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Empty string

From Rosetta Code
Task
Empty string
You are encouraged to solve this task according to the task description, using any language you may know.

Languages may have features for dealing specifically with empty strings (those containing no characters).


Task
  •   Demonstrate how to assign an empty string to a variable.
  •   Demonstrate how to check that a string is empty.
  •   Demonstrate how to check that a string is not empty.


Other tasks related to string operations:
Metrics
Counting
Remove/replace
Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling
Find/Search/Determine
Formatting
Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases
Tokenize
Sequences



11l

V s = ‘’
I s.empty
   print(‘String s is empty.’)
I !s.empty
   print(‘String s is not empty.’)

6502 Assembly

An empty string is just a null terminator with no text in front.

EmptyString:
byte 0

Checking if a string is empty is simple, just count the number of characters before you reach the terminator. If that count equals zero, the string is empty. Otherwise, the string is not empty.

lda #<EmptyString  ;address of string we wish to check
sta $00
lda #>EmptyString
sta $01            ;the empty string has been assigned to zero page pair $00 and $01

ldy #0
ldx #0
getStringLength:
lda ($00),y
beq Terminated
iny
jmp getStringLength
Terminated:
cpy #0
beq StringIsEmpty ;if this branch is taken, the string is empty
                  ;otherwise, the string is not empty

68000 Assembly

Translation of: 6502 Assembly

An empty string is just a null terminator with no text in front.

EmptyString:
DC.B 0
EVEN

Checking if a string is empty is simple, just count the number of characters before you reach the terminator. If that count equals zero, the string is empty. Otherwise, the string is not empty.

LEA EmptyString,A0 ;assign the empty string to address register A0

getStringLength:
MOVE.L A0,-(SP)    ;push A0 onto the stack. This will be used to check if the string is empty.

loop_getStringLength:
MOVE.B (A0)+,D0
BEQ Terminated
JMP loop_getStringLength

SUBQ.L #1,A0      ;after the terminator is read, A0 is incremented to point to the byte after it. This fixes that.
CMP.L A0,(SP)     ;compare the current A0 with the original value.
BEQ StringIsEmpty ;if they are equal, then nothing was read besides the terminator. Therefore the string is empty.
;if the above branch wasn't taken, the string is not empty and execution arrives here.

8th

Assign an empty string to a variable:

"" var, str

Check that the string is empty:

str @ s:len 0 n:= if ... then

The check for a non-empty string is the same, but with "not" after the n:=

AArch64 Assembly

Declare an empty string at address str:

str: .asciz ""

Check if a string stored at x0 is empty:

	mov x5, #0
	ldrb w5, [x0]
	cmp x5, #0

Full program demo:

.equ STDOUT, 1
.equ SVC_WRITE, 64
.equ SVC_EXIT, 93

.text
.global _start

_start:
	stp x29, x30, [sp, -16]!
	ldr x0, =str1
	mov x29, sp
	bl str_empty // str_empty("");
	ldr x0, =str2
	bl str_empty // str_empty("non-empty");
	ldp x29, x30, [sp], 16
	mov x0, #0
	b _exit

str1:	.asciz ""
str2:	.asciz "non-empty"
.align 4

// void str_empty(const char *s) - print "String is empty" if s is empty, "String is not empty" otherwise
str_empty:
	mov x5, #0
	ldrb w5, [x0]
	ldr x1, =msg_empty
	ldr x3, =msg_not_empty
	mov x2, #16
	mov x4, #20
	cmp x5, #0
	csel x1, x1, x3, eq // msg = s[0] == 0 ? msg_empty : msg_not_empty;
	csel x2, x2, x4, eq // len = s[0] == 0 ? 16 : 20;
	mov x0, #STDOUT
	b _write // write(stdout, msg, len);

msg_empty:
	.ascii "String is empty\n"
msg_not_empty:
	.ascii "String is not empty\n"
.align 4

//////////////// system call wrappers
// ssize_t _write(int fd, void *buf, size_t count)
_write:
	stp x29, x30, [sp, -16]!
	mov x8, #SVC_WRITE
	mov x29, sp
	svc #0
	ldp x29, x30, [sp], 16
	ret

// void _exit(int retval)
_exit:
	mov x8, #SVC_EXIT
	svc #0

ACL2

To check if a string is empty:

(= (length str) 0)

Action!

PROC CheckIsEmpty(CHAR ARRAY s)
  PrintF("'%S' is empty? ",s)
  IF s(0)=0 THEN
    PrintE("True")
  ELSE
    PrintE("False")
  FI
RETURN

PROC Main()
  CHAR ARRAY str1,str2

  str1=""
  str2="text"

  CheckIsEmpty(str1)
  CheckIsEmpty(str2)
RETURN
Output:

Screenshot from Atari 8-bit computer

'' is empty? True
'text' is empty? False

Ada

procedure Empty_String is

   function Is_Empty(S: String) return Boolean is
   begin
      return S = ""; -- test that S is empty
   end Is_Empty;

   Empty: String := ""; -- Assign empty string
   XXXXX: String := "Not Empty";

begin
   if (not Is_Empty(Empty)) or Is_Empty(XXXXX) then
      raise Program_Error with "something went wrong very very badly!!!";
   end if;
end Empty_String;

Aime

text s;
s = "";
if (length(s) == 0) {
    ...
}
if (length(s) != 0) {
    ....
}

ALGOL 68

Works with: ALGOL 68G version Any - tested with release 2.8.win32
# declare a string variable and assign an empty string to it                  #
STRING s := "";

# test the string is empty                                                    #
IF s = "" THEN write( ( "s is empty", newline ) ) FI;

# test the string is not empty                                                #
IF s /= "" THEN write( ( "s is not empty", newline ) ) FI;

# as a string is an array of characters, we could also test for emptyness by  #
# checking for lower bound > upper bound                                      #
IF LWB s > UPB s THEN write( ( "s is still empty", newline ) ) FI

Apex

String.isBlank(record.txt_Field__c);
--Returns true if the specified String is white space, empty (''), or null; otherwise, returns false.

APL

      ⍝⍝ Assign empty string to A
      A  ''
      0 = ⍴∊ A
1
      ~0 = ⍴∊ A
0

AppleScript

-- assign empty string to str
set str to ""


-- check if string is empty
if str is "" then
	-- str is empty
end if
-- or
if id of str is {} then
	-- str is empty
end if
-- or
if (count of str) is 0 then
	-- str is empty
end if


-- check if string is not empty
if str is not "" then
	-- string is not empty
end if
-- or
if id of str is not {} then
	-- str is not empty
end if
-- or
if (count of str) is not 0 then
	-- str is not empty
end if

ARM Assembly

Works with: as version Raspberry Pi
/* ARM assembly Raspberry PI  */
/*  program strEmpty.s   */

/* Constantes    */
.equ STDOUT, 1     @ Linux output console
.equ EXIT,   1     @ Linux syscall
.equ WRITE,  4     @ Linux syscall
/* Initialized data */
.data
szNotEmptyString:   .asciz "String is not empty. \n"
szEmptyString:      .asciz "String is empty. \n"
@ empty string
szString:            .asciz ""   @ with zero final
szString1:           .asciz "A"  @ with zero final

/* UnInitialized data */
.bss 

/*  code section */
.text
.global main 
main:                /* entry of program  */
    push {fp,lr}    /* saves 2 registers */

    @ load string 
    ldr r1,iAdrszString
    ldrb r0,[r1]    @ load first byte of string
    cmp r0,#0        @ compar with zero ?
    bne 1f
    ldr r0,iAdrszEmptyString
    bl affichageMess
    b 2f
1:

    ldr r0,iAdrszNotEmptyString
    bl affichageMess
	/* second string */
2:
    @ load string 1 
    ldr r1,iAdrszString1
    ldrb r0,[r1]        @ load first byte of string
    cmp r0,#0            @ compar with zero ?
    bne 3f
    ldr r0,iAdrszEmptyString
    bl affichageMess
    b 100f
3:
    ldr r0,iAdrszNotEmptyString
    bl affichageMess
    b 100f

100:   /* standard end of the program */
    mov r0, #0                  @ return code
    pop {fp,lr}                 @restaur 2 registers
    mov r7, #EXIT              @ request to exit program
    swi 0                       @ perform the system call
iAdrszString:             .int szString
iAdrszString1:            .int szString1
iAdrszNotEmptyString:   .int szNotEmptyString
iAdrszEmptyString:       .int szEmptyString

/******************************************************************/
/*     display text with size calculation                         */ 
/******************************************************************/
/* r0 contains the address of the message */
affichageMess:
    push {fp,lr}    			/* save  registres */ 
    push {r0,r1,r2,r7}    		/* save others registers */
    mov r2,#0   				/* counter length */
1:      	/* loop length calculation */
    ldrb r1,[r0,r2]  			/* read octet start position + index */
    cmp r1,#0       			/* if 0 its over */
    addne r2,r2,#1   			/* else add 1 in the length */
    bne 1b          			/* and loop */
                                /* so here r2 contains the length of the message */
    mov r1,r0        			/* address message in r1 */
    mov r0,#STDOUT      		/* code to write to the standard output Linux */
    mov r7, #WRITE             /* code call system "write" */
    swi #0                      /* call systeme */
    pop {r0,r1,r2,r7}     		/* restaur others registers */
    pop {fp,lr}    				/* restaur des  2 registres */ 
    bx lr	        			/* return  */

Arturo

s: ""

if empty? s     -> print "the string is empty"
if 0 = size s   -> print "yes, the string is empty"

s: "hello world"

if not? empty? s    -> print "the string is not empty"
if 0 < size s       -> print "no, the string is not empty"
Output:
the string is empty
yes, the string is empty
the string is not empty
no, the string is not empty

Asymptote

string c;		//implicitly assigned an empty string
if (length(c) == 0) {
  write("Empty string");
} else {
  write("Non empty string");
}

string s = "";		//explicitly assigned an empty string
if (s == "")  {
  write("Empty string");
}
if (s != "")  {
  write("Non empty string");
}

string t = "not empty";
if (t != "")  {
  write("Non empty string");
} else {
  write("Empty string");
}
Output:
Empty string
Empty string
Non empty string

AutoHotkey

AutoHotkey has both "Traditional" or literal text, and "Expression" mode. This code demonstrates the task using both methods.

;; Traditional
; Assign an empty string:
var =
; Check that a string is empty:
If var =
   MsgBox the var is empty
; Check that a string is not empty
If var !=
   Msgbox the var is not empty


;; Expression mode:
; Assign an empty string:
var := ""
; Check that a string is empty:
If (var = "")
   MsgBox the var is empty
; Check that a string is not empty
If (var != "")
   Msgbox the var is not empty

Avail

The type string is defined as <character…|> (a tuple of characters), so the empty tuple and the empty string are equivalent values, and all tuple/collection methods can be used on strings.

emptyStringVar : string := "";
Assert: emptyStringVar = "";
Assert: emptyStringVar = <>;
Assert: emptyStringVar is empty;
Assert: |emptyStringVar| = 0;

Checking that a string is _not_ empty generally isn't any more interesting, just a logical negation of the above tests.

nonemptyStringVar : string := "content!";
Assert: nonemptyStringVar ≠ "";
Assert: nonemptyStringVar ≠ <>;
Assert: ¬nonemptyStringVar is empty;
Assert: |nonemptyStringVar| > 0;

The library also defines a type _nonempty string_, which can be leveraged for a type-membership check.

