String matching

From Rosetta Code
Task
String matching
You are encouraged to solve this task according to the task description, using any language you may know.

Basic Data Operation
This is a basic data operation. It represents a fundamental action on a basic data type.

You may see other such operations in the Basic Data Operations category, or:

Integer Operations
Arithmetic | Comparison

Boolean Operations
Bitwise | Logical

String Operations
Concatenation | Interpolation | Comparison | Matching

Memory Operations
Pointers & references | Addresses

Task

Given two strings, demonstrate the following three types of string matching:

  1.   Determining if the first string starts with second string
  2.   Determining if the first string contains the second string at any location
  3.   Determining if the first string ends with the second string


Optional requirements:

  1.   Print the location of the match for part 2
  2.   Handle multiple occurrences of a string for part 2.


Other tasks related to string operations:
Metrics
Counting
Remove/replace
Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling
Find/Search/Determine
Formatting
Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases
Tokenize
Sequences



11l

Translation of: Python

<lang 11l>print(‘abcd’.starts_with(‘ab’)) print(‘abcd’.ends_with(‘zn’)) print(‘bb’ C ‘abab’) print(‘ab’ C ‘abab’) print(‘abab’.find(‘bb’) ? -1) print(‘abab’.find(‘ab’) ? -1)</lang>

Output:
1B
0B
0B
1B
-1
0

360 Assembly

<lang 360asm>* String matching 04/04/2017 STRMATCH CSECT

        USING  STRMATCH,R15
        XPRNT  SS,L'SS
        CLC    SS(L'S1),S1
        BNE    NOT1
        XPRNT  =C'-- STARTS WITH',14
        XPRNT  S1,L'S1

NOT1 EQU *

        CLC    SS+L'SS-L'S2(L'S2),S2
        BNE    NOT2
        XPRNT  =C'-- ENDS WITH',12
        XPRNT  S2,L'S2

NOT2 EQU *

        LA     R0,L'SS-L'S3+1
        LA     R1,SS

LOOP CLC 0(L'S3,R1),S3

        BNE    NOT3
        XPRNT  =C'-- CONTAINS',11
        XPRNT  S3,L'S3

NOT3 LA R1,1(R1)

        BCT    R0,LOOP
        BR     R14

SS DC CL6'ABCDEF' S1 DC CL2'AB' S2 DC CL2'EF' S3 DC CL2'CD' PG DC CL80' '

        YREGS
        END    STRMATCH</lang>
Output:
ABCDEF
-- STARTS WITH
AB
-- ENDS WITH
EF
-- CONTAINS
CD

AArch64 Assembly

Works with: as version Raspberry Pi 3B version Buster 64 bits

<lang AArch64 Assembly> /* ARM assembly AARCH64 Raspberry PI 3B */ /* program strMatching64.s */

/*******************************************/ /* Constantes file */ /*******************************************/ /* for this file see task include a file in language AArch64 assembly*/ .include "../includeConstantesARM64.inc" /*******************************************/ /* Initialized data */ /*******************************************/ .data szMessFound: .asciz "String found. \n" szMessNotFound: .asciz "String not found. \n" szString: .asciz "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz" szString2: .asciz "abc" szStringStart: .asciz "abcd" szStringEnd: .asciz "xyz" szStringStart2: .asciz "abcd" szStringEnd2: .asciz "xabc" szCarriageReturn: .asciz "\n" /*******************************************/ /* UnInitialized data */ /*******************************************/ .bss /*******************************************/ /* code section */ /*******************************************/ .text .global main main:

   ldr x0,qAdrszString                  // address input string
   ldr x1,qAdrszStringStart             // address search string

   bl searchStringDeb                   // Determining if the first string starts with second string
   cmp x0,0
   ble 1f
   ldr x0,qAdrszMessFound               // display message
   bl affichageMess
   b 2f

1:

   ldr x0,qAdrszMessNotFound
   bl affichageMess

2:

   ldr x0,qAdrszString                 // address input string
   ldr x1,qAdrszStringEnd              // address search string
   bl searchStringFin                  // Determining if the first string ends with the second string
   cmp x0,0
   ble 3f
   ldr x0,qAdrszMessFound              // display message
   bl affichageMess
   b 4f

3:

   ldr x0,qAdrszMessNotFound
   bl affichageMess

4:

   ldr x0,qAdrszString2               // address input string
   ldr x1,qAdrszStringStart2          // address search string

   bl searchStringDeb                 // 
   cmp x0,0
   ble 5f
   ldr x0,qAdrszMessFound             // display message
   bl affichageMess
   b 6f

5:

   ldr x0,qAdrszMessNotFound
   bl affichageMess

6:

   ldr x0,qAdrszString2               // address input string
   ldr x1,qAdrszStringEnd2            // address search string
   bl searchStringFin
   cmp x0,0
   ble 7f
   ldr x0,qAdrszMessFound            // display message
   bl affichageMess
   b 8f

7:

   ldr x0,qAdrszMessNotFound
   bl affichageMess

8:

   ldr x0,qAdrszString               // address input string
   ldr x1,qAdrszStringEnd            // address search string
   bl searchSubString                // Determining if the first string contains the second string at any location
   cmp x0,0
   ble 9f
   ldr x0,qAdrszMessFound            // display message
   bl affichageMess
   b 10f

9:

   ldr x0,qAdrszMessNotFound         // display substring result
   bl affichageMess

10:

100: // standard end of the program

   mov x0,0                          // return code
   mov x8,EXIT                       // request to exit program
   svc 0                             // perform system call

qAdrszMessFound: .quad szMessFound qAdrszMessNotFound: .quad szMessNotFound qAdrszString: .quad szString qAdrszString2: .quad szString2 qAdrszStringStart: .quad szStringStart qAdrszStringEnd: .quad szStringEnd qAdrszStringStart2: .quad szStringStart2 qAdrszStringEnd2: .quad szStringEnd2 qAdrszCarriageReturn: .quad szCarriageReturn /******************************************************************/ /* search substring at begin of input string */ /******************************************************************/ /* x0 contains the address of the input string */ /* x1 contains the address of substring */ /* x0 returns 1 if find or 0 if not or -1 if error */ searchStringDeb:

   stp x1,lr,[sp,-16]!            // save  registers
   stp x2,x3,[sp,-16]!            // save  registers
   mov x3,0                       // counter byte  string 
   ldrb w4,[x1,x3]                // load first byte of substring
   cbz x4,99f                     // empty string ?

1:

   ldrb w2,[x0,x3]                // load byte string input
   cbz x2,98f                     // zero final ?
   cmp x4,x2                      // bytes equals ?
   bne 98f                        // no not find
   add x3,x3,1                    // increment counter
   ldrb w4,[x1,x3]                // and load next byte of substring
   cbnz x4,1b                     // zero final ?
   mov x0,1                       // yes is ok 
   b 100f

98:

   mov x0,0                       // not find
   b 100f

99:

   mov x0,-1                      // error

100:

   ldp x2,x3,[sp],16              // restaur  2 registers
   ldp x1,lr,[sp],16              // restaur  2 registers
   ret                            // return to address lr x30

/******************************************************************/ /* search substring at end of input string */ /******************************************************************/ /* x0 contains the address of the input string */ /* x1 contains the address of substring */ /* x0 returns 1 if find or 0 if not or -1 if error */ searchStringFin:

   stp x1,lr,[sp,-16]!            // save  registers
   stp x2,x3,[sp,-16]!            // save  registers
   stp x4,x5,[sp,-16]!            // save  registers
   mov x3,0                       // counter byte  string 
                                  // search the last character of substring

1:

   ldrb w4,[x1,x3]                // load byte of substring
   cmp x4,#0                      // zero final ?
   add x2,x3,1
   csel x3,x2,x3,ne               // no increment counter
   //addne x3,#1                  // no increment counter
   bne 1b                         // and loop
   cbz x3,99f                     // empty string ?
   sub x3,x3,1                    // index of last byte
   ldrb w4,[x1,x3]                // load last byte of substring
                                  // search the last character of string
   mov x2,0                       // index last character

2:

   ldrb w5,[x0,x2]                // load first byte of substring
   cmp x5,0                       // zero final ?
   add x5,x2,1                    // no -> increment counter
   csel x2,x5,x2,ne
   //addne x2,#1                  // no -> increment counter
   bne 2b                         // and loop
   cbz x2,98f                     // empty input string ?
   sub x2,x2,1                    // index last character

3:

   ldrb w5,[x0,x2]                // load byte string input
   cmp x4,x5                      // bytes equals ?
   bne 98f                        // no -> not found
   subs x3,x3,1                   // decrement counter
   blt 97f                        //  ok found
   subs x2,x2,1                   // decrement counter input string
   blt 98f                        // if zero -> not found
   ldrb w4,[x1,x3]                // load previous byte of substring
   b 3b                           // and loop

97:

   mov x0,1                       // yes is ok 
   b 100f

98:

   mov x0,0                       // not found
   b 100f

99:

   mov x0,-1                      // error

100:

   ldp x4,x5,[sp],16              // restaur  2 registers
   ldp x2,x3,[sp],16              // restaur  2 registers
   ldp x1,lr,[sp],16              // restaur  2 registers
   ret                            // return to address lr x30

/******************************************************************/ /* search a substring in the string */ /******************************************************************/ /* x0 contains the address of the input string */ /* x1 contains the address of substring */ /* x0 returns index of substring in string or -1 if not found */ searchSubString:

   stp x1,lr,[sp,-16]!            // save  registers
   stp x2,x3,[sp,-16]!            // save  registers
   stp x4,x5,[sp,-16]!            // save  registers
   mov x2,0                       // counter byte input string
   mov x3,0                       // counter byte string 
   mov x6,-1                      // index found
   ldrb w4,[x1,x3]

1:

   ldrb w5,[x0,x2]                // load byte string 
   cbz x5,99f                     // zero final ?
   cmp x5,x4                      // compare character 
   beq 2f
   mov x6,-1                      // no equals - > raz index 
   mov x3,0                       // and raz counter byte
   add x2,x2,1                    // and increment counter byte
   b 1b                           // and loop

2: // characters equals

   cmp x6,-1                      // first characters equals ?
   csel x6,x2,x6,eq               // yes -> index begin in x6
   //moveq x6,x2                  // yes -> index begin in x6
   add x3,x3,1                    // increment counter substring
   ldrb w4,[x1,x3]                // and load next byte
   cmp x4,0                       // zero final ?
   beq 3f                         // yes -> end search
   add x2,x2,1                    // else increment counter string
   b 1b                           // and loop

3:

   mov x0,x6
   b 100f

98:

   mov x0,0                      // not found
   b 100f

99:

   mov x0,-1                     // error

100:

   ldp x4,x5,[sp],16              // restaur  2 registers
   ldp x2,x3,[sp],16              // restaur  2 registers
   ldp x1,lr,[sp],16              // restaur  2 registers
   ret                            // return to address lr x30

/********************************************************/ /* File Include fonctions */ /********************************************************/ /* for this file see task include a file in language AArch64 assembly */ .include "../includeARM64.inc" </lang>

Action!

<lang Action!>BYTE FUNC FindS(CHAR ARRAY text,sub BYTE start)

 BYTE i,j,found
 i=start
 WHILE i<=text(0)-sub(0)+1
 DO
   found=0
   FOR j=1 TO sub(0)
   DO
     IF text(i+j-1)#sub(j) THEN
       found=0 EXIT
     ELSE
       found=1
     FI
   OD
   IF found THEN
     RETURN (i)
   FI
   i==+1
 OD

RETURN (0)

BYTE FUNC StartsWith(CHAR ARRAY text,sub)

 BYTE pos
 pos=FindS(text,sub,1)
 IF pos=1 THEN
   RETURN (1)
 FI

RETURN (0)

BYTE FUNC EndsWith(CHAR ARRAY text,sub)

 BYTE pos,start
 IF sub(0)>text(0) THEN
   RETURN (0)
 FI
 start=text(0)-sub(0)+1
 pos=FindS(text,sub,start)
 IF pos=start THEN
   RETURN (1)
 FI

RETURN (0)

BYTE FUNC Contains(CHAR ARRAY text,sub

                 BYTE ARRAY positions)
 BYTE pos,count
 pos=1 count=0
 WHILE pos<=text(0)
 DO
   pos=FindS(text,sub,pos)
   IF pos>0 THEN
     positions(count)=pos
     count==+1
     pos==+1
   ELSE
     EXIT
   FI
 OD

RETURN (count)

PROC TestStartsWith(CHAR ARRAY text,sub)

 IF StartsWith(text,sub) THEN
   PrintF("""%S"" starts with ""%S"".%E",text,sub)
 ELSE
   PrintF("""%S"" does not start with ""%S"".%E",text,sub)
 FI

RETURN

PROC TestEndsWith(CHAR ARRAY text,sub)

 IF EndsWith(text,sub) THEN
   PrintF("""%S"" ends with ""%S"".%E",text,sub)
 ELSE
   PrintF("""%S"" does not end with ""%S"".%E",text,sub)
 FI

RETURN

PROC TestContains(CHAR ARRAY text,sub)

 BYTE ARRAY positions(20)
 BYTE i,count
 count=Contains(text,sub,positions)
 IF count>0 THEN
   PrintF("""%S"" contains %B ""%S"" at positions:",text,count,sub)
   FOR i=0 TO count-1
   DO
     PrintB(positions(i))
     IF i<count-1 THEN
       Print(", ")
     ELSE
       PrintE(".")
     FI
   OD
 ELSE
   PrintF("""%S"" does not contain ""%S"".%E",text,sub)
 FI

RETURN

PROC Main()

 TestStartsWith("1234abc","123")
 TestStartsWith("1234abc","234")
 PutE()
 TestContains("abbaabab","ab")
 TestContains("abbaabab","ba")
 TestContains("abbaabab","xyz")
 PutE()
 TestEndsWith("1234abc","abc")
 TestEndsWith("1234abc","ab")

RETURN</lang>

Output:

Screenshot from Atari 8-bit computer

"1234abc" starts with "123".
"1234abc" does not start with "234".

"abbaabab" contains 3 "ab" at positions:1, 5, 7.
"abbaabab" contains 2 "ba" at positions:3, 6.
"abbaabab" does not contain "xyz".

"1234abc" ends with "abc".
"1234abc" does not end with "ab".

Ada

<lang Ada> with Ada.Strings.Fixed; use Ada.Strings.Fixed; with Ada.Text_IO; use Ada.Text_IO;

procedure Match_Strings is

  S1 : constant String := "abcd";
  S2 : constant String := "abab";
  S3 : constant String := "ab";

begin

  if S1'Length >= S3'Length and then S1 (S1'First..S1'First + S3'Length - 1) = S3 then
     Put_Line ( & S1 & "' starts with '" & S3 & );
  end if;
  if S2'Length >= S3'Length and then S2 (S2'Last - S3'Length + 1..S2'Last) = S3 then
     Put_Line ( & S2 & "' ends with '" & S3 & );
  end if;
  Put_Line ( & S3 & "' first appears in '" & S1 & "' at" & Integer'Image (Index (S1, S3)));
  Put_Line
  (   & S3 & "' appears in '" & S2 &  &
     Integer'Image (Ada.Strings.Fixed.Count (S2, S3)) & " times"
  );

end Match_Strings; </lang>

Output:
'abcd' starts with 'ab'
'abab' ends with 'ab'
'ab' first appears in 'abcd' at 1
'ab' appears in 'abab' 2 times

Aime

<lang aime>text t; data b;

b = "Bangkok";

t = "Bang";

o_form("starts with, embeds, ends with \"~\": ~, ~, ~\n", t, b.seek(t) == 0,

      b.seek(t) != -1,
      b.seek(t) != -1 && b.seek(t) + ~t == ~b);

t = "ok";

o_form("starts with, embeds, ends with \"~\": ~, ~, ~\n", t, b.seek(t) == 0,

      b.seek(t) != -1,
      b.seek(t) != -1 && b.seek(t) + ~t == ~b);

t = "Summer";

o_form("starts with, embeds, ends with \"~\": ~, ~, ~\n", t, b.seek(t) == 0,

      b.seek(t) != -1,
      b.seek(t) != -1 && b.seek(t) + ~t == ~b);</lang>
Output:
starts with, embeds, ends with "Bang": 1, 1, 0
starts with, embeds, ends with "ok": 0, 1, 1
starts with, embeds, ends with "Summer": 0, 0, 0

ALGOL 68

Translation of: python
Works with: ALGOL 68 version Revision 1 - no extensions to language used
Works with: ALGOL 68G version Any - tested with release 1.18.0-9h.tiny

<lang algol68># define some appropriate OPerators # PRIO STARTSWITH = 5, ENDSWITH = 5; OP STARTSWITH = (STRING str, prefix)BOOL: # assuming LWB = 1 #

 IF UPB str < UPB prefix THEN FALSE ELSE str[:UPB prefix]=prefix FI;

OP ENDSWITH = (STRING str, suffix)BOOL: # assuming LWB = 1 #

 IF UPB str < UPB suffix THEN FALSE ELSE str[UPB str-UPB suffix+1:]=suffix FI;

INT loc, loc2;

print((

 "abcd" STARTSWITH "ab", # returns TRUE #
 "abcd" ENDSWITH "zn", # returns FALSE #
 string in string("bb",loc,"abab"), # returns FALSE #
 string in string("ab",loc,"abab"), # returns TRUE #
 (string in string("bb",loc,"abab")|loc|-1), # returns -1 #
 (string in string("ab",loc,"abab")|loc|-1), # returns +1 #
 (string in string("ab",loc2,"abab"[loc+1:])|loc+loc2|-1) # returns +3 #

))</lang>

Output:
TFFT         -1         +1         +3

AppleScript

<lang AppleScript>set stringA to "I felt happy because I saw the others were happy and because I knew I should feel happy, but I wasn’t really happy."

set string1 to "I felt happy" set string2 to "I should feel happy" set string3 to "I wasn't really happy"

-- Determining if the first string starts with second string stringA starts with string1 --> true

-- Determining if the first string contains the second string at any location stringA contains string2 --> true

-- Determining if the first string ends with the second string stringA ends with string3 --> false

