  
 
uppercase2: Procedure
Parse Arg a
  a=translate(arg(1),'ÄÖÜ',"äöü")     /* translate lowercase umlaute */
  a=changestr("ß",a,'SS')             /* replace ß with SS           */
  return translate(a)                 /* translate lowercase letters */  
 

Translation to lowercase is not similarly possible because of 'SS'->'ß' or -> 'ss' ??
Note: Recently an uppercase ß was introduced in Austria. I haven't used it yet.

Ring

 
aString = "WELCOME TO THE ring programming language"
see lower(aString) + nl
see upper(aString) + nl
 

Ruby

"alphaBETA".downcase # => "alphabeta"
"alphaBETA".upcase # => "ALPHABETA"
 
"alphaBETA".swapcase # => "ALPHAbeta"
"alphaBETA".capitalize # => "Alphabeta"

These methods used to affect ASCII letters A-Z and a-z only. From Ruby 2.4 onward however, these methods support Full Unicode case mapping, suitable for most languages, by default. (Options can be specified for Turkic, Lithuanian and ascii)

Works with: Ruby version 2.4

'ĥåçýджк'.upcase  # => "ĤÅÇÝДЖК"

Rust

Works with: Rust version 1.3

fn main() {
    println!("{}", "jalapeño".to_uppercase()); // JALAPEÑO
    println!("{}", "JALAPEÑO".to_lowercase()); // jalapeño
}

Scala

val s="alphaBETA"
println(s.toUpperCase)   //-> ALPHABETA
println(s.toLowerCase)   //-> alphabeta
println(s.capitalize)    //-> AlphaBETA
println(s.reverse)       //-> ATEBahpla

Scheme

(define s "alphaBETA")
(list->string (map char-upcase (string->list s)))
(list->string (map char-downcase (string->list s)))

Using SRFI-13:

 
> (define s "alphaBETA gammaDELTA")
> (string-upcase s)     ;; turn all into upper case
"ALPHABETA GAMMADELTA"
> (string-downcase s)   ;; turn all into lower case
"alphabeta gammadelta"
> (string-titlecase s)  ;; capitalise start of each word
"Alphabeta Gammadelta"
 

Sed

Piping through sed in bash:

echo "alphaBETA" | sed 'y/abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz/ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ/'
echo "alphaBETA" | sed 'y/ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ/abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz/'

Other functions:

# Invert case
echo "alphaBETA" | sed 'y/ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz/abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ/'

GNU sed supports special sequences to change case:

 
# to uppercase
$ echo alphaBETA | sed 's/.*/\U&/'
ALPHABETA
# to lowercase
$ echo alphaBETA | sed 's/.*/\L&/'
alphabeta
 

Seed7

writeln(upper("alphaBETA"));
writeln(lower("alphaBETA"));

SenseTalk

 
set letters to "alphaBETA"
put lowercase of letters // alphabeta
put uppercase of letters // ALPHABETA
put capitalized of letters // Alphabeta
 
repeat with each character of letters by reference
	if it is an uppercase
		set it to lowercase of it
	else
		set it to uppercase of it
	end if
end repeat
 
put letters //ALPHAbeta
 

Sidef

say "alphaBETA".lc;             #=> alphabeta
say "alphaBETA".uc;             #=> ALPHABETA
say "alphaBETA".tc;             #=> AlphaBETA
say "alpha BETA".wc;            #=> Alpha Beta
say "alpha BETA".tc;            #=> Alpha BETA
say "alpha BETA".tclc;          #=> Alpha beta

Simula

TEXT soup, lower;
soup :- "alphaBETA";
lower :- LOWCASE(COPY(soup)); ! COPY, else soup is changed;
OutText("upper: "); OutText(UPCASE("alphaBETA"));
OutText(", lower: "); OutText(lower);
OutText(", soup: "); OutText(soup); Outimage;

Slate

'alphaBETA' toLowercase.
'alphaBETA' toUppercase.

