Arrays
This task is about arrays.
You are encouraged to solve this task according to the task description, using any language you may know.
For hashes or associative arrays, please see Creating an Associative Array.
For a definition and in-depth discussion of what an array is, see Array.
- Task
Show basic array syntax in your language.
Basically, create an array, assign a value to it, and retrieve an element (if available, show both fixed-length arrays and dynamic arrays, pushing a value into it).
Please discuss at Village Pump: Arrays.
Please merge code in from these obsolete tasks:
- Related tasks
11l
<lang 11l>[Int] array array.append(1) array.append(3) array[0] = 2 print(array[0]) // retrieve first element in an array print(array.last) // retrieve last element in an array print(array.pop()) // pop last item in an array print(array.pop(0)) // pop first item in an array
V size = 10 V myArray = [0] * size // create single-dimensional array V width = 3 V height = 4 V myArray2 = [[0] * width] * height // create array of arrays</lang>
- Output:
2 3 3 2
360 Assembly
<lang 360asm>* Arrays 04/09/2015 ARRAYS PROLOG
- we use TA array with 1 as origin. So TA(1) to TA(20)
- ta(i)=ta(j)
L R1,J j
BCTR R1,0 -1
SLA R1,2 r1=(j-1)*4 (*4 by shift left)
L R0,TA(R1) load r0 with ta(j)
L R1,I i
BCTR R1,0 -1
SLA R1,2 r1=(i-1)*4 (*4 by shift left)
ST R0,TA(R1) store r0 to ta(i)
EPILOG
- Array of 20 integers (32 bits) (4 bytes)
TA DS 20F
- Initialized array of 10 integers (32 bits)
TB DC 10F'0'
- Initialized array of 10 integers (32 bits)
TC DC F'1',F'2',F'3',F'4',F'5',F'6',F'7',F'8',F'9',F'10'
- Array of 10 integers (16 bits)
TD DS 10H
- Array of 10 strings of 8 characters (initialized)
TE DC 10CL8' '
- Array of 10 double precision floating point reals (64 bits)
TF DS 10D
I DC F'2' J DC F'4'
YREGS
END ARRAYS</lang>
6502 Assembly
One-Dimensional Arrays
An array is little more than just a contiguous section of memory. Whether or not an array is mutable depends solely on whether it is defined in ROM or RAM. The syntax will be discussed in further detail in the Two-Dimensional Arrays section.
<lang 6502asm>Array: db 5,10,15,20,25,30,35,40,45,50</lang>
Side note: Some systems, such as the Nintendo Entertainment System or other ROM cartridge-based computers, cannot use the above declaration to initialize an array in RAM at assemble time; only in ROM. While the label "Array" can be given to an arbitrary RAM location on any system, you won't be able to define a data block in RAM the same way you would on an assembly program meant to run on the Apple II or Commodore 64 for example. The examples below will still work on any system, you just won't be able to "see" the array before running the program, if that makes sense. Clearing the system ram will suffice to initialize the array to zero.
Looking up a value in an array is fairly straightforward. The best addressing modes for doing so are LDA $????,x,LDA $????,y, and LDA ($??),y. In this case, x or y represents the index into the array. To put it in terms of C:
<lang c> char foo() { char array[5] = {3,6,9,12,15}; return array[2]; }</lang>
would (theoretically) compile to the following in 6502 Assembly: <lang 6502asm> foo: LDX #2 ;load the desired index LDA array,x ;load the second (zero-indexed) entry in array, i.e. 9 RTS ;return. The return value is stored in A.
array: ;this is the array we're reading from. db 3,6,9,12,15</lang>
Arrays in the Zero Page - A Word of Warning
One important thing to note is a hardware bug involving LDA $??,x. If the sum of $?? and x would exceed 255, instead of continuing past $100, the CPU will actually wrap around back to $00. This does not happen with absolute addressing modes or indexed indirect with Y. Here's an example:
<lang 6502asm>LDX #$80 LDA $80,x ;evaluates to LDA $00 LDA $0480,x ;evaluates to LDA $0500</lang>
If you really want to read from an array in the zero page like this (and chances are you won't since that array also starts to overlap with the hardware stack), you can use an absolute addressing mode in the zero page. Beware - some assemblers will forcibly optimize LDA $00?? into LDA $?? so you may have to inline the bytecode for it directly. If you stick to arrays outsize the zero page you don't need to worry about index wraparound.