-- Print the location of the match for part 2 offset of string2 in stringA --> 69</lang> AppleScript doesn't have a builtin means of matching multiple occurrences of a substring, however one can redefine the existing offset command to add this functionality: <lang AppleScript>-- Handle multiple occurrences of a string for part 2 on offset of needle in haystack local needle, haystack

if the needle is not in the haystack then return {} set my text item delimiters to the needle script property N : needle's length property t : {1 - N} & haystack's text items end script

tell the result repeat with i from 2 to (its t's length) - 1 set x to item i of its t set y to item (i - 1) of its t set item i of its t to (its N) + (x's length) + y end repeat

items 2 thru -2 of its t end tell end offset

offset of "happy" in stringA --> {8, 44, 83, 110}</lang>


or, defining an offsets function in terms of a more general findIndices: <lang applescript>-- offsets :: String -> String -> [Int] on offsets(needle, haystack)

   script match
       property mx : length of haystack
       property d : (length of needle) - 1
       on |λ|(x, i, xs)
           set z to d + i
           mx ≥ z and needle = text i thru z of xs
       end |λ|
   end script
   
   findIndices(match, haystack)

end offsets


-- TEST --------------------------------------------------- on run

   set txt to "I felt happy because I saw the others " & ¬
       "were happy and because I knew I should " & ¬
       "feel happy, but I wasn’t really happy."
   
   offsets("happy", txt)
   
   --> {8, 44, 83, 110}

end run


-- GENERIC -------------------------------------------------

-- concatMap :: (a -> [b]) -> [a] -> [b] on concatMap(f, xs)

   set lng to length of xs
   set acc to {}
   tell mReturn(f)
       repeat with i from 1 to lng
           set acc to acc & (|λ|(item i of xs, i, xs))
       end repeat
   end tell
   return acc

end concatMap


-- findIndices :: (a -> Bool) -> [a] -> [Int] -- findIndices :: (String -> Bool) -> String -> [Int] on findIndices(p, xs)

   script go
       property f : mReturn(p)
       on |λ|(x, i, xs)
           if f's |λ|(x, i, xs) then
               {i}
           else
               {}
           end if
       end |λ|
   end script
   concatMap(go, xs)

end findIndices


-- Lift 2nd class handler function into 1st class script wrapper -- mReturn :: First-class m => (a -> b) -> m (a -> b) on mReturn(f)

   if script is class of f then
       f
   else
       script
           property |λ| : f
       end script
   end if

end mReturn</lang>

Output:
{8, 44, 83, 110}

ARM Assembly

Works with: as version Raspberry Pi

<lang ARM Assembly> /* ARM assembly Raspberry PI */ /* program strMatching.s */

/* Constantes */ .equ STDOUT, 1 @ Linux output console .equ EXIT, 1 @ Linux syscall .equ WRITE, 4 @ Linux syscall

/* Initialized data */ .data szMessFound: .asciz "String found. \n" szMessNotFound: .asciz "String not found. \n" szString: .asciz "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz" szString2: .asciz "abc" szStringStart: .asciz "abcd" szStringEnd: .asciz "xyz" szStringStart2: .asciz "abcd" szStringEnd2: .asciz "xabc" szCarriageReturn: .asciz "\n"

/* UnInitialized data */ .bss

/* code section */ .text .global main main:

   ldr r0,iAdrszString                         @ address input string
   ldr r1,iAdrszStringStart                    @ address search string
   bl searchStringDeb                          @ Determining if the first string starts with second string
   cmp r0,#0
   ble 1f
   ldr r0,iAdrszMessFound                      @ display message
   bl affichageMess
   b 2f

1:

   ldr r0,iAdrszMessNotFound
   bl affichageMess

2:

   ldr r0,iAdrszString                         @ address input string
   ldr r1,iAdrszStringEnd                      @ address search string
   bl searchStringFin                          @ Determining if the first string ends with the second string
   cmp r0,#0
   ble 3f
   ldr r0,iAdrszMessFound                      @ display message
   bl affichageMess
   b 4f

3:

   ldr r0,iAdrszMessNotFound
   bl affichageMess

4:

   ldr r0,iAdrszString2                        @ address input string
   ldr r1,iAdrszStringStart2                   @ address search string
   bl searchStringDeb                          @ 
   cmp r0,#0
   ble 5f
   ldr r0,iAdrszMessFound                      @ display message
   bl affichageMess
   b 6f

5:

   ldr r0,iAdrszMessNotFound
   bl affichageMess

6:

   ldr r0,iAdrszString2                        @ address input string
   ldr r1,iAdrszStringEnd2                     @ address search string
   bl searchStringFin
   cmp r0,#0
   ble 7f
   ldr r0,iAdrszMessFound                      @ display message
   bl affichageMess
   b 8f

7:

   ldr r0,iAdrszMessNotFound
   bl affichageMess

8:

   ldr r0,iAdrszString                         @ address input string
   ldr r1,iAdrszStringEnd                      @ address search string
   bl searchSubString                          @ Determining if the first string contains the second string at any location
   cmp r0,#0
   ble 9f
   ldr r0,iAdrszMessFound                      @ display message
   bl affichageMess
   b 10f

9:

   ldr r0,iAdrszMessNotFound                   @ display substring result
   bl affichageMess

10:

100: @ standard end of the program

   mov r0, #0                                  @ return code
   mov r7, #EXIT                               @ request to exit program
   svc 0                                       @ perform system call

iAdrszMessFound: .int szMessFound iAdrszMessNotFound: .int szMessNotFound iAdrszString: .int szString iAdrszString2: .int szString2 iAdrszStringStart: .int szStringStart iAdrszStringEnd: .int szStringEnd iAdrszStringStart2: .int szStringStart2 iAdrszStringEnd2: .int szStringEnd2 iAdrszCarriageReturn: .int szCarriageReturn /******************************************************************/ /* search substring at begin of input string */ /******************************************************************/ /* r0 contains the address of the input string */ /* r1 contains the address of substring */ /* r0 returns 1 if find or 0 if not or -1 if error */ searchStringDeb:

   push {r1-r4,lr}                             @ save  registers 
   mov r3,#0                                   @ counter byte  string 
   ldrb r4,[r1,r3]                             @ load first byte of substring
   cmp r4,#0                                   @ empty string ?
   moveq r0,#-1                                @ error
   beq 100f

1:

   ldrb r2,[r0,r3]                             @ load byte string input
   cmp r2,#0                                   @ zero final ?
   moveq r0,#0                                 @ not find
   beq 100f
   cmp r4,r2                                   @ bytes equals ?
   movne r0,#0                                 @ no not find
   bne 100f
   add r3,#1                                   @ increment counter
   ldrb r4,[r1,r3]                             @ and load next byte of substring
   cmp r4,#0                                   @ zero final ?
   bne 1b                                      @ no -> loop
   mov r0,#1                                   @ yes is ok 

100:

   pop {r1-r4,lr}                              @ restaur registers
   bx lr                                       @ return

/******************************************************************/ /* search substring at end of input string */ /******************************************************************/ /* r0 contains the address of the input string */ /* r1 contains the address of substring */ /* r0 returns 1 if find or 0 if not or -1 if error */ searchStringFin:

   push {r1-r5,lr}                             @ save  registers 
   mov r3,#0                                   @ counter byte  string 
                                               @ search the last character of substring

1:

   ldrb r4,[r1,r3]                             @ load byte of substring
   cmp r4,#0                                   @ zero final ?
   addne r3,#1                                 @ no increment counter
   bne 1b                                      @ and loop
   cmp r3,#0                                   @ empty string ?
   moveq r0,#-1                                @ error
   beq 100f
   sub r3,#1                                   @ index of last byte
   ldrb r4,[r1,r3]                             @ load last byte of substring
                                               @ search the last character of string
   mov r2,#0                                   @ index last character

2:

   ldrb r5,[r0,r2]                             @ load first byte of substring
   cmp r5,#0                                   @ zero final ?
   addne r2,#1                                 @ no -> increment counter
   bne 2b                                      @ and loop
   cmp r2,#0                                   @ empty input string ?
   moveq r0,#0                                 @ yes -> not found
   beq 100f
   sub r2,#1                                   @ index last character

3:

   ldrb r5,[r0,r2]                             @ load byte string input
   cmp r4,r5                                   @ bytes equals ?
   movne r0,#0                                 @ no -> not found
   bne 100f
   subs r3,#1                                  @ decrement counter
   movlt r0,#1                                 @ if zero -> ok found
   blt 100f 
   subs r2,#1                                  @ decrement counter input string
   movlt r0,#0                                 @ if zero -> not found
   blt 100f
   ldrb r4,[r1,r3]                             @ load previous byte of substring
   b 3b                                        @ and loop
   

100:

   pop {r1-r5,lr}                              @ restaur registers
   bx lr                                       @ return

/******************************************************************/ /* search a substring in the string */ /******************************************************************/ /* r0 contains the address of the input string */ /* r1 contains the address of substring */ /* r0 returns index of substring in string or -1 if not found */ searchSubString:

   push {r1-r6,lr}                       @ save registers 
   mov r2,#0                             @ counter byte input string
   mov r3,#0                             @ counter byte string 
   mov r6,#-1                            @ index found
   ldrb r4,[r1,r3]

1:

   ldrb r5,[r0,r2]                       @ load byte string 
   cmp r5,#0                             @ zero final ?
   moveq r0,#-1                          @ yes returns error
   beq 100f
   cmp r5,r4                             @ compare character 
   beq 2f
   mov r6,#-1                            @ no equals - > raz index 
   mov r3,#0                             @ and raz counter byte
   add r2,#1                             @ and increment counter byte
   b 1b                                  @ and loop

2: @ characters equals

   cmp r6,#-1                            @ first characters equals ?
   moveq r6,r2                           @ yes -> index begin in r6
   add r3,#1                             @ increment counter substring
   ldrb r4,[r1,r3]                       @ and load next byte
   cmp r4,#0                             @ zero final ?
   beq 3f                                @ yes -> end search
   add r2,#1                             @ else increment counter string
   b 1b                                  @ and loop

3:

   mov r0,r6

100:

   pop {r1-r6,lr}                        @ restaur registers
   bx lr   

/******************************************************************/ /* display text with size calculation */ /******************************************************************/ /* r0 contains the address of the message */ affichageMess:

   push {r0,r1,r2,r7,lr}                       @ save  registers 
   mov r2,#0                                   @ counter length */

1: @ loop length calculation

   ldrb r1,[r0,r2]                             @ read octet start position + index 
   cmp r1,#0                                   @ if 0 its over
   addne r2,r2,#1                              @ else add 1 in the length
   bne 1b                                      @ and loop 
                                               @ so here r2 contains the length of the message 
   mov r1,r0                                   @ address message in r1 
   mov r0,#STDOUT                              @ code to write to the standard output Linux
   mov r7, #WRITE                              @ code call system "write" 
   svc #0                                      @ call system
   pop {r0,r1,r2,r7,lr}                        @ restaur registers
   bx lr                                       @ return

</lang>

Arturo

<lang rebol>print prefix? "abcd" "ab" print prefix? "abcd" "cd" print suffix? "abcd" "ab" print suffix? "abcd" "cd"

print contains? "abcd" "ab" print contains? "abcd" "xy"

print in? "ab" "abcd" print in? "xy" "abcd"

print index "abcd" "bc" print index "abcd" "xy"</lang>

Output:
true
false
false
true
true
false
true
false
1
null

AutoHotkey

<lang AutoHotkey> String1 = abcd String2 = abab

If (SubStr(String1,1,StrLen(String2)) = String2)

MsgBox, "%String1%" starts with "%String2%".

IfInString, String1, %String2% {

Position := InStr(String1,String2)
StringReplace, String1, String1, %String2%, %String2%, UseErrorLevel
MsgBox, "%String1%" contains "%String2%" at position %Position%`, and appears %ErrorLevel% times.

} StringRight, TempVar, String1, StrLen(String2) If TempVar = %String2%

MsgBox, "%String1%" ends with "%String2%".

</lang>

AutoIt

<lang AutoIt>$string1 = "arduinoardblobard" $string2 = "ard"

== Determining if the first string starts with second string

If StringLeft($string1, StringLen($string2)) = $string2 Then ConsoleWrite("1st string starts with 2nd string." & @CRLF) Else ConsoleWrite("1st string does'nt starts with 2nd string." & @CRLF) EndIf

== Determining if the first string contains the second string at any location
== Print the location of the match for part 2
== Handle multiple occurrences of a string for part 2

$start = 1 $count = 0 $pos = StringInStr($string1, $string2) While $pos $count += 1 ConsoleWrite("1st string contains 2nd string at position: " & $pos & @CRLF) $pos = StringInStr($string1, $string2, 0, 1, $start + $pos + StringLen($string2)) WEnd If $count = 0 Then ConsoleWrite("1st string does'nt contain 2nd string." & @CRLF)

== Determining if the first string ends with the second string

If StringRight($string1, StringLen($string2)) = $string2 Then ConsoleWrite("1st string ends with 2nd string." & @CRLF) Else ConsoleWrite("1st string does'nt ends with 2nd string." & @CRLF) EndIf

</lang>

AWK

<lang AWK>#!/usr/bin/awk -f {

   if ($1 ~ "^"$2) {

print $1" begins with "$2;

   } else {

print $1" does not begin with "$2;

   }
   if ($1 ~ $2) {

print $1" contains "$2;

   } else {

print $1" does not contain "$2;

   }
   if ($1 ~ $2"$") {

print $1" ends with "$2;

   } else {

print $1" does not end with "$2;

   }

} </lang>

BASIC

Works with: QBasic

<lang qbasic>first$ = "qwertyuiop"

'Determining if the first string starts with second string second$ = "qwerty" IF LEFT$(first$, LEN(second$)) = second$ THEN

   PRINT "'"; first$; "' starts with '"; second$; "'"

ELSE

   PRINT "'"; first$; "' does not start with '"; second$; "'"

END IF

'Determining if the first string contains the second string at any location 'Print the location of the match for part 2 second$ = "wert" x = INSTR(first$, second$) IF x THEN

   PRINT "'"; first$; "' contains '"; second$; "' at position "; x

ELSE

   PRINT "'"; first$; "' does not contain '"; second$; "'"

END IF

' Determining if the first string ends with the second string second$ = "random garbage" IF RIGHT$(first$, LEN(second$)) = second$ THEN

   PRINT "'"; first$; "' ends with '"; second$; "'"

ELSE

   PRINT "'"; first$; "' does not end with '"; second$; "'"

END IF

</lang>

Output:
'qwertyuiop' starts with 'qwerty'
'qwertyuiop' contains 'wert' at position  2
'qwertyuiop' does not end with 'random garbage'

Applesoft BASIC

<lang ApplesoftBasic>10 A$ = "THIS, THAT, AND THE OTHER THING" 20 S$ = "TH" 30 DEF FN S(P) = MID$(A$, P, LEN(S$)) = S$ 40 PRINT A$ : PRINT

110 S$(1) = "STARTS" 120 S$(0) = "DOES NOT START" 130 PRINT S$(FN S(1))" WITH "S$ : PRINT

210 R$ = "" : FOR I = 1 TO LEN(A$) - LEN(S$) : IF FN S(I) THEN R$ = R$ + STR$(I) + " " 220 NEXT I 230 IF LEN(R$) = 0 THEN PRINT "DOES NOT CONTAIN "S$ 240 IF LEN(R$) THEN PRINT "CONTAINS "S$" LOCATED AT POSITION "R$ 250 PRINT

310 E$(1) = "ENDS" 320 E$(0) = "DOES NOT END" 330 PRINT E$(FN S(LEN(A$) - LEN(S$) + 1))" WITH "S$</lang>

Batch File

<lang dos>::NOTE #1: This implementation might crash, or might not work properly if

you put some of the CMD special characters (ex. %,!, etc) inside the strings.
NOTE #2: The comparisons here are case-SENSITIVE.
NOTE #3: Spaces in strings are considered.

@echo off setlocal enabledelayedexpansion

The main things...

set "str1=qwertyuiop" set "str2=qwerty" call :str2_lngth call :matchbegin

set "str1=qweiuoiocghiioyiocxiisfguiioiuygvd" set "str2=io" call :str2_lngth call :matchcontain

set "str1=blablabla" set "str2=bbla" call :str2_lngth call :matchend

echo. pause exit /b 0

/The main things.
The functions...
matchbegin

echo. if "!str1:~0,%length%!"=="!str2!" ( echo "%str1%" begins with "%str2%". ) else ( echo "%str1%" does not begin with "%str2%". ) goto :EOF

matchcontain

echo. set curr=0&set exist=0

scanchrloop

if "!str1:~%curr%,%length%!"=="" ( if !exist!==0 echo "%str1%" does not contain "%str2%". goto :EOF ) if "!str1:~%curr%,%length%!"=="!str2!" ( echo "%str1%" contains "%str2%". ^(in Position %curr%^) set exist=1 ) set /a curr+=1&goto scanchrloop

matchend

echo. if "!str1:~-%length%!"=="!str2!" ( echo "%str1%" ends with "%str2%". ) else ( echo "%str1%" does not end with "%str2%". ) goto :EOF

str2_lngth

set length=0

loop

if "!str2:~%length%,1!"=="" goto :EOF set /a length+=1 goto loop

/The functions.</lang>
Output:
"qwertyuiop" begins with "qwerty".

"qweiuoiocghiioyiocxiisfguiioiuygvd" contains "io". (in Position 6)
"qweiuoiocghiioyiocxiisfguiioiuygvd" contains "io". (in Position 12)
"qweiuoiocghiioyiocxiisfguiioiuygvd" contains "io". (in Position 15)
"qweiuoiocghiioyiocxiisfguiioiuygvd" contains "io". (in Position 26)

"blablabla" does not end with "bbla".

Press any key to continue . . .