Smalltalk

'ALPHAbeta' asUppercase  "->'ALPHABETA' "
'ALPHAbeta' asLowercase "-> 'alphabeta' "

Works with: Smalltalk/X

Works with: VisualWorks Smalltalk

'alphabeta' asUppercaseFirst "-> 'Alphabeta' "

Unicode (notice, that this cannot be done simply with a straight forward "ch := ch -$a + $A" loop):

Works with: Smalltalk/X

(may work with other dialects too, but I have not verified)

'αβγω'  asUppercase -> 'ΑΒΓΩ'
'ĥåçýджк' asUppercase "->  'ĤÅÇÝДЖК'
'abcäöüáéíýıijńǵȅȇȉ' asUppercase -> 'ABCÄÖÜÁÉÍÝIIJŃǴȄȆȈ'

SNOBOL4

There are no standard Snobol libraries or case conversion built-ins. But case functions are easy to roll using the character class keywords. Native charset only.

        define('uc(str)') :(uc_end)
uc      uc = replace(str,&lcase,&ucase) :(return)
uc_end
 
        define('lc(str)') :(lc_end)
lc      lc = replace(str,&ucase,&lcase) :(return)
lc_end
 
        define('ucfirst(str)ch') :(ucfirst_end)
ucfirst str len(1) . ch = uc(ch) 
        ucfirst = str :(return)
ucfirst_end
 
        define('swapc(str)') :(swapc_end)
swapc   str = replace(str,&ucase &lcase, &lcase &ucase) 
        swapc = str :(return)
swapc_end
 
*       # Test and display
        str = 'alphaBETA'
        output = str
        output = lc(str)
        output = uc(str)
        output = ucfirst(str)
        output = swapc(str)
end

An alternative way of constructing the above that groups related functions together in a denser display:

        define('UC(STR)')
        define('LC(STR)')
        define('UCFIRST(STR)')
        define('SWAPC(STR)')                               :(CASES.END)
UC      uc = replace(str,&lcase,&ucase)                    :(RETURN)
LC      lc = replace(str,&ucase,&lcase)                    :(RETURN)
UCFIRST str len(1) . ch = uc(ch) ; ucfirst = str           :(RETURN)
SWAPC   swapc = replace(str, &ucase &lcase, &lcase &ucase) :(RETURN)
CASES.END
 
*       # Test and display
        str = 'alphaBETA'
        output = str
        output = lc(str)
        output = uc(str)
        output = ucfirst(str)
        output = swapc(str)
END

Output:

alphaBETA
alphabeta
ALPHABETA
AlphaBETA
ALPHAbeta

SQL

Works with: MS SQL version 2005

DECLARE @s VARCHAR(10)
SET @s = 'alphaBETA'
print UPPER(@s)
print LOWER(@s)

SQL PL

Works with: Db2 LUW

With SQL only:

 
VALUES UPPER('alphaBETA');
VALUES LOWER('alphaBETA');
VALUES initcap('alphaBETA');
-- Within a SQL query.
SELECT UPPER('alphaBETA') FROM sysibm.sysdummy1;
 

Output:

db2 -t
db2 => values upper('alphaBETA');

1        
---------
ALPHABETA

  1 record(s) selected.

db2 => values lower('alphaBETA');

1        
---------
alphabeta

  1 record(s) selected.

db2 => values initcap('alphaBETA');

1        
---------
Alphabeta

  1 record(s) selected.
db2 => select upper('alphaBETA') from sysibm.sysdummy1;

1        
---------
ALPHABETA

  1 record(s) selected.

Standard ML

val strupr = String.map Char.toUpper;
val strlwr = String.map Char.toLower;

Test

- strupr "alphaBETA";
val it = "ALPHABETA" : string
- strlwr "alphaBETA";
val it = "alphabeta" : string

Stata

Use strupper and strlower to change case of ASCII characters. Use ustrupper and ustrlower to change case of all Unicode letters.

. scalar s="alphaBETA"
. di strupper(s)
ALPHABETA
. di strlower(s)
alphabeta

Notice there may be some difficulties with Unicode characters. In the following, the uppercase sigma is correctly converted back to the lowercase variant, but the iota subscript is not.