Assert: nonemptyStringVar ∈ nonempty string;

AWK

#!/usr/bin/awk -f
BEGIN { 
  # Demonstrate how to assign an empty string to a variable. 
  a=""; 
  b="XYZ"; 
  print "a = ",a;	
  print "b = ",b;	
  print "length(a)=",length(a);
  print "length(b)=",length(b);
  # Demonstrate how to check that a string is empty.
  print "Is a empty ?",length(a)==0;
  print "Is a not empty ?",length(a)!=0;
  # Demonstrate how to check that a string is not empty.  
  print "Is b empty ?",length(b)==0;
  print "Is b not empty ?",length(b)!=0;
}
Output:
$ awk -f R/tmp/string.awk 
a =  
b =  XYZ
length(a)= 0
length(b)= 3
Is a empty ? 1
Is a not empty ? 0
Is b empty ? 0
Is b not empty ? 1

Axe

""→Str1
!If length(Str1)
 Disp "EMPTY",i
Else
 Disp "NOT EMPTY",i
End

BASIC

10 LET A$=""
20 IF A$="" THEN PRINT "THE STRING IS EMPTY"
30 IF A$<>"" THEN PRINT "THE STRING IS NOT EMPTY"
40 END

Applesoft BASIC

The terminating quote may be left off. By default, strings are initially empty so the assignment is not necessary. Another way to check for an empty string is to use the LEN function.

 10  LET A$ = "
 40  IF  LEN (A$) = 0 THEN  PRINT "THE STRING IS EMPTY"
 50  IF  LEN (A$) THEN  PRINT "THE STRING IS NOT EMPTY"

BaCon

The literal empty string in BaCon is "".

' Empty string
a$ = ""
IF a$ = "" THEN PRINT "Empty string"
IF a$ != "" THEN PRINT "Non empty string"

There are other ways, such as a zero return from the LEN(s$) or ULEN(utf$) functions. EQUAL(s$, "") would be another way.

BASIC256

subroutine IsEmpty (s$)
	if length(s$) = 0 then
		print "String is empty"
	else
		print "String is not empty"
	end if
	if s$ = "" then print "yes, the string is empty"
	if s$ <> "" then print "no, the string is not empty"
end subroutine

t$ = ""
call IsEmpty (t$)
u$ = "not empty"
call IsEmpty (u$)
end

Chipmunk Basic

Works with: Chipmunk Basic version 3.6.4
100 cls
110 t$ = ""
120 isempty(t$)
130 u$ = "not empty"
140 isempty(u$)
150 end
160 sub isempty(s$)
170   if len(s$) = 0 then
180     print "String is empty"
190   else
200     print "String is not empty"
210   endif
220   if s$ = "" then print "yes, the string is empty"
230   if s$ <> "" then print "no, the string is not empty"
240 end sub

IS-BASIC

10 LET A$=""
20 IF A$="" THEN PRINT "The string is empty."
30 IF A$<>"" THEN PRINT "The string is not empty."

MSX Basic

Works with: Applesoft BASIC
Works with: Chipmunk Basic
Works with: GW-BASIC
Works with: PC-BASIC
Works with: QBasic
Works with: Quite BASIC
100 CLS : REM  100 HOME for Applesoft BASIC
110 LET S$ = ""
120 GOSUB 160
130 LET S$ = "not empty"
140 GOSUB 160
150 END
160 REM isEmpty
170  IF LEN(S$) = 0 THEN PRINT "String is empty"
180  IF LEN(S$) <> 0 THEN PRINT "String is not empty"
190  IF S$ = "" THEN PRINT "yes, the string is empty"
200  IF S$ <> "" THEN PRINT "no, the string is not empty"
210 RETURN

QB64

a$ = ""
If a$ = "" Then Print "Empty String"
If a$ <> "" Then Print a$ 'String is not empty, so print its contents.

QBasic

SUB IsEmpty (s AS STRING)
    IF LEN(s) = 0 THEN
	PRINT "String is empty"
    ELSE
	PRINT "String is not empty"
    END IF
	IF s = "" THEN PRINT "yes, the string is empty"
    IF s <> "" THEN PRINT "no, the string is not empty"
END SUB

DIM s AS STRING  ' implicitly assigned an empty string
IsEmpty (s)
t$ = ""          ' explicitly assigned an empty string
IsEmpty (t$)
u$ = "not empty"
IsEmpty (u$)

SmallBASIC

empty(s) returns true if s is empty.

s1 = ""
s2 = "abc"
print empty(s1)
print empty(s2)

True BASIC

SUB IsEmpty(s$)
    IF Len(s$) = 0 THEN
       PRINT "String is empty"
    ELSE
       PRINT "String is not empty"
    END IF
    IF s$ = "" THEN PRINT "yes, the string is empty"
    IF s$ <> "" THEN PRINT "no, the string is not empty"
END SUB

LET t$ = ""
CALL IsEmpty(t$)
LET u$ = "not empty"
CALL IsEmpty(u$)
END

uBasic/4tH

t := ""
Print Show(FUNC(_IsEmpty(t)))
u := "not empty"
Print Show(FUNC(_IsEmpty(u)))
End

_IsEmpty Param (1) : Return (Join ("String is ", Iif(Len(a@), "not ", ""), "empty"))

Yabasic

sub IsEmpty (s$)
    if len(s$) = 0 then
        print "String is empty"
    else
        print "String is not empty"
    endif
	if s$ = "" print "yes, the string is empty"
    if s$ <> "" print "no, the string is not empty"
end sub

t$ = ""
IsEmpty (t$)
u$ = "not empty"
IsEmpty (u$)
end

Batch File

@echo off

::set "var" as a blank string.
set var=

::check if "var" is a blank string.
if not defined var echo Var is a blank string.
::Alternatively,
if %var%@ equ @ echo Var is a blank string.

::check if "var" is not a blank string.
if defined var echo Var is defined.
::Alternatively,
if %var%@ neq @ echo Var is not a blank string.

BBC BASIC

      REM assign an empty string to a variable:
      var$ = ""
      
      REM Check that a string is empty:
      IF var$ = "" THEN PRINT "String is empty"
      
      REM Check that a string is not empty:
      IF var$ <> "" THEN PRINT "String is not empty"

Beef

using System;

namespace EmptyString
{
  class Program
  {
    public static void Main()
    {
      String s = scope .();
      if (s.IsEmpty)
      {
        Console.Writeln("string empty");
      }
      if (!s.IsEmpty)
      {
        Console.Writeln("string not empty");
      }
    }
  }
}

BQN

An empty string in BQN is the same as an empty array, as all strings are character arrays.

To check emptiness, we can check the length of the array using (or shape with ).

•Show ""
•Show 0 =  ""
•Show 0   ""
•Show ""  ⟨⟩
⟨⟩
1
0
1

Bracmat

There are two ways to assign a string to a variable. The variant using the = operator does not evaluate the value before the assignment, the variant using the : (match) operator does. If the value is a string, there is no difference, as a string always evaluates to itself.

( :?a
& (b=)
& abra:?c
& (d=cadabra)
& !a:           { a is empty string }
& !b:           { b is also empty string }
& !c:~          { c is not an empty string }
& !d:~          { neither is d an empty string }
)

Burlesque

Empty string is "" and checking for empty strings (or empty lists) can be done with the nu command.

blsq ) ""
""
blsq ) ""nu
1
blsq ) "a"nu
0

C

In C the strings are char pointers. A string terminates with the null char (U+0000, '\0'), which is not considered part of the string. Thus an empty string is "\0", while a null string is a null pointer which points to nothing.

#include <string.h>

/* ... */

/* assign an empty string */
const char *str = "";

/* to test a null string */
if (str) { ... }

/* to test if string is empty */
if (str[0] == '\0') { ... }

/* or equivalently use strlen function 
   strlen will seg fault on NULL pointer, so check first */
if ( (str == NULL) || (strlen(str) == 0)) { ... }

/* or compare to a known empty string, same thing. "== 0" means strings are equal */
if (strcmp(str, "") == 0) { ... }

C#

using System;

class Program {
    static void Main (string[] args) {
        string example = string.Empty;
        if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(example)) { }
        if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(example)) { }
    }
}

In depth

Compiler: Roslyn C# (language version >= 6)

Note: implementation information provided in comments was obtained reflecting .NET libraries and viewing the .NET Core reference source and may not be correct or remain relevant as time passes.

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;

static class Program
{
    // In short:
    public static void Foo()
    {
        string s;

        // Assign empty string:
        s = "";
        // or
        s = string.Empty;

        // Check for empty string only (false if s is null):
        if (s != null && s.Length == 0) { }

        // Check for null or empty (more idiomatic in .NET):
        if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(s)) { }
    }

    public static void Main()
    {
        // Equality is somewhat convoluted in .NET.
        // The methods above are the author's recommendation for each case.

        // s is initialized to null. It is a variable of the System.String type that is a null reference and is not
        // the empty string.
        string s = null;

        // Alias Console.WriteLine(bool) with a shorter name to make the demonstration code less verbose.
        Action<bool> P = Console.WriteLine;

        // Assign the empty string literal to s.
        s = "";

        // ' Assign String.Empty to s.
        s = string.Empty;

        // The empty string literal is the same object reference as String.Empty because of string interning, meaning the
        // behavior of the two is identical.
        // From this point on, "" will be used instead of String.Empty for brevity.

        //#== operator (object)
        // The == operator tests for reference equality when overload resolution fails to find an operator defined by
        // either operand type. However, which strings are interned is a CLR implementation detail and may be unreliable
        // when comparing non-empty strings. The equivalent in VB.NET would be s Is "".
        // Note that there is no such operator as Object.op_Equality(Object, Object): the use of the == operator for
        // types of type Object is a C# language feature.
        P((object)s == "");

        //#Object.ReferenceEquals(Object, Object)
        // The previous line is semantically to the following, though it does not involve a method call. 
        P(object.ReferenceEquals(s, ""));

        //#String.op_Equality(String, String)
        // The equality operator of System.String is implemented as a call to String.Equals(String). Operators cannot be
        // called with method syntax in C#.
        P(s == "");

        //#String.Equals(String, String)
        // Call the static method defined on the String type, which first calls Object.ReferenceEquals and then, after
        // verifying that both are strings of the same length, compares the strings character-by-character.
        P(string.Equals(s, ""));

        //#Object.Equals(Object, Object)
        // First checks for reference equality and whether one or both of the arguments is null. It then invokes the
        // instance Equals method of the left parameter.
        P(object.Equals(s, ""));

        //#String.Equals(String)
        // The method is called with the string literal as the receiver because a NullReferenceException is thrown if s
        // is null.
        P("".Equals(s));

        //#String.Length
        // Check the Length property. The ?. (null-conditional) operator is used to avoid NullReferenceException. The Equals
        // call above can also be done this way. Null propagation makes the equality operator return false if one operand
        // is a Nullable<T> and does not have a value, making this result in false when s is null.
        P(s?.Length == 0);

        //#String.Length
        // A more traditional version of the null-conditional using a guard clause.
        // Both the null-conditional and this are noticeably (~4 times) faster than "".Equals(s). In general, it appears that
        // for empty strings, using the length is faster than using an equality comparison.
        P(s != null && s.Length == 0);

        //#String.IsNullOrEmpty(String)
        // Note that all of the other methods give false for null.
        // A static method of System.String that returns true if the string is null or its length is zero.
        P(string.IsNullOrEmpty(s));

        //#System.Collections.Generic.EqualityComparer(Of String).Default.Equals(String, String)
        // The EqualityComparer(Of T) class provides default implementations when an IEqualityComparer(Of T) is required.
        // The implementation for String calls String.Equals(String).
        P(EqualityComparer<string>.Default.Equals(s, ""));

        Console.WriteLine();

        // Each of the means described above, except testing for a non-empty string.
        P((object)s != "");
        P(!object.ReferenceEquals(s, ""));
        P(s != "");
        P(!string.Equals(s, ""));
        P(!object.Equals(s, ""));
        P(!"".Equals(s));
        P(s?.Length != 0); // Still false when s is null!
        P(s == null || s.Length != 0);
        P(!string.IsNullOrEmpty(s));
        P(!EqualityComparer<string>.Default.Equals(s, ""));
    }
}

C++

#include <string>

// ...