Arrays of 16-Bit Data
You can have arrays of 16-bit data as well as 8-bit ones. There are a few ways to do this, and we'll go over the "naive" way first:
<lang 6502>wordArray:
dw $ABCD,$BEEF,$CAFE,$DADA</lang>
The 6502 is little-endian, so the above would be exactly the same as the following:
<lang 6502>wordArray:
db $CD,$AB,$EF,$BE,$FE,$CA,$DA,$DA</lang>
To properly index a 16-bit array that's formatted as in the above example, you'll need to double your index. In this example, we'll be loading the offset of $BEEF:
<lang 6502>LDX #2 ;load the 1st (zero-indexed) WORD from the array (which is why this is 2 not 1)
LDA wordArray,X ;evaluates to LDA #$EF
STA $00 ;store in a zero page temporary variable
INX ;point X to the high byte
LDA wordArray,X ;evaluates to LDA #$BE
STA $01 ;store in a different zero page temporary variable. If your word data is a pointer you want to dereference,
;you'll need to store the low byte in $nn and the high byte in $nn+1 like I did here.</lang>
There are a few downsides in 6502 assembly to storing word data in this format. A minor one is the need to double your index. This isn't a big deal, it doesn't take long to do that. The bigger problem is that the 6502 has a soft array length cap of 256 bytes. If your code is running in ROM and you're not able to use self-modifying code to adjust the base address, or you're not willing to use the slower LDA ($??),y, you're mostly limited to 256 bytes or 128 words.
However, if you split the word table into two byte tables, you can actually get more bang for your buck, and it takes the same amount of memory no matter which way you store the data.
<lang 6502asm>wordArray_Lo:
db $CD,$EF,$FE,$DA
wordArray_Hi:
db $AB,$BE,$CA,$DA ;both this version and the above versions are 8 bytes of memory.</lang>
If both wordArray_Lo and wordArray_Hi were 256 bytes each, you'd be able to index both of them no problem, where you wouldn't be able to do that if it were one array. Let's try loading $BEEF again:
<lang 6502>LDX #1 ;with split arrays we DON'T need to double our index.
LDA wordArray_Lo,x ;evaluates to LDA #$EF
STA $00
LDA wordArray_Hi,x ;evaluates to LDA #$BE
STA $01</lang>
Both tables share the same index, which means you can do the lookup without destroying your index (not that it was that difficult to retrieve the original index to begin with), but on 8-bit computers you want to be as efficient as possible, using the hardware's strengths to your advantage. Splitting your "wider" arrays into multiple 8-bit tables is often the best approach.
Two-Dimensional Arrays
I'll let you in on a little secret: two-dimensional arrays don't exist. This is just as true for modern computers as it is the 6502.
In the first section I had this example of an array:
<lang 6502asm>Array:
db 5,10,15,20,25,30,35,40,45,50</lang>
In the eyes of the CPU, this is the same as ANY of the following:
<lang 6502asm>Array:
db 5
db 10
db 15
db 20
db 25
db 30
db 35
db 40
db 45
db 50</lang>
<lang 6502asm>Array:
db 5,10
db 15,20
db 25,30
db 35,40
db 45,50</lang>
or any other way to write it you can imagine. All that matters is the order of the bytes in the array - as long as that is the same you can write it however you want. It's best to write it in the way it's meant to be interpreted, however. But in order to explain that to the computer you'll need a little bit of finesse. Let's pretend that the "correct" interpretation is this 5 by 2 array:
<lang 6502asm>Array:
db 5,10
db 15,20
db 25,30
db 35,40
db 45,50</lang>
For this example, we want row 3 and column 1 (zero-indexed for both) which means we want to load 40.