. scalar a="Ἐν ἀρχῇ ἐποίησεν ὁ θεὸς τὸν οὐρανὸν καὶ τὴν γῆν"
. scalar b=ustrupper(a)
. di b
ἘΝ ἈΡΧΗ͂Ι ἘΠΟΊΗΣΕΝ Ὁ ΘΕῸΣ ΤῸΝ ΟΥ̓ΡΑΝῸΝ ΚΑῚ ΤῊΝ ΓΗ͂Ν
. di ustrlower(b)
ἐν ἀρχῆι ἐποίησεν ὁ θεὸς τὸν οὐρανὸν καὶ τὴν γῆν

Swift

import Foundation
 
println("alphaBETA".uppercaseString)
println("alphaBETA".lowercaseString)
println("foO BAr".capitalizedString)

Output:

ALPHABETA
alphabeta
Foo Bar

Tcl

set string alphaBETA
 
# three built-in case conversion commands
string toupper $string  ;# ==> ALPHABETA
string tolower $string  ;# ==> alphabeta
string totitle $string  ;# ==> Alphabeta
 
# not built-in
proc swapcase {s} {
    foreach char [split $s ""] {
        if {$char eq [set CHAR [string toupper $char]]} {
            append new [string tolower $char]
        } else {
            append new $CHAR
        }
    }
    return $new
}
swapcase $string  ;# ==> ALPHAbeta
 
# better performance, but English alphabet only
proc swapcase_en {s} {
    string map {
        a A b B c C d D e E f F g G h H i I j J k K l L m M n N o O p P q Q r R s S t T u U v V w W x X y Y z Z
        A a B b C c D d E e F f G g H h I i J j K k L l M m N n O o P p Q q R r S s T t U u V v W w X x Y y Z z
    } $s
}
 
swapcase Père     ;# ==> pÈRE
swapcase_en Père  ;# ==> pèRE

Toka

 needs ctype
 
 [ i 1 - ] is i
 [ string.getLength 0 [ dup i + [email protected] toupper over i + c! ] countedLoop ] is string.toUpper
 [ string.getLength 0 [ dup i + [email protected] tolower over i + c! ] countedLoop ] is string.toLower
 
 " alphaBETA" string.toUpper type cr
 " alphaBETA" string.toLower type cr

TorqueScript

 $string = "alphaBETA";
 $upperCase = strUpr($string);
 $lowerCase = strLwr($string);

TUSCRIPT

 
$$ MODE TUSCRIPT,{}
string="alphaBETA"
lowercase =EXCHANGE(string," {&a} {-0-} ")
uppercase1=EXCHANGE(string," {&a} {-0+} ")
uppercase2=CAPS    (string)
PRINT lowercase
PRINT uppercase1
PRINT uppercase2
 

Output:

alphabeta
ALPHABETA
ALPHABETA

UNIX Shell

Works with: Bourne Shell

For System V tr:

echo alphaBETA | tr '[a-z]' '[A-Z]'     # => ALPHABETA
echo alphaBETA | tr '[A-Z]' '[a-z]'     # => alphabeta

For BSD tr, GNU tr, or any POSIX system:

echo alphaBETA | tr a-z A-Z             # => ALPHABETA
echo alphaBETA | tr A-Z a-z             # => alphabeta

System V has a different syntax, and requires square brackets around ranges. Portable scripts can use System V syntax; the other systems handle square brackets as literal characters, translating [ to [ and ] to ], which is harmless.

Bash

Works with: bash

s="alphaBETA"
echo ${s^^}     # => ALPHABETA
echo ${s,,}     # => alphabeta
echo ${s^}      # => AlphaBETA

Z Shell

Works with: zsh

s="alphaBETA"
echo ${s:u}     # => ALPHABETA
echo ${s:l}     # => alphabeta

Ursa

out (lower "alphaBETA") endl console
out (upper "alphaBETA") endl console

Ursala

Case conversion functions aren't built in but can be defined using the reification operator (-:) to construct a function from a list of pairs.