BBC BASIC

<lang bbcbasic> first$ = "The fox jumps over the dog"

     FOR test% = 1 TO 3
       READ second$
       starts% = FN_first_starts_with_second(first$, second$)
       IF starts% PRINT """" first$ """ starts with """ second$ """"
       ends% = FN_first_ends_with_second(first$, second$)
       IF ends% PRINT """" first$ """ ends with """ second$ """"
       where% = FN_first_contains_second_where(first$, second$)
       IF where% PRINT """" first$ """ contains """ second$ """ at position " ; where%
       howmany% = FN_first_contains_second_howmany(first$, second$)
       IF howmany% PRINT """" first$ """ contains """ second$ """ " ; howmany% " time(s)"
     NEXT
     DATA "The", "he", "dog"
     END
     
     DEF FN_first_starts_with_second(A$, B$)
     = B$ = LEFT$(A$, LEN(B$))
     
     DEF FN_first_ends_with_second(A$, B$)
     = B$ = RIGHT$(A$, LEN(B$))
     
     DEF FN_first_contains_second_where(A$, B$)
     = INSTR(A$, B$)
     
     DEF FN_first_contains_second_howmany(A$, B$)
     LOCAL I%, N% : I% = 0
     REPEAT
       I% = INSTR(A$, B$, I%+1)
       IF I% THEN N% += 1
     UNTIL I% = 0
     = N%

</lang>

Output:
"The fox jumps over the dog" starts with "The"
"The fox jumps over the dog" contains "The" at position 1
"The fox jumps over the dog" contains "The" 1 time(s)
"The fox jumps over the dog" contains "he" at position 2
"The fox jumps over the dog" contains "he" 2 time(s)
"The fox jumps over the dog" ends with "dog"
"The fox jumps over the dog" contains "dog" at position 24
"The fox jumps over the dog" contains "dog" 1 time(s)

BQN

does much of the heavy lifting here. It is commuted with ˜ so the order of the arguments makes sense. <lang bqn>SW ← ⊑⍷˜ ⊑⍷˜

  Contains ← ∨´⍷˜                                                                                                                                                                                                        

∨´⍷˜

  EW ← ¯1⊑⍷˜                                                                                                                                                                                                             

¯1⊑⍷˜

  Locs ← /⍷˜

/⍷˜

   "abcd" SW "ab"

1

  "abcd" SW "cd"

0

  "abcd" EW "ab"

0

  "abcd" EW "cd"

1

  "abcd" Contains "bb"

0

  "abcd" Contains "ab"

1

  "abcd" Contains "bc"

1

  "abab" Contains "ab"

1

  "abab" Locs "ab"  

⟨ 0 2 ⟩</lang>

Bracmat

Bracmat does pattern matching in expressions subject:pattern and in strings @(subject:pattern). The (sub)pattern ? is a wild card. <lang Bracmat>( (sentence="I want a number such that that number will be even.") & out$(@(!sentence:I ?) & "sentence starts with 'I'" | "sentence does not start with 'I'") & out$(@(!sentence:? such ?) & "sentence contains 'such'" | "sentence does not contain 'such'") & out$(@(!sentence:? "even.") & "sentence ends with 'even.'" | "sentence does not end with 'even.'") & 0:?N & ( @(!sentence:? be (? & !N+1:?N & ~))

 | out$str$("sentence contains " !N " occurrences of 'be'")
 )

)</lang> In the last line, Bracmat is forced by the always failing node ~ to backtrack until all occurrences of 'be' are found. Thereafter the pattern match expression fails. The interesting part is the side effect: while backtracking, the accumulator N keeps track of how many are found.

Output:
sentence starts with 'I'
sentence contains 'such'
sentence ends with 'even.'
sentence contains 3 occurrences of 'be'

C

Case sensitive matching: <lang C>#include <string.h>

  1. include <stdio.h>

int startsWith(const char* container, const char* target) {

 size_t clen = strlen(container), tlen = strlen(target);
 if (clen < tlen)
   return 0;
 return strncmp(container, target, tlen) == 0;

}

int endsWith(const char* container, const char* target) {

 size_t clen = strlen(container), tlen = strlen(target);
 if (clen < tlen)
   return 0;
 return strncmp(container + clen - tlen, target, tlen) == 0;

}

int doesContain(const char* container, const char* target) {

 return strstr(container, target) != 0;

}

int main(void) {

 printf("Starts with Test ( Hello,Hell ) : %d\n", startsWith("Hello","Hell"));
 printf("Ends with Test ( Code,ode ) : %d\n", endsWith("Code","ode"));
 printf("Contains Test ( Google,msn ) : %d\n", doesContain("Google","msn"));
 return 0;

}</lang>

Output:
Starts with Test ( Hello,Hell ) : 1
Ends with Test ( Code,ode ) : 1
Contains Test ( Google,msn ) : 0

Code without using string library to demonstrate how char strings are just pointers: <lang C>#include <stdio.h>

/* returns 0 if no match, 1 if matched, -1 if matched and at end */ int s_cmp(const char *a, const char *b) {

       char c1 = 0, c2 = 0;
       while (c1 == c2) {
               c1 = *(a++);
               if ('\0' == (c2 = *(b++)))
                       return c1 == '\0' ? -1 : 1;
       }
       return 0;

}

/* returns times matched */ int s_match(const char *a, const char *b) {

       int i = 0, count = 0;
       printf("matching `%s' with `%s':\n", a, b);
       while (a[i] != '\0') {
               switch (s_cmp(a + i, b)) {
               case -1:
                       printf("matched: pos %d (at end)\n\n", i);
                       return ++count;
               case 1:
                       printf("matched: pos %d\n", i);
                       ++count;
                       break;
               }
               i++;
       }
       printf("end match\n\n");
       return count;

}

int main() {

       s_match("A Short String", "ort S");
       s_match("aBaBaBaBa", "aBa");
       s_match("something random", "Rand");
       return 0;

}</lang>

Output:
matching `A Short String' with `ort S':
matched: pos 4
end match

matching `aBaBaBaBa' with `aBa':
matched: pos 0
matched: pos 2
matched: pos 4
matched: pos 6 (at end)

matching `something random' with `Rand':
end match

C#

Works with: Mono version 2.6

<lang csharp> class Program { public static void Main (string[] args) { var value = "abcd".StartsWith("ab"); value = "abcd".EndsWith("zn"); //returns false value = "abab".Contains("bb"); //returns false value = "abab".Contains("ab"); //returns true int loc = "abab".IndexOf("bb"); //returns -1 loc = "abab".IndexOf("ab"); //returns 0 loc = "abab".IndexOf("ab",loc+1); //returns 2 } } </lang>

C++

<lang cpp>#include <string> using namespace std;

string s1="abcd"; string s2="abab"; string s3="ab"; //Beginning s1.compare(0,s3.size(),s3)==0; //End s1.compare(s1.size()-s3.size(),s3.size(),s3)==0; //Anywhere s1.find(s2)//returns string::npos int loc=s2.find(s3)//returns 0 loc=s2.find(s3,loc+1)//returns 2</lang>

Clojure

Translation of: Java

<lang clojure>(def evals '((. "abcd" startsWith "ab") (. "abcd" endsWith "zn") (. "abab" contains "bb") (. "abab" contains "ab") (. "abab" indexOf "bb") (let [loc (. "abab" indexOf "ab")] (. "abab" indexOf "ab" (dec loc)))))

user> (for [i evals] [i (eval i)]) ([(. "abcd" startsWith "ab") true] [(. "abcd" endsWith "zn") false] [(. "abab" contains "bb") false] [(. "abab" contains "ab") true] [(. "abab" indexOf "bb") -1] [(let [loc (. "abab" indexOf "ab")] (. "abab" indexOf "ab" (dec loc))) 0])</lang>

CoffeeScript

This example uses string slices, but a better implementation might use indexOf for slightly better performance.

<lang coffeescript> matchAt = (s, frag, i) ->

 s[i...i+frag.length] == frag

startsWith = (s, frag) ->

 matchAt s, frag, 0
 

endsWith = (s, frag) ->

 matchAt s, frag, s.length - frag.length
 

matchLocations = (s, frag) ->

 (i for i in [0..s.length - frag.length] when matchAt s, frag, i)
 

console.log startsWith "tacoloco", "taco" # true console.log startsWith "taco", "tacoloco" # false console.log startsWith "tacoloco", "talk" # false console.log endsWith "tacoloco", "loco" # true console.log endsWith "loco", "tacoloco" # false console.log endsWith "tacoloco", "yoco" # false console.log matchLocations "bababab", "bab" # [0,2,4] console.log matchLocations "xxx", "x" # [0,1,2] </lang>

Common Lisp

<lang lisp> (defun starts-with-p (str1 str2)

 "Determine whether `str1` starts with `str2`"
 (let ((p (search str2 str1)))
   (and p (= 0 p))))

(print (starts-with-p "foobar" "foo")) ; T (print (starts-with-p "foobar" "bar")) ; NIL

(defun ends-with-p (str1 str2)

 "Determine whether `str1` ends with `str2`"
 (let ((p (mismatch str2 str1 :from-end T)))
   (or (not p) (= 0 p))))

(print (ends-with-p "foobar" "foo")) ; NIL (print (ends-with-p "foobar" "bar")) ; T

(defun containsp (str1 str2)

 "Determine whether `str1` contains `str2`.
  Instead of just returning T, return a list of starting locations
  for every occurence of `str2` in `str1`"
  (unless (string-equal str2 "")
    (loop for p = (search str2 str1) then (search str2 str1 :start2 (1+ p))
          while p 
          collect p)))

(print (containsp "foobar" "oba")) ; (2) (print (containsp "ababaBa" "ba")) ; (1 3) (print (containsp "foobar" "x"))  ; NIL </lang>

Component Pascal

BlackBox Component Builder <lang oberon2> MODULE StringMatch; IMPORT StdLog,Strings; CONST strSize = 1024; patSize = 256;

TYPE Matcher* = POINTER TO LIMITED RECORD str: ARRAY strSize OF CHAR; pat: ARRAY patSize OF CHAR; pos: INTEGER END;

PROCEDURE NewMatcher*(IN str: ARRAY OF CHAR): Matcher; VAR m: Matcher; BEGIN NEW(m);m.str := str$;m.pos:= 0; RETURN m END NewMatcher;

PROCEDURE (m: Matcher) Match*(IN pat: ARRAY OF CHAR): INTEGER,NEW; VAR pos: INTEGER; BEGIN m.pat := pat$; pos := m.pos; Strings.Find(m.str,m.pat,pos,m.pos); RETURN m.pos END Match;

PROCEDURE (m: Matcher) Next*(): INTEGER, NEW; VAR pos: INTEGER; BEGIN pos := m.pos + LEN(m.pat$); Strings.Find(m.str,m.pat,pos,m.pos); RETURN m.pos; END Next;

(* Some Helper functions based on Strings module *) PROCEDURE StartsWith(IN str: ARRAY OF CHAR;IN pat: ARRAY OF CHAR): BOOLEAN; VAR pos: INTEGER; BEGIN Strings.Find(str,pat,0,pos); RETURN pos = 0 END StartsWith;

PROCEDURE Contains(IN str: ARRAY OF CHAR;IN pat: ARRAY OF CHAR; OUT pos: INTEGER): BOOLEAN; BEGIN Strings.Find(str,pat,0,pos); RETURN pos >= 0 END Contains;

PROCEDURE EndsWith(IN str: ARRAY OF CHAR;IN pat: ARRAY OF CHAR): BOOLEAN; VAR pos: INTEGER; BEGIN Strings.Find(str,pat,0,pos); RETURN pos + LEN(pat$) = LEN(str$) END EndsWith;

PROCEDURE Do*; CONST aStr = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"; VAR pat: ARRAY 128 OF CHAR; res: BOOLEAN; at: INTEGER; m: Matcher; BEGIN (* StartsWith *) pat := "abc"; StdLog.String(aStr + " startsWith " + pat + " :>");StdLog.Bool(StartsWith(aStr,pat));StdLog.Ln; pat := "cba"; StdLog.String(aStr + " startsWith " + pat + " :>");StdLog.Bool(StartsWith(aStr,pat));StdLog.Ln; pat := "def"; StdLog.String(aStr + " startsWith " + pat + " :>");StdLog.Bool(StartsWith(aStr,pat));StdLog.Ln; StdLog.Ln; (* Contains *) pat := 'def'; StdLog.String(aStr + " contains " + pat + " :>");StdLog.Bool(Contains(aStr,pat,at)); StdLog.String(" at: ");StdLog.Int(at);StdLog.Ln; pat := 'efd'; StdLog.String(aStr + " contains " + pat + " :>");StdLog.Bool(Contains(aStr,pat,at)); StdLog.String(" at: ");StdLog.Int(at);StdLog.Ln; pat := 'abc'; StdLog.String(aStr + " contains " + pat + " :>");StdLog.Bool(Contains(aStr,pat,at)); StdLog.String(" at: ");StdLog.Int(at);StdLog.Ln; pat := 'xyz'; StdLog.String(aStr + " contains " + pat + " :>");StdLog.Bool(Contains(aStr,pat,at)); StdLog.String(" at: ");StdLog.Int(at);StdLog.Ln; StdLog.Ln; (* EndsWith *) pat := 'xyz'; StdLog.String(aStr + " endsWith " + pat + " :>");StdLog.Bool(EndsWith(aStr,pat));StdLog.Ln; pat := 'zyx'; StdLog.String(aStr + " endsWith " + pat + " :>");StdLog.Bool(EndsWith(aStr,pat));StdLog.Ln; pat := 'abc'; StdLog.String(aStr + " endsWith " + pat + " :>");StdLog.Bool(EndsWith(aStr,pat));StdLog.Ln; pat:= 'def'; StdLog.String(aStr + " endsWith " + pat + " :>");StdLog.Bool(EndsWith(aStr,pat));StdLog.Ln; StdLog.Ln;

m := NewMatcher("abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"); StdLog.String("Matching 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz' against 'abc':> "); StdLog.Ln; StdLog.String("Match at: ");StdLog.Int(m.Match("abc"));StdLog.Ln; StdLog.String("Match at: ");StdLog.Int(m.Next());StdLog.Ln; StdLog.String("Match at: ");StdLog.Int(m.Next());StdLog.Ln END Do; END StringMatch. </lang> Execute: ^Q StringMatching.Do

Output:
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz startsWith abc :> $TRUE
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz startsWith cba :> $FALSE
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz startsWith def :> $FALSE

abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz contains def :> $TRUE at:  3
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz contains efd :> $FALSE at:  -1
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz contains abc :> $TRUE at:  0
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz contains xyz :> $TRUE at:  23

abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz endsWith xyz :> $TRUE
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz endsWith zyx :> $FALSE
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz endsWith abc :> $FALSE
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz endsWith def :> $FALSE

Matching 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz' against 'abc':> 
Match at:  0
Match at:  26
Match at:  -1

D

<lang d>void main() {

   import std.stdio;
   import std.algorithm: startsWith, endsWith, find, countUntil;
   "abcd".startsWith("ab").writeln;      // true
   "abcd".endsWith("zn").writeln;        // false
   "abab".find("bb").writeln;            // empty array (no match)
   "abcd".find("bc").writeln;            // "bcd" (substring start
                                          //        at match)
   "abab".countUntil("bb").writeln;      // -1 (no match)
   "abab".countUntil("ba").writeln;      //  1 (index of 1st match)
   // std.algorithm.startsWith also works on arrays and ranges:
   [1, 2, 3].countUntil(3).writeln;      //  2
   [1, 2, 3].countUntil([2, 3]).writeln; //  1

}</lang>

Output:
true
false

bcd
-1
1
2
1

DCL

<lang DCL>$ first_string = p1 $ length_of_first_string = f$length( first_string ) $ second_string = p2 $ length_of_second_string = f$length( second_string ) $ offset = f$locate( second_string, first_string ) $ if offset .eq. 0 $ then $ write sys$output "first string starts with second string" $ else $ write sys$output "first string does not start with second string" $ endif $ if offset .ne. length_of_first_string $ then $ write sys$output "first string contains the second string at location ", offset $ else $ write sys$output "first string does not contain the second string at any location" $ endif $ temp = f$extract( length_of_first_string - length_of_second_string, length_of_second_string, first_string ) $ if second_string .eqs. temp $ then $ write sys$output "first string ends with the second string" $ else $ write sys$output "first string does not end with the second string" $ endif</lang>

Output:
$ @string_matching efabcdef ef
first string starts with second string
first string contains the second string at location 0
first string ends with the second string
$ @string_matching efabcdef ab
first string does not start with second string
first string contains the second string at location 2
first string does not end with the second string
$ @string_matching efabcdef def
first string does not start with second string
first string contains the second string at location 5
first string ends with the second string
$ @string_matching efabcdef defx
first string does not start with second string
first string does not contain the second string at any location
first string does not end with the second string

Delphi

<lang Delphi>program CharacterMatching;

{$APPTYPE CONSOLE}

uses StrUtils;

begin

 WriteLn(AnsiStartsText('ab', 'abcd')); // True
 WriteLn(AnsiEndsText('zn', 'abcd')); // False
 WriteLn(AnsiContainsText('abcd', 'bb')); // False
 Writeln(AnsiContainsText('abcd', 'ab')); // True
 WriteLn(Pos('ab', 'abcd')); // 1

end.</lang>

Dyalect

<lang Dyalect>var value = "abcd".StartsWith("ab") value = "abcd".EndsWith("zn") //returns false value = "abab".Contains("bb") //returns false value = "abab".Contains("ab") //returns true var loc = "abab".IndexOf("bb") //returns -1 loc = "abab".IndexOf("ab") //returns 0</lang>

E

<lang e>def f(string1, string2) {

   println(string1.startsWith(string2))
   
   var index := 0
   while ((index := string1.startOf(string2, index)) != -1) {
       println(`at $index`)
       index += 1
   }
   println(string1.endsWith(string2))

}</lang>

EchoLisp

<lang lisp> (string-suffix? "nette" "Antoinette") → #t (string-prefix? "Simon" "Simon & Garfunkel") → #t

(string-match "Antoinette" "net") → #t ;; contains (string-index "net" "Antoinette") → 5  ;; substring location </lang>

Elena

ELENA 4.x : <lang elena>import extensions;

public program() {

   var s := "abcd";

   console.printLine(s," starts with ab: ",s.startingWith:"ab");
   console.printLine(s," starts with cd: ",s.startingWith:"cd");

   console.printLine(s," ends with ab: ",s.endingWith:"ab");
   console.printLine(s," ends with cd: ",s.endingWith:"cd");

   console.printLine(s," contains ab: ",s.containing:"ab");
   console.printLine(s," contains bc: ",s.containing:"bc");
   console.printLine(s," contains cd: ",s.containing:"cd");
   console.printLine(s," contains az: ",s.containing:"az");

   console.printLine(s," index of az: ",s.indexOf(0, "az"));
   console.printLine(s," index of cd: ",s.indexOf(0, "cd"));
   console.printLine(s," index of bc: ",s.indexOf(0, "bc"));
   console.printLine(s," index of ab: ",s.indexOf(0, "ab"));

   console.readChar()

}</lang>

Elixir

The String module has functions that cover the base requirements. <lang elixir>s1 = "abcd" s2 = "adab" s3 = "ab"

String.starts_with?(s1, s3)

  1. => true

String.starts_with?(s2, s3)

  1. => false

String.contains?(s1, s3)

  1. => true

String.contains?(s2, s3)

  1. => true

String.ends_with?(s1, s3)

  1. => false

String.ends_with?(s2, s3)

  1. => true


  1. Optional requirements:

Regex.run(~r/#{s3}/, s1, return: :index)

  1. => [{0, 2}]

Regex.run(~r/#{s3}/, s2, return: :index)

  1. => [{2, 2}]

Regex.scan(~r/#{s3}/, "abcabc", return: :index)

  1. => [[{0, 2}], [{3, 2}]]</lang>

Emacs Lisp

<lang Lisp>(defun string-contains (needle haystack)

 (string-match (regexp-quote needle) haystack))

(string-prefix-p "before" "before center after") ;=> t (string-contains "before" "before center after") ;=> 0 (string-suffix-p "before" "before center after") ;=> nil

(string-prefix-p "center" "before center after") ;=> nil (string-contains "center" "before center after") ;=> 7 (string-suffix-p "center" "before center after") ;=> nil

(string-prefix-p "after" "before center after") ;=> nil (string-contains "after" "before center after") ;=> 14 (string-suffix-p "after" "before center after") ;=> t</lang>

Erlang

<lang erlang> -module(character_matching). -export([starts_with/2,ends_with/2,contains/2]).

