String length: Difference between revisions
Puppydrum64 (talk | contribs) m (→Byte Length: forgot lang closer) |
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.include "../includeARM64.inc" |
.include "../includeARM64.inc" |
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</lang> |
</lang> |
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=={{header|Action!}}== |
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<lang Action!>PROC Test(CHAR ARRAY s) |
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PrintF("Length of ""%S"" is %B%E",s,s(0)) |
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RETURN |
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PROC Main() |
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Test("Hello world!") |
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Test("") |
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RETURN</lang> |
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{{out}} |
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[https://gitlab.com/amarok8bit/action-rosetta-code/-/raw/master/images/String_length.png Screenshot from Atari 8-bit computer] |
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<pre> |
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Length of "Hello world!" is 12 |
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Length of "" is 0 |
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</pre> |
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=={{header|ActionScript}}== |
=={{header|ActionScript}}== |
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===Byte length=== |
===Byte length=== |
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Revision as of 21:43, 2 December 2021
You are encouraged to solve this task according to the task description, using any language you may know.
- Task
Find the character and byte length of a string.
This means encodings like UTF-8 need to be handled properly, as there is not necessarily a one-to-one relationship between bytes and characters.
By character, we mean an individual Unicode code point, not a user-visible grapheme containing combining characters.
For example, the character length of "møøse" is 5 but the byte length is 7 in UTF-8 and 10 in UTF-16.
Non-BMP code points (those between 0x10000 and 0x10FFFF) must also be handled correctly: answers should produce actual character counts in code points, not in code unit counts.
Therefore a string like "𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢" (consisting of the 7 Unicode characters U+1D518 U+1D52B U+1D526 U+1D520 U+1D52C U+1D521 U+1D522) is 7 characters long, not 14 UTF-16 code units; and it is 28 bytes long whether encoded in UTF-8 or in UTF-16.
Please mark your examples with ===Character Length=== or ===Byte Length===.
If your language is capable of providing the string length in graphemes, mark those examples with ===Grapheme Length===.
For example, the string "J̲o̲s̲é̲" ("J\x{332}o\x{332}s\x{332}e\x{301}\x{332}") has 4 user-visible graphemes, 9 characters (code points), and 14 bytes when encoded in UTF-8.
- Metrics
- Counting
- Word frequency
- Letter frequency
- Jewels and stones
- I before E except after C
- Bioinformatics/base count
- Count occurrences of a substring
- Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string
- Remove/replace
- XXXX redacted
- Conjugate a Latin verb
- Remove vowels from a string
- String interpolation (included)
- Strip block comments
- Strip comments from a string
- Strip a set of characters from a string
- Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail
- Strip control codes and extended characters from a string
- Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling
- Word wheel
- ABC problem
- Sattolo cycle
- Knuth shuffle
- Ordered words
- Superpermutation minimisation
- Textonyms (using a phone text pad)
- Anagrams
- Anagrams/Deranged anagrams
- Permutations/Derangements
- Find/Search/Determine
- ABC words
- Odd words
- Word ladder
- Semordnilap
- Word search
- Wordiff (game)
- String matching
- Tea cup rim text
- Alternade words
- Changeable words
- State name puzzle
- String comparison
- Unique characters
- Unique characters in each string
- Extract file extension
- Levenshtein distance
- Palindrome detection
- Common list elements
- Longest common suffix
- Longest common prefix
- Compare a list of strings
- Longest common substring
- Find common directory path
- Words from neighbour ones
- Change e letters to i in words
- Non-continuous subsequences
- Longest common subsequence
- Longest palindromic substrings
- Longest increasing subsequence
- Words containing "the" substring
- Sum of the digits of n is substring of n
- Determine if a string is numeric
- Determine if a string is collapsible
- Determine if a string is squeezable
- Determine if a string has all unique characters
- Determine if a string has all the same characters
- Longest substrings without repeating characters
- Find words which contains all the vowels
- Find words which contains most consonants
- Find words which contains more than 3 vowels
- Find words which first and last three letters are equals
- Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa
- Formatting
- Substring
- Rep-string
- Word wrap
- String case
- Align columns
- Literals/String
- Repeat a string
- Brace expansion
- Brace expansion using ranges
- Reverse a string
- Phrase reversals
- Comma quibbling
- Special characters
- String concatenation
- Substring/Top and tail
- Commatizing numbers
- Reverse words in a string
- Suffixation of decimal numbers
- Long literals, with continuations
- Numerical and alphabetical suffixes
- Abbreviations, easy
- Abbreviations, simple
- Abbreviations, automatic
- Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases
- Mad Libs
- Magic 8-ball
- 99 Bottles of Beer
- The Name Game (a song)
- The Old lady swallowed a fly
- The Twelve Days of Christmas
- Tokenize
- Text between
- Tokenize a string
- Word break problem
- Tokenize a string with escaping
- Split a character string based on change of character
- Sequences
360 Assembly
Assembler 360 use EBCDIC coding, so one character is one byte. The L' atrribute can be seen as the length function for assembler 360. <lang 360asm>* String length 06/07/2016 LEN CSECT
USING LEN,15 base register
LA 1,L'C length of C
XDECO 1,PG
XPRNT PG,12
LA 1,L'H length of H
XDECO 1,PG
XPRNT PG,12
LA 1,L'F length of F
XDECO 1,PG
XPRNT PG,12
LA 1,L'D length of D
XDECO 1,PG
XPRNT PG,12
LA 1,L'PG length of PG
XDECO 1,PG
XPRNT PG,12
BR 14 exit length
C DS C character 1 H DS H half word 2 F DS F full word 4 D DS D double word 8 PG DS CL12 string 12
END LEN</lang>
- Output:
1
2
4
8
12
6502 Assembly
Most 6502-based computers predate Unicode, so only byte length will be demonstrated for now. <lang 6502asm>GetStringLength: ;$00 and $01 make up the pointer to the string's base address.
;(Of course, any two consecutive zero-page memory locations can fulfill this role.)
LDY #0 ;Y is both the index into the string and the length counter.
loop_getStringLength: LDA ($00),y BEQ exit INY JMP loop_getStringLength
exit: RTS ;string length is now loaded into Y.</lang>
68000 Assembly
Byte Length (ASCII)
<lang 68000devpac>GetStringLength:
- INPUT
- A3 = BASE ADDRESS OF STRING
- RETURNS LENGTH IN D1 (MEASURED IN BYTES)
MOVE.L #0,D1
loop_getStringLength:
MOVE.B (A3)+,D0 CMP #0,D0 BEQ done ADDQ.L #1,D1 BRA loop_getStringLength
done: RTS</lang>
8086 Assembly
Byte Length
<lang asm>;INPUT: DS:SI = BASE ADDR. OF STRING
- TYPICALLY, MS-DOS USES $ TO TERMINATE STRINGS.
GetStringLength: xor cx,cx ;this takes fewer bytes to encode than "mov cx,0" cld ;makes string functions post-inc rather than post-dec.
loop_GetStringLength: lodsb ;equivalent of "mov al,[ds:si],inc si" except this doesn't alter the flags. cmp '$' je done ;if equal, we're finished. inc cx ;add 1 to length counter. A null string will have a length of zero. jmp loop_GetStringLength
done: ret</lang>
4D
Byte Length
<lang 4d>$length:=Length("Hello, world!")</lang>
AArch64 Assembly
<lang AArch64 Assembly> /* ARM assembly AARCH64 Raspberry PI 3B */ /* program stringLength64.s */
/*******************************************/ /* Constantes file */ /*******************************************/ /* for this file see task include a file in language AArch64 assembly*/ .include "../includeConstantesARM64.inc"
/*********************************/ /* Initialized data */ /*********************************/ .data sMessResultByte: .asciz "===Byte Length=== : @ \n" sMessResultChar: .asciz "===Character Length=== : @ \n" szString1: .asciz "møøse€" szCarriageReturn: .asciz "\n"
/*********************************/ /* UnInitialized data */ /*********************************/ .bss sZoneConv: .skip 24 /*********************************/ /* code section */ /*********************************/ .text .global main main: // entry of program
ldr x0,qAdrszString1 bl affichageMess // display string ldr x0,qAdrszCarriageReturn bl affichageMess ldr x0,qAdrszString1 mov x1,#0
1: // loop compute length bytes
ldrb w2,[x0,x1] cmp w2,#0 cinc x1,x1,ne bne 1b mov x0,x1 // result display ldr x1,qAdrsZoneConv bl conversion10 // call decimal conversion ldr x0,qAdrsMessResultByte ldr x1,qAdrsZoneConv // insert conversion in message bl strInsertAtCharInc bl affichageMess
ldr x0,qAdrszString1 mov x1,#0 mov x3,#0
2: // loop compute length characters
ldrb w2,[x0,x1] cmp w2,#0 beq 6f and x2,x2,#0b11100000 // 3 bytes ? cmp x2,#0b11100000 bne 3f add x3,x3,#1 add x1,x1,#3 b 2b
3:
and x2,x2,#0b11000000 // 2 bytes ? cmp x2,#0b11000000 bne 4f add x3,x3,#1 add x1,x1,#2 b 2b
4: // else 1 byte
add x3,x3,#1 add x1,x1,#1 b 2b
6:
mov x0,x3 ldr x1,qAdrsZoneConv bl conversion10 // call decimal conversion ldr x0,qAdrsMessResultChar ldr x1,qAdrsZoneConv // insert conversion in message bl strInsertAtCharInc bl affichageMess
100: // standard end of the program
mov x0,0 // return code mov x8,EXIT // request to exit program svc 0 // perform the system call
qAdrszCarriageReturn: .quad szCarriageReturn qAdrsMessResultByte: .quad sMessResultByte qAdrsMessResultChar: .quad sMessResultChar qAdrszString1: .quad szString1 qAdrsZoneConv: .quad sZoneConv /********************************************************/ /* File Include fonctions */ /********************************************************/ /* for this file see task include a file in language AArch64 assembly */ .include "../includeARM64.inc" </lang>
Action!
<lang Action!>PROC Test(CHAR ARRAY s)
PrintF("Length of ""%S"" is %B%E",s,s(0))
RETURN
PROC Main()
Test("Hello world!")
Test("")
RETURN</lang>
- Output:
Screenshot from Atari 8-bit computer
Length of "Hello world!" is 12 Length of "" is 0
ActionScript
Byte length
This uses UTF-8 encoding. For other encodings, the ByteArray's writeMultiByte() method can be used.
<lang ActionScript>
package {
import flash.display.Sprite;
import flash.events.Event;
import flash.utils.ByteArray;
public class StringByteLength extends Sprite {
public function StringByteLength() {
if ( stage ) _init();
else addEventListener(Event.ADDED_TO_STAGE, _init);
}
private function _init(e:Event = null):void {
var s1:String = "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog";
var s2:String = "𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢";
var s3:String = "José";
var b:ByteArray = new ByteArray();
b.writeUTFBytes(s1);
trace(b.length); // 43
b.clear();
b.writeUTFBytes(s2);
trace(b.length); // 28
b.clear();
b.writeUTFBytes(s3);
trace(b.length); // 5
}
}
} </lang>
Character Length
<lang actionscript> var s1:String = "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog"; var s2:String = "𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢"; var s3:String = "José"; trace(s1.length, s2.length, s3.length); // 43, 14, 4 </lang>
Ada
Byte Length
<lang ada>Str : String := "Hello World"; Length : constant Natural := Str'Size / 8;</lang> The 'Size attribute returns the size of an object in bits. Provided that under "byte" one understands an octet of bits, the length in "bytes" will be 'Size divided to 8. Note that this is not necessarily the machine storage unit. In order to make the program portable, System.Storage_Unit should be used instead of "magic number" 8. System.Storage_Unit yields the number of bits in a storage unit on the current machine. Further, the length of a string object is not the length of what the string contains in whatever measurement units. String as an object may have a "dope" to keep the array bounds. In fact the object length can even be 0, if the compiler optimized the object away. So in most cases "byte length" makes no sense in Ada.
Character Length
<lang ada>Latin_1_Str : String := "Hello World"; UCS_16_Str : Wide_String := "Hello World"; Unicode_Str : Wide_Wide_String := "Hello World"; Latin_1_Length : constant Natural := Latin_1_Str'Length; UCS_16_Length : constant Natural := UCS_16_Str'Length; Unicode_Length : constant Natural := Unicode_Str'Length;</lang> The attribute 'Length yields the number of elements of an array. Since strings in Ada are arrays of characters, 'Length is the string length. Ada supports strings of Latin-1, UCS-16 and full Unicode characters. In the example above character length of all three strings is 11. The length of the objects in bits will differ.
Aime
Byte Length
<lang aime>length("Hello, World!")</lang> or <lang aime>~"Hello, World!"</lang>
ALGOL 68
Bits and Bytes Length
<lang algol68>BITS bits := bits pack((TRUE, TRUE, FALSE, FALSE)); # packed array of BOOL # BYTES bytes := bytes pack("Hello, world"); # packed array of CHAR # print((
"BITS and BYTES are fixed width:", new line, "bits width:", bits width, ", max bits: ", max bits, ", bits:", bits, new line, "bytes width: ",bytes width, ", UPB:",UPB STRING(bytes), ", string:", STRING(bytes),"!", new line
))</lang> Output:
BITS and BYTES are fixed width: bits width: +32, max bits: TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT, bits:TTFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF bytes width: +32, UPB: +32, string:Hello, world!