                     // empty string declaration
std::string str;     // (default constructed)
std::string str();   // (default constructor, no parameters)
std::string str{};   // (default initialized)
std::string str(""); // (const char[] conversion)
std::string str{""}; // (const char[] initializer list)



if (str.empty()) { ... } // to test if string is empty

// we could also use the following
if (str.length() == 0) { ... }
if (str == "") { ... }

// make a std::string empty
str.clear();          // (builtin clear function)
str = "";             // replace contents with empty string
str = {};             // swap contents with temp string (empty),then destruct temp

                       // swap with empty string
std::string tmp{};     // temp empty string   
str.swap(tmp);         // (builtin swap function)
std::swap(str, tmp);   // swap contents with tmp


// create an array of empty strings
std::string  s_array[100];           // 100 initialized to "" (fixed size) 
std::array<std::string, 100>  arr;   // 100 initialized to "" (fixed size)
std::vector<std::string>(100,"");    // 100 initialized to "" (variable size, 100 starting size)

// create empty string as default parameter
void func( std::string& s = {} ); // {} generated default std:string instance

Caché ObjectScript

EMPTYSTR
    ; Demonstrate how to assign an empty string to a variable.
    set x = ""
    
      ; Demonstrate how to check that a string is empty.
      ; Length 0 is empty; equality/pattern check are 1=T, 0=F
      write !,"Assigned x to null value.  Tests: "
      write !,"String length: "_$length(x)_", Equals null: "_(x = "")_", Empty pattern: "_(x?."")    ; length 0 is empty
      
      ; Demonstrate how to check that a string is not empty.  Same as above.
      set x = " "    ;assign to a space - not null
      write !!,"Assigned x to a single blank space.  Tests: "
      write !,"String length: "_$length(x)_", Equals null: "_(x = "")_", Empty pattern: "_(x?."")
      
      quit
Output:

SAMPLES>do EMPTYSTR^ROSETTA

Assigned x to null value. Tests: String length: 0, Equals null: 1, Empty pattern: 1

Assigned x to a single blank space. Tests: String length: 1, Equals null: 0, Empty pattern: 0

Clojure

(def x "") ;x is "globally" declared to be the empty string
(let [x ""]
  ;x is bound to the empty string within the let
  )
(= x "")    ;true if x is the empty string
(not= x "") ;true if x is not the empty string

COBOL

       IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
       PROGRAM-ID.    EMPTYSTR.

       DATA DIVISION.
       WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.
       01  str                     PIC X(10).

       PROCEDURE DIVISION.
       Begin.

*     *    Assign an empty string.
           INITIALIZE str.

*     *    Or
           MOVE " " TO str.

           IF (str = " ")
              DISPLAY "String is empty"
           ELSE
              DISPLAY "String is not empty"
           END-IF.

           STOP RUN.

CoffeeScript

Empty strings are mostly straightforward in CoffeeScript, but there's one gotcha.

isEmptyString = (s) ->
  # Returns true iff s is an empty string.
  # (This returns false for non-strings as well.)
  return true if s instanceof String and s.length == 0
  s == ''
  
empties = ["", '', new String()]
non_empties = [new String('yo'), 'foo', {}]
console.log (isEmptyString(v) for v in empties) # [true, true, true]
console.log (isEmptyString(v) for v in non_empties) # [false, false, false]
console.log (s = '') == "" # true
console.log new String() == '' # false, due to underlying JavaScript's distinction between objects and primitives

Common Lisp

Common Lisp treats empty strings as true (T in Common Lisp), therefore one must check the length of the string to know if it is empty or not.

(defparameter *s* "") ;; Binds dynamic variable *S* to the empty string ""
(let ((s "")) ;; Binds the lexical variable S to the empty string ""
  (= (length s) 0) ;; Check if the string is empty
  (> (length s) 0) ;; Check if length of string is over 0 (that is: non-empty)

  ;; (length s) returns zero for any empty sequence. You're better off using type checking:
  (typep s '(string 0)) ;; only returns true on empty string
  (typep s '(and string
                 (not (string 0)))))  ;; only returns true on string that is not empty

Component Pascal

BlackBox Component Builder

MODULE EmptyString;
IMPORT StdLog;

PROCEDURE Do*;
VAR
	s: ARRAY 64 OF CHAR;
	(* s := "" <=> s[0] := 0X => s isEmpty*)
BEGIN
	s := "";
	StdLog.String("Is 's' empty?:>  ");StdLog.Bool(s = "");StdLog.Ln;
	StdLog.String("Is not 's' empty?:> ");StdLog.Bool(s # "");StdLog.Ln;
	StdLog.Ln;
	(* Or *)
	s := 0X;
	StdLog.String("Is 's' empty?:>  ");StdLog.Bool(s = 0X);StdLog.Ln;
	StdLog.String("Is not 's' empty?:> ");StdLog.Bool(s # 0X);StdLog.Ln;
	StdLog.Ln;	
END Do;
END EmptyString.

Execute: ^Q EmptyString.Do

Output:
Is 's' empty?:>   $TRUE
Is not 's' empty?:>  $FALSE

Is 's' empty?:>   $TRUE
Is not 's' empty?:>  $FALSE

D

D treats null strings and empty strings as equal on the value level, but different on object level. You need to take this into account when checking for emptiness.

import std.array;

bool isEmptyNotNull(in string s) pure nothrow @safe {
    return s is "";
}

void main(){
    string s1 = null;
    string s2 = "";
    
    // the content is the same
    assert(!s1.length); 
    assert(!s2.length);
    assert(s1 == "" && s1 == null); 
    assert(s2 == "" && s2 == null);
    assert(s1 == s2);

    // but they don't point to the same memory region
    assert(s1 is null && s1 !is "");
    assert(s2 is "" && s2 !is null);
    assert(s1 !is s2);
    assert(s1.ptr == null);
    assert(*s2.ptr == '\0'); // D string literals are \0 terminated
    
    assert(s1.empty);    
    assert(s2.isEmptyNotNull());    
}

Dart

main() {
  var empty = '';

  if (empty.isEmpty) {
    print('it is empty');
  }

  if (empty.isNotEmpty) {
    print('it is not empty');
  }
}

Delphi

program EmptyString;

{$APPTYPE CONSOLE}

uses SysUtils;

function StringIsEmpty(const aString: string): Boolean;
begin
  Result := aString = '';
end;

var
  s: string;
begin
  s := '';
  Writeln(StringIsEmpty(s)); // True

  s := 'abc';
  Writeln(StringIsEmpty(s)); // False
end.

Diego

Assign an empty string to variable s.

add_str(s,⟦⟧); // empty string
add_str(n); // null string (␀)

Check a string is empty (various approaches).

add_str(es,⟦⟧);
add_bool(isEmpty)
    ()_check⟦[es]==⟦⟧⟧;
    ()_if⟦[es]≍⟦⟧⟧;
    ()_calc({bool},⟦[es]==⟦⟧⟧);
    ()_test⟦[lens]≍0⟧_lento(lens,⟦[es]⟧);
    ()_is⟦[lens]>0⟧_lento(lens,⟦[es]⟧);
    ()_check⟦[es]===({str},⟦⟧)⟧;
    ()_if⟦[es]≡({str},⟦⟧)⟧;
    ()_calc⟦≣[es]⟧_forme()_forall();
    ()_not⟦[es]≠⟦⟧⟧;
    ()_not()_bool[es];
    ()_empty[es];
    (es)_equal⟦⟦⟧⟧;
;
log_console()_(isEmpty);
log_console()_is(es);  // is not null
Output:
true,true,true,true,true,true,true,true,true,true,true,true
true

Check a string is not empty (various approaches).

add_str(s,⟦text⟧);
add_bool(isNotEmpty)
    ()_check⟦[s]!=⟦⟧⟧;
    ()_if⟦[s]≭⟦⟧⟧;
    ()_calc({bool},⟦[s]≠⟦⟧⟧);
    ()_test⟦[lens]≠0⟧_lento(lens,⟦[s]⟧);
    ()_is⟦[lens]<0⟧_lento(lens,⟦[s]⟧);
    ()_check⟦[s]!==({str},⟦⟧)⟧;
    ()_if⟦[s]≢({str},⟦⟧)⟧;
    ()_calc⟦!≣[s]⟧_forme()_forany();
    ()_bool[s];
    ()_not()_empty[s];
    (s)_notequal⟦⟦⟧⟧;
;    
log_console()_(isNotEmpty);
log_console()_is(s);  // is not null
Output:
true,true,true,true,true,true,true,true,true,true,true
true

Check a string is null (␀) (various approaches).

add_str(n);
add_bool(isNull)
    ()_check⟦![n]⟧;
    ()_calc({bool},⟦¬[n]⟧);
    ()_isnull[n];
    ()_not[n];
    ()_isnull()_bool[n];
    ()_none[n];
    ()_any[n]_forme();
    (n)_equal⟦␀⟧;
;    
log_console()_(isNull);
Output:
true,true,true,true,true,true,true,true

DuckDB

select '' as empty, length(empty), empty = '', empty != '';
Output:
┌─────────┬───────────────┬──────────────┬───────────────┐
│  empty  │ length(empty) │ (empty = '') │ (empty != '') │
│ varchar │     int64     │   boolean    │    boolean    │
├─────────┼───────────────┼──────────────┼───────────────┤
│         │             0 │ true         │ false         │
└─────────┴───────────────┴──────────────┴───────────────┘


DWScript

var s : String;

s := ''; // assign an empty string (can also use "")

if s = '' then
   PrintLn('empty');

s := 'hello';

if s <> '' then 
   PrintLn('not empty');

Dyalect

Demonstrate how to assign an empty string to a variable:

var str = ""

Demonstrate how to check that a string is empty:

if str.IsEmpty() { }

Demonstrate how to check that a string is not empty:

if !str.IsEmpty() { }

Déjà Vu

Like in Python, empty strings are falsy, non-empty strings are truthy.

local :e ""

if not e:
    !print "an empty string"

if e:
    !print "not an empty string"

EasyLang

a$ = ""
if a$ = ""
  print "empty"
.
if a$ <> ""
  print "no empty"
.

ed

ed has no concept of string, only lines. Still, one can empty (or even delete) a line. Checking for emptiness requires conditional matching with g and v.

# Empty the string (line)
s/.*//
# Check for emptiness
g/.+/s//Not empty/
v/Not empty/s//Empty

Elena

ELENA 4.x:

import extensions;
 
public program()
{
    auto s := emptyString;
 
    if (s.isEmpty())
        { console.printLine("'", s, "' is empty") };
 
    if (s.isNonempty())
        { console.printLine("'", s, "' is not empty") }
}
Output:
'' is empty

Elixir

To check whether a given variable holds an empty string, either compare it to the empty string literal, check its length - O(M), or check it's byte size - O(1)).

empty_string = ""
not_empty_string = "a" 

empty_string == ""
# => true
String.length(empty_string) == 0
# => true
byte_size(empty_string) == 0
# => true

not_empty_string == ""
# => false
String.length(not_empty_string) == 0
# => false
byte_size(not_empty_string) == 0
# => false

Emacs Lisp

(setq str "")   ;; empty string literal

(if (= 0 (length str))
    (message "string is empty"))
(if (/= 0 (length str))
    (message "string is not empty"))

Also possible is (string= "" str).

An common lisp incompatible way:

(defvar str "" "An empty string")

(if (length= str 0)
    (message "string is empty")
  (message "string is not empty"))

EMal

# Demonstrate how to assign an empty string to a variable.
text sampleA = Text.EMPTY
text sampleB = "hello world"
text sampleC = ""
List samples = text[sampleA, sampleB, sampleC]
for each text sample in samples
  # Demonstrate how to check that a string is empty.
  writeLine("Is '" + sample + "' empty? " + when(sample.isEmpty(), "Yes", "No") + ".")
end
Output:
Is '' empty? Yes.
Is 'hello world' empty? No.
Is '' empty? Yes.