%% Both starts_with and ends_with are mappings to 'lists:prefix/2' and %% 'lists:suffix/2', respectively.

starts_with(S1,S2) ->

   lists:prefix(S2,S1).

ends_with(S1,S2) ->

   lists:suffix(S2,S1).

contains(S1,S2) ->

   contains(S1,S2,1,[]).

%% While S1 is at least as long as S2 we check if S2 is its prefix, %% storing the result if it is. When S1 is shorter than S2, we return %% the result. NB: this will work on any arbitrary list in erlang %% since it makes no distinction between strings and lists. contains([_|T]=S1,S2,N,Acc) when length(S2) =< length(S1) ->

   case starts_with(S1,S2) of
       true ->
           contains(T,S2,N+1,[N|Acc]);
       false ->
           contains(T,S2,N+1,Acc)
   end;

contains(_S1,_S2,_N,Acc) ->

   Acc.

</lang>

Euphoria

<lang euphoria>sequence first, second integer x

first = "qwertyuiop"

-- Determining if the first string starts with second string second = "qwerty" if match(second, first) = 1 then

   printf(1, "'%s' starts with '%s'\n", {first, second})

else

   printf(1, "'%s' does not start with '%s'\n", {first, second})

end if

-- Determining if the first string contains the second string at any location -- Print the location of the match for part 2 second = "wert" x = match(second, first) if x then

   printf(1, "'%s' contains '%s' at position %d\n", {first, second, x})

else

   printf(1, "'%s' does not contain '%s'\n", {first, second})

end if

-- Determining if the first string ends with the second string second = "uio" if length(second)<=length(first) and match_from(second, first, length(first)-length(second)+1) then

   printf(1, "'%s' ends with '%s'\n", {first, second})

else

   printf(1, "'%s' does not end with '%s'\n", {first, second})

end if</lang>

Output:
'qwertyuiop' starts with 'qwerty'
'qwertyuiop' contains 'wert' at position 2
'qwertyuiop' does not end with 'uio'

F#

<lang fsharp>[<EntryPoint>] let main args =

   let text = "一二三四五六七八九十"
   let starts = "一二"
   let ends = "九十"
   let contains = "五六"
   let notContains = "百"
   printfn "text = %A" text
   printfn "starts with %A: %A" starts (text.StartsWith(starts))
   printfn "starts with %A: %A" ends (text.StartsWith(ends))
   printfn "ends with %A: %A" ends (text.EndsWith(ends))
   printfn "ends with %A: %A" starts (text.EndsWith(starts))
   printfn "contains %A: %A" contains (text.Contains(contains))
   printfn "contains %A: %A" notContains (text.Contains(notContains))
   printfn "substring %A begins at position %d (zero-based)" contains (text.IndexOf(contains))
   let text2 = text + text
   printfn "text = %A" text2
   Seq.unfold (fun (n : int) ->
           let idx = text2.IndexOf(contains, n)
           if idx < 0 then None else Some (idx, idx+1)) 0
   |> Seq.iter (printfn "substring %A begins at position %d (zero-based)" contains)
   0</lang>
Output:
text = "一二三四五六七八九十"
starts with "一二": true
starts with "九十": false
ends with "九十": true
ends with "一二": false
contains "五六": true
contains "百": false
substring "五六" begins at position 4 (zero-based)
text = "一二三四五六七八九十一二三四五六七八九十"
substring "五六" begins at position 4 (zero-based)
substring "五六" begins at position 14 (zero-based)

Factor

Does cheesecake start with cheese? <lang factor>"cheesecake" "cheese" head?  ! t</lang> Does cheesecake contain sec at any location? <lang factor>"sec" "cheesecake" subseq?  ! t</lang> Does cheesecake end with cake? <lang factor>"cheesecake" "cake" tail?  ! t</lang> Where in cheesecake is the leftmost sec? <lang factor>"sec" "cheesecake" subseq-start  ! 4</lang> Where in Mississippi are all occurrences of iss? <lang factor>USE: regexp "Mississippi" "iss" <regexp> all-matching-slices [ from>> ] map  ! { 1 4 }</lang>

Falcon

'VBA/Python programmer's approach. I'm just a junior Falconeer but this code seems falconic <lang falcon> /* created by Aykayayciti Earl Lamont Montgomery April 9th, 2018 */

s1 = "Naig Ialocin Olracnaig" s2 = "Naig"

var = s1.startsWith(s2) ? s1 + " starts with " + s2 : s1 + " does not start with " + s2 > var

s2 = "loc" var = s2 in s1 ? @ "$s1 contains $s2" : @ "$s1 does not contain $s2" > var

> s1.endsWith(s2) ? @ "s1 ends with $s2" : @ "$s1 does not end with $s2" </lang>

Output:
Naig Ialocin Olracnaig starts with Naig
Naig Ialocin Olracnaig contains loc
Naig Ialocin Olracnaig does not end with loc
[Finished in 1.2s]

Fantom

Fantom provides several self-explanatory string-matching methods:

  • startsWith
  • endsWith
  • contains
  • index (takes an optional index, for the start position)
  • indexIgnoreCase (like above, ignoring case for ASCII characters)
  • indexr (start search from end of string, with an optional index)
  • indexrIgnoreCase (like above, ignoring case for ASCII characters)

<lang fantom> class Main {

 public static Void main ()
 {
   string := "Fantom Language"
   echo ("String is: " + string)
   echo ("does string start with 'Fantom'? " + string.startsWith("Fantom"))
   echo ("does string start with 'Language'? " + string.startsWith("Language"))
   echo ("does string contain 'age'? " + string.contains("age"))
   echo ("does string contain 'page'? " + string.contains("page"))
   echo ("does string end with 'Fantom'? " + string.endsWith("Fantom"))
   echo ("does string end with 'Language'? " + string.endsWith("Language"))
   echo ("Location of 'age' is: " + string.index("age"))
   posn := string.index ("an")
   echo ("First location of 'an' is: " + posn)
   posn = string.index ("an", posn+1)
   echo ("Second location of 'an' is: " + posn)
   posn = string.index ("an", posn+1)
   if (posn == null) echo ("No third location of 'an'")
 }

} </lang>

Output:
String is: Fantom Language
does string start with 'Fantom'? true
does string start with 'Language'? false
does string contain 'age'? true
does string contain 'page'? false
does string end with 'Fantom'? false
does string end with 'Language'? true
Location of 'age' is: 12
First location of 'an' is: 1
Second location of 'an' is: 8
No third location of 'an'

FBSL

<lang qbasic>#APPTYPE CONSOLE

DIM s = "roko, mat jane do"

IF LEFT(s, 4) = "roko" THEN PRINT STRENC(s), " starts with ", STRENC("roko") IF INSTR(s, "mat") THEN PRINT STRENC(s), " contains ", STRENC("mat"), " at ", INSTR IF RIGHT(s, 2) = "do" THEN PRINT STRENC(s), " ends with ", STRENC("do") PRINT STRENC(s), " contains ", STRENC("o"), " at the following locations:", InstrEx(s, "o")

PAUSE

SUB InstrEx(mane, match)

   INSTR = 0
   WHILE INSTR(mane, match, INSTR + 1): PRINT " ", INSTR;: WEND

END SUB </lang>

Output:
"roko, mat jane do" starts with "roko"
"roko, mat jane do" contains "mat" at 7
"roko, mat jane do" ends with "do"
"roko, mat jane do" contains "o" at the following locations: 2 4 17

Press any key to continue...

Forth

<lang forth>: starts-with ( a l a2 l2 -- ? )

 tuck 2>r min 2r> compare 0= ;
ends-with ( a l a2 l2 -- ? )
 tuck 2>r negate over + 0 max /string 2r> compare 0= ;

\ use SEARCH ( a l a2 l2 -- a3 l3 ? ) for contains</lang>

Fortran

Fortran does not offer a string type, but since F77 it has been possible to use a CHARACTER variable, of some specified size, whose size may be accessed via the LEN function. When passed as a parameter, a secret additional parameter specifies its size and so string-like usage is possible. Character matching is case sensitive, and, trailing spaces are ignored so that "xx" and "xx " are deemed equal. The function INDEX(text,target) determines the first index in text where target matches, and returns zero if there is no such match. Unfortunately, the function does not allow the specification of a starting position for a search, as to find any second and further matches. One must specify something like INDEX(text(5:),target) to start with position five, and then deal with the resulting offsets needed to relate the result to positions within the parameter. On the other hand, since there is no "length" conjoined to the text such substring selections can be made without copying the text to a work area, unlike the copy(text,start,stop) equivalent of Pascal for example. Some Fortran compilers do offer a starting point, and also an option to search backwards from the end, but these facilities are not guaranteed. Similarly, INDEX is only made available for CHARACTER searching, even though it could easily be generalised to other types.

A second problem is presented by the possibility that a logical expression such as L.LT.0 .OR. etc. will always or might possibly or in certain constructions but not others be fully evaluated, which is to say that the etc will be evaluated even though L < 0 is true so that the result is determined. And in this case, evaluating the etc will cause trouble because the indexing won't work! To be safe, therefore, a rather lame two-stage test is required - though optimising compilers might well shift code around anyway.

In the case of STARTS, these annoyances can be left to the INDEX function rather than comparing the start of A against B. At the cost of it searching the whole of A if B is not at the start. Otherwise, it would be the mirror of ENDS.

<lang Fortran>

     SUBROUTINE STARTS(A,B)	!Text A starts with text B?
      CHARACTER*(*) A,B
       IF (INDEX(A,B).EQ.1) THEN	!Searches A to find B.
         WRITE (6,*) ">",A,"< starts with >",B,"<"
        ELSE
         WRITE (6,*) ">",A,"< does not start with >",B,"<"
       END IF
     END SUBROUTINE STARTS
     SUBROUTINE HAS(A,B)	!Text B appears somewhere in text A?
      CHARACTER*(*) A,B
      INTEGER L
       L = INDEX(A,B)		!The first position in A where B matches.
       IF (L.LE.0) THEN
         WRITE (6,*) ">",A,"< does not contain >",B,"<"
        ELSE
         WRITE (6,*) ">",A,"< contains a >",B,"<, offset",L
       END IF
     END SUBROUTINE HAS
     SUBROUTINE ENDS(A,B)	!Text A ends with text B.
      CHARACTER*(*) A,B
      INTEGER L
       L = LEN(A) - LEN(B)	!Find the tail end of A that B might match.
       IF (L.LT.0) THEN	!Dare not use an OR, because of full evaluation risks.
         WRITE (6,*) ">",A,"< is too short to end with >",B,"<"	!Might as well have a special message.
       ELSE IF (A(L + 1:L + LEN(B)).NE.B) THEN	!Otherwise, it is safe to look.
         WRITE (6,*) ">",A,"< does not end with >",B,"<"
       ELSE
         WRITE (6,*) ">",A,"< ends with >",B,"<"
       END IF
     END SUBROUTINE ENDS
     CALL STARTS("This","is")
     CALL STARTS("Theory","The")
     CALL HAS("Bananas","an")
     CALL ENDS("Banana","an")
     CALL ENDS("Banana","na")
     CALL ENDS("Brief","Much longer")
     END

</lang> Output: text strings are bounded by >etc.< in case of leading or trailing spaces.

 >This< does not start with >is<
 >Theory< starts with >The<
 >Bananas< contains a >an<, offset           2
 >Banana< does not end with >an<
 >Banana< ends with >na<
 >Brief< is too short to end with >Much longer<

Similar program using modern Fortran style <lang Fortran> !----------------------------------------------------------------------- !Main program string_matching !----------------------------------------------------------------------- program string_matching

  implicit none
  character(len=*), parameter :: fmt= '(I0)'
  write(*,fmt) starts("this","is")
  write(*,fmt) starts("theory","the")
  write(*,fmt) has("bananas","an")
  write(*,fmt) ends("banana","an")
  write(*,fmt) ends("banana","na")
  write(*,fmt) ends("brief","much longer")
contains
  !     Determining if the first string starts with second string
  function  starts(string1, string2) result(answer)
     implicit none
     character(len=*), intent(in) :: string1
     character(len=*), intent(in) :: string2
     integer :: answer
     answer = 0
     if(len(string2)>len(string1)) return
     if(string1(1:len(string2))==string2) answer = 1
  end function starts
  !     Determining if the first string contains the second string at any location
  function  has(string1, string2) result(answer)
     implicit none
     character(len=*), intent(in) :: string1
     character(len=*), intent(in) :: string2
     character(len=:),allocatable :: temp
     integer :: answer, add
     character(len=*), parameter :: fmt= '(A6,X,I0)'
     answer = 0
     add = 0
     if(len(string2)>len(string1)) return
     answer = index(string1, string2)
     if(answer==0) return
     !     Print the location of the match for part 2
     write(*,fmt) " at ", answer
     !     Handle multiple occurrences of a string for part 2.
     add = answer
     temp = string1(answer+1:)
     do while(answer>0)
        answer = index(temp, string2)
        add = add + answer
        if(answer>0) write(*,fmt) " at ", add
        !          deallocate(temp)
        temp = string1(add+1:) ! auto reallocation
     enddo
     answer = 1
  end function has
  !     Determining if the first string ends with the second string
  function  ends(string1, string2) result(answer)
     implicit none
     character(len=*), intent(in) :: string1
     character(len=*), intent(in) :: string2
     integer :: answer
     answer = 0
     if(len(string2)>len(string1)) return
     if(string1(len(string1)-len(string2)+1:)==string2) answer = 1
  end function ends

end program string_matching </lang> Output: false = 0, true = 1 ( + multiple occurrences if applicable)

0
1
   at  2
   at  4
1
0
1
0

In recent standards of Fortran strings as intrinsic first-class type and many intrinsic procedures for strings manipulation have been added.

FreeBASIC

<lang freebasic>' FB 1.05.0 Win64

Dim As String s1 = "abracadabra" Dim As String s2 = "abra" Print "First string  : "; s1 Print "Second string : "; s2 Print Print "First string begins with second string : "; CBool(s2 = Left(s1, Len(s2))) Dim As Integer i1 = Instr(s1, s2) Dim As Integer i2 Print "First string contains second string  : "; If i1 Then

 Print "at index"; i1;
 i2 = Instr(i1 + Len(s2), s1, s2)
 If i2 Then
   Print " and at index"; i2
 Else
   Print
 End If

Else

 Print "false";

End If Print "First string ends with second string  : "; CBool(s2 = Right(s1, Len(s2))) Print Print "Press any key to quit" Sleep</lang>

Output:
First string  : abracadabra
Second string : abra

First string begins with second string : true
First string contains second string    : at index 1 and at index 8
First string ends with second string   : true

Gambas

Click this link to run this code <lang gambas>Public Sub Main() Dim sString1 As String = "Hello world" Dim sString2 As String = "Hello"

Print sString1 Begins Left(sString2, 5) 'Determine if the first string starts with second string If InStr(sString1, sString2) Then Print "True" Else Print "False" 'Determine if the first string contains the second string at any location Print sString1 Ends Left(sString2, 5) 'Determine if the first string ends with the second string

End</lang> Output:

True
True
False

GML

Translation of: BASIC

<lang GML>#define charMatch {

   first = "qwertyuiop";
   // Determining if the first string starts with second string 
   second = "qwerty";
   if (string_pos(second, first) > 0) {
       show_message("'" + first + "' starts with '" + second + "'");
   } else {
       show_message("'" + first + "' does not start with '" + second + "'");
   }
   second = "wert"
   // Determining if the first string contains the second string at any location
   // Print the location of the match for part 2
   if (string_pos(second, first) > 0) {
       show_message("'" + first + "' contains '" + second + "' at position " + string(x));
   } else {
       show_message("'" + first + "' does not contain '" + second + "'");
   }
   // Handle multiple occurrences of a string for part 2.
   x = string_count(second, first);
   show_message("'" + first + "' contains " + string(x) + " instances of '" + second + "'");

// Determining if the first string ends with the second string

   second = "random garbage"
   temp = string_copy(first,
                      (string_length(first) - string_length(second)) + 1, 
                      string_length(second));
   if (temp == second) {
       show_message("'" + first + "' ends with '" + second + "'");
   } else {
       show_message("'" + first + "' does not end with '" + second + "'");
   }

}</lang>

Output:

(in message boxes, 1 per line)

'qwertyuiop' starts with 'qwerty'
'qwertyuiop' contains 'wert' at position 0
'qwertyuiop' contains 1 instances of 'wert'
'qwertyuiop' does not end with 'random garbage'

Go

<lang go>package main

import (

   "fmt"
   "strings"

)

func match(first, second string) {

   fmt.Printf("1. %s starts with %s: %t\n",
       first, second, strings.HasPrefix(first, second))
   i := strings.Index(first, second)
   fmt.Printf("2. %s contains %s: %t,\n", first, second, i >= 0)
   if i >= 0 {
       fmt.Printf("2.1. at location %d,\n", i)
       for start := i+1;; {
           if i = strings.Index(first[start:], second); i < 0 {
               break
           }
           fmt.Printf("2.2. at location %d,\n", start+i)
           start += i+1
       }
       fmt.Println("2.2. and that's all")
   }
   fmt.Printf("3. %s ends with %s: %t\n",
       first, second, strings.HasSuffix(first, second))

}

func main() {

   match("abracadabra", "abr")

}</lang>

Output:
1. abracadabra starts with abr: true
2. abracadabra contains abr: true,
2.1. at location 0,
2.2. at location 7,
2.2. and that's all
3. abracadabra ends with abr: false

Groovy

Examples: <lang groovy>assert "abcd".startsWith("ab") assert ! "abcd".startsWith("zn") assert "abcd".endsWith("cd") assert ! "abcd".endsWith("zn") assert "abab".contains("ba") assert ! "abab".contains("bb")


assert "abab".indexOf("bb") == -1 // not found flag assert "abab".indexOf("ab") == 0

def indicesOf = { string, substring ->

   if (!string) { return [] }
   def indices = [-1]
   while (true) {
       indices << string.indexOf(substring, indices.last()+1)
       if (indices.last() == -1) break
   }
   indices[1..<(indices.size()-1)]

} assert indicesOf("abab", "ab") == [0, 2] assert indicesOf("abab", "ba") == [1] assert indicesOf("abab", "xy") == []</lang>

All assertions pass, so there is no output.