Character Length
<lang algol68>STRING str := "hello, world"; INT length := UPB str; printf(($"Length of """g""" is "g(3)l$,str,length));
printf(($l"STRINGS can start at -1, in which case LWB must be used:"l$)); STRING s := "abcd"[@-1]; print(("s:",s, ", LWB:", LWB s, ", UPB:",UPB s, ", LEN:",UPB s - LWB s + 1))</lang> Output:
Length of "hello, world" is +12 STRINGS can start at -1, in which case LWB must be used: s:abcd, LWB: -1, UPB: +2, LEN: +4
Apex
<lang Apex> String myString = 'abcd'; System.debug('Size of String', myString.length()); </lang>
AppleScript
Byte Length
<lang applescript>count of "Hello World"</lang> Mac OS X 10.5 (Leopard) includes AppleScript 2.0 which uses only Unicode (UTF-16) character strings. This example has been tested on OSX 10.8.5. Added a combining char for testing. <lang applescript> set inString to "Hello é̦世界" set byteCount to 0
repeat with c in inString set t to id of c if ((count of t) > 0) then repeat with i in t set byteCount to byteCount + doit(i) end repeat else set byteCount to byteCount + doit(t) end if end repeat
byteCount
on doit(cid) set n to (cid as integer) if n > 67108863 then -- 0x3FFFFFF return 6 else if n > 2097151 then -- 0x1FFFFF return 5 else if n > 65535 then -- 0xFFFF return 4 else if n > 2047 then -- 0x07FF return 3 else if n > 127 then -- 0x7F return 2 else return 1 end if end doit</lang>
Character Length
<lang applescript>count of "Hello World"</lang> Or: <lang applescript>count "Hello World"</lang>
Applesoft BASIC
<lang ApplesoftBASIC>? LEN("HELLO, WORLD!")</lang>
ARM Assembly
<lang ARM Assembly> /* ARM assembly Raspberry PI */ /* program stringLength.s */
/* REMARK 1 : this program use routines in a include file
see task Include a file language arm assembly for the routine affichageMess conversion10 see at end of this program the instruction include */
/* for constantes see task include a file in arm assembly */ /************************************/ /* Constantes */ /************************************/ .include "../constantes.inc"
/*********************************/ /* Initialized data */ /*********************************/ .data sMessResultByte: .asciz "===Byte Length=== : @ \n" sMessResultChar: .asciz "===Character Length=== : @ \n" szString1: .asciz "møøse€" szCarriageReturn: .asciz "\n"
/*********************************/
/* UnInitialized data */
/*********************************/
.bss
sZoneConv: .skip 24
/*********************************/
/* code section */
/*********************************/
.text
.global main
main: @ entry of program
ldr r0,iAdrszString1 bl affichageMess @ display string ldr r0,iAdrszCarriageReturn bl affichageMess ldr r0,iAdrszString1 mov r1,#0
1: @ loop compute length bytes
ldrb r2,[r0,r1] cmp r2,#0 addne r1,#1 bne 1b mov r0,r1 @ result display ldr r1,iAdrsZoneConv bl conversion10 @ call decimal conversion ldr r0,iAdrsMessResultByte ldr r1,iAdrsZoneConv @ insert conversion in message bl strInsertAtCharInc bl affichageMess
ldr r0,iAdrszString1 mov r1,#0 mov r3,#0
2: @ loop compute length characters
ldrb r2,[r0,r1] cmp r2,#0 beq 6f and r2,#0b11100000 @ 3 bytes ? cmp r2,#0b11100000 bne 3f add r3,#1 add r1,#3 b 2b
3:
and r2,#0b11000000 @ 2 bytes ? cmp r2,#0b11000000 bne 4f add r3,#1 add r1,#2 b 2b
4: @ else 1 byte
add r3,#1 add r1,#1 b 2b
6:
mov r0,r3 ldr r1,iAdrsZoneConv bl conversion10 @ call decimal conversion ldr r0,iAdrsMessResultChar ldr r1,iAdrsZoneConv @ insert conversion in message bl strInsertAtCharInc bl affichageMess
100: @ standard end of the program
mov r0, #0 @ return code mov r7, #EXIT @ request to exit program svc #0 @ perform the system call
iAdrszCarriageReturn: .int szCarriageReturn iAdrsMessResultByte: .int sMessResultByte iAdrsMessResultChar: .int sMessResultChar iAdrszString1: .int szString1 iAdrsZoneConv: .int sZoneConv /***************************************************/ /* ROUTINES INCLUDE */ /***************************************************/ .include "../affichage.inc" </lang>
møøse€ ===Byte Length=== : 10 ===Character Length=== : 6
Arturo
Character Length
<lang rebol>str: "Hello World"
print ["length =" size str]</lang>
- Output:
length = 11
AutoHotkey
Character Length
<lang AutoHotkey>Msgbox % StrLen("Hello World")</lang> Or: <lang AutoHotkey>String := "Hello World" StringLen, Length, String Msgbox % Length</lang>
Avail
Character Length
Avail represents strings as a tuple of characters, with each character representing a single code point. <lang Avail>|"møøse"|</lang>
Byte Length
A UTF-8 byte length can be acquired with the standard library's UTF-8 encoder. <lang Avail>nonBMPString ::= "𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢"; encoder ::= a UTF8 encoder; bytes ::= encoder process nonBMPString; |bytes|
// or, as a one-liner |a UTF8 encoder process "𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢"|</lang>
AWK
Byte Length
From within any code block: <lang awk>w=length("Hello, world!") # static string example x=length("Hello," s " world!") # dynamic string example y=length($1) # input field example z=length(s) # variable name example</lang> Ad hoc program from command line:
echo "Hello, wørld!" | awk '{print length($0)}' # 14
From executable script: (prints for every line arriving on stdin) <lang awk>#!/usr/bin/awk -f {print"The length of this line is "length($0)}</lang>
Axe
Axe supports two string encodings: a rough equivalent to ASCII, and a token-based format. These examples are for ASCII.
Byte Length
<lang axe>"HELLO, WORLD"→Str1 Disp length(Str1)▶Dec,i</lang>
BaCon
BaCon has full native support for UTF-8 encoding. <lang qbasic>PRINT "Bytelen of 'hello': ", LEN("hello") PRINT "Charlen of 'hello': ", ULEN("hello")
PRINT "Bytelen of 'møøse': ", LEN("møøse") PRINT "Charlen of 'møøse': ", ULEN("møøse")
PRINT "Bytelen of '𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢': ", LEN("𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢") PRINT "Charlen of '𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢': ", ULEN("𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢")</lang>
- Output:
Bytelen of 'hello': 5 Charlen of 'hello': 5 Bytelen of 'møøse': 7 Charlen of 'møøse': 5 Bytelen of '𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢': 28 Charlen of '𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢': 7
BASIC
Character Length
BASIC only supports single-byte characters. The character "ø" is converted to "°" for printing to the console and length functions, but will still output to a file as "ø". <lang qbasic> INPUT a$
PRINT LEN(a$)</lang>
ZX Spectrum Basic
The ZX Spectrum needs line numbers:
<lang zxbasic>10 INPUT a$ 20 PRINT LEN a$</lang>
However, it's not quite as trivial as this.
Byte length
Strings can contain embedded colour codes; an inline INVERSE (CAPS SHIFT + 4) would be represented as CHR$ 20 + CHR$ 1. The LEN function will account for all these bytes. On the flipside, ZX Spectrum keywords are all tokenised, and there's nothing stopping you using them in a string; " RANDOMIZE ", if the keyword is used, will take a single byte (CHR$ 249) rather than the 11 characters it actually uses. The above version of the code will produce byte length.
Character length
Stripping out all entries in the string with codes in the lower 32 will get rid of colour control codes. The character length of a token is not a simple thing to determine, so this version strips them out too by eliminating anything above CHR$ 164 (the last UDG). A 91-entry DATA list of token lengths might be the next step.
<lang zxbasic>10 INPUT a$ 20 LET b$="" 30 FOR x=1 TO LEN a$ 40 LET k=CODE a$(x) 50 IF k<32 OR k>164 THEN GOTO 70 60 LET b$=b$+a$(k) 70 NEXT x 80 PRINT LEN b$</lang>
Grapheme length
Alternatively, the string might include control codes for backspacing and overwriting;
<lang zxbasic>10 LET a$=CHR$ 111+CHR$ 8+CHR$ 21+CHR$ 1+CHR$ 34</lang> will produce an "o" character overprinted with a quotation mark, resulting in a "passable" impression of an umlaut. The above code will reduce this to two characters when the actual printed length is one (byte length is of course five). The other possible workaround is to print the string and calculate the character length based on the resultant change in screen position. (This will only work for a string with a character length that actually fits on the screen, so below about 670.)
<lang zxbasic>10 INPUT a$ 20 CLS 30 PRINT a$; 40 LET x=PEEK 23688: LET y=PEEK 23689 50 PRINT CHR$ 13;33-x+32*(24-y)</lang>
Commodore BASIC
Commodore BASIC needs line numbers too, and can't use mixed case. When in mixed case mode, everything must be in lower case letters. However, the default is UPPERCASE + graphic characters; thus everything appears as UPPER case character.
<lang basic>10 INPUT A$ 20 PRINT LEN(A$)</lang>
IS-BASIC
<lang IS-BASIC>100 INPUT PROMPT "String: ":TX$ 110 PRINT LEN(TX$)</lang>
QB64
In QB64 a String variable is assumed to be UTF-8 and thus the byte length is the same as character length. That said there are methods to map UTF-16 and UTF-32 to the CP437 (ASCII) table (see, _MAPUNICODE). <lang QB64>Print Len(s$)</lang>
Batch File
Byte Length
<lang dos>@echo off setlocal enabledelayedexpansion call :length %1 res echo length of %1 is %res% goto :eof
- length
set str=%~1 set cnt=0
- loop
if "%str%" equ "" ( set %2=%cnt% goto :eof ) set str=!str:~1! set /a cnt = cnt + 1 goto loop</lang>
BBC BASIC
Character Length
<lang bbcbasic> INPUT text$
PRINT LEN(text$)</lang>
Byte Length
<lang bbcbasic> CP_ACP = 0
CP_UTF8 = &FDE9
textA$ = "møøse"
textW$ = " "
textU$ = " "
SYS "MultiByteToWideChar", CP_ACP, 0, textA$, -1, !^textW$, LEN(textW$)/2 TO nW%
SYS "WideCharToMultiByte", CP_UTF8, 0, textW$, -1, !^textU$, LEN(textU$), 0, 0
PRINT "Length in bytes (ANSI encoding) = " ; LEN(textA$)
PRINT "Length in bytes (UTF-16 encoding) = " ; 2*(nW%-1)
PRINT "Length in bytes (UTF-8 encoding) = " ; LEN($$!^textU$)</lang>
Output:
Length in bytes (ANSI encoding) = 5 Length in bytes (UTF-16 encoding) = 10 Length in bytes (UTF-8 encoding) = 7
Bracmat
The solutions work with UTF-8 encoded strings.
Byte Length
<lang bracmat>(ByteLength=
length
. @(!arg:? [?length)
& !length
);
out$ByteLength$𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢</lang> Answer:
28
Character Length
<lang bracmat>(CharacterLength=
length c
. 0:?length
& @( !arg
: ?
( %?c
& utf$!c:?k
& 1+!length:?length
& ~
)
?
)
| !length
);
out$CharacterLength$𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢</lang> Answer:
7
An improved version scans the input string character wise, not byte wise. Thus many string positions that are deemed not to be possible starting positions of UTF-8 are not even tried. The patterns [!p and [?p implement a ratchet mechanism. [!p indicates the start of a character and [?p remembers the end of the character, which becomes the start position of the next byte.
<lang bracmat>(CharacterLength=
length c p
. 0:?length:?p
& @( !arg
: ?
( [!p %?c
& utf$!c:?k
& 1+!length:?length
)
([?p&~)
?
)
| !length
);</lang>
Later versions of Bracmat have the built in function vap that "vaporises" a string into "atoms". If the string is UTF-8 encoded, then each "atom" is one UTF-8 character, so the length of the list of atoms is the character length of the input string. The first argument to the vap function is a function that will be applied to every UTF-8 encoded character in the input string. The outcomes of these function calls are the elements in the resulting list. In the solution below we choose an anonymous function (=.!arg) that just returns the characters themselves.
<lang bracmat>(CharacterLength=
length
. vap$((=.!arg).!arg):? [?length&!length );</lang>
C
Byte Length
<lang c>#include <string.h>
int main(void) {
const char *string = "Hello, world!";
size_t length = strlen(string);
return 0;
}</lang> or by hand:
<lang c>int main(void) {
const char *string = "Hello, world!"; size_t length = 0; const char *p = string; while (*p++ != '\0') length++; return 0;
}</lang>
or (for arrays of char only)
<lang c>#include <stdlib.h>
int main(void) {
char s[] = "Hello, world!"; size_t length = sizeof s - 1; return 0;
}</lang>
Character Length
For wide character strings (usually Unicode uniform-width encodings such as UCS-2 or UCS-4):
<lang c>#include <stdio.h>
- include <wchar.h>
int main(void) {
wchar_t *s = L"\x304A\x306F\x3088\x3046"; /* Japanese hiragana ohayou */ size_t length;
length = wcslen(s);
printf("Length in characters = %d\n", length);
printf("Length in bytes = %d\n", sizeof(s) * sizeof(wchar_t));
return 0;
}</lang>
Dealing with raw multibyte string
Following code is written in UTF-8, and environment locale is assumed to be UTF-8 too. Note that "møøse" is here directly written in the source code for clarity, which is not a good idea in general. mbstowcs(), when passed NULL as the first argument, effectively counts the number of chars in given string under current locale.
<lang c>#include <stdio.h>
- include <stdlib.h>
- include <locale.h>
int main() { setlocale(LC_CTYPE, ""); char moose[] = "møøse"; printf("bytes: %d\n", sizeof(moose) - 1); printf("chars: %d\n", (int)mbstowcs(0, moose, 0));
return 0;
}</lang>output
bytes: 7 chars: 5
C#
Platform: .NET
Character Length
<lang csharp>string s = "Hello, world!"; int characterLength = s.Length;</lang>
Byte Length
Strings in .NET are stored in Unicode. <lang csharp>using System.Text;
string s = "Hello, world!"; int byteLength = Encoding.Unicode.GetByteCount(s);</lang> To get the number of bytes that the string would require in a different encoding, e.g., UTF8: <lang csharp>int utf8ByteLength = Encoding.UTF8.GetByteCount(s);</lang>
C++
Byte Length
<lang cpp>#include <string> // (not <string.h>!) using std::string;
int main() {
string s = "Hello, world!"; string::size_type length = s.length(); // option 1: In Characters/Bytes string::size_type size = s.size(); // option 2: In Characters/Bytes // In bytes same as above since sizeof(char) == 1 string::size_type bytes = s.length() * sizeof(string::value_type);
}</lang> For wide character strings:
<lang cpp>#include <string> using std::wstring;
int main() {
wstring s = L"\u304A\u306F\u3088\u3046"; wstring::size_type length = s.length() * sizeof(wstring::value_type); // in bytes
}</lang>
Character Length
For wide character strings:
<lang cpp>#include <string> using std::wstring;
int main() {
wstring s = L"\u304A\u306F\u3088\u3046"; wstring::size_type length = s.length();
}</lang>
For narrow character strings:
<lang cpp>#include <iostream>
- include <codecvt>
int main() {
std::string utf8 = "\x7a\xc3\x9f\xe6\xb0\xb4\xf0\x9d\x84\x8b"; // U+007a, U+00df, U+6c34, U+1d10b std::cout << "Byte length: " << utf8.size() << '\n'; std::wstring_convert<std::codecvt_utf8<char32_t>, char32_t> conv; std::cout << "Character length: " << conv.from_bytes(utf8).size() << '\n';
}</lang>
<lang cpp>#include <cwchar> // for mbstate_t
- include <locale>
// give the character length for a given named locale std::size_t char_length(std::string const& text, char const* locale_name) {
// locales work on pointers; get length and data from string and // then don't touch the original string any more, to avoid // invalidating the data pointer std::size_t len = text.length(); char const* input = text.data();
// get the named locale std::locale loc(locale_name);
// get the conversion facet of the locale typedef std::codecvt<wchar_t, char, std::mbstate_t> cvt_type; cvt_type const& cvt = std::use_facet<cvt_type>(loc);
// allocate buffer for conversion destination std::size_t bufsize = cvt.max_length()*len; wchar_t* destbuf = new wchar_t[bufsize]; wchar_t* dest_end;
// do the conversion mbstate_t state = mbstate_t(); cvt.in(state, input, input+len, input, destbuf, destbuf+bufsize, dest_end);
// determine the length of the converted sequence std::size_t length = dest_end - destbuf;
// get rid of the buffer delete[] destbuf;
// return the result return length;
}</lang>
Example usage (note that the locale names are OS specific):
<lang cpp>#include <iostream>
int main() {
// Tür (German for door) in UTF8
std::cout << char_length("\x54\xc3\xbc\x72", "de_DE.utf8") << "\n"; // outputs 3
// Tür in ISO-8859-1
std::cout << char_length("\x54\xfc\x72", "de_DE") << "\n"; // outputs 3
}</lang>
Note that the strings are given as explicit hex sequences, so that the encoding used for the source code won't matter.