Erlang

1> S = "". % erlang strings are actually lists, so the empty string is the same as the empty list [].
[]
2> length(S).
0
3> case S of [] -> empty; [H|T] -> not_empty end.
empty
4> case "aoeu" of [] -> empty; [H|T] -> not_empty end.
not_empty

Euphoria

sequence s

-- assign an empty string
s = ""

-- another way to assign an empty string
s = {} -- "" and {} are equivalent

if not length(s) then
    -- string is empty
end if

if length(s) then
    -- string is not empty
end if

F#

open System

[<EntryPoint>]
let main args =
    let emptyString = String.Empty  // or any of the literals "" @"" """"""
    printfn "Is empty %A: %A" emptyString (emptyString = String.Empty)
    printfn "Is not empty %A: %A" emptyString (emptyString <> String.Empty)
    0
Output:
Is empty "": true
Is not empty "": false

Factor

It's idiomatic in Factor to prefer using the stack over variable bindings.

"" empty? .
Output:
t

However, Factor provides lexical variables:

USE: locals
[let
    "" :> empty-string
    empty-string empty? .
    empty-string empty? not .
]
Output:
t
f

Fantom

Fantom uses "" to represent an empty string, and provides the isEmpty method to check if a string is empty.

a := ""       // assign an empty string to 'a'
a.isEmpty     // method on sys::Str to check if string is empty
a.size == 0   // what isEmpty actually checks
a == ""       // alternate check for an empty string
!a.isEmpty    // check that a string is not empty

Forth

Strings are represented as an addr-len pair on the stack. An empty string has len 0.

\ string words operate on the address and count left on the stack by a string
\ ? means the word returns a true/false flag on the stack

: empty? ( c-addr u -- ? ) nip 0= ;
: filled?  ( c-addr u -- ? ) empty? 0= ; 
: =""      ( c-addr u -- ) drop 0 ;  \ It's OK to copy syntax from other languages

Forth Console Test (True= -1, False=0)

s" This is not empty" empty? . 0  ok

s" This is filled" filled? . -1  ok

s" " empty? . -1  ok

s" this is filled" =""  empty? . -1

Fortran

Early Fortran offered only rather strange methods of manipulating text, involving overwriting text literals within a FORMAT statement via a READ statement that used that format statement. Such text could not be inspected, whether to see if it was blank or anything else. Fortran 4 introduced the A format whereby text could be stored in integer or floating-point variables or arrays, and then those variables could be manipulated and inspected - though their numerical values would be unusual, especially if in floating-point variables. Fortran 77 introduced a CHARACTER definition which greatly eased matters but it was not a "string" type, which is to say, a variable storing some sequence of characters (or, in principle, integers, or other data) and also having a length. A variable may be declared as having a fixed size, as in CHARACTER*24 TEXT, and there is a library function LEN which for that variable would return 24, no matter what the variable contained. That is to say, it reports the size of the variable, not the length in current use of a string of up to 24 characters as would be the case for a similar declaration in for example, Pascal.

Such variables, or text literals, may be passed as a parameter to a subprogram, and it may use the LEN function to ascertain the size of the parameter, which in that sense could be considered a string because CHARACTER parameters are passed with a secret additional parameter, their size, which is available to the LEN function within the subprogram.

      SUBROUTINE TASTE(T)
       CHARACTER*(*) T       !This form allows for any size.
        IF (LEN(T).LE.0) WRITE(6,*) "Empty!"
        IF (LEN(T).GT.0) WRITE(6,*) "Not empty!"
      END
      CHARACTER*24 TEXT
      CALL TASTE("")
      CALL TASTE("This")
      TEXT = ""              !Fills the entire variable with space characters.
      CALL TASTE(TEXT)       !Passes all 24 of them. Result is Not empty!
      END

Otherwise, you could employ the Fortran protocol that trailing spaces are irrelevant in text comparisons. Thus TEXT .EQ. "" would give true even though TEXT might contain thousands of space characters, and so would TEXT .EQ. " " - thus an empty string is one containing nothing other than spaces.

Alternatively, the programmer can be diligent, and associate an integer with every such CHARACTER variable, such as LTEXT for TEXT, to hold the current length of characters in use. Tests for empty strings and the like would thus be made by inspecting the value of LTEXT, which hopefully, would always contain correct values.

With F90, compound data aggregates can be defined and as well procedures for operating on them, so that, after a great deal of syntactic struggle, a string data type will be available. F2000 standardised one such scheme whereby character variables are de-allocated and re-allocated with usage so that a statement such as TEXT = "This" // "That" would cause a de-allocation of whatever storage had been associated with TEXT followed by a re-allocation of storage for eight characters, the required size, and LEN(TEXT) would give 8.

Free Pascal

Assigning an empty string:

s := '';

Checking for an empty string:

s = ''
length(s) = 0

Checking for a non-empty string:

s <> ''
length(s) > 0
longBool(length(s))

The sysUtils unit defines the constants emptyStr and emptyWideStr, which can be used in place of ''.

FreeBASIC

' FB 1.05.0 Win64

Sub IsEmpty(s As String)
   If Len(s) = 0 Then
     Print "String is empty"
   Else
     Print "String is not empty"
   End If
End Sub

Dim s As String  ' implicitly assigned an empty string 
IsEmpty(s)
Dim t As String = "" ' explicitly assigned an empty string
IsEmpty(t)
Dim u As String = "not empty"
IsEmpty(u)
Sleep
Output:
String is empty
String is empty
String is not empty

Frink

a = ""
if a == ""
   println["empty"]

if a != ""
   println["Not empty"]

FutureBasic

window 1, @"Empty string", (0,0,480,270)

CFStringRef s

s = @""
if ( fn StringIsEqual( s, @"" ) ) then print @"string is empty"
if ( fn StringLength( s ) == 0 ) then print @"string is empty"
if ( len(s) == 0 ) then print @"string is empty"

print

s = @"Hello"
if ( fn StringIsEqual( s, @"" ) == NO ) then print @"string not empty"
if ( fn StringLength( s ) != 0 ) then print @"string not empty"
if ( len(s) != 0 ) then print @"string not empty"

HandleEvents

Gambas

Click this link to run this code

Public Sub Main()
Dim sString As String[] = ["", "Hello", "world", "", "Today", "Tomorrow", "", "", "End!"]
Dim sTemp As String
Dim siCount As Short

For Each sTemp In sString
  If sString[siCount] Then 
    Print "String " & siCount & " = " & sString[siCount] 
  Else
    Print "String " & siCount & " is empty"
  End If
  Inc siCount
Next

End

Output:

String 0 is empty
String 1 = Hello
String 2 = world
String 3 is empty
String 4 = Today
String 5 = Tomorrow
String 6 is empty
String 7 is empty
String 8 = End!

Go

Go has no special syntax for empty strings. In Go variables are always initialized to a provided value or to the "zero value" of the type. The zero value of a string is the empty string.

// define and initialize an empty string
var s string
s2 := ""

// assign an empty string to a variable
s = ""

// check that a string is empty, any of:
s == ""
len(s) == 0

// check that a string is not empty, any of:
s != ""
len(s) != 0 // or > 0
package main

import (
	"fmt"
)

func test(s string) {
	if len(s) == 0 {
		fmt.Println("empty")
	} else {
		fmt.Println("not empty")
	}
}

func main() {
	// assign an empty string to a variable.
	str1 := ""
	str2 := " "
	// check if a string is empty.
	test(str1) // prt empty
	// check that a string is not empty.
	test(str2) // prt not empty
}

Groovy

def s = ''  // or "" if you wish
assert s.empty

s = '1 is the loneliest number'
assert !s.empty

GW-BASIC

10 DIM S1$     'implicitly defined empty string
20 S2$ = ""    'explicitly defined empty string
30 S3$ = "Foo bar baz"
40 S$=S1$ : GOSUB 200
50 S$=S2$ : GOSUB 200
60 S$=S3$ : GOSUB 200
70 END
200 IF LEN(S$)=0 THEN PRINT "Empty string" ELSE PRINT "Non-empty string"
210 RETURN

Harbour

// in Harbour we have several functions to check emptiness of a string, f.e. hb_IsNull(), Len(), Empty() et.c., 
// we can also use comparison expressions like [cString == ""] and [cString != ""], yet the most convenient 
// of them is `Empty()` (but that depends on personal coding style).
cString := ""
? Empty( cString ) // --> TRUE
IF ! Empty( cString ) // --> FALSE
   ? cString 
ENDIF

Haskell

import Control.Monad

-- In Haskell strings are just lists (of characters), so we can use the function
-- 'null', which applies to all lists.  We don't want to use the length, since
-- Haskell allows infinite lists.

main = do
  let s = ""
  when (null s) (putStrLn "Empty.")
  when (not $ null s) (putStrLn "Not empty.")

HolyC

/* assign an empty string */
U8 *str = StrNew("");
/* or */
U8 *str = "";

/* to test if string is empty */
if (StrLen(str) == 0) { ... }
/* or compare to a known empty string. "== 0" means strings are equal */
if (StrCmp(str, "") == 0) { ... }

/* to test if string is not empty */
if (StrLen(str)) { ... }

i

software {
	s = ""
 
	// Can either compare the string to an empty string or
	// test if the length is zero.
	if s = "" or #s = 0
		print("Empty string!")
	end
 
	if s - "" or #s - 0
		print("Not an empty string!")
	end
}

Icon and Unicon

Icon and Unicon can produce empty strings in several ways:

s := ""                 # null string
s := string('A'--'A')   # ... converted from cset difference 
s := char(0)[0:0]       # ... by slicing

s1 == ""                # lexical comparison, could convert s1 to string
s1 === ""               # comparison won't force conversion
*s1 = 0                 # zero length, however, *x is polymorphic 
*string(s1) = 0         # zero length string

s1 ~== ""               # non null strings comparisons 
s1 ~=== ""
*string(s1) ~= 0

s := &null              # NOT a null string, null type
/s                      # test for null type
\s                      # test for non-null type

J

   variable=: ''
   0=#variable
1
   0<#variable
0

Note that J attempts to make no distinction between empty lists, regardless of their type. In other words, while some operations can reveal the type of an empty list (for example, anything that can introduce padding based on the type of the list itself) this distinction is ignored whenever possible. You can perform arithmetic on an empty string, and you can append text to an empty list of numbers even though these operations would not succeed on non-empty lists of the same type.

(Thus it's not appropriate, in general case J code, to check that an empty string is of type string.)

Note also that in an if. or while. statement, J treats an empty string (or the absence of any argument) as true.

In this context, it's also worth noting that J has concepts of emptiness which are emptier than an empty string. For example:

   ''

   EMPTY
   $''
0
   $EMPTY
0 0

Here, the display of an empty string occupies one line (just like the display of any other string -- except this line is an empty line), while the display of EMPTY occupies zero blank lines. Or EMPTY contains zero empty strings (or zero empty lists). When you want the result of a J verb to not display any result, use a value like EMPTY as its explicit result.

Java

String.isEmpty() is part of Java 1.6. Other options for previous versions are noted.

String s = "";
if(s != null && s.isEmpty()){//optionally, instead of "s.isEmpty()": "s.length() == 0" or "s.equals("")"
   System.out.println("s is empty");
}else{
   System.out.println("s is not empty");
}

JavaScript

Create an empty String

var s = "";
var s = new String();

Boolean expressions representing emptiness

s == ""
s.length == 0
!s
!Boolean(s)

Non-emptiness

!!s
s != ""
s.length != 0
s.length > 0
Boolean(s)

jq

jq programs can read JSON strings as data and may contain JSON strings. This entry is focused on such strings and excludes from consideration interpolation directives, which have the form of strings but are not themselves valid JSON strings.

The empty string literal is simply "". It can be assigned to a variable as illustrated by this example:

"" as $x

If s is a string or an array, then the additive "zero" for s can be created by writing s[0:0]. That is, if s is a string, then s[0:0] will yield the empty string. This is useful when writing polymorphic functions. To determine whether a string, s, is empty:

s == ""
# or:
s|length == 0

To determine whether a string, s, is non-empty:

s != ""
# or:
s.length != 0 # etc.