Haskell

<lang haskell>> import Data.List > "abc" `isPrefixOf` "abcdefg" True > "efg" `isSuffixOf` "abcdefg" True > "bcd" `isInfixOf` "abcdefg" True > "abc" `isInfixOf` "abcdefg" -- Prefixes and suffixes are also infixes True > let infixes a b = findIndices (isPrefixOf a) $ tails b > infixes "ab" "abcdefabqqab" [0,6,10]</lang>

Icon and Unicon

<lang Icon>procedure main()

  write("Matching s2 :=",image(s2 := "ab")," within s1:= ",image(s1 := "abcdabab"))

  write("Test #1 beginning ",if match(s2,s1) then "matches " else "failed")
  writes("Test #2 all matches at positions [") 
     every writes(" ",find(s2,s1)|"]\n")
  write("Test #3 ending ", if s1[0-:*s2] == s2 then "matches" else "fails")
  

end</lang>

Output:
Matching s2 :="ab" within s1:= "abcdabab"
Test #1 beginning matches
Test #2 all matches at positions [ 1 5 7 ]
Test #3 ending matches

J

<lang j>startswith=: ] -: ({.~ #) contains=: +./@:E.~ endswith=: ] -: ({.~ -@#)</lang>

Example use:

<lang j> 'abcd' startswith 'ab' 1

  'abcd' startswith 'cd'

0

  'abcd' endswith 'ab'

0

  'abcd' endswith 'cd'

1

  'abcd' contains 'bb'

0

  'abcd' contains 'ab'

1

  'abcd' contains 'bc'

1

  'abab' contains 'ab'

1

  'abab' I.@E.~ 'ab'       NB. find starting indicies

0 2</lang>

Note that these verbs contain no constraints restricting them to sequences of characters and so also apply to arrays of type other than character: <lang j> 0 1 2 3 startswith 0 1 NB. integer 1

  4.2 5.1 1.3 9 3 contains 1.3 4.2     NB. floating point

0

  4.2 5.1 1.3 4.2 9 3 contains 1.3 4.2 

1</lang>

Java

<lang java>"abcd".startsWith("ab") //returns true "abcd".endsWith("zn") //returns false "abab".contains("bb") //returns false "abab".contains("ab") //returns true int loc = "abab".indexOf("bb") //returns -1 loc = "abab".indexOf("ab") //returns 0 loc = "abab".indexOf("ab",loc+1) //returns 2</lang>

// -----------------------------------------------------------// public class JavaApplication6 {

   public static void main(String[] args) {
       String strOne = "complexity";
       String strTwo = "udacity";
       //
       stringMatch(strOne, strTwo);
   }
   public static void stringMatch(String one, String two) {
       boolean match = false;
       if (one.charAt(0) == two.charAt(0)) {
           System.out.println(match = true);   // returns true
       } else {
           System.out.println(match);       // returns false
       }
       for (int i = 0; i < two.length(); i++) {  
           int temp = i;
           for (int x = 0; x < one.length(); x++) {
               if (two.charAt(temp) == one.charAt(x)) {
                   System.out.println(match = true);    //returns true
                   i = two.length();
               }
           }
       }
       int num1 = one.length() - 1;
       int num2 = two.length() - 1;
       if (one.charAt(num1) == two.charAt(num2)) {
           System.out.println(match = true);
       } else {
           System.out.println(match = false);
       }
   }

}

JavaScript

<lang javascript>var stringA = "tacoloco"

 , stringB = "co"
 , q1, q2, q2multi, m
 , q2matches = []

// stringA starts with stringB q1 = stringA.substring(0, stringB.length) == stringB

// stringA contains stringB q2 = stringA.indexOf(stringB)

// multiple matches q2multi = new RegExp(stringB,'g')

while(m = q2multi.exec(stringA)){ q2matches.push(m.index) }

// stringA ends with stringB q3 = stringA.substr(-stringB.length) == stringB

console.log("1: Does '"+stringA+"' start with '"+stringB+"'? " + ( q1 ? "Yes." : "No.")) console.log("2: Is '"+stringB+"' contained in '"+stringA+"'? " + (~q2 ? "Yes, at index "+q2+"." : "No.")) if (~q2 && q2matches.length > 1){ console.log(" In fact, it happens "+q2matches.length+" times within '"+stringA+"', at index"+(q2matches.length > 1 ? "es" : "")+" "+q2matches.join(', ')+".") } console.log("3: Does '"+stringA+"' end with '"+stringB+"'? " + ( q3 ? "Yes." : "No."))</lang>

Output:
1: Does 'tacoloco' start with 'co'? No.
2: Is 'co' contained in 'tacoloco'? Yes, at index 2.
   In fact, it happens 2 times within 'tacoloco', at indexes 2, 6.
3: Does 'tacoloco' end with 'co'? Yes.

jq

Using the builtins of jq 1.4 and later: <lang jq># startswith/1 is boolean: "abc" | startswith("ab")

  1. => true</lang>

<lang jq># index/1 returns the index or null,

  1. so the jq test "if index(_) then ...." can be used
  2. without any type conversion.

"abcd" | index( "bc")

  1. => 1</lang>

<lang jq># endswith/1 is also boolean: "abc" | endswith("bc")

  1. => true</lang>

Using the regex functions available in jq 1.5: <lang jq>"abc" | test( "^ab")

"abcd" | test("bc")

"abcd" | test("cd$")</lang>

Multiple Occurrences

To determine all the indices of one string in another: <lang sh># In jq 1.4 or later: jq -n '"abcdabcd" | indices("bc")' [

 1,
 5

]</lang>

In jq 1.5, the regex function match/1 can also be used: <lang sh>$ jq -n '"abcdabcd" | match("bc"; "g") | .offset' 1 5</lang>

Julia

<lang julia> startswith("abcd","ab") #returns true findfirst("ab", "abcd") #returns 1:2, indices range where string was found endswith("abcd","zn") #returns false match(r"ab","abcd") != Nothing #returns true where 1st arg is regex string for r in eachmatch(r"ab","abab") println(r.offset) end #returns 1, then 3 matching the two starting indices where the substring was found </lang>

K

<lang k>startswith: {:[0<#p:_ss[x;y];~*p;0]} endswith: {0=(-#y)+(#x)-*_ss[x;y]} contains: {0<#_ss[x;y]}</lang>

Example:

<lang k> startswith["abcd";"ab"] 1

 startswith["abcd";"bc"]

0

 endswith["abcd";"cd"]

1

 endswith["abcd";"bc"]

0

 contains["abcdef";"cde"]

1

 contains["abcdef";"bdef"]

0

 _ss["abcdabceabc";"abc"]    / location of matches

0 4 8</lang>

Kotlin

<lang scala>// version 1.0.6

fun main(args: Array<String>) {

   val s1 = "abracadabra"
   val s2 = "abra"    
   println("$s1 begins with $s2 : ${s1.startsWith(s2)}")
   println("$s1 ends with $s2   : ${s1.endsWith(s2)}")
   val b  = s2 in s1
   print("$s1 contains $s2    : $b")
   if (b) println(" at locations ${s1.indexOf(s2) + 1} and ${s1.lastIndexOf(s2) + 1}")
   else println()

}</lang>

Output:
abracadabra begins with abra : true
abracadabra ends with abra   : true
abracadabra contains abra    : true at locations 1 and 8

Ksh

<lang ksh>

  1. !/bin/ksh

exec 2> /tmp/String_matching.err

  1. String matching
  2. # 1. Determine if the first string starts with second string.
  3. # 2. Determine if the first string contains the second string at any location
  4. # 3. Determine if the first string ends with the second string
  5. # 4. Print the location of the match for part 2
  6. # 5. Handle multiple occurrences of a string for part 2
  1. # Variables:

typeset -a bounds=( [0]="no Match" [1]="Starts with" [255]="Ends with" )

typeset -a string=( "Hello" "hello world" "William Williams" "Yabba dabba do" ) typeset -a substr=( "Hell" "Do" "abba" "Will" "orld" )

  1. # Functions:
  2. # Function _bounds(str, substr) - return 1 for starts with 255 for endswith

function _bounds { typeset _str ; _str="$1" typeset _sub ; _sub="$2"

typeset _FALSE _STARTS _ENDS ; integer _FALSE=0 _STARTS=1 _ENDS=255

[[ "${_str}" == "${_sub}"* ]] && return ${_STARTS} [[ "${_str}" == *"${_sub}" ]] && return ${_ENDS} return ${_FALSE} }

  1. # Function _contains(str, substr) - return 0 no match arr[pos1 ... posn]

function _contains { typeset _str ; _str="$1" typeset _sub ; _sub="$2" typeset _arr ; nameref _arr="$3"

typeset _FALSE _TRUE _i _match _buff ; integer _FALSE=0 _TRUE=1 _i _match

[[ "${_str}" != *"${_sub}"* ]] && return ${_FALSE}

for ((_i=0; _i<=${#_str}-${#_sub}; _i++)); do _buff=${_str:${_i}:$((${#_str}-_i))} [[ ${_buff} != ${_buff#${_sub}} ]] && _arr+=( $(( _i+1 )) ) done return ${_TRUE} }

######
  1. main #
######

integer i j rc typeset -a posarr

for ((i=0; i<${#string[*]}; i++)); do for ((j=0; j<${#substr[*]}; j++)); do _bounds "${string[i]}" "${substr[j]}" ; rc=$? print "${string[i]} ${bounds[rc]} ${substr[j]}"

_contains "${string[i]}" "${substr[j]}" posarr ; rc=$? ((! rc)) && print "${string[i]} ${substr[j]} ${bounds[rc]}es" && continue

print "${string[i]} + ${substr[j]} ${#posarr[*]} matches at ${posarr[*]}" unset posarr ; typeset -a posarr done done</lang>

Output:

Hello Starts with Hell Hello + Hell 1 matches at 1 Hello no Match Do Hello Do no Matches Hello no Match abba Hello abba no Matches Hello no Match Will Hello Will no Matches Hello no Match orld Hello orld no Matches hello world no Match Hell hello world Hell no Matches hello world no Match Do hello world Do no Matches hello world no Match abba hello world abba no Matches hello world no Match Will hello world Will no Matches hello world Ends with orld hello world + orld 1 matches at 8 William Williams no Match Hell William Williams Hell no Matches William Williams no Match Do William Williams Do no Matches William Williams no Match abba William Williams abba no Matches William Williams Starts with Will William Williams + Will 2 matches at 1 9 William Williams no Match orld William Williams orld no Matches Yabba dabba do no Match Hell Yabba dabba do Hell no Matches Yabba dabba do no Match Do Yabba dabba do Do no Matches Yabba dabba do no Match abba Yabba dabba do + abba 2 matches at 2 8 Yabba dabba do no Match Will Yabba dabba do Will no Matches Yabba dabba do no Match orld

Yabba dabba do orld no Matches

LabVIEW

These images solve the task's requirements in order.
This image is a VI Snippet, an executable image of LabVIEW code. The LabVIEW version is shown on the top-right hand corner. You can download it, then drag-and-drop it onto the LabVIEW block diagram from a file browser, and it will appear as runnable, editable code.


Lang5

<lang lang5>: 2array 2 compress ; : bi* '_ set dip _ execute ;  : bi@ dup bi* ;

comb "" split ;  : concat "" join ;  : dip swap '_ set execute _ ;
first 0 extract swap drop ; : flip comb reverse concat ;
contains
   swap 'comb bi@ length do                    # create a matrix.
        1 - "dup 1 1 compress rotate" dip dup 0 == if break then
   loop drop length compress swap drop
   "length 1 -" bi@ rot 0 0 "'2array dip" '2array bi* swap 2array slice reverse
   : concat.(*)  concat ;
   'concat "'concat. apply" bi* eq 1 1 compress index collapse
   length if expand drop else drop 0 then ;    # r: position.
end-with 'flip bi@ start-with ;
start-with 'comb bi@ length rot swap iota subscript 'concat bi@ eq ;

"rosettacode" "rosetta" start-with . # 1 "rosettacode" "taco" contains . # 5 "rosettacode" "ocat" contains . # 0 "rosettacode" "edoc" end-with . # 0 "rosettacode" "code" contains . # 7</lang>

Lasso

<lang Lasso>local(

a = 'a quick brown peanut jumped over a quick brown fox',
b = 'a quick brown'

)

//Determining if the first string starts with second string

  1. a->beginswith(#b) // true

//Determining if the first string contains the second string at any location

  1. a >> #b // true
  2. a->contains(#b) // true

//Determining if the first string ends with the second string

  1. a->endswith(#b) // false</lang>

Liberty BASIC

<lang lb>'1---Determining if the first string starts with second string st1$="first string" st2$="first" if left$(st1$,len(st2$))=st2$ then

   print "First string starts with second string."

end if

'2---Determining if the first string contains the second string at any location '2.1---Print the location of the match for part 2 st1$="Mississippi" st2$="i" if instr(st1$,st2$) then

   print "First string contains second string."
   print "Second string is at location ";instr(st1$,st2$)

end if

'2.2---Handle multiple occurrences of a string for part 2. pos=instr(st1$,st2$) while pos

   count=count+1
   pos=instr(st1$,st2$,pos+len(st2$))

wend print "Number of times second string appears in first string is ";count

'3---Determining if the first string ends with the second string st1$="first string" st2$="string" if right$(st1$,len(st2$))=st2$ then

   print "First string ends with second string."

end if </lang>

Lingo

<lang lingo>a = "Hello world!" b = "Hello"

-- Determining if the first string starts with second string put a starts b -- 1

-- Determining if the first string contains the second string at any location put a contains b -- 1

-- Determining if the first string ends with the second string put a.char[a.length-b.length+1..a.length] = b -- 0

b = "world!" put a.char[a.length-b.length+1..a.length] = b -- 1

-- Print the location of the match for part 2 put offset(b, a) -- 7</lang>

<lang logo>to starts.with? :sub :thing

 if empty? :sub [output "true]
 if empty? :thing [output "false]
 if not equal? first :sub first :thing [output "false]
 output starts.with? butfirst :sub butfirst :thing

end

to ends.with? :sub :thing

 if empty? :sub [output "true]
 if empty? :thing [output "false]
 if not equal? last :sub last :thing [output "false]
 output ends.with? butlast :sub butlast :thing

end

show starts.with? "dog "doghouse  ; true show ends.with? "house "doghouse  ; true show substring? "gho "doghouse  ; true (built-in)</lang>

Lua

<lang lua>s1 = "string" s2 = "str" s3 = "ing" s4 = "xyz"

print( "s1 starts with s2: ", string.find( s1, s2 ) == 1 ) print( "s1 starts with s3: ", string.find( s1, s3 ) == 1, "\n" )

print( "s1 contains s3: ", string.find( s1, s3 ) ~= nil ) print( "s1 contains s3: ", string.find( s1, s4 ) ~= nil, "\n" )

print( "s1 ends with s2: ", select( 2, string.find( s1, s2 ) ) == string.len( s1 ) ) print( "s1 ends with s3: ", select( 2, string.find( s1, s3 ) ) == string.len( s1 ) )</lang>

M2000 Interpreter

<lang M2000 Interpreter> Module StringMatch {

     A$="Hello World"
     Print A$ ~ "Hello*"
     Print A$ ~ "*llo*"
     p=Instr(A$, "llo")
     Print p=3
     \\ Handle multiple occurance for "o"
     p=Instr(A$, "o")
     While p > 0 {
           Print "position:";p;{ for "o"}
           p=Instr(A$, "o", p+1)
     }
     Print A$ ~ "*orld"

} StringMatch </lang>

Output:
    True
    True
    True
position:5 for "o"
position:8 for "o"
    True

Maple

These facilities are all to be found in the StringTools package in Maple. <lang Maple> > with( StringTools ): # bind package exports at the top-level > s := "dzrIemaWWIMidXYZwGiqkOOn": > s[1..4]; # pick a prefix

                                "dzrI"

> IsPrefix( s[ 1 .. 4 ], s ); # check it

                                 true

> s[ -4 .. -1 ]; # pick a suffix

                                "kOOn"

> IsSuffix( s[ -4 .. -1 ], s ); # check it

                                 true

> p := Search( "XYZ", s ); # find a substring

                               p := 14

> s[ p .. p + 2 ]; # check

                                "XYZ"

> SearchAll( [ "WWI", "XYZ" ], s ); # search for multiple patterns

                           [8, 1], [14, 2]

> to 3 do s := cat( s, s ) end: length( s ); # build a longer string by repeated doubling

                                 192

> p := SearchAll( "XYZ", s ); # find all occurrences

               p := 14, 38, 62, 86, 110, 134, 158, 182

> {seq}( s[ i .. i + 2 ], i = p ); # check them

                               {"XYZ"}

</lang> The StringTools package also contains facilities for regular expression matching, but for fixed string patterns, the Search and SearchAll tools are much faster.