Clean
Byte Length
Clean Strings are unboxed arrays of characters. Characters are always a single byte. The function size returns the number of elements in an array.
<lang clean>import StdEnv
strlen :: String -> Int strlen string = size string
Start = strlen "Hello, world!"</lang>
Clojure
Byte Length
<lang clojure>(def utf-8-octet-length #(-> % (.getBytes "UTF-8") count)) (map utf-8-octet-length ["møøse" "𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢" "J\u0332o\u0332s\u0332e\u0301\u0332"]) ; (7 28 14)
(def utf-16-octet-length (comp (partial * 2) count)) (map utf-16-octet-length ["møøse" "𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢" "J\u0332o\u0332s\u0332e\u0301\u0332"]) ; (10 28 18)
(def code-unit-length count) (map code-unit-length ["møøse" "𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢" "J\u0332o\u0332s\u0332e\u0301\u0332"]) ; (5 14 9)</lang>
Character length
<lang clojure>(def character-length #(.codePointCount % 0 (count %))) (map character-length ["møøse" "𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢" "J\u0332o\u0332s\u0332e\u0301\u0332"]) ; (5 7 9)</lang>
Grapheme Length
<lang clojure>(def grapheme-length
#(->> (doto (java.text.BreakIterator/getCharacterInstance)
(.setText %))
(partial (memfn next))
repeatedly
(take-while (partial not= java.text.BreakIterator/DONE))
count))
(map grapheme-length ["møøse" "𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢" "J\u0332o\u0332s\u0332e\u0301\u0332"]) ; (5 7 4)</lang>
COBOL
Byte Length
<lang cobol>FUNCTION BYTE-LENGTH(str)</lang>
Alternative, non-standard extensions:
<lang cobol>LENGTH OF str</lang>
<lang cobol>FUNCTION LENGTH-AN(str)</lang>
Character Length
<lang cobol>FUNCTION LENGTH(str)</lang>
ColdFusion
Byte Length
<lang cfm> <cfoutput> <cfset str = "Hello World"> <cfset j = createObject("java","java.lang.String").init(str)> <cfset t = j.getBytes()>
#arrayLen(t)#
</cfoutput> </lang>
Character Length
<lang cfm>#len("Hello World")#</lang>
Common Lisp
Byte Length
In Common Lisp, there is no standard way to examine byte representations of characters, except perhaps to write a string to a file, then reopen the file as binary. However, specific implementations will have ways to do so. For example:
<lang lisp>(length (sb-ext:string-to-octets "Hello Wørld"))</lang> returns 12.
Character Length
Common Lisp represents strings as sequences of characters, not bytes, so there is no ambiguity about the encoding. The length function always returns the number of characters in a string. <lang lisp>(length "Hello World")</lang> returns 11, and
(length "Hello Wørld")
returns 11 too.
Component Pascal
Component Pascal encodes strings in UTF-16, which represents each character with 16-bit value.
Character Length
<lang oberon2> MODULE TestLen;
IMPORT Out;
PROCEDURE DoCharLength*; VAR s: ARRAY 16 OF CHAR; len: INTEGER; BEGIN s := "møøse"; len := LEN(s$); Out.String("s: "); Out.String(s); Out.Ln; Out.String("Length of characters: "); Out.Int(len, 0); Out.Ln END DoCharLength;
END TestLen. </lang>
A symbol $ in LEN(s$) in Component Pascal allows to copy sequence of characters up to null-terminated character. So, LEN(s$) returns a real length of characters instead of allocated by variable.
Running command TestLen.DoCharLength gives following output:
s: møøse Length of characters: 5
Byte Length
<lang oberon2> MODULE TestLen;
IMPORT Out;
PROCEDURE DoByteLength*; VAR s: ARRAY 16 OF CHAR; len, v: INTEGER; BEGIN s := "møøse"; len := LEN(s$); v := SIZE(CHAR) * len; Out.String("s: "); Out.String(s); Out.Ln; Out.String("Length of characters in bytes: "); Out.Int(v, 0); Out.Ln END DoByteLength;
END TestLen. </lang>
Running command TestLen.DoByteLength gives following output:
s: møøse Length of characters in bytes: 10
D
Byte Length
<lang d>import std.stdio;
void showByteLen(T)(T[] str) {
writefln("Byte length: %2d - %(%02x%)",
str.length * T.sizeof, cast(ubyte[])str);
}
void main() {
string s1a = "møøse"; // UTF-8 showByteLen(s1a); wstring s1b = "møøse"; // UTF-16 showByteLen(s1b); dstring s1c = "møøse"; // UTF-32 showByteLen(s1c); writeln();
string s2a = "𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢"; showByteLen(s2a); wstring s2b = "𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢"; showByteLen(s2b); dstring s2c = "𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢"; showByteLen(s2c); writeln();
string s3a = "J̲o̲s̲é̲"; showByteLen(s3a); wstring s3b = "J̲o̲s̲é̲"; showByteLen(s3b); dstring s3c = "J̲o̲s̲é̲"; showByteLen(s3c);
}</lang>
- Output:
Byte length: 7 - 6dc3b8c3b87365 Byte length: 10 - 6d00f800f80073006500 Byte length: 20 - 6d000000f8000000f80000007300000065000000 Byte length: 28 - f09d9498f09d94abf09d94a6f09d94a0f09d94acf09d94a1f09d94a2 Byte length: 28 - 35d818dd35d82bdd35d826dd35d820dd35d82cdd35d821dd35d822dd Byte length: 28 - 18d501002bd5010026d5010020d501002cd5010021d5010022d50100 Byte length: 14 - 4accb26fccb273ccb265cc81ccb2 Byte length: 18 - 4a0032036f00320373003203650001033203 Byte length: 36 - 4a000000320300006f000000320300007300000032030000650000000103000032030000
Character Length
<lang d>import std.stdio, std.range, std.conv;
void showCodePointsLen(T)(T[] str) {
writefln("Character length: %2d - %(%x %)",
str.walkLength(), cast(uint[])to!(dchar[])(str));
}
void main() {
string s1a = "møøse"; // UTF-8 showCodePointsLen(s1a); wstring s1b = "møøse"; // UTF-16 showCodePointsLen(s1b); dstring s1c = "møøse"; // UTF-32 showCodePointsLen(s1c); writeln();
string s2a = "𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢"; showCodePointsLen(s2a); wstring s2b = "𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢"; showCodePointsLen(s2b); dstring s2c = "𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢"; showCodePointsLen(s2c); writeln();
string s3a = "J̲o̲s̲é̲"; showCodePointsLen(s3a); wstring s3b = "J̲o̲s̲é̲"; showCodePointsLen(s3b); dstring s3c = "J̲o̲s̲é̲"; showCodePointsLen(s3c);
}</lang>
- Output:
Character length: 5 - 6d f8 f8 73 65 Character length: 5 - 6d f8 f8 73 65 Character length: 5 - 6d f8 f8 73 65 Character length: 7 - 1d518 1d52b 1d526 1d520 1d52c 1d521 1d522 Character length: 7 - 1d518 1d52b 1d526 1d520 1d52c 1d521 1d522 Character length: 7 - 1d518 1d52b 1d526 1d520 1d52c 1d521 1d522 Character length: 9 - 4a 332 6f 332 73 332 65 301 332 Character length: 9 - 4a 332 6f 332 73 332 65 301 332 Character length: 9 - 4a 332 6f 332 73 332 65 301 332
DataWeave
Character Length
<lang DataWeave>sizeOf("foo")</lang>
- Output:
3
Dc
Byte Length
Dc's "P" command prints numbers as strings. The number 22405534230753963835153736737 (hint: look at it in hex) represents "Hello world!". Counting the byte length of it is counting how often it iteratively can be divided by 256 with non zero result. The snippet defines the macro which calculates the length, prints the string 1st and then its length. <lang Dc>[256 / d 0<L 1 + ] sL 22405534230753963835153736737 d P A P lL x f</lang>
Hello world! 12
Character Length
The following code output 5, which is the length of the string "abcde" <lang Dc>[abcde]Zp</lang>
Déjà Vu
Byte Length
Byte length depends on the encoding, which internally is UTF-8, but users of the language can only get at the raw bytes after encoding a string into a blob. <lang dejavu>!. len !encode!utf-8 "møøse" !. len !encode!utf-8 "𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢"</lang>
- Output:
7 28
Character Length
<lang dejavu>!. len "møøse" !. len "𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢"</lang>
- Output:
5 7
Delphi
See Pascal.
Dyalect
<lang dyalect>"Hello World".len()</lang>
E
Character Length
<lang e>"Hello World".size()</lang>
Elena
Character Length
ELENA 4.x : <lang elena>import extensions;
public program() {
var s := "Hello, world!"; // UTF-8 literal var ws := "Привет мир!"w; // UTF-16 literal var s_length := s.Length; // Number of UTF-8 characters var ws_length := ws.Length; // Number of UTF-16 characters var u_length := ws.toArray().Length; //Number of UTF-32 characters
}</lang>
Byte Length
ELENA 4.x : <lang elena>import extensions;
public program() {
var s := "Hello, world!"; // UTF-8 literal var ws := "Привет мир!"w; // UTF-16 literal var s_byte_length := s.toByteArray().Length; // Number of bytes var ws_byte_length := ws.toByteArray().Length; // Number of bytes
}</lang>
Elixir
Byte Length
<lang elixir> name = "J\x{332}o\x{332}s\x{332}e\x{301}\x{332}" byte_size(name)
- => 14
</lang>
Character Length
<lang elixir> name = "J\x{332}o\x{332}s\x{332}e\x{301}\x{332}" Enum.count(String.codepoints(name))
- => 9
</lang>
Grapheme Length
<lang elixir> name = "J\x{332}o\x{332}s\x{332}e\x{301}\x{332}" String.length(name)
- => 4
</lang>
Emacs Lisp
Character Length
<lang lisp>(length "hello") => 5</lang>
Byte Length
<lang lisp>(string-bytes "\u1D518\u1D52B\u1D526") => 12</lang>
string-bytes is the length of Emacs' internal representation. In Emacs 23 up this is utf-8. In earlier versions it was "emacs-mule".
Display Length
string-width is the displayed width of a string in the current frame and window. This is not the same as grapheme length since various Asian characters may display in 2 columns, depending on the type of tty or GUI.
<lang lisp>(let ((str (apply 'string
(mapcar (lambda (c) (decode-char 'ucs c))
'(#x1112 #x1161 #x11ab #x1100 #x1173 #x11af)))))
(list (length str)
(string-bytes str)
(string-width str)))
=> (6 18 4) ;; in emacs 23 up</lang>
Erlang
Character Length
Strings are lists of integers in Erlang. So "𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢" is the list [120088,120107,120102,120096,120108,120097,120098].
9> U = "𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢". [120088,120107,120102,120096,120108,120097,120098] 10> erlang:length(U). 7
Euphoria
Character Length
<lang Euphoria>print(1,length("Hello World"))</lang>
F#
This is delegated to the standard .Net framework string and encoding functions.
Byte Length
<lang fsharp>open System.Text let byte_length str = Encoding.UTF8.GetByteCount(str)</lang>
Character Length
<lang fsharp>"Hello, World".Length</lang>
Factor
Byte Length
Here are two words to compute the byte length of strings. The first one doesn't allocate new memory, the second one can easily be adapted to measure the byte length of encodings other than UTF8. <lang factor>: string-byte-length ( string -- n ) [ code-point-length ] map-sum ;
- string-byte-length-2 ( string -- n ) utf8 encode length ;</lang>
Character Length
length works on any sequece, of which strings are one. Strings are UTF8 encoded.
<lang factor>length</lang>
Fantom
Byte length
A string can be converted into an instance of Buf to treat the string as a sequence of bytes according to a given charset: the default is UTF8, but 16-bit representations can also be used.
<lang fantom> fansh> c := "møøse" møøse fansh> c.toBuf.size // find the byte length of the string in default (UTF8) encoding 7 fansh> c.toBuf.toHex // display UTF8 representation 6dc3b8c3b87365 fansh> c.toBuf(Charset.utf16LE).size // byte length in UTF16 little-endian 10 fansh> c.toBuf(Charset.utf16LE).toHex // display as UTF16 little-endian 6d00f800f80073006500 fansh> c.toBuf(Charset.utf16BE).size // byte length in UTF16 big-endian 10 fansh> c.toBuf(Charset.utf16BE).toHex // display as UTF16 big-endian 006d00f800f800730065 </lang>
Character length
<lang fantom> fansh> c := "møøse" møøse fansh> c.size 5 </lang>
Forth
Byte Length
Strings in Forth come in two forms, neither of which are the null-terminated form commonly used in the C standard library.
Counted string
A counted string is a single pointer to a short string in memory. The string's first byte is the count of the number of characters in the string. This is how symbols are stored in a Forth dictionary.
<lang forth>CREATE s ," Hello world" \ create string "s" s C@ ( -- length=11 ) s COUNT ( addr len ) \ convert to a stack string, described below</lang>
Stack string
A string on the stack is represented by a pair of cells: the address of the string data and the length of the string data (in characters). The word COUNT converts a counted string into a stack string. The STRING utility wordset of ANS Forth works on these addr-len pairs. This representation has the advantages of not requiring null-termination, easy representation of substrings, and not being limited to 255 characters.
<lang forth>S" string" ( addr len) DUP . \ 6</lang>
Character Length
The 1994 ANS standard does not have any notion of a particular character encoding, although it distinguishes between character and machine-word addresses. (There is some ongoing work on standardizing an "XCHAR" wordset for dealing with strings in particular encodings such as UTF-8.)
The following code will count the number of UTF-8 characters in a null-terminated string. It relies on the fact that all bytes of a UTF-8 character except the first have the the binary bit pattern "10xxxxxx".
<lang forth>2 base !