<lang 6502>
LDA #3 ;desired row
ASL A ;Times 2 bytes per row (if the array's row size wasn't a multiple of 2 we'd need to actually do multiplication)
;which the 6502 doesn't have in hardware but can be simulated by repeated adding.
CLC
ADC #1 ;desired column (since it's 1 byte per column, we can skip the part where we multiply desired column by bytes per column)
TAX ;move A to X so we can use it as the index
LDA Array,x ;evaluates to LDA #40</lang>
You may be wondering, why not just treat the array as though it were one-dimensional? Reason is, you won't always know in advance what you want from your array, it may depend on 2 variables in your program (such as X/Y coordinates, etc.), so you might need to use this method rather than just treating it as linear data.
68000 Assembly
Creating an array is as simple as declaring its base address. Note that all bounds checking must be done by the programmer and is not built in by default. You also will need to have some sort of knowledge about what is stored nearby, so that you don't clobber it.
<lang 68000devpac>MOVE.L #$00100000,A0 ;define an array at memory address $100000</lang>
Defining an array in ROM (or RAM if you're making a program that is loaded from disk) is very simple:
<lang 68000devpac>;8-bit data
MyArray:
DC.B 1,2,3,4,5
DC.B 6,7,8,9,10
DC.B 11,12,13,14,15
EVEN ;needed to ensure proper alignment after a byte array with an odd number of entries.
- 16-bit data
MyArrayW:
DC.W 1,2,3,4,5
DC.W 6,7,8,9,10
DC.W 11,12,13,14,15
- 32-bit data
MyArrayL:
DC.L 1,2,3,4,5
DC.L 6,7,8,9,10
DC.L 11,12,13,14,15
</lang>
Strings are also arrays and most assemblers accept single or double quotes. The following are equivalent:
<lang 68000devpac>MyString:
DC.B "Hello World",0
even
MyString2:
DC.B 'H','e','l','l','o',' ','W','o','r','l','d',0
even</lang>
The assembler will automatically substitute each letter with its ASCII equivalent. Notice the lack of quotes around the null terminator 0. If it had quotes, it would be assembled as 0x30 instead of 0. Not good if your printing routine expects a 0 as the terminator byte.
The above declarations are useful as compile-time constants or mutable pre-loaded values. Whether an array is mutable or not depends solely on whether it is stored in ROM or RAM.
Side note: Some systems, such as the Sega Genesis or other ROM cartridge-based computers, cannot use the above declaration to initialize an array in RAM at assemble time; only in ROM. While an array can be declared at any arbitrary RAM location on any system, you won't be able to define a data block in RAM the same way you would on an assembly program meant to run on the Macintosh or Commodore Amiga for example. The examples below will still work on any system, you just won't be able to "see" the array before running the program, if that makes sense. A simple alternative can be to define the array in ROM then copy it to RAM and work with it there.
The data type associated with the elements of an array is determined by the move operation used to assign elements to an array. The language does not prohibit you from storing 8-bit data into an array intended for 32-bit values.
The base address can be offset by the value in a data register, to allow for assigning values to an array. The offset is always measured in bytes, so if your array is intended to contain a larger data size you will need to adjust it accordingly.
<lang 68000devpac>myArray equ $240000
LEA myArray,A0 ;load the base address of the array into A0
MOVE.W #3,D0 ;load the desired offset into D0
LSL.W #2,D0 ;this array is intended for 32-bit values.
MOVE.L #23,D1 ;load decimal 23 into D1
MOVE.L D1,(A0,D0) ;store #23 into the 3rd slot of the array (arrays are zero-indexed in assembly)</lang>
This is the equivalent of the C code:
<lang C>int myArray[];
myArray[3] = 23;</lang>
Loading an element is very similar to storing it.