Jsish

/* Empty string, in Jsish */
var em1 = '';
var em2 = new String();

var str = 'non-empty';

;'Empty string tests';
;em1 == '';
;em1 === '';
;em1.length == 0;
;!em1;
;(em1) ? false : true;
;Object.is(em1, '');
;Object.is(em1, new String());

;'Non empty string tests';
;str != '';
;str !== '';
;str.length != 0;
;str.length > 0;
;!!str;
;(str) ? true : false;

;'Compare two empty strings';
;(em1 == em2);
;(em1 === em2);

/*
=!EXPECTSTART!=
'Empty string tests'
em1 == '' ==> true
em1 === '' ==> true
em1.length == 0 ==> true
!em1 ==> true
(em1) ? false : true ==> true
Object.is(em1, '') ==> true
Object.is(em1, new String()) ==> true
'Non empty string tests'
str != '' ==> true
str !== '' ==> true
str.length != 0 ==> true
str.length > 0 ==> true
!!str ==> true
(str) ? true : false ==> true
'Compare two empty strings'
(em1 == em2) ==> true
(em1 === em2) ==> true
=!EXPECTEND!=
*/
Output:
prompt$ jsish --U emptyString.jsi
'Empty string tests'
em1 == '' ==> true
em1 === '' ==> true
em1.length == 0 ==> true
!em1 ==> true
(em1) ? false : true ==> true
Object.is(em1, '') ==> true
Object.is(em1, new String()) ==> true
'Non empty string tests'
str != '' ==> true
str !== '' ==> true
str.length != 0 ==> true
str.length > 0 ==> true
!!str ==> true
(str) ? true : false ==> true
'Compare two empty strings'
(em1 == em2) ==> true
(em1 === em2) ==> true

prompt$ jsish -u emptyString.jsi
[PASS] emptyString.jsi

Julia

blank = ""
nonblank = "!"

println("The length of blank is ", length(blank))
println("That blank is empty is ", isempty(blank))
println("That blank is not empty is ", !isempty(blank))

println()
println("The length of nonblank is ", length(nonblank))
println("That nonblank is empty is ", isempty(nonblank))
println("That nonblank is not empty is ", !isempty(nonblank))
Output:
The length of blank is 0
That blank is empty is true
That blank is not empty is false

The length of nonblank is 1
That nonblank is empty is false
That nonblank is not empty is true

K

Translation of: J
   variable: ""
   0=#variable
1
   0<#variable
0

Komodo

You can always use equality to check for the empty string.

let eps := ""
assert(eps = "")
assert(eps /= "foo")

Kotlin

fun main(args: Array<String>) {
    val s = ""
    println(s.isEmpty())    // true
    println(s.isNotEmpty()) // false
    println(s.length)       // 0
    println(s.none())       // true
    println(s.any())        // false
}

LabVIEW

This image is a VI Snippet, an executable image of LabVIEW code. The LabVIEW version is shown on the top-right hand corner. You can download it, then drag-and-drop it onto the LabVIEW block diagram from a file browser, and it will appear as runnable, editable code.

Lambdatalk

In Lambdatalk primitives working on sequences of words begin with "S."

'{def emptyString }
-> emptyString

'{S.empty? {emptyString}}
-> true

'{S.empty? hello}
-> false

'{= {S.length {emptyString}} 0}
-> true


Lang

In Lang strings are called text and are of type TEXT.

# Text creation
# Empty text escape sequence
$s = \e
$s = {{{}}}
# With simple assignment:
$s=

# "$s =" would not work, as ist would set $s to null

# Is empty
fn.println(parser.con($s == \e))
fn.println(parser.con($s === \e))
fn.println(parser.con(!$s))
fn.println(fn.conNot($s))
fn.println(parser.con(fn.strlen($s) == 0))
fn.println(parser.con(fn.len($s) == 0))
fn.println(parser.op(@$s == 0))

# Is not empty
fn.println(parser.con($s != \e))
fn.println(parser.con($s !== \e))
fn.println(parser.con($s)) # Must be used in conditional parsing mode (Execution parsing mode would return $s as is)
fn.println(fn.bool($s))
fn.println(parser.con(fn.strlen($s) > 0))
fn.println(parser.con(fn.len($s) > 0))
fn.println(parser.op(@$s > 0))

Lasso

//Demonstrate how to assign an empty string to a variable.
local(str = string)
local(str = '')

//Demonstrate how to check that a string is empty.
#str->size == 0 	// true
not #str->size		// true

//Demonstrate how to check that a string is not empty.
local(str = 'Hello, World!')
#str->size > 0 		// true
#str->size		// true

Latitude

Assigning the empty string.

s := "".
s := String clone.

Checking whether a string is empty.

s == "".
s empty?.
s length == 0.

Note that all strings are truthy in Latitude, so simply checking the truthiness of a string is an insufficient means to check whether it is empty.

LFE

Translation of: Clojure
Translation of: Common Lisp
Translation of: Erlang
> (set str "")
()
> (length str)
0
> (=:= 0 (length str))
true
> (=:= 0 (length "apple"))
false
> (=:= "apple" "")
false
> (=/= "apple" "")
true
> (=:= str "")
true
> (=:= "apple" '())
false
> (=/= "apple" '())
true
> (=:= str '())
true
> (case str  ('() 'empty) ((cons head tail) 'not-empty))
empty
> (case "apple"  ('() 'empty) ((cons head tail) 'not-empty))
not-empty

Lhogho

Lhogho is a Logo compiler for Windows and Linux

make "str " ;make null-string word
print empty? :str ;prints 'true'
print not empty? :str ;prints 'false'

Liberty BASIC

'assign empty string to variable
a$ = ""
'check for empty string
if a$="" then print "Empty string."
if len(a$)=0 then print "Empty string."
'check for non-empty string
if a$<>"" then print "Not empty."
if len(a$)>0 then print "Not empty."

Lingo

str = EMPTY -- same as: str = ""
put str=EMPTY
-- 1
put str<>EMPTY
-- 0

LOLCODE

The empty string is a false value in LOLCODE, and is thus amenable to use as the condition of an O RLY?

HAI 1.3

I HAS A string ITZ ""
string, O RLY?
    YA RLY, VISIBLE "STRING HAZ CONTENZ"
    NO WAI, VISIBLE "Y U NO HAS CHARZ?!"
OIC

KTHXBYE

Lua

-- create an empty string 3 different ways
str = ""
str = ''
str = [[]]

-- test for empty string
if str == "" then
  print "The string is empty"
end

-- test for nonempty string
if str ~= "" then
  print "The string is not empty"
end

-- several different ways to check the string's length
if string.len(str) == 0 then
  print "The library function says the string is empty."
end
if str:len() == 0 then
  print "The method call says the string is empty."
end
if #str == 0 then
  print "The unary operator says the string is empty."
end

M2000 Interpreter

Easy reply for this task

A$=""
Print A$<>"", A$="", Len(A$)=0

Depends of variable visibility, and what we want to do: To make a new local, to shadow a local or a global on.

Module Checkit {
      \\
      \\ Part 1: Make global variable, alter it, make a shadow local or global one, use temporary variable
      \\
      Global a$="ok"
      Module Global What {
            Print a$
      }
      Module Checkit {
            Print a$="ok"
            a$<=""
            Print a$=""
            a$<="ok2"
            a$=""
            Print a$="", a$<>""
            Global  a$="ok again"
            Module Inner {
                  Print a$="ok again"
            }
            Inner
            What   \\ now What use new global a$
            \\ display list of public variables
            List
            \\ we can define locals using Def, but raise error if local exist
            Try {
                  Def a$="error"
            }
            Def b$
            Print b$=""
            For This {
                  \\ block for temporary definitions
                  For i=1 to 10 {
                        Local a$=str$(i)
                  }
                  \\ we get 10 more a$
                  List
                  Print a$=" 10"
            }
            Print a$=""
            List
            \\ using current stack
      }
      \\ we call always a local module, or a global, but not this module, 
      \\ no recursion for standard call for modules.
      \\ we have to use Call Checkit to call this module recursive
      Checkit
      What  \\ now what use old global a$
      Print a$<>""  ' true
      List
      
      \\
      \\ Part 2:  Pass an empty string to a variable through stack of values
      \\
      Module Checkit2 {
             \\ read make a local by default
             Read a$
             Print a$=""  ' true
             For This {
                   Push "Hello"
                   Read New a$
                   Print a$="Hello"
                   List
            }
            Print a$=""
      }
      Checkit2 ""
      Print a$<>""  ' true
      Module Checkit3 {
            \\ using Set we change to global  space, for the end of line
             Set Read a$
             Print a$=""  ' true
             list
      }
      Checkit3 ""
      Print a$<>"" ' true
      Module Checkit4 {
            \\ this make a local if no global exist
            \\ so if global exist, alter the global one
             Let a$=Letter$
             Print a$=""  ' true
             list
      }
      Checkit4 ""
      Print a$="" ' true
}
Checkit

Maple

s := ""; # Create an empty string
evalb(s = ""); # test if the string is empty
evalb(s <> ""); # test if the string is not empty

Mathematica / Wolfram Language

str=""; (*Create*)
str==="" (*test empty*)
str=!="" (*test not empty*)

MATLAB / Octave

   % Demonstrate how to assign an empty string to a variable. 
    str = ''; 
    % Demonstrate how to check that a string is empty.
    isempty(str)
    (length(str)==0)
    % Demonstrate how to check that a string is not empty. 
    ~isempty(str)
    (length(str)>0)

Maxima

s: ""$

/* check using string contents */
sequal(s, "");
not sequal(s, "");

/* check using string length */
slength(s) = "";
slength(s) # "";

Mercury

There's nothing special about empty strings in Mercury.

S = "",  % assignment

( if S = "" then ... else ... ),  % checking if a string is empty

( if not S = "" then ... else ... ),  % checking if a string is not empty

min

Works with: min version 0.19.3

The bool operator returns false on an empty string and true on a non-empty string. We can define empty? as the negation of bool.

(bool not) :empty?
"" empty? puts!
"Rosetta Code" empty? puts!
Output:
true
false

MiniScript

Translation of: Wren
string.isEmpty = function
  return self == ""
end function

number.toBoolStr = function
  if self == 0 then return "false"
  return "true"
end function

s = ""
t = "0"
print "'s' is empty? " + s.isEmpty.toBoolStr
print "'t' is empty? " + t.isEmpty.toBoolStr
Output:
's' is empty? true
't' is empty? false

MIPS Assembly

An empty string is just a null terminator with nothing in front of it.

Storing an empty string:

li t0,0
la a0,UserRam
sb t0,(a0)

Checking that a string is (not) empty:

lbu t0,(a0)
nop                       ;load delay slot (only necessary on MIPS I hardware)
beqz t0,StringIsEmpty
nop                       ;branch delay slot 

;your code for what happens when the string is not empty, goes here

Mirah

empty_string1 = ""
empty_string2 = String.new

puts "empty string is empty" if empty_string1.isEmpty()
puts "empty string has no length" if empty_string2.length() == 0
puts "empty string is not nil" unless empty_string1 == nil

Modula-3

MODULE EmptyString EXPORTS Main;

IMPORT IO,Text;

VAR
     Str:TEXT;
BEGIN
     (* Assign an empty string *)
     Str := "";
     (* Check if Str is empty *)
     IF Text.Empty(Str) THEN
	  IO.Put("Str is empty!\n");
     END;
     (* Same as above: *)
     IF Text.Length(Str) = 0 THEN
	  IO.Put("Str is empty!\n");
     END;
     (* To check for a non-empty string, negate any of the above 
	conditions with NOT *)
END EmptyString.