- utf8+ ( str -- str )
begin char+ dup c@ 11000000 and 10000000 <> until ;
decimal</lang>
<lang forth>: count-utf8 ( zstr -- n )
0 begin swap dup c@ while utf8+ swap 1+ repeat drop ;</lang>
Fortran
Fortran 77 introduced variables of type CHARACTER and associated syntax. These are fixed-size entities, declared at compile time as in CHARACTER*66 TEXT, however a subroutine (or function) receiving such a variable could declare it as CHARACTER*(*) TEXT so that any size may be supplied to the routine, and with F90 came the ability within subroutines (or functions) to declare items of a size determined at run time. There is no associated length variable, as with strings that have both a content and a length, nor is there a special character value (such as zero) deemed to mark the end-of-text in such a variable to give string-like facilities. However, with F90 came facilities, standardised in F2003 whereby a CHARACTER variable could be re-allocated exactly the right amount of storage whenever it was assigned to. So, TEXT = "this" would cause TEXT to become a CHARACTER variable of length four, adjusted so at run time. Again, the length information is not associated with the variable itself, for instance as the content of a character zero prefixing the content to enable strings of a length up to 255. The length information must be stored somewhere...
Previously, character data would be stored in arithmetic variables, using format codes such as A1 to store one character per variable, which might be an integer or a floating-point variable of much larger size. Format A2 would store two such characters, and so on. Code A1 would give ease of manipulation, while A8 (say for a REAL*8 variable) would save space. Numerical values would be strange, and word sizes may not be a multiple of eight bits nor character encodements require eight bits, especially on a decimal computer such as the IBM1620 where storage usage was counted in digits, and a character required two.
An intrinsic function LEN(text) reports the number of characters in the variable (with no consideration of any storage needed anywhere to hold the length), while SIZE(array) reports the number of elements in an array and SIZEOF(x) may be available to report the number of bytes of storage of x. Since these days, everyone uses computers with eight-bit characters and this is deemed universal, the result from LEN will be equivalent to both a byte and a character count.
There is no facility for fancy Unicode schemes, other than by writing suitable routines. In that regard, plotting packages often supply a special function that returns the length of a text string, as it would appear on the plot, in plotting units, especially useful when the plotter's rendition of text employs a proportionally-spaced typeface and interprets superscripts and subscripts and so forth, so that the programmer can prepare code to juggle with the layout, perhaps of mathematical expressions. This is of course not in any standard.
Byte Length
LEN(text)
Character Length
LEN(text)
FreeBASIC
<lang freebasic>' FB 1.05.0 Win64
Dim s As String = "moose" variable length ascii string Dim f As String * 5 = "moose" fixed length ascii string (in practice a zero byte is appended) Dim z As ZString * 6 = "moose" fixed length zero terminated ascii string Dim w As WString * 6 = "møøse" fixed length zero terminated unicode string
' Variable length strings have a descriptor consisting of 3 Integers (12 bytes on 32 bit, 24 bytes on 64 bit systems) ' In order, the descriptor contains the address of the data, the memory currently used and the memory allocated
' In Windows, WString uses UCS-2 encoding (i.e. 2 bytes per character, surrogates are not supported) ' In Linux, WString uses UCS-4 encoding (i.e. 4 bytes per character)
' The Len function always returns the length of the string in characters ' The SizeOf function returns the bytes used (by the descriptor in the case of variable length strings)
Print "s : " ; s, "Character Length : "; Len(s), "Byte Length : "; Len(s); " (data)" Print "s : " ; s, "Character Length : "; Len(s), "Byte Length : "; SizeOf(s); " (descriptor)" Print "f : " ; f, "Character Length : "; Len(s), "Byte Length : "; SizeOf(f) Print "z : " ; z, "Character Length : "; Len(s), "Byte Length : "; SizeOf(z) Print "w : " ; w, "Character Length : "; Len(s), "Byte Length : "; SizeOf(w) Print Sleep</lang>
- Output:
s : moose Character Length : 5 Byte Length : 5 (data) s : moose Character Length : 5 Byte Length : 24 (descriptor) f : moose Character Length : 5 Byte Length : 6 z : moose Character Length : 5 Byte Length : 6 w : møøse Character Length : 5 Byte Length : 12
Frink
Byte Length
A string can be converted to an array of bytes in any supported encoding. <lang frink> b = "𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢" length[stringToBytes[b, "UTF-8"]] </lang>
Character Length
Frink's string operations correctly handle upper-plane Unicode characters as a single codepoint. <lang frink> b = "𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢" length[b] </lang>
Grapheme Length
<lang frink> b = "𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢" graphemeLength[b] </lang>
GAP
<lang gap>Length("abc");
- or same result with
Size("abc");</lang>
Gnuplot
Byte Length
<lang gnuplot>print strlen("hello") => 5</lang>
Go
Byte Length
<lang go>package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
m := "møøse"
u := "𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢"
j := "J̲o̲s̲é̲"
fmt.Printf("%d %s % x\n", len(m), m, m)
fmt.Printf("%d %s %x\n", len(u), u, u)
fmt.Printf("%d %s % x\n", len(j), j, j)
}</lang> Output:
7 møøse 6d c3 b8 c3 b8 73 65 28 𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢 f09d9498f09d94abf09d94a6f09d94a0f09d94acf09d94a1f09d94a2 14 J̲o̲s̲é̲ 4a cc b2 6f cc b2 73 cc b2 65 cc 81 cc b2
Character Length
<lang go>package main
import (
"fmt" "unicode/utf8"
)
func main() {
m := "møøse"
u := "𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢"
j := "J̲o̲s̲é̲"
fmt.Printf("%d %s %x\n", utf8.RuneCountInString(m), m, []rune(m))
fmt.Printf("%d %s %x\n", utf8.RuneCountInString(u), u, []rune(u))
fmt.Printf("%d %s %x\n", utf8.RuneCountInString(j), j, []rune(j))
}</lang> Output:
5 møøse [6d f8 f8 73 65] 7 𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢 [1d518 1d52b 1d526 1d520 1d52c 1d521 1d522] 9 J̲o̲s̲é̲ [4a 332 6f 332 73 332 65 301 332]
Grapheme Length
Go does not have language or library features to recognize graphemes directly. For example, it does not provide functions implementing Unicode Standard Annex #29, Unicode Text Segmentation. It does however have convenient functions for recognizing Unicode character categories, and so an expected subset of grapheme possibilites is easy to recognize. Here is a solution recognizing the category "Mn", which includes the combining characters used in the task example. <lang go>package main
import (
"fmt" "unicode" "unicode/utf8"
)
func main() {
m := "møøse"
u := "𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢"
j := "J̲o̲s̲é̲"
fmt.Printf("%d %s %x\n", grLen(m), m, []rune(m))
fmt.Printf("%d %s %x\n", grLen(u), u, []rune(u))
fmt.Printf("%d %s %x\n", grLen(j), j, []rune(j))
}
func grLen(s string) int {
if len(s) == 0 {
return 0
}
gr := 1
_, s1 := utf8.DecodeRuneInString(s)
for _, r := range s[s1:] {
if !unicode.Is(unicode.Mn, r) {
gr++
}
}
return gr
}</lang> Output:
5 møøse [6d f8 f8 73 65] 7 𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢 [1d518 1d52b 1d526 1d520 1d52c 1d521 1d522] 4 J̲o̲s̲é̲ [4a 332 6f 332 73 332 65 301 332]
Groovy
Calculating "Byte-length" (by which one typically means "in-memory storage size in bytes") is not possible through the facilities of the Groovy language alone. Calculating "Character length" is built into the Groovy extensions to java.lang.String.
Character Length
<lang groovy>println "Hello World!".size()</lang>
Output:
12
Note: The Java "String.length()" method also works in Groovy, but "size()" is consistent with usage in other sequential or composite types.
GW-BASIC
GW-BASIC only supports single-byte characters.
<lang qbasic>10 INPUT A$ 20 PRINT LEN(A$)</lang>
Haskell
Byte Length
It is not possible to determine the "byte length" of an ordinary string, because in Haskell, a string is a boxed list of unicode characters. So each character in a string is represented as whatever the compiler considers as the most efficient representation of a cons-cell and a unicode character, and not as a byte.
For efficient storage of sequences of bytes, there's Data.ByteString, which uses Word8 as a base type. Byte strings have an additional Data.ByteString.Char8 interface, which will truncate each Unicode Char to 8 bits as soon as it is converted to a byte string. However, this is not adequate for the task, because truncation simple will garble characters other than Latin-1, instead of encoding them into UTF-8, say.
There are several (non-standard, so far) Unicode encoding libraries available on Hackage. As an example, we'll use encoding-0.2, as Data.Encoding:
<lang haskell>import Data.Encoding import Data.ByteString as B
strUTF8 :: ByteString strUTF8 = encode UTF8 "Hello World!"
strUTF32 :: ByteString strUTF32 = encode UTF32 "Hello World!"
strlenUTF8 = B.length strUTF8 strlenUTF32 = B.length strUTF32</lang>
Character Length
The base type Char defined by the standard is already intended for (plain) Unicode characters.
<lang haskell>strlen = length "Hello, world!"</lang>
HicEst
<lang hicest>LEN("1 character == 1 byte") ! 21</lang>
HolyC
Byte Length
<lang holyc>U8 *string = "Hello, world!"; Print("%d\n", StrLen(string)); </lang>
Icon and Unicon
Character Length
<lang Icon> length := *s</lang>
Note: Neither Icon nor Unicon currently supports double-byte character sets.
IDL
Byte Length
Compiler: any IDL compiler should do
<lang idl>length = strlen("Hello, world!")</lang>
Character Length
<lang idl>length = strlen("Hello, world!")</lang>
Io
Byte Length
<lang io>"møøse" sizeInBytes</lang>
Character Length
<lang io>"møøse" size</lang>
J
Byte Length
<lang j> # 'møøse' 7</lang> Here we use the default encoding for character literals (8 bit wide literals).
Character Length
<lang j> #7 u: 'møøse' 5</lang> Here we have used 16 bit wide character literals. See also the dictionary page for u:.
Java
Byte Length
Java encodes strings in UTF-16, which represents each character with one or two 16-bit values.
Another way to know the byte length of a string -who cares- is to explicitly specify the charset we desire.
<lang java5>String s = "Hello, world!"; int byteCountUTF16 = s.getBytes("UTF-16").length; // Incorrect: it yields 28 (that is with the BOM) int byteCountUTF16LE = s.getBytes("UTF-16LE").length; // Correct: it yields 26 int byteCountUTF8 = s.getBytes("UTF-8").length; // yields 13 </lang>
Character Length
Java encodes strings in UTF-16, which represents each character (code point) with one or two 16-bit code units. This is a variable-length encoding scheme. The most commonly used characters are represented by one 16-bit code unit, while rarer ones like some mathematical symbols are represented by two.
The length method of String objects is not the length of that String in characters. Instead, it only gives the number of 16-bit code units used to encode a string. This is not (always) the number of Unicode characters (code points) in the string. <lang java5>String s = "Hello, world!"; int not_really_the_length = s.length(); // XXX: does not (always) count Unicode characters (code points)! </lang>
Since Java 1.5, the actual number of characters (code points) can be determined by calling the codePointCount method. <lang java5>String str = "\uD834\uDD2A"; //U+1D12A int not_really__the_length = str.length(); // value is 2, which is not the length in characters int actual_length = str.codePointCount(0, str.length()); // value is 1, which is the length in characters</lang>
Grapheme Length
<lang java>import java.text.BreakIterator;
public class Grapheme {
public static void main(String[] args) {
printLength("møøse");
printLength("𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢");
printLength("J̲o̲s̲é̲");
}
public static void printLength(String s) {
BreakIterator it = BreakIterator.getCharacterInstance();
it.setText(s);
int count = 0;
while (it.next() != BreakIterator.DONE) {
count++;
}
System.out.println("Grapheme length: " + count+ " " + s);
}
}</lang> Output:
Grapheme length: 5 møøse Grapheme length: 7 𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢 Grapheme length: 4 J̲o̲s̲é̲
JavaScript
Byte Length
JavaScript encodes strings in UTF-16, which represents each character with one or two 16-bit values. The length property of string objects gives the number of 16-bit values used to encode a string, so the number of bytes can be determined by doubling that number.
<lang javascript>var s = "Hello, world!"; var byteCount = s.length * 2; //26</lang>
Character Length
JavaScript encodes strings in UTF-16, which represents each character with one or two 16-bit values. The most commonly used characters are represented by one 16-bit value, while rarer ones like some mathematical symbols are represented by two.
JavaScript has no built-in way to determine how many characters are in a string. However, if the string only contains commonly used characters, the number of characters will be equal to the number of 16-bit values used to represent the characters. <lang javascript>var str1 = "Hello, world!"; var len1 = str1.length; //13
var str2 = "\uD834\uDD2A"; //U+1D12A represented by a UTF-16 surrogate pair var len2 = str2.length; //2</lang>
ES6 destructuring/iterators
ES6 provides several ways to get a string split into an array of code points instead of UTF-16 code units: <lang javascript>let
str='AöЖ€𝄞' ,countofcodeunits=str.length // 6 ,cparr=[...str], ,countofcodepoints=cparr.length; // 5
{ let
count=0 for(let codepoint of str) count++ countofcodepoints=count // 5
} { let
count=0, it=str[Symbol.iterator]() while(!it.next().done) count++ countofcodepoints=count // 5
} { cparr=Array.from(str)
countofcodepoints=cparr.length // 5
} </lang>
jq
jq strings are JSON strings and are therefore encoded as UTF-8. When given a JSON string, the length filter emits the number of Unicode codepoints that it contains: <lang jq>$ cat String_length.jq def describe:
"length of \(.) is \(length)";
("J̲o̲s̲é̲", "𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢") | describe</lang><lang sh> $ jq -n -f String_length.jq "length of J̲o̲s̲é̲ is 8" "length of 𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢 is 7"</lang>
JudoScript
Byte Length
<lang judoscript>//Store length of hello world in length and print it . length = "Hello World".length();</lang>
Character Length
<lang judoscript>//Store length of hello world in length and print it . length = "Hello World".length()</lang>
Julia
Julia encodes strings as UTF-8, so the byte length (via sizeof) will be different from the string length (via length) only if the string contains non-ASCII characters.
Byte Length
<lang julia>sizeof("Hello, world!") # gives 13 sizeof("Hellö, wørld!") # gives 15</lang>
Character Length
<lang julia>length("Hello, world!") # gives 13 length("Hellö, wørld!") # gives 13</lang>
K
Character Length
<lang K>
#"Hello, world!"
13
#"Hëllo, world!"
13 </lang>
Kotlin
As in Java, a string in Kotlin is essentially a sequence of UTF-16 encoded characters and the 'length' property simply returns the number of such characters in the string. Surrogates or graphemes are not treated specially for this purpose - they are just represented by the appropriate number of UTF-16 characters.
As each UTF-16 character occupies 2 bytes, it follows that the number of bytes occupied by the string will be twice the length: <lang scala>// version 1.0.6 fun main(args: Array<String>) {
val s = "José"
println("The char length is ${s.length}")
println("The byte length is ${Character.BYTES * s.length}")
}</lang>
- Output:
The char length is 4 The byte length is 8
LabVIEW
Byte Length
LabVIEW is using a special variant of UTF-8, so byte length == character length.