Mathematica /Wolfram Language

<lang Mathematica>StartWith[x_, y_] := MemberQ[Flatten[StringPosition[x, y]], 1] EndWith[x_, y_] := MemberQ[Flatten[StringPosition[x, y]], StringLength[x]] StartWith["XYZaaabXYZaaaaXYZXYZ", "XYZ"] EndWith["XYZaaabXYZaaaaXYZXYZ", "XYZ"] StringPosition["XYZaaabXYZaaaaXYZXYZ", "XYZ"]</lang>

Output:
True
True
{{1,3},{8,10},{15,17},{18,20}}

MATLAB / Octave

<lang Matlab>

  % 1. Determining if the first string starts with second string

strcmp(str1,str2,length(str2))

  % 2. Determining if the first string contains the second string at any location

~isempty(strfind(s1,s2))

  % 3. Determining if the first string ends with the second string 

( (length(str1)>=length(str2)) && strcmp(str1(end+[1-length(str2):0]),str2) )

  % 1. Print the location of the match for part 2

disp(strfind(s1,s2))

  % 2. Handle multiple occurrences of a string for part 2. 

ix = strfind(s1,s2);  % ix is a vector containing the starting positions of s2 within s1 </lang>

min

One way might be:

Works with: min version 0.19.6

<lang min>(indexof 0 ==) :starts-with? (indexof -1 !=) :contains? ((/ $/) swap 1 insert "" join regex ("") !=) :ends-with?

"minimalistic" "min" starts-with? puts! "minimalistic" "list" contains? puts! "minimalistic" "list" ends-with? puts!</lang>

Output:
true
true
false

MiniScript

We first extend the built-in string class with three new methods, and then demonstrate their use on some sample strings.

<lang MiniScript>string.startsWith = function(s)

   return self.len >= s.len and s[:s.len] == s

end function

string.endsWith = function(s)

   return self.len >= s.len and s[-s.len:] == s

end function

string.findAll = function(s)

   result = []
   after = null
   while true
       foundPos = self.indexOf(s, after)
       if foundPos == null then return result
       result.push foundPos
       after = foundPos + s.len - 1
   end while

end function

first = "The brown dog jumped jumped and jumped" second = "jumped"

firstQ = """" + first + """" // (first string, in quotes) secondQ = """" + second + """" doesOrNot = [" does not ", " does "]

print firstQ + doesOrNot[first.startsWith(second)] + "start with " + secondQ print

found = first.findAll(second) if not found then

   print firstQ + " does not contain " + secondQ + " anywhere"

else

   for pos in found
       print firstQ + " is found at position " + pos + " in " + secondQ
   end for

end if print

print firstQ + doesOrNot[first.endsWith(second)] + "end with " + secondQ</lang>

Output:
"The brown dog jumped jumped and jumped" does start with "jumped"
 
"The brown dog jumped jumped and jumped" is found at position 14 in "jumped"
"The brown dog jumped jumped and jumped" is found at position 21 in "jumped"
"The brown dog jumped jumped and jumped" is found at position 32 in "jumped"
 
"The brown dog jumped jumped and jumped" does end with "jumped"

NetRexx

<lang NetRexx>/* NetRexx */ options replace format comments java crossref savelog symbols

lipsum = x_ = 0 x_ = x_ + 1; lipsum[0] = x_; lipsum[x_] = 'Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.' x_ = x_ + 1; lipsum[0] = x_; lipsum[x_] = lipsum[1].reverse

srch = srch[1] = 'Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet' srch[2] = 'consectetur adipisicing elit' srch[3] = 'dolore magna aliqua.'

loop j_ = 1 to lipsum[0]

 x1 = lipsum[j_].pos(srch[1])
 x2 = lipsum[j_].pos(srch[2])
 x3 = lipsum[j_].lastpos(srch[3])
 report(x1 = 1, lipsum[j_], srch[1], 'Test string starts with search string:', 'Test string does not start with search string:')
 report(x2 > 0, lipsum[j_], srch[2], 'Search string located in test string at position:' x2,  'Search string not found within test string:')
 report(x3 \= srch[3].length, lipsum[j_], srch[3], 'Test string ends with search string:', 'Test string does not start with search string:')
 end j_

many = x_ = 0 x_ = x_ + 1; many[0] = x_; many[x_] = 'How many times does "many times" occur in this string?' x_ = x_ + 1; many[0] = x_; many[x_] = 'How often does "many times" occur in this string?' x_ = x_ + 1; many[0] = x_; many[x_] = 'How often does it occur in this string?' srch[4] = 'many times'

loop j_ = 1 to many[0]

 o_ = 0
 k_ = 0
 loop label dups until o_ = 0
   o_ = many[j_].pos(srch[4], o_ + 1)
   if o_ \= 0 then k_ = k_ + 1
   end dups
 report(k_ > 0, many[j_], srch[4], 'Number of times search string occurs:' k_, 'Search string not found')
 end j_

method report(state = boolean, ts, ss, testSuccess, testFailure) public static

 if state then say testSuccess
 else          say testFailure
 say '    Test string:' ts
 say '  Search string:' ss
 say
 return

</lang>


NewLISP

<lang NewLISP>(setq str "abcdefbcghi")

test if str starts with "ab"

(starts-with str "ab")

find "bc" inside str

(find "bc" str)

test if str ends with "ghi"

(ends-with str "ghi")

find all positions of pattern inside str

(define (find-all-pos pattern str)

 (let ((idx -1) (pos '()))
   (while (setq idx (find pattern str 0 (+ idx 1)))
     (push idx pos -1))))

(find-all-pos "bc" str)</lang>

Nim

<lang nim>import strutils

let s = "The quick brown fox" if s.startsWith("The quick"):

 echo "Starts with “The quick”."

if s.endsWith("brown Fox"):

 echo "Ends with “brown fox”."

if s.contains(" brown "):

 echo "Contains “ brown ”."

if "quick" in s:

 echo "Contains “quick”."      # Alternate form for "contains".

let pos = find(s, " brown ") # -1 if not found. if pos >= 0:

 echo "“ brown ” is located at position: " & $pos</lang>
Output:
Starts with “The quick”.
Contains “ brown ”.
Contains “quick”.
“ brown ” is located at position: 9

Objeck

<lang objeck> bundle Default {

 class Matching {
   function : Main(args : System.String[]) ~ Nil {
     "abcd"->StartsWith("ab")->PrintLine(); # returns true
     "abcd"->EndsWith("zn")->PrintLine(); # returns false
     ("abab"->Find("bb") <> -1)->PrintLine(); # returns false
     ("abab"->Find("ab") <> -1)->PrintLine(); # returns true
     loc := "abab"->Find("bb"); # returns -1
     loc := "abab"->Find("ab"); # returns 0
     loc := "abab"->Find("ab", loc + 1); # returns 2
   }
 }

} </lang>

Objective-C

<lang objc>[@"abcd" hasPrefix:@"ab"] //returns true [@"abcd" hasSuffix:@"zn"] //returns false int loc = [@"abab" rangeOfString:@"bb"].location //returns -1 loc = [@"abab" rangeOfString:@"ab"].location //returns 0 loc = [@"abab" rangeOfString:@"ab" options:0 range:NSMakeRange(loc+1, [@"abab" length]-(loc+1))].location //returns 2</lang>

OCaml

<lang ocaml>let match1 s1 s2 =

 let len1 = String.length s1
 and len2 = String.length s2 in
 if len1 < len2 then false else
   let sub = String.sub s1 0 len2 in
   (sub = s2)</lang>

testing in the top-level:

# match1 "Hello" "Hello World!" ;;
- : bool = false
# match1 "Hello World!" "Hello" ;;
- : bool = true

<lang ocaml>let match2 s1 s2 =

 let len1 = String.length s1
 and len2 = String.length s2 in
 if len1 < len2 then false else
   let rec aux i =
     if i < 0 then false else
       let sub = String.sub s1 i len2 in
       if (sub = s2) then true else aux (pred i)
   in
   aux (len1 - len2)</lang>
# match2 "It's raining, Hello World!" "umbrella" ;;
- : bool = false
# match2 "It's raining, Hello World!" "Hello" ;;
- : bool = true

<lang ocaml>let match3 s1 s2 =

 let len1 = String.length s1
 and len2 = String.length s2 in
 if len1 < len2 then false else
   let sub = String.sub s1 (len1 - len2) len2 in
   (sub = s2)</lang>
# match3 "Hello World" "Hello" ;;
- : bool = false
# match3 "Hello World" "World" ;;
- : bool = true

<lang ocaml>let match2_loc s1 s2 =

 let len1 = String.length s1
 and len2 = String.length s2 in
 if len1 < len2 then (false, -1) else
   let rec aux i =
     if i < 0 then (false, -1) else
       let sub = String.sub s1 i len2 in
       if (sub = s2) then (true, i) else aux (pred i)
   in
   aux (len1 - len2)</lang>
# match2_loc "The sun's shining, Hello World!" "raining" ;;
- : bool * int = (false, -1)
# match2_loc "The sun's shining, Hello World!" "shining" ;;
- : bool * int = (true, 10)

<lang ocaml>let match2_num s1 s2 =

 let len1 = String.length s1
 and len2 = String.length s2 in
 if len1 < len2 then (false, 0) else
   let rec aux i n =
     if i < 0 then (n <> 0, n) else
       let sub = String.sub s1 i len2 in
       if (sub = s2)
       then aux (pred i) (succ n)
       else aux (pred i) (n)
   in
   aux (len1 - len2) 0</lang>
# match2_num "This cloud looks like a camel, \
    that other cloud looks like a llama" "stone" ;;
- : bool * int = (false, 0)
# match2_num "This cloud looks like a camel, \
    that other cloud looks like a llama" "cloud" ;;
- : bool * int = (true, 2)

Oforth

<lang Oforth>: stringMatching(s1, s2) | i |

  s2 isAllAt(s1, 1) ifTrue: [ System.Out s1 << " begins with " << s2 << cr ]
  s2 isAllAt(s1, s1 size s2 size - 1 + ) ifTrue: [ System.Out s1 << " ends with " << s2 << cr ] 
  s1 indexOfAll(s2) ->i
  i ifNotNull: [ System.Out s1 << " includes " << s2 << " at position : " << i << cr ]
  "\nAll positions : " println 
  1 ->i
  while (s1 indexOfAllFrom(s2, i) dup ->i notNull) [
     System.Out s1 << " includes " << s2 << " at position : " << i << cr
     i s2 size + ->i
     ] ;</lang>
Output:
> "arduinoardblobard", "ard" stringMatching
arduinoardblobard begins with ard
arduinoardblobard ends with ard
arduinoardblobard includes ard at position : 1

All positions :
arduinoardblobard includes ard at position : 1
arduinoardblobard includes ard at position : 8
arduinoardblobard includes ard at position : 15

OxygenBasic

<lang oxygenbasic> string s="sdfkjhgsdfkdfgkbopefioqwurti487sdfkrglkjfs9wrtgjglsdfkdkjcnmmb.,msfjflkjsdfk"

string f="sdfk"

string cr=chr(13)+chr(10),tab=chr(9)

string pr="FIND STRING LOCATIONS" cr cr

sys a=0, b=1, count=0, ls=len(s), lf=len(f)

do

 a=instr b,s,f
 if a=0 then exit do
 count++
 if a=1 then  pr+="Begins with keyword" cr
 pr+=count tab a cr
 if a=ls-lf+1 then pr+="Ends with keyword at " a cr
 b=a+1

end do

pr+=cr "Total matches: " count cr

print pr

'FIND STRING LOCATIONS ' 'Begins with keyword '1 1 '2 8 '3 32 '4 51 '5 73 'Ends with keyword at 73 ' 'Total matches: 5 </lang>

PARI/GP

This meets the first but not the second of the optional requirements. Note that GP treats any nonzero value as true so the location found by contains() can be ignore if not needed. <lang parigp>startsWith(string, prefix)={

 string=Vec(string);
 prefix=Vec(prefix);
 if(#prefix > #string, return(0));
 for(i=1,#prefix,if(prefix[i]!=string[i], return(0)));
 1

}; contains(string, inner)={

 my(good);
 string=Vec(string);
 inner=Vec(inner);
 for(i=0,#string-#inner,
   good=1;
   for(j=1,#inner,
     if(inner[j]!=string[i+j], good=0; break)
   );
   if(good, return(i+1))
 );
 0

}; endsWith(string, suffix)={

 string=Vec(string);
 suffix=Vec(suffix);
 if(#suffix > #string, return(0));
 for(i=1,#suffix,if(prefix[i]!=string[i+#string-#suffix], return(0)));
 1

};</lang>

Perl

Using regexes:

<lang perl>$str1 =~ /^\Q$str2\E/ # true if $str1 starts with $str2 $str1 =~ /\Q$str2\E/ # true if $str1 contains $str2 $str1 =~ /\Q$str2\E$/ # true if $str1 ends with $str2</lang>

Using index:

<lang perl>index($str1, $str2) == 0 # true if $str1 starts with $str2 index($str1, $str2) != -1 # true if $str1 contains $str2 rindex($str1, $str2) == length($str1) - length($str2) # true if $str1 ends with $str2</lang>

Using substr:

<lang perl>substr($str1, 0, length($str2)) eq $str2 # true if $str1 starts with $str2 substr($str1, - length($str2)) eq $str2 # true if $str1 ends with $str2</lang>

Bonus task (printing all positions where $str2 appears in $str1):

<lang perl>print $-[0], "\n" while $str1 =~ /\Q$str2\E/g; # using a regex</lang> <lang perl>my $i = -1; print $i, "\n" while ($i = index $str1, $str2, $i + 1) != -1; # using index</lang>

Phix

Library: Phix/basics
constant word = "the",                                      -- (also try this with "th"/"he")
         sentence = "the last thing the man said was the"
--       sentence = "thelastthingthemansaidwasthe"          -- (practically the same results)
 
-- A common, but potentially inefficient idiom for checking for a substring at the start is:
if match(word,sentence)=1 then
    ?"yes(1)"
end if
-- A more efficient method is to test the appropriate slice
if length(sentence)>=length(word) 
and sentence[1..length(word)]=word then
    ?"yes(2)"
end if
-- Which is almost identical to checking for a word at the end
if length(sentence)>=length(word) 
and sentence[-length(word)..-1]=word then
    ?"yes(3)"
end if
-- Or sometimes you will see this, a tiny bit more efficient:
if length(sentence)>=length(word)
and match(word,sentence,length(sentence)-length(word)+1) then
    ?"yes(4)"
end if
-- Finding all occurences is a snap:
integer r = match(word,sentence)
while r!=0 do
    ?r
    r = match(word,sentence,r+1)
end while
-- or equivalently:
?match_all(word,sentence)
Output:
"yes(1)"
"yes(2)"
"yes(3)"
"yes(4)"
1
16
33
{1,16,33}

PHP

<lang php><?php /**********************************************************************************

  • This program gets needle and haystack from the caller (chm.html) (see below)
  • and checks for occurrences of the needle in the haystack
  • 02.05.2013 Walter Pachl
  • Comments or Suggestions welcome
                                                                                                                                                                    • /

$haystack = $_POST['haystack']; if ($haystack==) {$haystack='no haystack given';} $needle = $_POST['needle']; if ($needle==) {$needle='no needle given';}

function rexxpos($h,$n) {

 $pos = strpos($h,$n);
 if ($pos === false) { $pos=-1; }
 else                { $pos=$pos+1; }
 return ($pos);
}

$pos=rexxpos($haystack,$needle); $tx1 = ""; if ($pos==-1){ $n=0; } // not found else { $n=1; } // found once (so far) // Special cases if ($pos==1){ $tx1="needle found to be the start of the haystack"; } if ($pos==strlen($haystack)-strlen($needle)+1)

           { $tx1="needle found at end of haystack"; }

if ($n>0) { // look for other occurrences

 $pl=$pos; // list of positions
 $p=$pos;  //
 $x="*************************************";
 $h=$haystack;
 while ($p>0) {
   $h=substr($x,0,$p).substr($h,$p);
   $p=rexxpos($h,$needle);
   if ( $p>0 ) { $n=$n+1; $pl=$pl.", ".$p; }
 }
      if ($n==1) { $txt="needle found once in haystack, position: $pl."; }
 else if ($n==2) { $txt="needle found twice in haystack, position(s): $pl."; }
 else            { $txt="needle found $n times in haystack, position(s): $pl."; }

} else { $txt="needle not found in haystack."; } ?> <html>

 <head>
   <title>Character Matching</title>
   <meta name="author" content="Walter Pachl">
   <meta name="date" content="02.05.2013">
   <style>
     p { font: 120% courier; }
   </style>
 </head>
 <body>

Haystack: '<?php echo "$haystack" ?>'

Needle:   '<?php echo "$needle" ?>'

<?php echo "$txt" ?>

<?php echo "$tx1" ?>

 </body>

</html></lang> <lang php><?php <!DOCTYPE html> <html>

 <head>
   <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" />
   <title>Character matching</title>
 </head>
 <body>
   <form id="test" name="test" method="post" action="chmx.php">

Character matching

Given two strings, demonstrate the following 3 types of matchings:

  1. Determining if the first string starts with second string
  2. Determining if the first string contains the second string at any location
  3. Determining if the first string ends with the second string

Optional requirements:

  1. Print the location of the match(es) for part 2
  2. Handle multiple occurrences of a string for part 2.

Haystack: <input type="text" name="haystack" size="80">

Needle:   <input type="text" name="needle" size="80">

Press <input name="Submit" type="submit" class="erfolg" value="CHECK"/> to invoke chmx.php.

 </form>
 </body>

</html></lang>

PicoLisp

<lang PicoLisp>: (pre? "ab" "abcd") -> "abcd"

(pre? "xy" "abcd")

-> NIL

(sub? "bc" "abcd")

-> "abcd"

(sub? "xy" "abcd")

-> NIL

(tail (chop "cd") (chop "abcd"))

-> ("c" "d")

(tail (chop "xy") (chop "abcd"))

-> NIL


(de positions (Pat Str)

  (setq Pat (chop Pat))
  (make
     (for ((I . L) (chop Str) L (cdr L))
        (and (head Pat L) (link I)) ) ) )
(positions "bc" "abcdabcd")

-> (2 6)</lang>

PL/I

<lang PL/I> /* Let s be one string, t be the other that might exist within s. */

                                                    /* 8-1-2011 */

k = index(s, t); if k = 0 then put skip edit (t, ' is nowhere in sight') (a); else if k = 1 then

  put skip edit (t, '  starts at the beginning of  ', s) (a);

else if k+length(t)-1 = length(s) then

  put skip edit (t, '  is at the end of  ', s) (a);

else put skip edit (t, ' is within ', s) (a);

if k > 0 then put skip edit (t, ' starts at position ', k) (a); </lang>

Optional extra:

<lang PL/I> /* Handle multiple occurrences. */

  n = 1;
  do forever;
     k = index(s, t, n);
     if k = 0 then
        do;
           if n = 1 then put skip list (t, ' is nowhere in sight');
           stop;
        end;
     else if k = 1 then
        put skip edit ('<', t, '> starts at the beginning of  ', s) (a);
     else if k+length(t)-1 = length(s) then
        put skip edit ('<', t, '> is at the end of  ', s) (a);
     else put skip edit ('<', t, '> is within  ', s) (a);
     n =   k + length(t);
     if k > 0 then
        put skip edit ('<', t, '> starts at position ', trim(k)) (a);
     else stop;
  end;

</lang>

PowerShell

<lang Powershell> "spicywiener".StartsWith("spicy") "spicywiener".Contains("icy") "spicywiener".EndsWith("wiener") "spicywiener".IndexOf("icy") [regex]::Matches("spicywiener", "i").count </lang>

Output:
True
True
True
2
2

Prolog

<lang prolog>

- system:set_prolog_flag(double_quotes,codes) .
- [library(lists)] .