Nanoquery

s = ""

if len(s)=0
        println "s is empty"
else
        println "s is not empty"
end

Nemerle

Assign an empty string:

def empty = "";
mutable fill_later = "";

Check if a string is empty/not empty:

a_string == ""; a_string != 0;
a_string.Length == 0; a_string.Length > 0;

NESL

my_empty_string = "";

% To make sure it is empty, we can ask whether its length is equal to zero. %

#my_empty_string == 0;
Output:
my_empty_string = "" : [char]

it = T : bool

NetRexx

/* NetRexx */
options replace format comments java crossref symbols binary

s1 = '' -- assignment
s2 = "" -- equivalent to s1
parse '.' . s3 . -- parsing a token that doesn't exist results in an empty string 

strings = [s1, s2, s3, ' ']

loop s_ = 0 to strings.length - 1
  say (Rexx s_).right(3)':\-'
  select
    when strings[s_] == ''      then say ' "'strings[s_]'" is really empty'
    when strings[s_].length = 0 then say ' "'strings[s_]'" is empty'
    when strings[s_] = ''       then say ' "'strings[s_]'" looks empty but may not be'
    when strings[s_].length > 0 then say ' "'strings[s_]'" is not empty'
    otherwise nop
    end
  end s_

return
Output:
  0: "" is really empty 
  1: "" is really empty 
  2: "" is really empty 
  3: " " looks empty but may not be

Nim

var x = ""

if x == "":
  echo "empty"
if x != "":
  echo "not empty"

# Alternatively:
if x.len == 0:
  echo "empty"
if x.len > 0:
  echo "not empty"

NS-HUBASIC

10 S$=""
20 IF S$<>"" THEN O$="NOT "
30 PRINT "THE STRING IS "O$"EMPTY."

Nyquist

Lisp Syntax

(setf emptystring "") ;binds variable'emptystring' to the empty string ""

(let ((emptystring "")) ;; Binds local variable 'emptystring' to the empty string ""
  (when (string-equal emptystring "")  ;;case insensitive string comparison
    (print "Is an empty string"))  ;;bad argument error if not a string
  (when (stringp emptystring)
    (print "Is a string"))
  (when (not (stringp emptystring))
    (print "Is not a string"))
  (when (and (stringp emptystring)(= (length emptystring) 0))
    (print "Is an empty string"))
  (when (and (stringp emptystring)(> (length emptystring) 0))
    (print "Is a non-empty string")))

SAL Syntax

define variable emptystring = ""  ;binds variable'emptystring' to the empty string ""

if emptystring = "" then
  print "is empty string"
else
  print "is not empty string"


Audacity plug-in (LISP syntax)

;nyquist plug-in
;version 4
;type tool
;name "Empty string"

(setq emptystring "") ;; Define global variable

(if (string= emptystring "")  ;;case sensitive string comparison
    "The string is empty."
    "The string is not empty.")


Audacity plug-in (SAL syntax)

;nyquist plug-in
;version 4
;codetype sal
;type tool
;name "Empty string"

define variable emptystring = "a" ;; Define global variable

;; The ternary operator is #? 
return #?(emptystring = "",
                        "The string is empty.",
                        "The string is not empty.")

oberon-2

Works with: oo2c version 2
MODULE EmptyString;
IMPORT Out;
VAR
  str: ARRAY 64 OF CHAR;
BEGIN
  str := "";
  Out.String("for str := ");Out.Char('"');Out.Char('"');Out.Char(';');Out.Ln;
  Out.String("checking str = ");Out.Char('"');Out.Char('"');Out.String(" Is Empty? ");Out.Bool(str = "");Out.Ln;
  Out.String("checking str[0] = 0X. Is Empty? ");Out.Bool(str[0] = 0X);Out.Ln;
  str := "Hello Rossetta";
  Out.String("for str :=");Out.Char('"');Out.String(str);Out.Char('"');Out.Char(";");Out.Ln;
  Out.String("checking str = ");Out.Char('"');Out.String(str);Out.Char('"');Out.String(" Is Empty? ");Out.Bool(str = "");Out.Ln;
  Out.String("checking str[0] = 0X. Is Empty? ");Out.Bool(str[0] = 0X);Out.Ln;
END EmptyString.
Output:
for str := "";
checking str = "" Is Empty? TRUE
checking str[0] = 0X. Is Empty? TRUE
for str :="Hello Rossetta";
checking str = "Hello Rossetta" Is Empty? FALSE
checking str[0] = 0X. Is Empty? FALSE

Objeck

s := "";
if(s->IsEmpty()) {
   "s is empty"->PrintLine();
} else{
   "s is not empty"->PrintLine();
};

OCaml

let is_string_empty s =
  (s = "")

let () =
  let s1 = ""
  and s2 = "not empty" in
  Printf.printf "s1 empty? %B\n" (is_string_empty s1);
  Printf.printf "s2 empty? %B\n" (is_string_empty s2);
;;
Output:
s1 empty? true
s2 empty? false

Oforth

isEmpty can be used on all collections, not only strings.

"" isEmpty
"" isEmpty not

Ol

; define the empty string
(define empty-string "")

; three simplest tests for 'the-string emptiness
(if (or
      (string-eq? the-string "")
      (string=?   the-string "")
      (eq? (string-length the-string) 0))
   (print "the-string is empty")

; four simplest tests for 'the-string not emptiness
(if (or
      (not (string-eq? the-string ""))
      (not (string=?   the-string ""))
      (not (eq? (string-length the-string) 0))
      (less? 0 (string-length the-string)))
   (print "the-string is NOT empty))

ooRexx

should work with each and every REXX interpreter/compiler.

v=''
w=' '
if v=='' Then Say 'v contains the empty string'<
If length(w)>0 Then Say 'Variable w does not contain the empty string'
If w='' Then Say 'this is not a good test'
Output:
v contains the empty string
Variable w does not contain the empty string
this is not a good test

OpenEdge/Progress

Strings can be stored in CHARACTER and LONGCHAR variables. Both are initially empty. Both can also be unknown. A CHARACTER has a maximum length of approx 32000 bytes.

DEFINE VARIABLE cc AS CHARACTER.

IF cc > '' THEN
   MESSAGE 'not empty' VIEW-AS ALERT-BOX.
ELSE IF cc = ? THEN
   MESSAGE 'unknown' VIEW-AS ALERT-BOX.
ELSE /* IF cc = '' */
   MESSAGE 'empty' VIEW-AS ALERT-BOX.

PARI/GP

a="";
isEmpty(s)=s==""    \\ Alternately:
isEmpty(s)=#s==0
isNonempty(s)=s!=""    \\ Alternatively:
isNonempty(s)=#s

Pascal

See also Delphi or Free Pascal

Works with: Extended Pascal
program emptyString(output);
var
	s: string(20);
begin
	{ assigning an empty string }
	s := '';
	
	{ checking for an empty string }
	writeLn(   'EQ(s, '''') :':20, EQ(s, ''):6);
	writeLn( 'length(s) = 0 :':20, length(s) = 0:6);
	
	{ checking that a string is not empty }
	writeLn(   'NE(s, '''') :':20, NE(s, ''):6);
	writeLn( 'length(s) > 0 :':20, length(s) > 0:6);
	
	{ Beware: Only the string comparison functions (`EQ`, `NE`, etc.) take }
	{ the string’s length into account. The symbolic `=` equal comparison }
	{ operator, however, will pad operands with blanks to the same common }
	{ length, and _subsequently_ compare individual string components. }
	writeLn('!!!  s = '' '' :':20, s = ' ':6);
	{ If you want to perform the empty string check with an `=` comparison, }
	{ you will need to call `trim` (remove trailing blanks) first. }
	writeLn('trim(s) = '''' :':20, trim(s) = '':6)
end.
Output:
         EQ(s, '') :  True
     length(s) = 0 :  True
         NE(s, '') : False
     length(s) > 0 : False
      !!!  s = ' ' :  True
      trim(s) = '' :  True

PascalABC.NET

Translation of: F#
// Empty string. Nigel Galloway: September 27th., 2024
##
var emptyString:=System.string.Empty;
(emptyString=System.string.Empty).Println;
(emptyString<>System.string.Empty).Println;
Output:
True
False

Perl

if ($s eq "") {    # Test for empty string
  print "The string is empty";
}
if ($s ne "") {    # Test for non empty string
  print "The string is not empty";
}

In Perl, an empty string is often used to represent a false value.

$s = "";
if ($s) { ... }  # false

# to tell if a string is false because it's empty, or it's plain not there (undefined)
$s = undef;
if (defined $s) { ... } # false; would be true on ""

# though, perl implicitly converts between strings and numbers, so this is also false
$s = "0";
if ($s) { ... } # false; also false on "000", "0.0", "\x0", "0 with text", etc

# but a string that converts to number 0 is not always false, though:
$s = "0 but true";
if ($s) { ... }  # it's true! black magic!

Phix

Library: Phix/basics
with javascript_semantics
string s
 
s = ""                  -- assign an empty string
 
if length(s)=0 then     -- string is empty
if s="" then            -- string is empty
 
if length(s)!=0 then    -- string is not empty
if s!="" then           -- string is not empty

Phixmonti

/# Rosetta Code problem: http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Empty_string
by Galileo, 10/2022 #/

"" var s
s len if "String is NOT empty" else "String IS empty" endif print nl
" " "" == if "String IS empty" else "String is NOT empty" endif print
Output:
String IS empty
String is NOT empty
=== Press any key to exit ===

PHP

<?php

$str = ''; // assign an empty string to a variable

// check that a string is empty
if (empty($str)) { ... }

// check that a string is not empty
if (! empty($str)) { ... }

// we could also use the following
if ($str == '') { ... }
if ($str != '') { ... }

if (strlen($str) == 0) { ... }
if (strlen($str) != 0) { ... }

Picat

main =>
  S = "",            % assign an empty string to a variable
  S == "",           % check that a string is empty,
  "not empty" != "". % check that a string is not empty

In Picat a string is a list of characters so list notation can be also be used.

main =>
  S = "",            % assign an empty string to a variable
  S == [],           % check that a string is empty,
  "not empty" != []. % check that a string is not empty

PicoLisp

The empty string is represented by 'NIL' in PicoLisp. During input, two subsequent double quotes '""' return the symbol NIL.

# To assign a variable an empty string:
(off String)
(setq String "")
(setq String NIL)

# To check for an empty string:
(or String ..)
(ifn String ..)
(unless String ..)

# or a non-empty string:
(and String ..)
(if String ..)
(when String ..)

Pike

int main() {
	string s;

	if (!s == 1 || sizeof(s) == 0 || s == "") {
		write("String is empty\n");
	}
	else {
		write("String not empty\n");
	}

	return 0;
}

PL/I

Dcl s Char(10) Varying;
s = '';                   /* assign an empty string to a variable. */
if length(s) = 0 then ... /* To test whether a string is empty */
if length(s) > 0 then ... /* to test for a non-empty string */

Plain English

To run:
Start up.
Put "" into a string.
If the string is blank, write "Empty!" on the console.
If the string is not blank, write "Not empty!" on the console.
Wait for the escape key.
Shut down.

PowerShell

Assignment (the type identifier is optional):

[string]$alpha = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"
[string]$empty = ""
# or...
[string]$empty = [String]::Empty

Tests:

[String]::IsNullOrEmpty($alpha) 
[String]::IsNullOrEmpty($empty)
Output:
False
True

Prolog

Works with: SWI-Prolog version 7
assign_empty_string(Variable) :- Variable = "".

is_empty_string(String)  :- String ==  "".
not_empty_string(String) :- String \== "".

PureBasic

In PureBasic we can just test a string for truth to determine if it has a value.

Procedure.s isStringEmpty(a.s)
  If a
    ProcedureReturn "String is not empty, it contains '" + a + "'."
  Else
    ProcedureReturn "String is empty, or null."
  EndIf 
EndProcedure

If OpenConsole()
  Define a.s = ""
  Define b.s = "stuff"
  PrintN(isStringEmpty(a))
  PrintN(isStringEmpty(b))
  
  Print(#CRLF$ + #CRLF$ + "Press ENTER to exit"): Input()
  CloseConsole()
EndIf
Output:
String is empty, or null.
String is not empty, it contains 'stuff'.