Character Length
Lambdatalk
The lambdatalk {W.length string} function returns the number of bytes in a string. For Unicode characters made of two bytes things are a little bit more tricky. It's easy to add (inline) a new javascript primitive to the dictionary:
<lang scheme> {script LAMBDATALK.DICT["W.unicodeLength"] = function() {
function countCodePoints(str) {
var point,
index,
width = 0,
len = 0;
for (index = 0; index < str.length;) {
point = str.codePointAt(index);
width = 0;
while (point) {
width += 1;
point = point >> 8;
}
index += Math.round(width/2);
len += 1;
}
return len;
}
var args = arguments[0].trim();
return countCodePoints(args)
}; }
Testing:
{W.length Hello, World!} -> 13
{W.length José} -> 4 {W.unicodeLength José} -> 4
{W.length 𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢} -> 14 {W.unicodeLength 𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢} -> 7 </lang>
Lasso
Character Length
<lang Lasso>'Hello, world!'->size // 13 'møøse'->size // 5 '𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢'->size // 7</lang>
Byte Length
<lang Lasso>'Hello, world!'->asBytes->size // 13 'møøse'->asBytes->size // 7 '𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢'->asBytes->size // 28</lang>
LFE
Character Length
<lang lisp> (length "ASCII text") 10 (length "𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢 𝔗𝔢𝒙𝔱") 12 > (set encoded (binary ("𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢 𝔗𝔢𝒙𝔱" utf8)))
- B(240 157 148 152 240 157 148 171 240 157 ...)
> (length (unicode:characters_to_list encoded 'utf8)) 12 </lang>
Byte Length
<lang lisp> > (set encoded (binary ("𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢 𝔗𝔢𝒙𝔱" utf8)))
- B(240 157 148 152 240 157 148 171 240 157 ...)
> (byte_size encoded) 45 > (set bytes (binary ("𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢 𝔗𝔢𝒙𝔱")))
- B(24 43 38 32 44 33 34 32 23 34 153 49)
> (byte_size bytes) 12 > (set encoded (binary ("ASCII text" utf8)))
- B(65 83 67 73 73 32 116 101 120 116)
> (byte_size encoded) 10 </lang>
Liberty BASIC
See BASIC
Lingo
Character Length
<lang lingo>utf8Str = "Hello world äöü" put utf8Str.length -- 15</lang>
Byte Length
<lang lingo>utf8Str = "Hello world äöü" put bytearray(utf8Str).length -- 18</lang>
LiveCode
LiveCode fully supports Unicode characters since version 7 ASCII only older Xtalk environments such as Apple's HyperCard did not natively support unicode characters, although being extensible with externals, could possibly have add-on support.
Character Length
<lang LiveCode >put the length of "Hello World" </lang> or <lang LiveCode >put the number of characters in "Hello World" -- 'chars' short for characters is also valid</lang> or <lang LiveCode >put length("Hello World")</lang>
for Unicode character count use the code units keyword <lang LiveCode >put the number of codeunits of "Hello World" -- count of unicode characters </lang>
Byte Length
Use the 'byte' keyword in LiveCode for an accurate unicode char byte count <lang LiveCode>put the number of bytes in "Hello World" </lang>
Logo
Logo is so old that only ASCII encoding is supported. Modern versions of Logo may have enhanced character set support. <lang logo>print count "|Hello World| ; 11 print count "møøse ; 5 print char 248 ; ø - implies ISO-Latin character set</lang>
LSE64
Byte Length
LSE stores strings as arrays of characters in 64-bit cells plus a count. <lang lse64>" Hello world" @ 1 + 8 * , # 96 = (11+1)*(size of a cell) = 12*8</lang>
Character Length
LSE uses counted strings: arrays of characters, where the first cell contains the number of characters in the string. <lang lse64>" Hello world" @ , # 11</lang>
Lua
In Lua, a character is always the size of one byte so there is no difference between byte length and character length.
Byte Length
<lang lua>str = "Hello world" length = #str</lang>
or
<lang lua>str = "Hello world" length = string.len(str)</lang>
Character Length
<lang lua>str = "Hello world" length = #str</lang>
or
<lang lua>str = "Hello world" length = string.len(str)</lang>
M2000 Interpreter
<lang M2000 Interpreter> A$=format$("J\u0332o\u0332s\u0332e\u0301\u0332") Print Len(A$) = 9 ' true Utf-16LE Print Len.Disp(A$) = 4 \\ display length Buffer Clear Mem as Byte*100 \\ Write at memory at offset 0 or address Mem(0) Return Mem, 0:=A$ Print Eval$(Mem, 0, 18) For i=0 to 17 step 2
\\ print hex value and character
Hex Eval(Mem, i as integer), ChrCode$(Eval(Mem, i as integer))
Next i Document B$=A$ \\ encode to utf-8 with BOM (3 bytes 0xEF,0xBB,0xBF) Save.Doc B$, "Checklen.doc", 2 Print Filelen("Checklen.doc")=17 \\ So length is 14 bytes + 3 the BOM </lang>
Maple
Character length
<lang maple>length("Hello world");</lang>
Byte count
<lang maple>nops(convert("Hello world",bytes));</lang>
Mathematica/Wolfram Language
Character length
<lang mathematica>StringLength["Hello world"]</lang>
Byte length
<lang mathematica>StringByteCount["Hello world"]</lang>
MATLAB
Character Length
<lang MATLAB>>> length('møøse')
ans =
5</lang>
Byte Length
MATLAB apparently encodes strings using UTF-16. <lang MATLAB>>> numel(dec2hex('møøse'))
ans =
10</lang>
Maxima
<lang maxima>s: "the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog"; slength(s); /* 43 */</lang>
MAXScript
Character Length
<lang maxscript>"Hello world".count</lang>
Mercury
Mercury's C and Erlang backends use UTF-8 encoded strings; the Java and C# backends using the underlying UTF-16 encoding of those languages. The function string.length/1 returns the number of code units in a string in target language encoding. The function string.count_utf8_code_units/1 returns the number of UTF-8 code units in a string regardless of the target language.
Byte Length
<lang mercury>:- module string_byte_length.
- - interface.
- - import_module io.
- - pred main(io::di, io::uo) is det.
- - implementation.
- - import_module list, string.
main(!IO) :-
Words = ["møøse", "𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢", "J\x332\o\x332\s\x332\e\x301\\x332\"], io.write_list(Words, "", write_length, !IO).
- - pred write_length(string::in, io::di, io::uo) is det.
write_length(String, !IO):-
NumBytes = count_utf8_code_units(String),
io.format("%s: %d bytes\n", [s(String), i(NumBytes)], !IO).</lang>
Output:
møøse: 7 bytes 𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢: 28 bytes J̲o̲s̲é̲: 14 bytes
Character Length
The function string.count_codepoints/1 returns the number of code points in a string. <lang mercury>:- module string_character_length.
- - interface.
- - import_module io.
- - pred main(io::di, io::uo) is det.
- - implementation.
- - import_module list, string.
main(!IO) :-
Words = ["møøse", "𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢", "J\x332\o\x332\s\x332\e\x301\\x332\"], io.write_list(Words, "", write_length, !IO).
- - pred write_length(string::in, io::di, io::uo) is det.
write_length(String, !IO) :-
NumChars = count_codepoints(String),
io.format("%s: %d characters\n", [s(String), i(NumChars)], !IO).</lang>
Output:
møøse: 5 characters 𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢: 7 characters J̲o̲s̲é̲: 9 characters
Metafont
Metafont has no way of handling properly encodings different from ASCII. So it is able to count only the number of bytes in a string.
<lang metafont>string s; s := "Hello Moose"; show length(s); % 11 (ok) s := "Hello Møøse"; show length(s); % 13 (number of bytes when the string is UTF-8 encoded,
% since ø takes two bytes)</lang>
Note: in the lang tag, Møøse is Latin1-reencoded, showing up two bytes (as Latin1) instead of one
MIPS Assembly
This only supports ASCII encoding, so it'll return both byte length and char length. <lang mips> .data #.asciiz automatically adds the NULL terminator character, \0 for us. string: .asciiz "Nice string you got there!"
.text main: la $a1,string #load the beginning address of the string.
loop: lb $a2,($a1) #load byte (i.e. the char) at $a1 into $a2 addi $a1,$a1,1 #increment $a1 beqz $a2,exit_procedure #see if we've hit the NULL char yet addi $a0,$a0,1 #increment counter j loop #back to start
exit_procedure: li $v0,1 #set syscall to print integer syscall
li $v0,10 #set syscall to cleanly exit EXIT_SUCCESS syscall </lang>
mIRC Scripting Language
Byte Length
<lang mirc>alias stringlength { echo -a Your Name is: $len($$?="Whats your name") letters long! }</lang>
Character Length
$utfdecode() converts an UTF-8 string to the locale encoding, with unrepresentable characters as question marks. Since mIRC is not yet fully Unicode aware, entering Unicode text trough a dialog box will automatically convert it to ASCII. <lang mirc>alias utf8len { return $len($utfdecode($1)) } alias stringlength2 {
var %name = Børje echo -a %name is: $utf8len(%name) characters long!
}</lang>
Modula-3
Byte Length
<lang modula3>MODULE ByteLength EXPORTS Main;
IMPORT IO, Fmt, Text;
VAR s: TEXT := "Foo bar baz";
BEGIN
IO.Put("Byte length of s: " & Fmt.Int((Text.Length(s) * BYTESIZE(s))) & "\n");
END ByteLength.</lang>
Character Length
<lang modula3>MODULE StringLength EXPORTS Main;
IMPORT IO, Fmt, Text;
VAR s: TEXT := "Foo bar baz";
BEGIN
IO.Put("String length of s: " & Fmt.Int(Text.Length(s)) & "\n");
END StringLength.</lang>
Nemerle
Both examples rely on .Net faculties, so they're almost identical to C#
Character Length
<lang Nemerle>def message = "How long am I anyways?"; def charlength = message.Length;</lang>
Byte Length
<lang Nemerle>using System.Text;
def message = "How long am I anyways?"; def bytelength = Encoding.Unicode.GetByteCount(message);</lang>
NewLISP
Character Length
<lang NewLISP>(set 'Str "møøse") (println Str " is " (length Str) " characters long")</lang>
Nim
In Nim, len returns the byte length of strings, ignoring the UTF-8 encoding. When dealing with Unicode strings, the module unicode must be used.
<lang Nim>import strformat, unicode
var s: string = "Hello, world! ☺"
echo &"“{s}” has byte length {s.len}." echo &"“{s}” has Unicode char length {s.runeLen}."</lang>
- Output:
“Hello, world! ☺” has byte length 17. “Hello, world! ☺” has Unicode char length 15.
Oberon-2
Byte Length
<lang oberon2>MODULE Size;
IMPORT Out;
VAR s: LONGINT;
string: ARRAY 5 OF CHAR;
BEGIN
string := "Foo";
s := LEN(string);
Out.String("Size: ");
Out.LongInt(s,0);
Out.Ln;
END Size.</lang>
Output:
Size: 5
Character Length
<lang oberon2>MODULE Length;
IMPORT Out, Strings;
VAR l: INTEGER;
string: ARRAY 5 OF CHAR;
BEGIN
string := "Foo";
l := Strings.Length(string);
Out.String("Length: ");
Out.Int(l,0);
Out.Ln;
END Length.</lang>
Output:
Length: 3
Objeck
All character string elements are 1-byte in size therefore a string's byte size and length are the same.
Character Length
<lang objeck> "Foo"->Size()->PrintLine(); </lang>
Byte Length
<lang objeck> "Foo"->Size()->PrintLine(); </lang>
Objective-C
In order to be not ambiguous about the encoding used in the string, we explicitly provide it in UTF-8 encoding. The string is "møøse" (ø UTF-8 encoded is in hexadecimal C3 B8).
Character Length
Objective-C encodes strings in UTF-16, which represents each character (code point) with one or two 16-bit code units. This is a variable-length encoding scheme. The most commonly used characters are represented by one 16-bit code unit, while "supplementary characters" are represented by two (called a "surrogate pair").
The length method of NSString objects is not the length of that string in characters. Instead, it only gives the number of 16-bit code units used to encode a string. This is not (always) the number of Unicode characters (code points) in the string. <lang objc>// Return the length in characters // XXX: does not (always) count Unicode characters (code points)! unsigned int numberOfCharacters = [@"møøse" length]; // 5</lang>
Since Mac OS X 10.6, CFString has methods for converting between supplementary characters and surrogate pair. However, the easiest way to get the number of characters is probably to encode it in UTF-32 (which is a fixed-length encoding) and divide by 4: <lang objc>int realCharacterCount = [s lengthOfBytesUsingEncoding: NSUTF32StringEncoding] / 4;</lang>
Byte Length
Objective-C encodes strings in UTF-16, which represents each character with one or two 16-bit values. The length method of NSString objects returns the number of 16-bit values used to encode a string, so the number of bytes can be determined by doubling that number.
<lang objc>int byteCount = [@"møøse" length] * 2; // 10</lang>
Another way to know the byte length of a string is to explicitly specify the charset we desire.
<lang objc>// Return the number of bytes depending on the encoding, // here explicitly UTF-8 unsigned numberOfBytes =
[@"møøse" lengthOfBytesUsingEncoding: NSUTF8StringEncoding]; // 7</lang>
OCaml
In OCaml currently, characters inside the standard type string are bytes, and a single character taken alone has the same binary representation as the OCaml int (which is equivalent to a C long) which is a machine word.
For internationalization there is Camomile, a comprehensive Unicode library for OCaml. Camomile provides Unicode character type, UTF-8, UTF-16, and more...
Byte Length
Standard OCaml strings are classic ASCII ISO 8859-1, so the function String.length returns the byte length which is the character length in this encoding: <lang ocaml>String.length "Hello world" ;;</lang>
Character Length
While using the UTF8 module of Camomile the byte length of an utf8 encoded string will be get with String.length and the character length will be returned by UTF8.length: <lang ocaml>open CamomileLibrary
let () =
Printf.printf " %d\n" (String.length "møøse"); Printf.printf " %d\n" (UTF8.length "møøse");
- </lang>
Run this code with the command:
$ ocaml bigarray.cma -I $(ocamlfind query camomile)/library/ camomileLibrary.cma strlen.ml 7 5
Octave
<lang octave>s = "string"; stringlen = length(s)</lang>
This gives the number of bytes, not of characters. e.g. length("è") is 2 when "è" is encoded e.g. as UTF-8.
Oforth
Oforth strings are UTF8 encoded.
size method returns number of UTF8 characters into a string
basicSize method returns number of bytes into a string
Ol
<lang scheme>
- Character length
(print (string-length "Hello, wørld!"))
- ==> 13
- Byte (utf-8 encoded) length
(print (length (string->bytes "Hello, wørld!")))
- ==> 14
</lang>
OpenEdge/Progress
The codepage can be set independently for input / output and internal operations. The following examples are started from an iso8859-1 session and therefore need to use fix-codepage to adjust the string to utf-8.
Character Length
<lang progress>DEF VAR lcc AS LONGCHAR.
FIX-CODEPAGE( lcc ) = "UTF-8". lcc = "møøse".