%! starts_with(FIRSTz,SECONDz) % % True if `SECONDz` is the beginning of `FIRSTz` .

starts_with(FIRSTz,SECONDz)

-

lists:append(SECONDz,_,FIRSTz) .

%! contains(FIRSTz,SECONDz) % % True once if `SECONDz` is contained within `FIRSTz` at one or more positions .

contains(FIRSTz,SECONDz)

-

contains(FIRSTz,SECONDz,_) , ! .

%! contains(FIRSTz,SECONDz,NTH1) % % True if `SECONDz` is contained within `FIRSTz` at position `NTH1` .

contains(FIRSTz,SECONDz,NTH1)

-

lists:append([PREFIXz,SECONDz,_SUFFIXz_],FIRSTz) , prolog:length(PREFIXz,NTH0) , NTH1 is NTH0 + 1 .

%! ends_with(FIRSTz,SECONDz) % % True if `SECONDz` is the ending of `FIRSTz` .

ends_with(FIRSTz,SECONDz)

-

lists:append(_,SECONDz,FIRSTz) .

</lang>

Output:

?- starts_with("abcdef","abc") .
true .

?- starts_with("abc","abc") .
true .

?- starts_with("abc","abcd") .
false .

?- starts_with("dabc","abc") .
false .

?- starts_with("","") .
true .

?- 

?- contains("abcdef","abc") .
true.

?- contains("abcdef","abc",NTH).
NTH = 1 ;
false.

?- contains("abcdef","de",NTH).
NTH = 4 ;
false.

?- contains("abcdef","f",NTH).
NTH = 6 ;
false.

?- contains("abcde","f",NTH).
false.

?- contains("","",NTH).
NTH = 1 ; % wtf ?
false.

?- contains("a","a",NTH).
NTH = 1 ; % wtf ?
false.

?- 

?- ends_with("abc","abc") .
true ;
false .

?- ends_with("abc","bc") .
true ;
false .

?- ends_with("abcd","bc") .
false .

?- ends_with("","") .
true ;
false .

?- 

PureBasic

<lang PureBasic>Procedure StartsWith(String1$, String2$)

 Protected Result
 If FindString(String1$, String2$, 1) =1 ; E.g Found in possition 1
   Result =CountString(String1$, String2$)
 EndIf
 ProcedureReturn Result

EndProcedure

Procedure EndsWith(String1$, String2$)

 Protected Result, dl=Len(String1$)-Len(String2$)
 If dl>=0 And Right(String1$, Len(String2$))=String2$
   Result =CountString(String1$, String2$)
 EndIf
 ProcedureReturn Result

EndProcedure</lang> And a verification <lang PureBasic>If OpenConsole()

 PrintN(Str(StartsWith("Rosettacode", "Rosetta")))           ; = 1
 PrintN(Str(StartsWith("Rosettacode", "code")))              ; = 0
 PrintN(Str(StartsWith("eleutherodactylus cruralis", "e")))  ; = 3
 PrintN(Str(EndsWith  ("Rosettacode", "Rosetta")))  ; = 0
 PrintN(Str(EndsWith  ("Rosettacode", "code")))     ; = 1
 PrintN(Str(EndsWith  ("Rosettacode", "e")))        ; = 2
 
 Print(#CRLF$ + #CRLF$ + "Press ENTER to exit"): Input()
 CloseConsole()

EndIf</lang>

An alternate and more complete solution: <lang PureBasic>Procedure startsWith(string1$, string2$)

 ;returns one if string1$ starts with string2$, otherwise returns zero
 If FindString(string1$, string2$, 1) = 1
   ProcedureReturn 1
 EndIf 
 ProcedureReturn 0

EndProcedure

Procedure contains(string1$, string2$, location = 0)

 ;returns the location of the next occurrence of string2$ in string1$ starting from location,
 ;or zero if no remaining occurrences of string2$ are found in string1$
 ProcedureReturn FindString(string1$, string2$, location + 1)

EndProcedure

Procedure endsWith(string1$, string2$)

 ;returns one if string1$ ends with string2$, otherwise returns zero
 Protected ls = Len(string2$)
 If Len(string1$) - ls >= 0 And Right(string1$, ls) = string2$
   ProcedureReturn 1
 EndIf
 ProcedureReturn 0

EndProcedure

If OpenConsole()

 PrintN(Str(startsWith("RosettaCode", "Rosetta")))           ; = 1, true
 PrintN(Str(startsWith("RosettaCode", "Code")))              ; = 0, false
 
 PrintN("")
 PrintN(Str(contains("RosettaCode", "luck")))                ; = 0, no occurrences
 Define location
 Repeat
   location = contains("eleutherodactylus cruralis", "e", location)
   PrintN(Str(location))                                     ;display each occurrence: 1, 3, 7,  & 0 (no more occurrences)
 Until location = 0
 
 PrintN("")
 PrintN(Str(endsWith  ("RosettaCode", "Rosetta")))            ; = 0, false
 PrintN(Str(endsWith  ("RosettaCode", "Code")))               ; = 1, true
  
 Print(#CRLF$ + #CRLF$ + "Press ENTER to exit"): Input()
 CloseConsole()

EndIf</lang>

Output:
1
0

0
1
3
7
0

0
1

Python

<lang python>"abcd".startswith("ab") #returns True "abcd".endswith("zn") #returns False "bb" in "abab" #returns False "ab" in "abab" #returns True loc = "abab".find("bb") #returns -1 loc = "abab".find("ab") #returns 0 loc = "abab".find("ab",loc+1) #returns 2</lang>

Quackery

These work for any nests (i.e. dynamic arrays), not just strings (i.e. nests of chars).

<lang Quackery> [ tuck size split drop = ] is starts ( [ [ --> b )

 [ tuck size negate split nip = ] is ends     ( [ [ --> b )
 [ 2dup = iff true 
   else
     [ over [] = iff false done 
       2dup starts iff true done
       dip behead nip again ]
   dip 2drop ]                    is contains ( [ [ --> b )
   
 [ iff 
     [ say "true" ] 
   else 
     [ say "false" ] ]           is echobool  (   b -->   )
 
 
 $ "abcdefgh" $ "abc" starts   echobool cr 
 $ "abcdefgh" $ "xyz" starts   echobool cr 
 $ "abcdefgh" $ "fgh" ends     echobool cr 
 $ "abcdefgh" $ "xyz" ends     echobool cr 
 $ "abcdefgh" $ "cde" contains echobool cr 
 $ "abcdefgh" $ "xyz" contains echobool cr</lang>
Output:
true
false
true
false
true
false

Racket

<lang racket>

  1. lang racket

(require srfi/13) (string-prefix? "ab" "abcd") (string-suffix? "cd" "abcd") (string-contains "abab" "bb") (string-contains "abab" "ba") </lang>

Output:
#t
#t
#f
1

Raku

(formerly Perl 6)

Using string methods:

<lang perl6>$haystack.starts-with($needle) # True if $haystack starts with $needle $haystack.contains($needle) # True if $haystack contains $needle $haystack.ends-with($needle) # True if $haystack ends with $needle</lang>

Using regexes:

<lang perl6>so $haystack ~~ /^ $needle / # True if $haystack starts with $needle so $haystack ~~ / $needle / # True if $haystack contains $needle so $haystack ~~ / $needle $/ # True if $haystack ends with $needle</lang>

Using substr:

<lang perl6>substr($haystack, 0, $needle.chars) eq $needle # True if $haystack starts with $needle substr($haystack, *-$needle.chars) eq $needle # True if $haystack ends with $needle</lang>

Bonus task:

<lang perl6>$haystack.match($needle, :g)».from; # List of all positions where $needle appears in $haystack $haystack.indices($needle :overlap); # Also find any overlapping instances of $needle in $haystack</lang>

Retro

<lang Retro>: startsWith? ( $1 $2 - f )

 withLength &swap dip 0 swap ^strings'getSubset compare ;

"abcdefghijkl" "abcde" startsWith? "abcdefghijkl" "bcd" startsWith?

"abcdefghijkl" "bcd" ^strings'search "abcdefghijkl" "zmq" ^strings'search

endsWith? ( $1 $2 - f )
 swap withLength + over getLength - compare ;

"abcdefghijkl" "ijkl" endsWith? "abcdefghijkl" "abc" endsWith?</lang>

REXX

Extra coding was added to take care of using plurals in the last output message. <lang rexx>/*REXX program demonstrates some basic character string testing (for matching). */ parse arg A B /*obtain A and B from the command line.*/ say 'string A = ' A /*display string A to the terminal.*/ say 'string B = ' B /* " " B " " " */ say copies('░', 70) /*display a line separator (fence). */ LB= length(B) /*get the length of string B in bytes*/ if left(A, LB)==B then say 'string A starts with string B'

                  else say  "string  A  doesn't start with string  B"

say /* [↓] another method using COMPARE BIF*/ p= pos(B, A) if p==0 then say "string A doesn't contain string B"

        else say  'string  A  contains string  B  (starting in position'   p")"

say if right(A, LB)==B then say 'string A ends with string B'

                   else say "string  A  doesn't end with string  B"

say $=; p= 0; do until p==0; p= pos(B, A, p+1)

                                 if p\==0  then $= $','   p
                                 end   /*until*/

$= space( strip($, 'L', ",") ) /*elide extra blanks and leading comma.*/

  1. = words($) /*obtain number of words in $ string.*/

if #==0 then say "string A doesn't contain string B"

        else say 'string  A  contains string  B '    #    " time"left('s', #>1),
             "(at position"left('s', #>1)  $")" /*stick a fork in it,  we're all done. */</lang>
output   when the following is specified (the five Marx brothers):   Chico_Harpo_Groucho_Zeppo_Gummo p
string  A  =  Chico_Harpo_Groucho_Zeppo_Gummo
string  B  =  p
░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░
string  A  doesn't start with string B

string  A  contains string  B  (starting in position 10)

string  A  doesn't end with string B

string  A  contains string  B  3  times (at positions 10, 23, 24)
output   when the following is specified:   Chico_Harpo_Groucho_Zeppo_Gummo Z
string  A  =  Chico_Harpo_Groucho_Zeppo_Gummo
string  B  =  Z
░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░
string  A  doesn't start with string  B

string  A  contains string  B  (starting in position 21)

string  A  doesn't end with string  B

string  A  contains string  B  1  time (at position 21)
output   when the following is specified:   Chico_Harpo_Groucho_Zeppo_Gummo Chi
string  A  =  Chico_Harpo_Groucho_Zeppo_Gummo
string  B  =  Chi
░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░
string  A  starts with string  B

string  A  contains string B  (starting in position 1)
 
string  A  doesn't end with string  B

string  A  contains string  B  1  time (at position 1)
output   when the following is specified:   Chico_Harpo_Groucho_Zeppo_Gummo mmo
string  A  =  Chico_Harpo_Groucho_Zeppo_Gummo
string  B  =  mmo
░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░
string  A  doesn't start with string  B

string  A  contains string  B  (starting in position 29)

string  A  ends with string  B

string  A  contains string  B  1  time (at position 29)

Ring

<lang ring> aString = "Welcome to the Ring Programming Language" bString = "Ring" bStringIndex = substr(aString,bString) if bStringIndex > 0 see "" + bStringIndex + " : " + bString ok </lang>

Ruby

<lang ruby>p 'abcd'.start_with?('ab') #returns true p 'abcd'.end_with?('ab') #returns false p 'abab'.include?('bb') #returns false p 'abab'.include?('ab') #returns true p 'abab'['bb'] #returns nil p 'abab'['ab'] #returns "ab" p 'abab'.index('bb') #returns nil p 'abab'.index('ab') #returns 0 p 'abab'.index('ab', 1) #returns 2 p 'abab'.rindex('ab') #returns 2</lang>

Run BASIC

<lang runbasic>s1$ = "abc def ghi klmnop" s2$ = "abc" ' begins with s3$ = "ef" ' is in the string s4$ = "nop" ' ends with

sn2$ = "abcx" ' not begins with sn3$ = "efx" ' not in the string sn4$ = "nopx" ' not ends with

if left$(s1$,len(s2$)) <> s2$ then a$ = "Not " print "String:";s1$;" does ";a$;"begin with:";s2$

if instr(s1$,s3$) = 0 then a$ = "Not " print "String:";s1$;" does ";a$;"contain:";s3$

if mid$(s1$,len(s1$) + 1 - len(s4$),len(s4$)) <> s4$ then a$ = "Not " print "String:";s1$;" does ";a$;"end with:";s4$

' ----------- not ----------------------------- print if left$(s1$,len(sn2$)) <> sn2$ then a$ = "Not " print "String:";s1$;" does ";a$;"begin with:";sn2$

if instr(s1$,sn3$) = 0 then a$ = "Not " print "String:";s1$;" does ";a$;"contain:";sn3$

if mid$(s1$,len(s1$) + 1 - len(sn4$),len(sn4$)) <> sn4$ then a$ = "Not " print "String:";s1$;" does ";a$;"end with:";sn4$</lang>

Output:
String:abc def ghi klmnop does begin with:abc
String:abc def ghi klmnop does contain:ef
String:abc def ghi klmnop does end with:nop

String:abc def ghi klmnop does Not begin with:abcx
String:abc def ghi klmnop does Not contain:efx
String:abc def ghi klmnop does Not end with:nopx

Rust

<lang rust>fn print_match(possible_match: Option<usize>) {

   match possible_match {
       Some(match_pos) => println!("Found match at pos {}", match_pos),
       None => println!("Did not find any matches")
   }

}

fn main() {

   let s1 = "abcd";
   let s2 = "abab";
   let s3 = "ab";
   
   // Determining if the first string starts with second string
   assert!(s1.starts_with(s3));
   // Determining if the first string contains the second string at any location
   assert!(s1.contains(s3));
   // Print the location of the match 
   print_match(s1.find(s3)); // Found match at pos 0
   print_match(s1.find(s2)); // Did not find any matches
   // Determining if the first string ends with the second string
   assert!(s2.ends_with(s3));

}</lang>

<lang rust> fn main(){

   let hello = String::from("Hello world");
   println!(" Start with \"he\" {} \n Ends with \"rd\" {}\n Contains \"wi\" {}", 
                                                       hello.starts_with("He"),
                                                       hello.ends_with("ld"),
                                                       hello.contains("wi"));

}</lang>

Output:
Start with "he" true 
Ends with "ld" true
Contains "wi" false

Scala

<lang scala>"abcd".startsWith("ab") //returns true "abcd".endsWith("zn") //returns false "abab".contains("bb") //returns false "abab".contains("ab") //returns true

var loc="abab".indexOf("bb") //returns -1 loc = "abab".indexOf("ab") //returns 0 loc = "abab".indexOf("ab", loc+1) //returns 2</lang>

Seed7

<lang seed7>$ include "seed7_05.s7i";

const proc: main is func

 local
   var integer: position is 0;
 begin
   writeln(startsWith("abcd", "ab")); # write TRUE
   writeln(endsWith("abcd", "zn"));   # write FALSE
   writeln(pos("abab", "bb") <> 0);   # write FALSE
   writeln(pos("abab", "ab") <> 0);   # write TRUE
   writeln(pos("abab", "bb"));        # write 0
   position := pos("abab", "ab");
   writeln(position);                 # position is 1
   position := pos("abab", "ab", succ(position));
   writeln(position);                 # position is 3
 end func;</lang>
Output:
TRUE
FALSE
FALSE
TRUE
0
1
3

Sidef

<lang ruby>var first = "abc-abcdef-abcd"; var second = "abc";

say first.begins_with(second); #=> true say first.contains(second); #=> true say first.ends_with(second); #=> false

  1. Get and print the location of the match

say first.index(second); #=> 0

  1. Find multiple occurrences of a string

var pos = -1; while (pos = first.index(second, pos+1) != -1) {

   say "Match at pos: #{pos}";

}</lang>

Smalltalk

<lang smalltalk>a startsWith: b a includesSubCollection: b. "inherited from superclass" a includesString: b. "the same, but more readable" a endsWith: b a indexOfSubCollection: b "inherited" a indexOfSubCollection: b startingAt: pos "inherited" a indexOfString: b a indexOfStringStartingAt: b </lang>

SNOBOL4

<lang SNOBOL4> s1 = 'abcdabefgab'

     s2 = 'ab'
     s3 = 'xy'
     OUTPUT = ?(s1 ? POS(0) s2)  "1. " s2 " begins " s1
     OUTPUT = ?(s1 ? POS(0) s3)  "1. " s3 " begins " s1  ;# fails
     n = 0

again s1 POS(n) ARB s2 @a :F(p3)

     OUTPUT = "2. " s2 " found at position "

+ a - SIZE(s2) " in " s1

     n = a                                      :(again)

p3 OUTPUT = ?(s1 ? s2 RPOS(0)) "3. " s2 " ends " s1 END</lang>

Output:
1. ab begins abcdabefgab
2. ab found at position 0 in abcdabefgab
2. ab found at position 4 in abcdabefgab
2. ab found at position 9 in abcdabefgab
3. ab ends abcdabefgab

Standard ML

<lang sml>String.isPrefix "ab" "abcd"; (* returns true *) String.isSuffix "zn" "abcd"; (* returns false *) String.isSubstring "bb" "abab"; (* returns false *) String.isSubstring "ab" "abab"; (* returns true *)