Python

The empty string is printed by Python REPL as '', and is treated as boolean false (as are most empty container types, by convention). Any non-empty string, including '0', is always treated as True in a boolean context.

s = ''
# or:
s = str()

if not s or s == '':
   print("String is empty")

if len(s) == 0:
    print("String is empty")
else:
    print("String not empty")


# boolean test function for python2 and python3
# test for regular (non-unicode) strings
# unicode strings
# None 
def emptystring(s):
   if isinstance(s, (''.__class__ , u''.__class__) ):
      if len(s) == 0: 
         return True
      else 
         return False

   elif s is None:
        return True

QB64

Dim s1 As String 'initialized empty
If Len(s1) = 0 Then Print "Empty"

s2$ = ""
If s2$ = "" Then Print "Empty"

s3$ = "cat"
If Len(s3$) <> 0 Then Print "Not empty"
If s3$ <> "" Then Print "Still not empty"
Output:
Empty
Empty
Not empty
Still not empty

Quackery

Quackery does not have variables or assignment. The closest equivalent to variables is its ancillary stacks. temp is a predefined ancillary stack. Rather than assigning an empty string to a variable, we can create an empty string and move it to temp.

Demonstrated as a dialogue in the Quackery REPL.

Welcome to Quackery.

Enter "leave" to leave the shell.

/O> $ "" temp put ( move an empty string to temp                                     )
... temp share    ( copy the empty string on temp to the stack                       )
... $ '' =        ( compare the top of stack to an empty string, and replace it with
...                 1 (true) if it is an empty string and 0 (false) if it is not.    )
... temp take     ( move the empty string on temp to the stack                       )
... $ '' !=       ( compare the top of stack to an empty string, and replace it with
...                 1 (true) if it is not an empty string and 0 (false) if it is.    )
... 

Stack: 1 0 

/O> leave
... 

Aloha.

Quite BASIC

10 let s=""
20 if s="" then let o=""
30 if s<>"" then let o="not "
40 print "The string is ";o;"empty."

R

s <- ''

if (s == '') cat('Empty\n')
#or
if (nchar(s) == 0) cat('Empty\n')

if (s != '') cat('Not empty\n')
#or
if (nchar(s) > 0) cat('Not empty\n')

Racket

#lang racket

(define empty-string "")
(define (string-null? s) (string=? "" s))
(define (string-not-null? s) (string<? "" s))

Raku

(formerly Perl 6)

my $s = '';
say 'String is empty' unless $s;
say 'String is not empty' if $s;

Unlike in Perl 5, only empty strings test as false - the string "0" tests as true now.

Rascal

str s = "";
if (s=="") print("string s is empty");
if (s!="") print("string s is not empty");

Or the build-in operator:

import String;
if (isEmpty(s)) print("string s is empty");
if (isEmpty(s)) print("string s is not empty");

Red

Red []
s: copy ""   ;; assign empty string
?? s
if empty? s [print "string is empty "]          ;; check if string is empty 
s: "abc"
prin s unless empty? s  [print " not empty"]
Output:
s: ""
string is empty 
abc not empty
>> 

Retro

Create an empty string and assign it to a variable. In these keepString is used to ensure that the string is permanent.

( by creating a variable )
"" keepString variable: foo

( by setting an existing variable 'foo' )
"" keepString !foo

Checking that a string is empty. A string with a length of zero is assumed to be empty.

: emtpy? ( $-f )  getLength 0 = ;

"" empty? putn
"hello" empty? putn

Check that a string is not empty.

: notEmpty? ( $-f ) getLength 0 > ;

"" notEmpty? putn
"hello" notEmpty? putn

REXX

/*REXX program shows how to assign an empty string, & then check for empty/not-empty str*/

                /*─────────────── 3 simple ways to assign an empty string to a variable.*/
auk=''          /*uses two single quotes (also called  apostrophes);  easier to peruse. */
ide=""          /*uses two quotes,  sometimes called a  double quote.                   */
doe=            /*··· nothing at all   (which in this case, a null value is assigned.   */

                /*─────────────── assigning multiple null values to vars, 2 methods are:*/
parse var doe emu pug yak nit moa owl pas jay koi ern ewe fae gar hob

                /*where  emu, pug, yak, ···  (and the rest) are all set to a null value.*/

                /*───or─── (with less clutter ─── or more, depending on your perception)*/
parse value 0 with . ant ape ant imp fly tui paa elo dab cub bat ayu
                /*where the value of  zero  is skipped,  and  the rest are set to  null,*/
                /*which is the next value  AFTER  the  0  (zero):   nothing (or a null).*/

                /*─────────────── how to check that a string is empty, several methods: */
if cat==''         then say "the feline is not here."
if pig==""         then say 'no ham today.'
if length(gnu)==0  then say "the wildebeest's stomach is empty and hungry."
if length(ips)=0   then say "checking with   ==   instead of  =  is faster"
if length(hub)<1   then method = "this is rather obtuse,  don't do as I do ···"

nit=''                                           /*assign an empty string to a lice egg.*/
if cow==nit        then say 'the cow has no milk today.'

                /*─────────────── how to check that a string isn't empty, several ways: */
if dog\==''        then say "the dogs are out!"
                                                 /*most REXXes support the ¬ character. */
if fox¬==''        then say "and the fox is in the henhouse."
if length(rat)>0   then say "the rat is singing" /*an obscure-ish (or ugly) way to test.*/

if elk==''         then nop; else say "long way obtuse for an elk to be tested."

if length(eel)\==0 then fish=eel                 /*a fast compare (than below), & quick.*/
if length(cod)\=0  then fish=cod                 /*a not-as-fast compare.               */

                /*────────────────────────── anyway, as they say: "choose your poison." */

Ring

cStr = NULL # empty string
if cStr = NULL 
   see "cstr is an empty string!" + nl
else
   see "cstr is not empty string!" + nl
ok

Robotic

set "$string" to ""
if "$string.length" = 0 then "empty"
* "Not an empty string."
end

: "empty"
* "Empty string"
end

RPL

Assigning an empty string to a variable

Here, s1 is a temporary variable that disappears at execution end: the instruction both declares the variable and transfers the value at stack level 1 into it. STO does the same, but the syntax is different (instruction after the variable name) and the created variable is persistent.

≪  "" → s1
  ≪ "" 's2' STO 
     "something" 's3' STO
≫ ≫

Testing if a string variable is empty

2 methods:

IF s2 "" == THEN "Empty" END
IF s2 SIZE NOT THEN "Empty" END

Testing if a string variable is not empty

2 methods:

IF s3 "" ≠ THEN "Not empty" END
IF s3 SIZE THEN "Not empty" END

Ruby

Create an empty string

s = ""
s = String.new
s = "any string"; s.clear

These expressions all evaluate to true to determine emptiness:

s == ""
s.eql?("")
s.empty?
s.length == 0
s[/\A\z/]

# also silly things like
s.each_char.to_a.empty?

Non-empty expressions, in addition to simply negating the above expressions:

s != ""
s.length > 0
s[/./m]

Note that we can not do the following, because the empty string is equivalent to true in Ruby (Boolean values#Ruby):

if s then puts "not empty" end  # This code is wrong!

Run BASIC

var$ = ""
' --------------
'empty string
' -------------
if var$=""	then print "String is Empty"
if len(var$)=0	then print "String is Empty"
' -------------
'not empty string
' -------------
if var$<>"" 	then print "String Not empty."
if len(var$)>0	then print "String Not empty."

Rust

let s = "";
println!("is empty: {}", s.is_empty());
let t = "x";
println!("is empty: {}", t.is_empty());
let a = String::new();
println!("is empty: {}", a.is_empty());
let b = "x".to_string();
println!("is empty: {}", b.is_empty());
println!("is not empty: {}", !b.is_empty());

Scala

// assign empty string to a variable
val s=""
// check that string is empty
s.isEmpty    // true
s==""        // true
s.size==0    // true
// check that string is not empty
s.nonEmpty   // false
s!=""        // false
s.size>0     // false

Scheme

(define empty-string "")
(define (string-null? s) (string=? "" s))
(define (string-not-null? s) (string<? "" s))

Seed7

# assign empty string to a variable
s := ""

# check that string is empty
s = ""

# check that string is not empty
s <> ""

Self

"Put an empty string in a slot called 'str'"
str: ''.
 
"Check that string is empty"
str isEmpty.
 
"Check that string is not empty"
str isEmpty not.

SenseTalk

set emptyString to ""

put emptyString

put emptyString is empty

put emptyString is not empty
Output:

True
False

Sidef

Create an empty string:

var s = "";
var s = String.new;

These expressions all evaluate to true to determine emptiness:

s == "";
s.length == 0;
s.is_empty;
s ~~ /^\z/;
s ~~ /\A\z/;

Non-empty expressions, in addition to simply negating the above expressions:

s != "";
s.length > 0;
s ~~ /./s;
s !~ /^\z/;

Slope

(define test-string-1 "")
(define test-string-2 "Not empty")

(define empty-string? (lambda (x)
  (and (string? x) (zero? (length x)))))

(empty-string? test-string-1) ; #t
(empty-string? test-string-2) ; #f

Smalltalk

"Assign empty string to a variable"
  str := ''.

"Check that string is empty"
  str isEmpty.

"Check that string is not empty"
  str isEmpty not.
"alternatives:"
  str notEmpty
  str size = 0
  str = ''

Notice that assignment is ":=" whereas equality check is "=".

SNOBOL4

An assignment statement with nothing to the right of the = operator assigns the empty string (or, as it is more commonly called in SNOBOL, the null string).

* ASSIGN THE NULL STRING TO X
        X =
* CHECK THAT X IS INDEED NULL
        EQ(X, NULL)         :S(YES)
        OUTPUT = 'NOT NULL' :(END)
YES     OUTPUT = 'NULL'
END
Output:
NULL

Standard ML

(* Assign empty string to a variable *)
val s = ""
(* Check that a string is empty*)
s = ""
(* Check that a string is nonempty *)
s <> ""

Stata

scalar s=""

display s==""

* Alternatively, check the length
display length(s)==0

Swift

var s = ""
if s.isEmpty { // alternately, s == ""
  println("s is empty")
} else {
  println("s is not empty")
}

TAV

  s =: ''
  ? s.Count = 0
   print "String s is empty."
  ? s.Count ~= 0
   print "String s is not empty."
Output:
String s is empty.

Tcl

The only special position that the empty string has in Tcl is that a great many commands return it, and the REPL of tclsh and wish doesn't print it. Otherwise, it is just like any other value.

set s ""
if {$s eq ""} {puts "s contains an empty string"}
if {$s ne ""} {puts "s contains a non-empty string"}

There are other ways to check for emptiness and non-emptiness too (though the above are favored for reasons of simplicity, clarity and speed):

if {[string equal $s ""]} {puts "is empty"}
if {[string length $s] == 0} {puts "is empty"}
if {[string compare $s ""] != 0} {puts "is non-empty"}

TorqueScript

Assign an empty string to $empty

 $empty = "";

Check if $empty is an empty string

 if($empty $= "") { echo("$empty is an empty string."); }

Check if $empty is not an empty string

 if($empty !$= "") { echo("$empty is not an empty string."); }

TUSCRIPT

$$ MODE TUSCRIPT
s=""
IF (s=="") PRINT "s is an empty string"
IF (s!="") PRINT "s is a non-empty string"
Output:
s is an empty string

TXR

Pattern Matching

@(bind a "")

If a is unbound, a binding is created, containing the empty string. If a is already bound, bind succeeds if a contains the empty string, and the pattern matching continues at the next directive. Or else a failure occurs, triggering backtracking behavior.