MESSAGE LENGTH( lcc ) VIEW-AS ALERT-BOX.</lang>
Byte Length
<lang progress>DEF VAR lcc AS LONGCHAR.
FIX-CODEPAGE( lcc ) = "UTF-8". lcc = "møøse".
MESSAGE LENGTH( lcc, "RAW" ) VIEW-AS ALERT-BOX.</lang>
Oz
Byte Length
<lang oz>{Show {Length "Hello World"}}</lang> Oz uses a single-byte encoding by default. So for normal strings, this will also show the correct character length.
PARI/GP
Character Length
Characters = bytes in Pari; the underlying strings are C strings interpreted as US-ASCII. <lang parigp>len(s)=#s; \\ Alternately, len(s)=length(s); or even len=length;</lang>
Byte Length
This works on objects of any sort, not just strings, and includes overhead. <lang parigp>len(s)=sizebyte(s);</lang>
Pascal
Byte Length
<lang pascal> const
s = 'abcdef';
begin
writeln (length(s))
end. </lang> Output:
6
Perl
Byte Length
Strings in Perl consist of characters. Measuring the byte length therefore requires conversion to some binary representation (called encoding, both noun and verb).
<lang perl>use utf8; # so we can use literal characters like ☺ in source use Encode qw(encode);
print length encode 'UTF-8', "Hello, world! ☺";
- 17. The last character takes 3 bytes, the others 1 byte each.
print length encode 'UTF-16', "Hello, world! ☺";
- 32. 2 bytes for the BOM, then 15 byte pairs for each character.</lang>
Character Length
<lang perl>my $length = length "Hello, world!";</lang>
Grapheme Length
Since Perl 5.12, /\X/ matches an extended grapheme cluster. See "Unicode overhaul" in perl5120delta and also UAX #29.
Perl understands that "\x{1112}\x{1161}\x{11ab}\x{1100}\x{1173}\x{11af}" (한글) contains 2 graphemes, just like "\x{d55c}\x{ae00}" (한글). The longer string uses Korean combining jamo characters.
<lang perl>use v5.12; my $string = "\x{1112}\x{1161}\x{11ab}\x{1100}\x{1173}\x{11af}"; # 한글 my $len; $len++ while ($string =~ /\X/g); printf "Grapheme length: %d\n", $len;</lang>
- Output:
Grapheme length: 2
Phix
The standard length function returns the number of bytes, character length is achieved by converting to utf32
constant s = "𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢" ?length(s) ?length(utf8_to_utf32(s))
- Output:
28 7
PHP
Program in a UTF8 linux: <lang PHP><?php foreach (array('møøse', '𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢', 'J̲o̲s̲é̲') as $s1) {
printf('String "%s" measured with strlen: %d mb_strlen: %s grapheme_strlen %s%s',
$s1, strlen($s1),mb_strlen($s1), grapheme_strlen($s1), PHP_EOL);
} </lang> yields the result:
String "møøse" measured with strlen: 7 mb_strlen: 7 grapheme_strlen 5 String "𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢" measured with strlen: 28 mb_strlen: 28 grapheme_strlen 7 String "J̲o̲s̲é̲" measured with strlen: 13 mb_strlen: 13 grapheme_strlen 4
PicoLisp
<lang PicoLisp>(let Str "møøse"
(prinl "Character Length of \"" Str "\" is " (length Str)) (prinl "Byte Length of \"" Str "\" is " (size Str)) )</lang>
Output:
Character Length of "møøse" is 5 Byte Length of "møøse" is 7 -> 7
PL/I
<lang pli>declare WS widechar (13) initial ('Hello world.'); put ('Character length=', length (WS)); put skip list ('Byte length=', size(WS));
declare SM graphic (13) initial ('Hello world'); put ('Character length=', length(SM)); put skip list ('Byte length=', size(trim(SM)));</lang>
PL/SQL
LENGTH calculates length using characters as defined by the input character set. LENGTHB uses bytes instead of characters. LENGTHC uses Unicode complete characters. LENGTH2 uses UCS2 code points. LENGTH4 uses UCS4 code points.
Byte Length
<lang plsql>DECLARE
string VARCHAR2(50) := 'Hello, world!'; stringlength NUMBER;
BEGIN
stringlength := LENGTHB(string);
END;</lang>
Character Length
<lang plsql>DECLARE
string VARCHAR2(50) := 'Hello, world!'; stringlength NUMBER; unicodelength NUMBER; ucs2length NUMBER; ucs4length NUMBER;
BEGIN
stringlength := LENGTH(string); unicodelength := LENGTHC(string); ucs2length := LENGTH2(string); ucs4length := LENGTH4(string);
END;</lang>
Pop11
Byte Length
Currently Pop11 supports only strings consisting of 1-byte units. Strings can carry arbitrary binary data, so user can for example use UTF-8 (however builtin procedures will treat each byte as a single character). The length function for strings returns length in bytes:
<lang pop11>lvars str = 'Hello, world!'; lvars len = length(str);</lang>
PostScript
Character Length
<lang> (Hello World) length = 11 </lang>
Potion
Character Length
<lang potion>"møøse" length print "𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢" length print "J̲o̲s̲é̲" length print</lang>
PowerShell
Character Length
<lang powershell>$s = "Hëlló Wørłð" $s.Length</lang>
Byte Length
For UTF-16, which is the default in .NET and therefore PowerShell: <lang powershell>$s = "Hëlló Wørłð" [System.Text.Encoding]::Unicode.GetByteCount($s)</lang> For UTF-8: <lang powershell>[System.Text.Encoding]::UTF8.GetByteCount($s)</lang>
PureBasic
Character Length
<lang PureBasic> a = Len("Hello World") ;a will be 11</lang>
Byte Length
Returns the number of bytes required to store the string in memory in the given format in bytes. 'Format' can be #PB_Ascii, #PB_UTF8 or #PB_Unicode. PureBasic code can be compiled using either Unicode (2-byte) or Ascii (1-byte) encodings for strings. If 'Format' is not specified, the mode of the executable (unicode or ascii) is used.
Note: The number of bytes returned does not include the terminating Null-Character of the string. The size of the Null-Character is 1 byte for Ascii and UTF8 mode and 2 bytes for Unicode mode.
<lang PureBasic>a = StringByteLength("ä", #PB_UTF8) ;a will be 2 b = StringByteLength("ä", #PB_Ascii) ;b will be 1 c = StringByteLength("ä", #PB_Unicode) ;c will be 2 </lang>
Python
2.x
In Python 2.x, there are two types of strings: regular (8-bit) strings, and Unicode strings. Unicode string literals are prefixed with "u".
Byte Length
For 8-bit strings, the byte length is the same as the character length: <lang python>print len('ascii')
- 5</lang>
For Unicode strings, length depends on the internal encoding. Since version 2.2 Python shipped with two build options: it either uses 2 or 4 bytes per character. The internal representation is not interesting for the user.
<lang python># The letter Alef print len(u'\u05d0'.encode('utf-8'))
- 2
print len(u'\u05d0'.encode('iso-8859-8'))
- 1</lang>
Example from the problem statement: <lang python>#!/bin/env python
- -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
s = u"møøse" assert len(s) == 5 assert len(s.encode('UTF-8')) == 7 assert len(s.encode('UTF-16-BE')) == 10 # There are 3 different UTF-16 encodings: LE and BE are little endian and big endian respectively, the third one (without suffix) adds 2 extra leading bytes: the byte-order mark (BOM).</lang>
Character Length
len() returns the number of code units (not code points!) in a Unicode string or plain ASCII string. On a wide build, this is the same as the number of code points, but on a narrow one it is not. Most linux distributions install the wide build by default, you can check the build at runtime with:
<lang python>import sys sys.maxunicode # 1114111 on a wide build, 65535 on a narrow build </lang>
To get the length of encoded string, you have to decode it first: <lang python>print len('ascii')
- 5
print len(u'\u05d0') # the letter Alef as unicode literal
- 1
print len('\xd7\x90'.decode('utf-8')) # Same encoded as utf-8 string
- 1
print hex(sys.maxunicode), len(unichr(0x1F4A9))
- ('0x10ffff', 1)</lang>
On a narrow build, len() gives the wrong answer for non-BMP chars
<lang python>print hex(sys.maxunicode), len(unichr(0x1F4A9))
- ('0xffff', 2)</lang>
3.x
In Python 3.x, strings are Unicode strings and a bytes type if available for storing an immutable sequence of bytes (there's also available a bytearray type, which is mutable)
Byte Length
You can use len() to get the length of a byte sequence.
<lang python>print(len(b'Hello, World!'))
- 13</lang>
To get a byte sequence from a string, you have to encode it with the desired encoding:
<lang python># The letter Alef print(len('\u05d0'.encode())) # the default encoding is utf-8 in Python3
- 2
print(len('\u05d0'.encode('iso-8859-8')))
- 1</lang>
Example from the problem statement: <lang python>#!/bin/env python
- -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
s = "møøse" assert len(s) == 5 assert len(s.encode('UTF-8')) == 7 assert len(s.encode('UTF-16-BE')) == 10 # There are 3 different UTF-16 encodings: LE and BE are little endian and big endian respectively, the third one (without suffix) adds 2 extra leading bytes: the byte-order mark (BOM). u="𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢" assert len(u.encode()) == 28 assert len(u.encode('UTF-16-BE')) == 28</lang>
Character Length
Since Python3.3 the internal storage of unicode strings has been optimized: strings that don't contain characters outside the latin-1 set, are stored with 8 bits for each character, strings that don't contain codepoints outside the BMP (lone surrogates aren't allowed) are stored as UCS-2, while all the others use UCS-4.
Thus Python is able to avoid memory overhead when dealing with only ASCII strings, while handling correctly all codepoints in Unicode. len() returns the number of characters/codepoints:
<lang python>print(len("𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢"))
- 7</lang>
Until Python 3.2 instead, length depended on the internal encoding, since it shipped with two build options: it either used 2 or 4 bytes per character.
len() returned the number of code units in a string, which could be different from the number of characters. In a narrow build, this is not a reliable way to get the number of characters. You can only easily count code points in a wide build. Most linux distributions install the wide build by default, you can check the build at runtime with:
<lang python>import sys sys.maxunicode # 1114111 on a wide build, 65535 on a narrow build</lang>
<lang python>print(len('ascii'))
- 5
print(len('\u05d0')) # the letter Alef as unicode literal
- 1</lang>
To get the length of an encoded byte sequence, you have to decode it first:
<lang python>print(len(b'\xd7\x90'.decode('utf-8'))) # Alef encoded as utf-8 byte sequence
- 1</lang>
<lang python>print(hex(sys.maxunicode), len(unichr(0x1F4A9)))
- ('0x10ffff', 1)</lang>
On a narrow build, len() gives the wrong answer for non-BMP chars
<lang python>print(hex(sys.maxunicode), len(unichr(0x1F4A9)))
- ('0xffff', 2)</lang>
R
Byte length
<lang rsplus>a <- "m\u00f8\u00f8se" print(nchar(a, type="bytes")) # print 7</lang>
Character length
<lang rsplus>print(nchar(a, type="chars")) # print 5</lang>
Racket
Using this definition: <lang Racket>(define str "J\u0332o\u0332s\u0332e\u0301\u0332")</lang> on the REPL, we get the following:
Character length
<lang Racket>-> (printf "str has ~a characters" (string-length str)) str has 9 characters</lang>
Byte length
<lang Racket>-> (printf "str has ~a bytes in utf-8" (bytes-length (string->bytes/utf-8 str))) str has 14 bytes in utf-8</lang>
Raku
(formerly Perl 6)
Byte Length
<lang perl6>say 'møøse'.encode('UTF-8').bytes;</lang>
Character Length
<lang perl6>say 'møøse'.codes;</lang>
Grapheme Length
<lang perl6>say 'møøse'.chars;</lang>
REBOL
Rebol 2 does not natively support UCS (Unicode), so character and byte length are the same. See utf-8.r for an external UTF-8 library.
Rebol 3 natively supports UTF-8.
Byte Length
<lang REBOL>;; r2 length? "møøse"
- r3
length? to-binary "møøse"</lang>
Character length
<lang REBOL>;; r3 length? "møøse"</lang>
ReScript
Byte Length
<lang ReScript>Js.String2.length("abcd") == 4</lang>
Retro
Byte Length
<lang Retro>'møøse s:length n:put</lang>
Character Length
Retro does not have built-in support for Unicode, but counting of characters can be done with a small amount of effort.
<lang Retro>chain: UTF8' {{
: utf+ ( $-$ ) [ 1+ dup @ %11000000 and %10000000 = ] while ;
: count ( $-$ ) 0 !here repeat dup @ 0; drop utf+ here ++ again ;
---reveal---
: getLength ( $-n ) count drop @here ;
}}
- chain
"møøse" ^UTF8'getLength putn</lang>
REXX
Classic REXX don't support Unicodes, so character and byte length are the same.
All characters (in strings) are stored as 8-bit bytes. Indeed, everything in REXX
is stored as character strings.
Byte Length
<lang REXX>/*REXX program displays the lengths (in bytes/characters) for various strings. */
/* 1 */ /*a handy-dandy over/under scale.*/ /* 123456789012345 */
hello = 'Hello, world!' ; say 'the length of HELLO is ' length(hello) happy = 'Hello, world! ☺' ; say 'the length of HAPPY is ' length(happy) jose = 'José' ; say 'the length of JOSE is ' length(jose) nill = ; say 'the length of NILL is ' length(nill) null = ; say 'the length of NULL is ' length(null) sum = 5+1 ; say 'the length of SUM is ' length(sum)
/* [↑] is, of course, 6. */
/*stick a fork in it, we're done.*/</lang>
output
length of HELLO is 13 length of HAPPY is 15 length of JOSE is 4 length of NILL is 0 length of NULL is 0 length of SUM is 1
Ring
Character Length
<lang ring> aString = "Welcome to the Ring Programming Language" aStringSize = len(aString) see "Character lenghts : " + aStringSize </lang>
Robotic
Character Length
<lang robotic> set "$local1" to "Hello world!"
- "String length: &$local1.length&"
end </lang>
Unfortunately, only character length can be retrieved in this language.
Ruby
UTF8 is the default encoding in Ruby.
Byte Length
<lang ruby>"J̲o̲s̲é̲".bytesize</lang>
Character Length
<lang ruby>"J̲o̲s̲é̲".chars.length</lang>
Grapheme Length
<lang ruby>"J̲o̲s̲é̲".grapheme_clusters.length</lang>
Code Set Independence
The next examples show the byte length and character length of "møøse" in different encodings.
To run these programs, you must convert them to different encodings.