  1. 2 (Substring.base (#2 (Substring.position "bb" (Substring.full "abab")))); (* returns 4 *)

val loc = #2 (Substring.base (#2 (Substring.position "ab" (Substring.full "abab")))); (* returns 0 *) val loc' = #2 (Substring.base (#2 (Substring.position "ab" (Substring.extract ("abab", loc+1, NONE))))); (* returns 2 *)</lang>

Swift

<lang swift>var str = "Hello, playground" str.hasPrefix("Hell") //True str.hasPrefix("hell") //False

str.containsString("llo") //True str.containsString("xxoo") //False

str.hasSuffix("playground") //True str.hasSuffix("world") //False</lang>

Tailspin

This assumes the string to be found does not contain any regex special characters, otherwise we should work with composers (parsers) see below. <lang tailspin> templates find&{s:}

 when <'$s;.*'> do '$; starts with $s;' !
 when <'.*$s;'> do '$; ends with $s;' !
 when <'.*$s;.*'> do '$; contains $s;' !
 otherwise '$s; cannot be found in $;' !

end find

'abcd' -> find&{s:'ab'} -> !OUT::write ' ' -> !OUT::write 'abcd' -> find&{s:'cd'} -> !OUT::write ' ' -> !OUT::write 'abcd' -> find&{s:'bc'} -> !OUT::write ' ' -> !OUT::write 'abcd' -> find&{s:'e'} -> !OUT::write </lang>

Output:
abcd starts with ab
abcd ends with cd
abcd contains bc
e cannot be found in abcd

Working with composers and literal matchers to be able to handle any string. <lang tailspin> composer startsWith&{s:}

 @: 0;
 (<='$s;'>? -> @:1; <'.*'>) $@

end startsWith

composer endsWith&{s:}

 @: 0;
 (<ends|'.*'>) $@
 rule ends: (<'.'>* <='$s;'> -> @:1;)

end endsWith

composer contains&{s:}

 @: 0;
 (<~='$s;'>? <='$s;'>? -> @:1; <'.*'>) $@

end contains

templates find&{s:}

 when <?($ -> startsWith&{s:$s} <=1>)> do '$; starts with $s;' !
 when <?($ -> endsWith&{s:$s} <=1>)> do '$; ends with $s;' !
 when <?($ -> contains&{s:$s} <=1>)> do '$; contains $s;' !
 otherwise '$s; cannot be found in $;' !

end find

'abcd' -> find&{s:'ab'} -> !OUT::write ' ' -> !OUT::write 'abcd' -> find&{s:'cd'} -> !OUT::write ' ' -> !OUT::write 'abcd' -> find&{s:'bc'} -> !OUT::write ' ' -> !OUT::write 'abcd' -> find&{s:'e'} -> !OUT::write ' ' -> !OUT::write 'banana' -> find&{s:'na'} -> !OUT::write </lang>

Output:
abcd starts with ab
abcd ends with cd
abcd contains bc
e cannot be found in abcd
banana ends with na

In tailspin we don't manipulate strings by character indices but we can still work out the second part. String characters can be streamed and captured in an array, although we prefer to compare in strings, here with a composer (parser). This has also been crafted to work with strings containing special regex characters by using literal equality. <lang tailspin> composer index&{s:}

 @index: 0;
 [<match>*]
 rule match: ([<~='$s;'>? ...] -> @: $@ + 1 + $::length;) <'.'>? -> $@

end index

'ba is found in positions $:'banana' -> index&{s:'ba'}; in banana' -> !OUT::write ' ' -> !OUT::write 'ana is found in positions $:'banana' -> index&{s:'ana'}; in banana' -> !OUT::write ' ' -> !OUT::write 'c is found in positions $:'banana' -> index&{s:'c'}; in banana' -> !OUT::write </lang>

Output:
ba is found in positions [1] in banana
ana is found in positions [2, 4] in banana
c is found in positions [] in banana

Tcl

In this code, we are looking in various ways for the string in the variable needle in the string in the variable haystack. <lang tcl>set isPrefix [string equal -length [string length $needle] $haystack $needle] set isContained [expr {[string first $needle $haystack] >= 0}] set isSuffix [string equal $needle [string range $haystack end-[expr {[string length $needle]-1}] end]]</lang>

Of course, in the cases where the needle is a glob-safe string (i.e., doesn't have any of the characters “*?[\” in), this can be written far more conveniently: <lang tcl>set isPrefix [string match $needle* $haystack] set isContained [string match *$needle* $haystack] set isSuffix [string match *$needle $haystack]</lang>

Another powerful technique is to use the regular expression engine in literal string mode: <lang tcl>set isContained [regexp ***=$needle $haystack]</lang> This can be extended by getting the regexp to return the locations of the matches, enabling the other forms of match to be done: <lang tcl>set matchLocations [regexp -indices -all -inline ***=$needle $haystack]

  1. Each match location is a pair, being the index into the string where the needle started
  2. to match and the index where the needle finished matching

set isContained [expr {[llength $matchLocations] > 0}] set isPrefix [expr {[lindex $matchLocations 0 0] == 0}] set isSuffix [expr {[lindex $matchLocations end 1] == [string length $haystack]-1}] set firstMatchStart [lindex $matchLocations 0 0] puts "Found \"$needle\" in \"$haystack\" at $firstMatchStart" foreach location $matchLocations {

   puts "needle matched at index [lindex $location 0]"

}</lang>

TUSCRIPT

<lang tuscript> $$ MODE TUSCRIPT ASK "string1", string1="" ASK "string2", string2=""

IF (string1.sw.string2) THEN PRINT string1," starts with ",string2 ELSE PRINT string1," not starts with ",string2 ENDIF SET beg=STRING (string1,string2,0,0,0,end) IF (beg!=0) THEN PRINT string1," contains ",string2 PRINT " starting in position ",beg PRINT " ending in position ",end ELSE PRINT string1," not contains ",string2 ENDIF

IF (string1.ew.string2) THEN PRINT string1," ends with ",string2 ELSE PRINT string1," not ends with ",string2 ENDIF </lang>

Output:
string1 >Rosetta Code
string2 >Code
Rosetta Code not starts with Code
Rosetta Code contains        Code
  starting in position 9
  ending   in position 13
Rosetta Code ends with       Code 

TXR

TXR Lisp

<lang txrlisp>(tree-case *args*

 ((big small)
  (cond
    ((< (length big) (length small))
     (put-line `@big is shorter than @small`))
    ((str= big small)
     (put-line `@big and @small are equal`))
    ((starts-with small big)
     (put-line `@small is a prefix of @big`))
    ((ends-with small big)
     (put-line `@small is a suffix of @big`))
    (t (iflet ((pos (search-str big small)))
         (put-line `@small occurs in @big at position @pos`)
         (put-line `@small does not occur in @big`)))))
 (otherwise
   (put-line `usage: @(ldiff *full-args* *args*) <bigstring> <smallstring>`)))</lang>
Output:
$ txr cmatch2.tl x
usage: txr cmatch2.tl <bigstring> <smallstring>
$ txr cmatch2.tl x y z
usage: txr cmatch2.tl <bigstring> <smallstring>
$ txr cmatch2.tl catalog cat
cat is a prefix of catalog
$ txr cmatch2.tl catalog log
log is a suffix of catalog
$ txr cmatch2.tl catalog at
at occurs in catalog at position 1
$ txr cmatch2.tl catalog catalogue
catalog is shorter than catalogue
$ txr cmatch2.tl catalog catalog
catalog and catalog are equal
$ txr cmatch2.tl catalog dog
dog does not occur in catalog

Pattern Language

<lang txr>@line @(cases) @ line @ (output) second line is the same as first line @ (end) @(or) @ (skip)@line @ (output) first line is a suffix of the second line @ (end) @(or) @ line@(skip) @ (output) first line is a suffix of the second line @ (end) @(or) @ prefix@line@(skip) @ (output) first line is embedded in the second line at position @(length prefix) @ (end) @(or) @ (output) first line is not found in the second line @ (end) @(end)</lang>

Output:
$ txr cmatch.txr -
123
01234
first line is embedded in the second line at position 1
$ txr cmatch.txr -
123
0123
first line is a suffix of the second line

Vala

<lang vala>void main() {

   var text = "一二三四五六七八九十";
   var starts = "一二";
   var ends = "九十";
   var contains = "五六";
   var not_contain = "百";
  
   stdout.printf(@"text: $text\n\n", );
   stdout.printf(@"starts with $starts: $(text.has_prefix(starts))\n");
   stdout.printf(@"ends with $ends: $(text.has_suffix(ends))\n");
   stdout.printf(@"starts with $starts: $(text.has_suffix(starts))\n");
   stdout.printf(@"contains $contains: $(contains in text)\n");
   stdout.printf(@"contains $not_contain: $(contains in text)\n");

}</lang>

Output:
text: 一二三四五六七八九十

starts with 一二: true
ends with 九十: true
starts with 一二: false
contains 五六: true
contains 百: false

VBA

Translation of: Phix

<lang vb>Public Sub string_matching()

   word = "the"                                        '-- (also try this with "th"/"he")
   sentence = "the last thing the man said was the"
   '--       sentence = "thelastthingthemansaidwasthe" '-- (practically the same results)
    
   '-- A common, but potentially inefficient idiom for checking for a substring at the start is:
   If InStr(1, sentence, word) = 1 Then
       Debug.Print "yes(1)"
   End If
   '-- A more efficient method is to test the appropriate slice
   If Len(sentence) >= Len(word) _
       And Mid(sentence, 1, Len(word)) = word Then
       Debug.Print "yes(2)"
   End If
   '-- Which is almost identical to checking for a word at the end
   If Len(sentence) >= Len(word) _
       And Mid(sentence, Len(sentence) - Len(word) + 1, Len(word)) = word Then
       Debug.Print "yes(3)"
   End If
   '-- Or sometimes you will see this, a tiny bit more efficient:
   If Len(sentence) >= Len(word) _
   And InStr(Len(sentence) - Len(word) + 1, sentence, word) Then
       Debug.Print "yes(4)"
   End If
   '-- Finding all occurences is a snap:
   r = InStr(1, sentence, word)
   Do While r <> 0
       Debug.Print r
       r = InStr(r + 1, sentence, word)
   Loop

End Sub</lang>

Output:
yes(1)
yes(2)
yes(3)
yes(4)
 1 
 16 
 33 

VBScript

<lang vb>Function StartsWith(s1,s2) StartsWith = False If Left(s1,Len(s2)) = s2 Then StartsWith = True End If End Function

Function Contains(s1,s2) Contains = False If InStr(1,s1,s2) Then Contains = True & " at positions " j = 1 Do Until InStr(j,s1,s2) = False Contains = Contains & InStr(j,s1,s2) & ", " If j = 1 Then If Len(s2) = 1 Then j = j + InStr(j,s1,s2) Else j = j + (InStr(j,s1,s2) + (Len(s2) - 1)) End If Else If Len(s2) = 1 Then j = j + ((InStr(j,s1,s2) - j) + 1) Else j = j + ((InStr(j,s1,s2) - j) + (Len(s2) - 1)) End If End If Loop End If End Function

Function EndsWith(s1,s2) EndsWith = False If Right(s1,Len(s2)) = s2 Then EndsWith = True End If End Function

WScript.StdOut.Write "Starts with test, 'foo' in 'foobar': " & StartsWith("foobar","foo") WScript.StdOut.WriteLine WScript.StdOut.Write "Contains test, 'o' in 'fooooobar': " & Contains("fooooobar","o") WScript.StdOut.WriteLine WScript.StdOut.Write "Ends with test, 'bar' in 'foobar': " & EndsWith("foobar","bar")</lang>

Output:

Starts with test, 'foo' in 'foobar': True
Contains test, 'o' in 'fooooobar': True at positions 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 
Ends with test, 'bar' in 'foobar': True

Visual Basic

Works with: Visual Basic version VB6 Standard

works the same as in VBA, see String_matching#VBA

Wren

<lang ecmascript>var s = "abracadabra" var t = "abra" var u = "ra" var v = "cad" System.print("'%(s)' starts with '%(t)' is %(s.startsWith(t))") var indices = [] var start = 0 while (true) {

   var ix = s.indexOf(u, start)
   if (ix >= 0) {
       indices.add(ix)
       start = ix + u.count
       if (start >= s.count) break
   } else break

} var contained = indices.count > 0 System.print("'%(s)' contains '%(u)' is %(contained) %(contained ? "at indices %(indices)" : "")") System.print("'%(s)' ends with '%(v)' is %(s.endsWith(v))")</lang>

Output:
'abracadabra' starts with 'abra' is true
'abracadabra' contains 'ra' is true at indices [2, 9]
'abracadabra' ends with 'cad' is false

XPL0

<lang XPL0>include c:\cxpl\codes; \intrinsic 'code' declarations string 0; \use zero-terminated strings

func StrLen(A); \Return number of characters in a string char A; int I; for I:= 0 to -1>>1-1 do

   if A(I) = 0 then return I;

func StrFind(A, B); \Search for string B in string A \Returns index of first occurrence of string B in A, or -1 if B is not found char A, B; \strings to be compared int LA, LB, I, J; [LA:= StrLen(A);

LB:= StrLen(B);
for I:= 0 to LA-LB do
   [for J:= 0 to LB-1 do
       if B(J) # A(J+I) then J:= LB+1;
   if J = LB then return I;    \found
   ];

return -1; ];

char Str; int I, J; [Str:= "pack my box with"; \ 0123456789012345 Text(0, if StrFind(Str, "pack") = 0 then "yes" else "no"); CrLf(0); \1. Text(0, if StrFind(Str, "ack") = 0 then "yes" else "no"); CrLf(0); I:= StrFind(Str, "x w"); Text(0, if I >= 0 then "yes" else "no"); \2. Text(0, ", at offset "); IntOut(0, I); CrLf(0); I:= 0; J:= 0; \offsets of space characters loop [I:= StrFind(Str+J, " ");

       if I < 0 then quit;
       IntOut(0, I+J); ChOut(0, ^ );
       J:= J+I+1;
       ];

CrLf(0); Text(0, if StrFind(Str, "X w") >= 0 then "yes" else "no"); CrLf(0); Text(0, if StrFind(Str, "with") = StrLen(Str)-StrLen("with") then "yes" else "no"); CrLf(0); \3. Text(0, if StrFind(Str, "x w" ) = StrLen(Str)-StrLen("x w" ) then "yes" else "no"); CrLf(0); ]</lang>

Output:
yes
no
yes, at offset 10
4 7 11 
no
yes
no

XProfan

<lang XProfan> // XProfan can use StringParts, so the results here // are the comma separated positions of the parts or 0 Proc Contains

  Parameters string content, part
  var string results = "0"
  var long posi = 1
  posi = InStr(part,content,posi)
  if posi <> 0
     results = str$(posi)
     repeat
        posi = InStr(part,content,posi+1)
        case posi <> 0 : results = results + "," + str$(posi)
     until posi == 0
  endif
  Return results

EndProc

Proc StartsWith

  Parameters string content, part
  Return if(Left$(content,Len(part)) == part, 1, 0)

EndProc

Proc EndsWith

  Parameters string content, part
  Return if(Right$(content,Len(part)) == part, 1, 0)
  'Return if(Left$(content,Len(content)-Len(part)+1) == part, 1, 0)

EndProc

var string theContent = "foobar" var string thePart = "foo" Print "Starts with: " Print " ("+thePart+" in "+theContent+") "+if(StartsWith(theContent,thePart),"Yes","No") thePart = "back" Print " ("+thePart+" in "+theContent+") "+if(StartsWith(theContent,thePart),"Yes","No")

theContent = "foooooobar" Print "Contains: " Print " ("+thePart+" in "+theContent+") "+ Contains(theContent,thePart) thePart = "o" Print " ("+thePart+" in "+theContent+") "+ Contains(theContent,thePart)

theContent = "foobar" thePart = "back" Print "Ends with: " Print " ("+thePart+" in "+theContent+") "+if(EndsWith(theContent,thePart),"Yes","No") thePart = "bar" Print " ("+thePart+" in "+theContent+") "+if(EndsWith(theContent,thePart),"Yes","No")

waitkey end</lang>

Output:
Starts with: 
  (foo in foobar) Yes
  (back in foobar) No
Contains: 
  (back in foooooobar) 0
  (o in foooooobar) 2,3,4,5,6,7
Ends with: 
  (back in foobar) No
  (bar in foobar) Yes


Yabasic

<lang Yabasic> cadena1$ = "qwertyuiop"

//Determinar si la primera cadena comienza con la segunda cadena cadena2$ = "qwerty" if left$(cadena1$, len(cadena2$)) = cadena2$ then

   print "'", cadena1$, "' comienza con '", cadena2$, "'"

else

   print "'", cadena1$, "' no comienza con '", cadena2$, "'"

end if

//Determinar si la primera cadena contiene la segunda cadena en cualquier //ubicación imprima la ubicación de la coincidencia para la parte 2 cadena2$ = "wert" posic = instr(cadena1$, cadena2$) if posic then

   print "'", cadena1$, "' contiene '", cadena2$, "' en la posicion ", posic

else

   print "'", cadena1$, "' no contiene '", cadena2$, "'"

end if

//Determinar si la primera cadena termina con la segunda cadena cadena2$ = "random garbage" if right$(cadena1$, len(cadena2$)) = cadena2$ then

   print "'", cadena1$, "' termina con '", cadena2$, "'"

else

   print "'", cadena1$, "' no termina con '", cadena2$, "'"

end if end </lang>

Output:
'qwertyuiop' comienza con 'qwerty'
'qwertyuiop' contiene 'wert' en la posicion 2
'qwertyuiop' no termina con 'random garbage'


zkl

<lang zkl>fcn f(text,p){ if(text.find(p)==0)println("Yep") else println("Nope") } f("foobar","foo") //--> Yep f("foobar","bar") //--> Nope</lang> <lang zkl>fcn f(text,p){ if(Void!=(n:=text.find(p)))println("Contained @",n) else println("Nope") } f("foobar","ob") //--> Contained @2 f("foobar","food") //--> Nope</lang> <lang zkl>fcn f(text,p){

  if( Void!=(n:=text.rfind(p)) and n+p.len()==text.len() )
     println("tail gunner") else println("Nope")

} f("foobar","r"); f("foobar","ar"); //--> tail gunners f("foobar","ob"); //--> Nope f("foobarfoobar","bar"); //--> tail gunner</lang>