#import std
 
to_upper = * -:~& ~=`A-~p letters
to_lower = * -:~& ~=`A-~rlp letters
 
#show+
 
examples = <to_upper 'alphaBETA',to_lower 'alphaBETA'>

output:

ALPHABETA
alphabeta

Vala

 
string s = "alphaBeta";
// stores ALPHABETA to string
string s_upper = s.up();
// stores alphabeta to string
string s_lower = s.down();
 

VBA

Function StringCase()
Dim s As String
s = "alphaBETA"
Debug.Print UCase(s)
Debug.Print LCase(s)
Debug.Print WorksheetFunction.Proper(s)
End Function

Output:

ALPHABETA
alphabeta
Alphabeta

VBScript

Dim MyWord
MyWord = UCase("alphaBETA")   ' Returns "ALPHABETA"
MyWord = LCase("alphaBETA")   ' Returns "alphabeta"

Vedit macro language

#1 = CP
IT("alphaBETA")
Case_Upper_Block(#1, CP)
Case_Lower_Block(#1, CP)

Visual Basic

Works with: Visual Basic version VB6 Standard

Sub Main()
Const TESTSTRING As String = "alphaBETA"
Debug.Print "initial   =                                      " _
   & TESTSTRING
Debug.Print "uppercase =                                      " _
   & UCase(TESTSTRING)
Debug.Print "lowercase =                                      " _
   & LCase(TESTSTRING)
Debug.Print "first letter capitalized =                       " _
   & StrConv(TESTSTRING, vbProperCase)
Debug.Print "length (in characters) =                         " _
   & CStr(Len(TESTSTRING))
Debug.Print "length (in bytes) =                              " _
   & CStr(LenB(TESTSTRING))
Debug.Print "reversed =                                       " _
   & StrReverse(TESTSTRING)
Debug.Print "first position of letter A (case-sensitive) =    " _
   & InStr(1, TESTSTRING, "A", vbBinaryCompare)
Debug.Print "first position of letter A (case-insensitive) =  " _
   & InStr(1, TESTSTRING, "A", vbTextCompare)
Debug.Print "concatenated with '123' =                        " _
   & TESTSTRING & "123"
End Sub

Output:

initial   =                                      alphaBETA
uppercase =                                      ALPHABETA
lowercase =                                      alphabeta
first letter capitalized =                       Alphabeta
length (in characters) =                         9
length (in bytes) =                              18
reversed =                                       ATEBahpla
first position of letter A (case-sensitive) =    9
first position of letter A (case-insensitive) =  1
concatenated with '123' =                        alphaBETA123

Wren

Library: Wren-str

import "/str" for Str
 
var s = "alphaBETA"
System.print(Str.upper(s))
System.print(Str.lower(s))

Output:

ALPHABETA
alphabeta

XPL0

string 0;                       \use zero-terminated string convention
include c:\cxpl\stdlib;         \ToUpper, ToLower, and 'code' declarations
 
proc StrToUpper(S);             \Convert string to uppercase characters
char S;
while S(0) do [S(0):= ToUpper(S(0));  S:=S+1];
 
proc StrToLower(S);             \Convert string to lowercase characters
char S;
while S(0) do [S(0):= ToLower(S(0));  S:=S+1];
 
char Str;
[Str:= "alphaBETA";
StrToUpper(Str);
Text(0, Str);  CrLf(0);
StrToLower(Str);
Text(0, Str);  CrLf(0);
]

Output:

ALPHABETA
alphabeta

zkl

s:="alphaBETA";
s.toLower(); //--> "alphabeta"
s.toUpper(); //--> "ALPHABETA"

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter_case

Zoea

 
program: uppercase
  input: 'FOObar'
  output: 'FOOBAR'
 
program: lowercase
  input: 'FOObar'
  output: 'foobar'
 

Output:

ALPHABETA
alphabeta

Zoea Visual

Lowercase and Uppercase