- If you use Emacs: Paste each program into Emacs. The magic comment, like
-*- coding: iso-8859-1 -*-, will tell Emacs to save with that encoding.- If your text editor saves UTF-8: Convert the file before running it. For example:
$ ruby -pe '$_.encode!("iso-8859-1", "utf-8")' scratch.rb | ruby
| Program | Output |
|---|---|
| <lang ruby># -*- coding: iso-8859-1 -*-
s = "møøse" puts "Byte length: %d" % s.bytesize puts "Character length: %d" % s.length</lang> |
Byte length: 5 Character length: 5 |
| <lang ruby># -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
s = "møøse" puts "Byte length: %d" % s.bytesize puts "Character length: %d" % s.length</lang> |
Byte length: 7 Character length: 5 |
| <lang ruby># -*- coding: gb18030 -*-
s = "møøse" puts "Byte length: %d" % s.bytesize puts "Character length: %d" % s.length</lang> |
Byte length: 11 Character length: 5 |
Ruby 1.8
The next example works with both Ruby 1.8 and Ruby 1.9. In Ruby 1.8, the strings have no encodings, and String#length is the byte length. In Ruby 1.8, the regular expressions knows three Japanese encodings.
/./nuses no multibyte encoding././euses EUC-JP././suses Shift-JIS or Windows-31J././uuses UTF-8.
Then either string.scan(/./u).size or string.gsub(/./u, ' ').size counts the UTF-8 characters in string.
<lang ruby># -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
class String
# Define String#bytesize for Ruby 1.8.6. unless method_defined?(:bytesize) alias bytesize length end
end
s = "文字化け" puts "Byte length: %d" % s.bytesize puts "Character length: %d" % s.gsub(/./u, ' ').size</lang>
Run BASIC
<lang runbasic>input a$ print len(a$)</lang>
Rust
Byte Length
<lang> fn main() {
let s = "文字化け"; // UTF-8
println!("Byte Length: {}", s.len());
} </lang>
Character Length
<lang rust> fn main() {
let s = "文字化け"; // UTF-8
println!("Character length: {}", s.chars().count());
} </lang>
SAS
<lang sas>data _null_;
a="Hello, World!"; b=length(c); put _all_;
run;</lang>
Scala
<lang scala> object StringLength extends App {
val s1 = "møøse"
val s3 = List("\uD835\uDD18", "\uD835\uDD2B", "\uD835\uDD26",
"\uD835\uDD20", "\uD835\uDD2C", "\uD835\uDD21", "\uD835\uDD22").mkString
val s4 = "J\u0332o\u0332s\u0332e\u0301\u0332"
List(s1, s3, s4).foreach(s => println(
s"The string: $s, characterlength= ${s.length} UTF8bytes= ${
s.getBytes("UTF-8").size
} UTF16bytes= ${s.getBytes("UTF-16LE").size}"))
} </lang>
- Output:
The string: møøse, characterlength= 5 UTF8bytes= 7 UTF16bytes= 10 The string: 𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢, characterlength= 14 UTF8bytes= 28 UTF16bytes= 28 The string: J̲o̲s̲é̲, characterlength= 9 UTF8bytes= 14 UTF16bytes= 18
Scheme
Byte Length
string-size function is only Gauche function. <lang scheme>(string-size "Hello world")</lang>
<lang scheme>(bytes-length #"Hello world")</lang>
Character Length
string-length function is in R5RS, R6RS. <lang scheme> (string-length "Hello world")</lang>
sed
Character Length
Sed breaks strings on newline characters, and doesn't include them in the count.
Text is read from standard input e.g. echo "string" | sed -f script.sed or sed -f script.sed file.txt (The solution given would be the contents of a text file script.sed in these cases).
For files with more than one line, sed will give a count for each line.
The 'convert to digits' section is based off of this StackExchange answer.
<lang sed># Change all characters to '|'.
s/./\|/g;
- Convert to digits
- convert
s/||||||||||/</g s/<\([0-9]*\)$/<0\1/g s/|||||||||/9/g; s/|||||||||/9/g; s/||||||||/8/g; s/|||||||/7/g; s/||||||/6/g; s/|||||/5/g; s/||||/4/g; s/|||/3/g; s/||/2/g; s/|/1/g; s/</|/g t convert s/^$/0/</lang>
Seed7
Character Length
<lang seed7>length("Hello, world!")</lang>
SETL
Character Length
<lang haskell>print(# "Hello, world!"); -- '#' is the cardinality operator. Works on strings, tuples, and sets.</lang>
Sidef
<lang ruby>var str = "J\x{332}o\x{332}s\x{332}e\x{301}\x{332}";</lang>
Byte Length
UTF-8 byte length (default): <lang ruby>say str.bytes.len; #=> 14</lang>
UTF-16 byte length: <lang ruby>say str.encode('UTF-16').bytes.len; #=> 20</lang>
Character Length
<lang ruby>say str.chars.len; #=> 9</lang>
Grapheme Length
<lang ruby>say str.graphs.len; #=> 4</lang>
Simula
Simula has no bultin support for character encodings (Unicode was not even invented in the year 1967). The encoding was regarded responsibility of the operating system and one byte must match one character. So character constants encoded in UTF-8 are not possible. But reading from a utf8-encoded input file is actually possible.
- Input:
møøse 𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢 J̲o̲s̲é̲ €
Byte Length
<lang simula>BEGIN
TEXT LINE;
WHILE NOT LASTITEM DO
BEGIN
INTEGER L;
LINE :- COPY(SYSIN.IMAGE).STRIP;
OUTCHAR('"');
OUTTEXT(LINE);
OUTCHAR('"');
OUTTEXT(" BYTE LENGTH = "); OUTINT(LINE.LENGTH, 0);
OUTIMAGE;
INIMAGE;
END;
END. </lang>
- Output:
"møøse" BYTE LENGTH = 7 "𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢" BYTE LENGTH = 28 "J̲o̲s̲é̲" BYTE LENGTH = 13 "€" BYTE LENGTH = 3
Character Length
To calculate the character length, one can do it manually: <lang simula>BEGIN
! NUMBER OF UFT8 CHARACTERS IN STRING ;
INTEGER PROCEDURE UTF8STRLEN(S); TEXT S;
BEGIN
INTEGER R, LEN, BYTES, ALLBYTES;
CHARACTER BYTE;
WHILE S.MORE DO
BEGIN
BYTE := S.GETCHAR;
ALLBYTES := ALLBYTES + 1;
R := RANK(BYTE);
LEN := LEN + 1;
BYTES :=
IF R >= 0 AND R <= 127 THEN 1 ELSE ! 0....... ASCII ;
IF R >= 128 AND R <= 191 THEN 0 ELSE ! 10...... CONTINUATION ;
IF R >= 192 AND R <= 223 THEN 2 ELSE ! 110..... 10x ;
IF R >= 224 AND R <= 239 THEN 3 ELSE ! 1110.... 10x 10x ;
IF R >= 240 AND R <= 247 THEN 4 ELSE ! 11110... 10x 10x 10x ;
-1;
IF BYTES = -1 THEN ERROR("ILLEGAL UTF8 STRING");
WHILE BYTES > 1 DO
BEGIN
BYTE := S.GETCHAR;
ALLBYTES := ALLBYTES + 1;
BYTES := BYTES - 1;
END;
END;
UTF8STRLEN := LEN;
END UTF8STRLEN;
TEXT LINE;
WHILE NOT LASTITEM DO
BEGIN
INTEGER L;
LINE :- COPY(SYSIN.IMAGE).STRIP;
OUTCHAR('"');
OUTTEXT(LINE);
OUTCHAR('"');
L := UTF8STRLEN(LINE);
OUTTEXT(" CHARACTER LENGTH = "); OUTINT(UTF8STRLEN(LINE), 0);
OUTIMAGE;
INIMAGE;
END;
END.</lang>
- Output:
"møøse" CHARACTER LENGTH = 5 "𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢" CHARACTER LENGTH = 7 "J̲o̲s̲é̲" CHARACTER LENGTH = 8 "€" CHARACTER LENGTH = 1
Slate
<lang slate>'Hello, world!' length.</lang>
Smalltalk
Internally, Smalltalk represents strings as a collection of characters, with each character representing a single code point. To get at/from bytes, the strings must be en/decoded and converted to/from a byte array. UTFX is only used when communicating with the external world (files/sockets etc.)
<lang smalltalk>'hello' size -> 5 'hello' utf8Encoded size -> 5 'hello' utf8Encoded asByteArray -> #[104 101 108 108 111]
- [104 101 108 108 111] asString -: 'hello'
'møøse' size -> 5 'møøse' utf8Encoded size -> 7 'møøse' utf8Encoded asByteArray -> #[109 195 184 195 184 115 101]
- [109 195 184 195 184 115 101] utf8Decoded ->'møøse'
'𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢' size -> 7 '𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢' utf8Encoded size -> 28 '𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢' utf8Encoded asByteArray -> #[240 157 148 152 240 157 148 171 240 157 148 166 240 157 148 160 240 157 148 172 240 157 148 161 240 157 148 162] '𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢' utf16Encoded size -> 14 '𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢' utf8Encoded asWordArray -> WordArray(55349 56600 55349 56619 55349 56614 55349 56608 55349 56620 55349 56609 55349 56610)</lang>
Byte Length
<lang smalltalk>string := 'Hello, world!'. string size.</lang>
Character Length
<lang smalltalk>string := 'Hello, world!'. string numberOfCharacters.</lang>
requires loading the Iconv package:
<lang smalltalk>PackageLoader fileInPackage: 'Iconv'</lang>
SNOBOL4
Byte Length
<lang snobol4> output = "Byte length: " size(trim(input)) end </lang>
Character Length
The example works AFAIK only with CSnobol4 by Phil Budne <lang snobol4> -include "utf.sno" output = "Char length: " utfsize(trim(input)) end </lang>
Sparkling
Byte length
<lang Sparkling>spn:1> sizeof "Hello, wørld!" = 14</lang>
SPL
Byte Length
All strings in SPL are Unicode. See code below.
Character Length
<lang spl>t = ["abc","J̲o̲s̲é̲","møøse","𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢"]
> i, 1..#.size(t,1)
? i>1, #.output() #.output(#.quot,t[i],#.quot," contains")
p = #.split(t[i]) cn = #.size(p,1) s = #.str(cn,">3>")+" chars: " > j, 1..cn ? j>1, s += ", " s += p[j] < #.output(s)
q = #.array(t[i]) bn = #.size(q,1) s = #.str(bn,">3>")+" bytes: " > j, 1..bn ? j>1, s += ", " s += #.str(q[j],"X2")+"h" < #.output(s)
<</lang>
- Output:
"abc" contains 3 chars: a,b,c 6 bytes: 61h, 00h, 62h, 00h, 63h, 00h "J̲o̲s̲é̲" contains 4 chars: J̲,o̲,s̲,é̲ 16 bytes: 4Ah, 00h, 32h, 03h, 6Fh, 00h, 32h, 03h, 73h, 00h, 32h, 03h, E9h, 00h, 32h, 03h "møøse" contains 5 chars: m,ø,ø,s,e 10 bytes: 6Dh, 00h, F8h, 00h, F8h, 00h, 73h, 00h, 65h, 00h "𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢" contains 7 chars: 𝔘,𝔫,𝔦,𝔠,𝔬,𝔡,𝔢 28 bytes: 35h, D8h, 18h, DDh, 35h, D8h, 2Bh, DDh, 35h, D8h, 26h, DDh, 35h, D8h, 20h, DDh, 35h, D8h, 2Ch, DDh, 35h, D8h, 21h, DDh, 35h, D8h, 22h, DDh
Grapheme Length
SPL treats grapheme as a single character when splitting text. See code above.
SQL
Byte length
SELECT LENGTH(CAST('møøse' AS BLOB));
Character length
SELECT LENGTH('møøse');
SQL PL
Character Length
With SQL only: <lang sql pl> VALUES LENGTH('møøse', CODEUNITS16); VALUES LENGTH('møøse', CODEUNITS32); VALUES CHARACTER_LENGTH('møøse', CODEUNITS32); VALUES LENGTH2('møøse'); VALUES LENGTH4('møøse'); VALUES LENGTH('𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢', CODEUNITS16); VALUES LENGTH('𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢', CODEUNITS32); VALUES CHARACTER_LENGTH('𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢', CODEUNITS32); VALUES LENGTH2('𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢'); VALUES LENGTH4('𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢'); VALUES LENGTH('J̲o̲s̲é̲', CODEUNITS16); VALUES LENGTH('J̲o̲s̲é̲', CODEUNITS32); VALUES CHARACTER_LENGTH('J̲o̲s̲é̲', CODEUNITS32); VALUES LENGTH2('J̲o̲s̲é̲'); VALUES LENGTH4('J̲o̲s̲é̲'); </lang> Output:
db2 -t
db2 => VALUES LENGTH('møøse', CODEUNITS16);
1
-----------
5
1 record(s) selected.
db2 => VALUES LENGTH('møøse', CODEUNITS32);
1
-----------
5
1 record(s) selected.
db2 => VALUES CHARACTER_LENGTH('møøse', CODEUNITS32);
1
-----------
5
1 record(s) selected.
db2 => VALUES LENGTH2('møøse');
1
-----------
5
1 record(s) selected.
db2 => VALUES LENGTH4('møøse');
1
-----------
5
1 record(s) selected.
db2 => VALUES LENGTH('𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢', CODEUNITS16);
1
-----------
14
1 record(s) selected.
db2 => VALUES LENGTH('𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢', CODEUNITS32);
1
-----------
7
1 record(s) selected.
db2 => VALUES CHARACTER_LENGTH('𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢', CODEUNITS32);
1
-----------
7
1 record(s) selected.
db2 => VALUES LENGTH2('𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢');
1
-----------
14
1 record(s) selected.
db2 => VALUES LENGTH4('𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢');
1
-----------
7
1 record(s) selected.
db2 => VALUES LENGTH('J̲o̲s̲é̲', CODEUNITS16);
1
-----------
8
1 record(s) selected.
db2 => VALUES LENGTH('J̲o̲s̲é̲', CODEUNITS32);
1
-----------
8
1 record(s) selected.
db2 => VALUES CHARACTER_LENGTH('J̲o̲s̲é̲', CODEUNITS32);
1
-----------
8
1 record(s) selected.
db2 => VALUES LENGTH2('J̲o̲s̲é̲');
1
-----------
8
1 record(s) selected.
db2 => VALUES LENGTH4('J̲o̲s̲é̲');
1
-----------
8
1 record(s) selected.
Byte Length
With SQL only: <lang sql pl> VALUES LENGTH('møøse'); VALUES LENGTHB('møøse'); VALUES LENGTH('𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢'); VALUES LENGTHB('𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢'); VALUES LENGTH('J̲o̲s̲é̲'); VALUES LENGTHB('J̲o̲s̲é̲'); </lang> Output:
db2 -t
db2 => VALUES LENGTH('møøse');
1
-----------
7
1 record(s) selected.
db2 => VALUES LENGTHB('møøse');
1
-----------
7
1 record(s) selected.
db2 => VALUES LENGTH('𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢');
1
-----------
28
1 record(s) selected.
db2 => VALUES LENGTHB('𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢');
1
-----------
28
1 record(s) selected.
db2 => VALUES LENGTH('J̲o̲s̲é̲');
1
-----------
13
1 record(s) selected.
db2 => VALUES LENGTHB('J̲o̲s̲é̲');
1
-----------
13
1 record(s) selected.