TXR Lisp

(defvarl a "")

(if (equal a "")
  (format t "empty string\n"))

(set a "nonempty")

(if (zerop (length a))
  (format t "guess what?\n"))

UNIX Shell

# assign an empty string to a variable
s=""

# the "test" command can determine truth by examining the string itself
if [ "$s" ]; then echo "not empty"; else echo "empty"; fi

# compare the string to the empty string
if [ "$s" = "" ]; then echo "s is the empty string"; fi
if [ "$s" != "" ]; then echo "s is not empty"; fi

# examine the length of the string
if [ -z "$s" ]; then echo "the string has length zero: it is empty"; fi
if [ -n "$s" ]; then echo "the string has length non-zero: it is not empty"; fi

When using comparison operators, it is crucial to double-quote the variable within the conditional expression. This will ensure the shell sees the correct number of arguments. For example, if one were to write [ $s = "" ], then after variable substitition, the shell will try to evaluate [ = "" ] which is a syntax error.

Ursa

decl string s
set s ""

if (= s "")
	out "empty" endl console
else
	out "not empty" endl console
end if

VAX Assembly

desc:  .ascid "not empty"         ;descriptor (len+addr) and text
.entry empty, ^m<>
       tstw desc                  ;check length field
       beql is_empty
       ;... not empty
       clrw desc                  ;set length to zero -> empty
is_empty:
       ;... empty
       ret
.end empty

VBA

dim s as string

' assign an empty string to a variable (six bytes):
s = ""
' assign null string pointer to a variable (zero bytes, according to RubberduckVBA):
s = vbNullString
' if your VBA code interacts with non-VBA code, this difference may become significant!

' test if a string is empty:
if s = "" then Debug.Print "empty!"
' or:
if Len(s) = 0 then Debug.Print "still empty!"

'test if a string is not empty:
if s <> "" then Debug.Print "not an empty string"
'or:
if Len(s) > 0 then Debug.Print "not empty."

VBScript

See VBA

Visual Basic

See VBA

Visual Basic .NET

Compiler: Roslyn Visual Basic (language version >= 14, e.g. with Visual Studio 2015)

In brief

Dim s As String

' Assign empty string:
s = ""
' or
s = String.Empty

' Check for empty string only (false if s is null):
If s IsNot Nothing AndAlso s.Length = 0 Then
End If

' Check for null or empty (more idiomatic in .NET):
If String.IsNullOrEmpty(s) Then
End If

In depth

Note: implementation information provided in comments was obtained reflecting .NET libraries and viewing the .NET Core reference source and may not be correct or remain relevant as time passes.

In .NET Core, functions defined in Microsoft.VisualBasic are only available for .NET Core 3.0 and above.

Option Strict On

Module Program
    Sub Main()
        ' Equality is somewhat convoluted in .NET, and VB doesn't help by adding legacy means of comparison.
        ' The methods above are the author's recommendation for each case.
        ' Some also return true if the string is Nothing/null; this is noted in the description for those that
        ' do.

        ' s is initialized to Nothing. It is a variable of the System.String type that is a null reference and is not
        ' the empty string.
        Dim s As String = Nothing

        ' Alias Console.WriteLine(Boolean) with a shorter name to make the demonstration code less verbose.
        Dim P As Action(Of Boolean) = AddressOf Console.WriteLine

        ' Assign the empty string literal to s.
        s = ""

        '' Assign String.Empty to s.
        s = String.Empty

        ' The empty string literal is the same object reference as String.Empty because of string interning, meaning the
        ' behavior of the two is identical.
        ' From this point on, "" will be used instead of String.Empty for brevity.

        '#Is operator
        ' The Is operator tests for reference equality. However, which strings are interned is a CLR implementation
        ' detail and may be unreliable when comparing non-empty strings. The equivalent in C# would be (object)s == "".
        ' Note that there is no such operator as Object.op_Equality(Object, Object): the use of the == operator for
        ' types of type Object is a C# language feature.
        P(s Is "")

        '#Object.ReferenceEquals(Object, Object)
        ' The previous line is semantically to the following, though it does not involve a method call. 
        P(Object.ReferenceEquals(s, ""))

        '#= Operator
        'True for Nothing.
        ' The VB.NET compiler does not use the System.String implementation of the equality operator. Instead, it emits
        ' a call to a method in the Visual Basic runtime, Operators.CompareString, which checks for reference equality
        ' before calling System.String.CompareOrdinal(String, String), which checks again for reference equality before
        ' comparing character-by-character.
        P(s = "")

        '#Microsoft.VisualBasic.CompilerServices.Operators.CompareString(String, String, Boolean)
        'True for Nothing.
        ' Equivalent to the above line, though methods in the CompilerServices namespace are not meant for use by
        ' regular code.
        ' The third argument indicates whether to use a textual comparison (e.g. ignore case and diacritics).
        P(0 = CompilerServices.Operators.CompareString(s, "", False))

        '#Microsoft.VisualBasic.Strings.StrComp(String, String, [CompareMethod])
        'True for Nothing.
        ' A wrapper around CompareString that is intended for use.
        P(0 = StrComp(s, ""))

        '#String.op_Equality(String, String)
        ' It is possible to directly call the equality operator of System.String, which is implemented as a call to
        ' String.Equals(String).
        P(String.op_Equality(s, ""))

        '#String.Equals(String, String)
        ' Call the static method defined on the String type.
        '  first calls Object.ReferenceEquals and then, after verifying that both are strings of the same length,
        ' compares the strings character-by-character.
        P(String.Equals(s, ""))

        '#Object.Equals(Object, Object)
        ' First checks for reference equality and whether one or both of the arguments is Nothing. It then invokes the
        ' instance Equals method of the left parameter.
        P(Object.Equals(s, ""))

        '#String.Equals(String)
        ' The method is called with the string literal as the receiver because a NullReferenceException is thrown if s
        ' is Nothing.
        P("".Equals(s))

        '#Microsoft.VisualBasic.Strings.Len(String)
        'True for Nothing.
        ' Check the length using Microsoft.VisualBasic.Strings.Len(String). This method returns s?.Length (see below).
        P(0 = Len(s))

        '#String.Length
        ' Check the Length property. The ?. (null-conditional) operator is used to avoid NullReferenceException. The Equals
        ' call above can also be done this way.
        ' A method call must be added because the equality operator propagates Nothing/null (that is, the result of the
        ' expression is Nullable(Of Boolean)). This has the side effect of making it behave "correctly" for null.
        P((s?.Length = 0).GetValueOrDefault())

        ' The If statement automatically unwraps nullable Booleans, however.
        If s?.Length = 0 Then
        End If

        '#String.Length
        ' A more traditional version of the null-conditional using a guard clause.
        ' Both the null-conditional and this are noticeably (~4 times) faster than "".Equals(s). In general, it appears that
        ' for empty strings, using the length is faster than using an equality comparison.
        P(s IsNot Nothing AndAlso s.Length = 0)

        '#String.IsNullOrEmpty(String)
        'True for Nothing
        ' A static method of System.String that returns true if the string is Nothing or its length is zero.
        P(String.IsNullOrEmpty(s))

        '#System.Collections.Generic.EqualityComparer(Of String).Default.Equals(String, String)
        ' The EqualityComparer(Of T) class provides default implementations when an IEqualityComparer(Of T) is required.
        ' The implementation for String calls String.Equals(String).
        P(EqualityComparer(Of String).Default.Equals(s, ""))

        Console.WriteLine()

        ' Each of the methods described above, except testing for a non-empty string.
        P(s IsNot "")
        P(Not Object.ReferenceEquals(s, ""))
        P(s <> "")
        P(0 <> CompilerServices.Operators.CompareString(s, "", False))
        P(0 <> StrComp(s, ""))
        P(String.op_Inequality(s, ""))
        P(Not String.Equals(s, ""))
        P(Not Object.Equals(s, ""))
        P(Not "".Equals(s))
        P(Len(s) <> 0)
        P((s?.Length <> 0).GetValueOrDefault())
        P(s Is Nothing OrElse s.Length <> 0)
        P(Not String.IsNullOrEmpty(s))
        P(Not EqualityComparer(Of String).Default.Equals(s, ""))
    End Sub
End Module
Output:
True
True
True
True
True
True
True
True
True
True
True
True
True
True

False
False
False
False
False
False
False
False
False
False
False
False
False
False

V (Vlang)

// define and initialize an empty string
mut s := ""

// assign an empty string to a variable
s = ""

// check that a string is empty, any of:
s == ""
s.len() == 0

// check that a string is not empty, any of:
s != ""
s.len() != 0 // or > 0
fn test(s string) {
	if s.len() == 0 {
		println("empty")
	} else {
		println("not empty")
	}
}

fn main() {
	// assign an empty string to a variable.
	str1 := ""
	str2 := " "
	// check if a string is empty.
	test(str1) // prt empty
	// check that a string is not empty.
	test(str2) // prt not empty
}

Wee Basic

let string$=""
if string$=""
print 1 "The string is empty."
elseif string$<>""
print 1 "The string is not empty."
endif
end

Wren

var isEmpty = Fn.new { |s| s == "" }

var s = ""
var t = "0"
System.print("'s' is empty? %(isEmpty.call(s))")
System.print("'t' is empty? %(isEmpty.call(t))")
Output:
's' is empty? true
't' is empty? false

X86-64 Assembly

UASM 2.52

option casemap:none

printf    proto :qword, :VARARG
exit      proto :dword

.data
e_str   db 1 dup (0)

.code
main proc
  xor rcx, rcx
  lea rax, e_str  
  cmp byte ptr [rax+rcx],0          ;; Is e_str[0] equal to 0?
  je _isempty                       ;; Yes so goto isEmpty
  jne _notempty                     ;; No, got notEmpty
  jmp _exit                         ;; Neither condition is met, so exit.

  _isempty:
    invoke printf, CSTR("e_str is empty",10)
    lea rax, e_str
    mov byte ptr [rax+0], 's'       ;; Copy a char into e_str[0]
    jmp main                        ;; Test again..

  _notempty:
    invoke printf, CSTR("e_str is NOT empty",10)
    ;; Fall though to exit here..
 _exit:
    xor rsi, rsi
    call exit
    ret
main endp
end
Output:
e_str is empty
e_str is NOT empty

XLISP

STRING-NULL? returns true if its argument is a string of length zero. In a REPL:

[1] (define my-empty-string "") ;; assign an empty string to a variable

MY-EMPTY-STRING
[2] (string-null? my-empty-string)

#T
[3] (string-null? "A non-empty string")

()

XPL0

code Text=12;
string 0;       \use zero-terminated convention, instead of MSb set
char S;
[S:= "";        \assign an empty string
if S(0) = 0 then Text(0, "empty
");
S:= "Hello";
if S(0) # 0 then Text(0, "not empty
");
]

Z80 Assembly

Translation of: 6502 Assembly

An empty string is just a null terminator with no text in front.

EmptyString:
byte 0

Checking if a string is empty is simple, just count the number of characters before you reach the terminator. If that count equals zero, the string is empty. Otherwise, the string is not empty.

ld hl,MyString

GetStringLength:
	ld b,0        ;zero the length counter
loop_getStringLength:
	ld a,(hl)
	or a          ;compare A to zero
	ret z         ;exit if zero

	inc hl        ;next char
	inc b         ;add 1 to length counter
	jr loop_getStringLength

ld a,b    ;load B into A
or a      ;compare A to zero (effectively comparing B to zero)
jr z,StringIsEmpty
;your code for what happens when MyString is not empty goes here.

zkl

s:="";     // or s:=String, String is the object ""
s.toBool() //-->False
if (s) println("not empty")

Zoomscript

For typing:

var string
string = ""
if eq string ""
	print "The string is empty."
else
	print "The string is not empty."
endif

For importing:

¶0¶var string¶0¶string = ""¶0¶if eq string ""¶1¶print "The string is empty."¶0¶else¶1¶print "The string is not empty."¶0¶endif

ZX Spectrum Basic

See BASIC

Zig

const std = @import("std");

pub fn main() !void {
    // default is [:0]const u8, which is a 0-terminated string with len field
    const str = "";
    if (str.len == 0) {
        std.debug.print("string empty\n", .{});
    }
    if (str.len != 0) {
        std.debug.print("string not empty\n", .{});
    }
}
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