Standard ML
Byte Length
<lang sml>val strlen = size "Hello, world!";</lang>
Character Length
<lang sml>val strlen = UTF8.size "Hello, world!";</lang>
Stata
Use strlen for byte length, and ustrlen for the number of Unicode characters in a string.
<lang stata>scalar s="Ἐν ἀρχῇ ἐποίησεν ὁ θεὸς τὸν οὐρανὸν καὶ τὴν γῆν"
di strlen(s) 97
di ustrlen(s) 47</lang>
Swift
Grapheme Length
Swift has a concept of "character" that goes beyond Unicode code points. A Character is a "Unicode grapheme cluster", which can consist of one or more Unicode code points.
To count "characters" (Unicode grapheme clusters):
<lang swift>let numberOfCharacters = "møøse".characters.count // 5</lang>
<lang swift>let numberOfCharacters = count("møøse") // 5</lang>
<lang swift>let numberOfCharacters = countElements("møøse") // 5</lang>
Character Length
To count Unicode code points:
<lang swift>let numberOfCodePoints = "møøse".unicodeScalars.count // 5</lang>
<lang swift>let numberOfCodePoints = count("møøse".unicodeScalars) // 5</lang>
<lang swift>let numberOfCodePoints = countElements("møøse".unicodeScalars) // 5</lang>
Byte Length
This depends on which encoding you want to use.
For length in UTF-8, count the number of UTF-8 code units:
<lang swift>let numberOfBytesUTF8 = "møøse".utf8.count // 7</lang>
<lang swift>let numberOfBytesUTF8 = count("møøse".utf8) // 7</lang>
<lang swift>let numberOfBytesUTF8 = countElements("møøse".utf8) // 7</lang>
For length in UTF-16, count the number of UTF-16 code units, and multiply by 2:
<lang swift>let numberOfBytesUTF16 = "møøse".utf16.count * 2 // 10</lang>
<lang swift>let numberOfBytesUTF16 = count("møøse".utf16) * 2 // 10</lang>
<lang swift>let numberOfBytesUTF16 = countElements("møøse".utf16) * 2 // 10</lang>
Symsyn
Byte Length
<lang symsyn> c : 'abcdefgh'
#c []
</lang> Output:
8
Tcl
Byte Length
Formally, Tcl does not guarantee to use any particular representation for its strings internally (the underlying implementation objects can hold strings in at least three different formats, mutating between them as necessary) so the way to calculate the "byte length" of a string can only be done with respect to some user-selected encoding. This is done this way (for UTF-8): <lang tcl>string length [encoding convertto utf-8 $theString]</lang> Thus, we have these examples: <lang tcl>set s1 "hello, world" set s2 "\u304A\u306F\u3088\u3046" set enc utf-8 puts [format "length of \"%s\" in bytes is %d" \
$s1 [string length [encoding convertto $enc $s1]]]
puts [format "length of \"%s\" in bytes is %d" \
$s2 [string length [encoding convertto $enc $s2]]]</lang>
Character Length
Basic version:
<lang tcl>string length "Hello, world!"</lang>
or more elaborately, needs Interpreter any 8.X. Tested on 8.4.12.
<lang tcl>fconfigure stdout -encoding utf-8; #So that Unicode string will print correctly set s1 "hello, world" set s2 "\u304A\u306F\u3088\u3046" puts [format "length of \"%s\" in characters is %d" $s1 [string length $s1]] puts [format "length of \"%s\" in characters is %d" $s2 [string length $s2]]</lang>
TI-89 BASIC
The TI-89 uses an fixed 8-bit encoding so there is no difference between character length and byte length.
<lang ti89b>■ dim("møøse") 5</lang>
Toka
Byte Length
<lang toka>" hello, world!" string.getLength</lang>
Trith
Character Length
<lang trith>"møøse" length</lang>
Byte Length
<lang trith>"møøse" size</lang>
TUSCRIPT
Character Length
<lang tuscript> $$ MODE TUSCRIPT string="hello, world" l=LENGTH (string) PRINT "character length of string '",string,"': ",l </lang> Output:
Character length of string 'hello, world': 12
UNIX Shell
Byte Length
With external utility:
<lang bash>string='Hello, world!' length=`expr "x$string" : '.*' - 1` echo $length # if you want it printed to the terminal</lang>
With SUSv3 parameter expansion modifier:
<lang bash>string='Hello, world!' length="${#string}" echo $length # if you want it printed to the terminal</lang>
Vala
Character Length
<lang vala> string s = "Hello, world!"; int characterLength = s.length; </lang>
VBA
Cf. VBScript (below).
VBScript
Byte Length
<lang vbscript>LenB(string|varname)</lang>
Returns the number of bytes required to store a string in memory. Returns null if string|varname is null.
Character Length
<lang vbscript>Len(string|varname)</lang>
Returns the length of the string|varname . Returns null if string|varname is null.
Visual Basic
same as #VBScript.
Visual Basic .NET
Compiler: Roslyn Visual Basic (language version >=15.5)
Strings in .NET are immutable wrappers around arrays of the Char type, which represents a UTF-16 code unit (with a size of two bytes). Classes for encoding and decoding strings to and from byte arrays in various encodings are located in the System.Text namespace, with System.Text.Encoding representing different string encodings (and providing means of encoding and decoding strings to raw byte arrays). The Length property of a string returns the number of Chars it contains, and is thus the number of UTF-16 code units in that string.
Byte Length
One method of Encoding returns the number of bytes required to encode a .NET string in that encoding (encoding objects can be obtained through readonly static [Shared in VB.NET] properties of the Encoding class).
<lang vbnet>Module ByteLength
Function GetByteLength(s As String, encoding As Text.Encoding) As Integer
Return encoding.GetByteCount(s)
End Function
End Module</lang>
Character Length
There is no intended means of obtaining the number of code points in a string in .NET, though a straightforward implementation is to take one fourth of the string's byte length in UTF-32 (as UTF-32 is a fixed-length encoding where each code point is four bytes).
An alternative implementation is to count the number of UTF-16 surrogate pairs in a string and subtract that number from the number of UTF-16 code units in the string.
<lang vbnet>Module CharacterLength
Function GetUTF16CodeUnitsLength(s As String) As Integer
Return s.Length
End Function
Private Function GetUTF16SurrogatePairCount(s As String) As Integer
GetUTF16SurrogatePairCount = 0
For i = 1 To s.Length - 1
If Char.IsSurrogatePair(s(i - 1), s(i)) Then GetUTF16SurrogatePairCount += 1
Next
End Function
Function GetCharacterLength_FromUTF16(s As String) As Integer
Return GetUTF16CodeUnitsLength(s) - GetUTF16SurrogatePairCount(s)
End Function
Function GetCharacterLength_FromUTF32(s As String) As Integer
Return GetByteLength(s, Text.Encoding.UTF32) \ 4
End Function
End Module</lang>
Grapheme Length
System.Globalization.StringInfo provides a means of enumerating the text elements of a string, where each "text element" is a Unicode grapheme.
<lang vbnet>Module GraphemeLength
' Wraps an IEnumerator, allowing it to be used as an IEnumerable.
Private Iterator Function AsEnumerable(enumerator As IEnumerator) As IEnumerable
Do While enumerator.MoveNext()
Yield enumerator.Current
Loop
End Function
Function GraphemeCount(s As String) As Integer
Dim elements = Globalization.StringInfo.GetTextElementEnumerator(s)
Return AsEnumerable(elements).OfType(Of String).Count()
End Function
End Module</lang>
Test Code
The compiler constant PRINT_TESTCASE toggles whether to write the contents of each test case to the console; disable for inputs that may mess with the console.
<lang vbnet>#Const PRINT_TESTCASE = True
Module Program
ReadOnly TestCases As String() =
{
"Hello, world!",
"møøse",
"𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢", ' String normalization of the file makes the e and diacritic in é̲ one character, so use VB's char "escapes"
$"J{ChrW(&H332)}o{ChrW(&H332)}s{ChrW(&H332)}e{ChrW(&H301)}{ChrW(&H332)}"
}
Sub Main()
Const INDENT = " "
Console.OutputEncoding = Text.Encoding.Unicode
Dim writeResult = Sub(s As String, result As Integer) Console.WriteLine("{0}{1,-20}{2}", INDENT, s, result)
For i = 0 To TestCases.Length - 1
Dim c = TestCases(i)
Console.Write("Test case " & i)
- If PRINT_TESTCASE Then
Console.WriteLine(": " & c)
- Else
Console.WriteLine()
- End If
writeResult("graphemes", GraphemeCount(c))
writeResult("UTF-16 units", GetUTF16CodeUnitsLength(c))
writeResult("Cd pts from UTF-16", GetCharacterLength_FromUTF16(c))
writeResult("Cd pts from UTF-32", GetCharacterLength_FromUTF32(c))
Console.WriteLine()
writeResult("bytes (UTF-8)", GetByteLength(c, Text.Encoding.UTF8))
writeResult("bytes (UTF-16)", GetByteLength(c, Text.Encoding.Unicode))
writeResult("bytes (UTF-32)", GetByteLength(c, Text.Encoding.UTF32))
Console.WriteLine()
Next
End Sub
End Module</lang>
- Output:
graphemes corresponds to Grapheme Length in the task description, and either Cd pts value corresponds with Character Length. Byte lengths are given for three Unicode encodings.
Note that the byte length in UTF-16 is always twice the length of a string due to .NET strings using UTF-16.
Test case 0: Hello, world!
graphemes 13
UTF-16 units 13
Cd pts from UTF-16 13
Cd pts from UTF-32 13
bytes (UTF-8) 13
bytes (UTF-16) 26
bytes (UTF-32) 52
Test case 1: møøse
graphemes 5
UTF-16 units 5
Cd pts from UTF-16 5
Cd pts from UTF-32 5
bytes (UTF-8) 7
bytes (UTF-16) 10
bytes (UTF-32) 20
Test case 2: 𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢
graphemes 7
UTF-16 units 14
Cd pts from UTF-16 7
Cd pts from UTF-32 7
bytes (UTF-8) 28
bytes (UTF-16) 28
bytes (UTF-32) 28
Test case 3: J̲o̲s̲é̲
graphemes 4
UTF-16 units 9
Cd pts from UTF-16 9
Cd pts from UTF-32 9
bytes (UTF-8) 14
bytes (UTF-16) 18
bytes (UTF-32) 36
Wren
Byte Length
<lang ecmascript>System.print("møøse".bytes.count) System.print("𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢".bytes.count) System.print("J̲o̲s̲é̲".bytes.count)</lang>
- Output:
7 28 13
Character Length
<lang ecmascript>System.print("møøse".count) System.print("𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢".count) System.print("J̲o̲s̲é̲".count)</lang>
- Output:
5 7 8
x86 Assembly
Byte Length
The following code uses AT&T syntax and was tested using AS (the portable GNU assembler) under Linux.
<lang x86 Assembly> .data string: .asciz "Test"
.text .globl main
main:
pushl %ebp
movl %esp, %ebp
pushl %edi
xorb %al, %al
movl $-1, %ecx
movl $string, %edi
cld
repne scasb
not %ecx
dec %ecx
popl %edi
;; string length is stored in %ecx register
leave
ret
</lang>
XPL0
<lang XPL0>include c:\cxpl\stdlib; IntOut(0, StrLen("Character length = Byte length = String length = "))</lang>
Output:
49
XSLT
Character Length
<lang xml><?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?></lang>
...
<lang xml><xsl:value-of select="string-length('møøse')" /> </lang>
xTalk
Char Length
Note: That older Xtalk languages such as HyperCard's HyperTalk did not support non-ASCII characters natively. LiveCode fully supports multi-byte Unicode characters since version 7. See the LiveCode section for more information.
<lang xtalk>put the length of "Hello World" </lang> or <lang xtalk>put the number of characters in "Hello World" -- 'chars' short for characters is also valid</lang>
Byte Length
<lang LiveCode>put the number of bytes in "Hello World" -- use byte keyword in LiveCode for multi-byte Unicode</lang>
Yorick
Character Length
<lang yorick>strlen("Hello, world!")</lang>
Z80 Assembly
The majority of Z80-based hardware predates Unicode so only byte length will be demonstrated for now.
Byte Length
Code is called as a subroutine, i.e. CALL getStringLength.
<lang z80>; input: HL - pointer to the 0th char of a string.
- outputs length to B. HL will point to the last character in the string just before the terminator.
- length is one-indexed and does not include the terminator. A null string will return 0 in B.
- "Terminator" is a label for a constant that can be configured in the source code. My code uses 0.
- Sample Usage
- ld hl,MyString
- call GetStringLength
GetStringLength: ld b,0 loop_getStringLength: ld a,(hl) ;load the next char cp Terminator ;is it the terminator? ret z ;if so, exit. inc hl ;next char inc b ;increment the byte count jr loop_getStringLength</lang>
zkl
Although zkl handles 8 bit ASCII natively, it also knows UTF-8 up to 6 bytes. In a string, "\uabcd" (hex) and "\U???;" encode 2 and n byte UTF-8 Unicode characters. It does not handle UTF-16 or 4 byte Unicode. It also knows about the bad spots in UTF-8 (such as overlongs).
If your terminal/editor deals with UTF-8 (mine doesn't), you don't need to use the escapes, just put the unicode characters in quotes (ie the editor inserts UTF bytes, which are non zero).
Character Length
<lang zkl>"abc".len() //-->3 "\ufeff\u00A2 \u20ac".len() //-->9 "BOM¢ €"</lang>
Byte Length
<lang zkl>"abc".len() //-->3 "\ufeff\u00A2 \u20ac".len() //-->9 Data(0,Int,"\ufeff\u00A2 \u20ac") //-->Data(9) (bytes) "J\u0332o\u0332s\u0332e\u0301\u0332".len() //-->14 "\U1D518;\U1D52B;\U1D526;\U1D520;\U1D52C;\U1D521;\U1D522;".len() //-->28</lang>
Character Length
UTF-8 characters are counted, modifiers (such as underscore) are counted as separate characters. <lang zkl>"abc".len(8) //-->3 "\ufeff\u00A2 \u20ac".len(8) //-->4 "BOM¢ €" "\U1000;".len(8) //-->Exception thrown: ValueError(Invalid UTF-8 string) "\uD800" //-->SyntaxError : Line 2: Bad Unicode constant (\uD800-\uDFFF) "J\u0332o\u0332s\u0332e\u0301\u0332".len(8) //-->9 "J̲o̲s̲é̲" "\U1D518;\U1D52B;\U1D526;\U1D520;\U1D52C;\U1D521;\U1D522;".len(8) //-->7 "𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢"</lang> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_programming_languages_%28string_functions%29#lengthProperty "Wikipedia" (as page type) with input value "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_programming_languages_%28string_functions%29#length" contains invalid characters or is incomplete and therefore can cause unexpected results during a query or annotation process.
- Programming Tasks
- Basic language learning
- String manipulation
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