<lang 68000devpac>myArray equ $240000
- load element 4
LEA myArray,A0 ;load the base address of the array into A0
MOVE.W #4,D0 ;load the desired offset into D0
LSL.W #2,D0 ;this array is intended for 32-bit values.
MOVE.L (A0,D0),D1 ;load the 4th element into D1.</lang>
Inserting an element at a desired position is a bit more tricky. First of all, an array has no "end" in hardware. So how do you know where to stop? For this example, assume this array is currently contains 6 total elements (0,1,2,3,4,5) and we want to extend it.
<lang 68000devpac>myArray equ $240000
- insert a new element into the 2nd slot and push everything behind it back.
LEA myArray,A0 ;load the base address of the array into A0
MOVE.W #2,D0 ;offset into 2nd slot
LSL.W #2,D0 ;this array is intended for 32-bit values.
MOVE.L #46,D1 ;this is our new element.
MOVE.L (A0,D0),(4,A0,D0) ;store the 2nd element into the 3rd slot
ADDA.L #4,A0 ;increment to next slot.
MOVE.L (A0,D0),(4,A0,D0) ;store the 3nd element into the 4th slot
ADDA.L #4,A0 ;increment to next slot.
MOVE.L (A0,D0),(4,A0,D0) ;store the 4th element into the 5th slot
ADDA.L #4,A0 ;increment to next slot.
MOVE.L (A0,D0),(4,A0,D0) ;store the 5th element into the 6th slot
LEA myArray,A0 ;restore the base address
MOVE.L D1,(A0,D0) ;store the new 2nd element over the 2nd slot.
- for a larger array we can use the following loop
MOVE.W #3,D2 ;array length minus starting offset minus 1
LOOP:
MOVE.L (A0,D0),(4,A0,D0)
ADDA.L #4,A0
DBRA D2,LOOP</lang>
The use of the number 4 in (4,A0,D0) and ADDA.L #4,A0 was because we were working with MOVE.L commands to store 32-bit values. If your data size was 16 bit you would replace the 4s with 2s, and if it was 8 bit you would use 1s.
8051 Assembly
There are three types of fixed-length arrays:
- In the code segment - array elements are constant; good for strings, elements are easily indexed
- In internal RAM - good for small arrays; elements are easily indexed
- In external RAM - element retrieval/altering is most efficiently done sequentially, necessary for large arrays or peripherals
Dynamic (resizable) arrays are possible to implement, but are error-prone since bounds checking must be done by the programmer.
<lang asm>; constant array (elements are unchangeable) - the array is stored in the CODE segment
myarray db 'Array' ; db = define bytes - initializes 5 bytes with values 41, 72, 72, etc. (the ascii characters A,r,r,a,y)
myarray2 dw 'A','r','r','a','y' ; dw = define words - initializes 5 words (1 word = 2 bytes) with values 41 00 , 72 00, 72 00, etc.
- how to read index a of the array
push acc
push dph
push dpl
mov dpl,#low(myarray) ; location of array
mov dph,#high(myarray)
movc a,@a+dptr ; a = element a
mov r0, a ; r0 = element a
pop dpl
pop dph
pop acc ; a = original index again
- array stored in internal RAM (A_START is the first register of the array, A_END is the last)
- initalise array data (with 0's)
push 0
mov r0, #A_START
clear:
mov @r0, #0
inc r0
cjne r0, #A_END, clear
pop 0
- how to read index r1 of array
push psw
mov a, #A_START
add a, r1 ; a = memory location of element r1
push 0
mov r0, a
mov a, @r0 ; a = element r1
pop 0
pop psw
- how to write value of acc into index r1 of array
push psw
push 0
push acc
mov a, #A_START
add a, r1
mov r0, a
pop acc
mov @r0, a ; element r1 = a
pop 0
pop psw
- array stored in external RAM (A_START is the first memory location of the array, LEN is the length)
- initalise array data (with 0's)
push dph
push dpl
push acc
push 0
mov dptr, #A_START
clr a
mov r0, #LEN
clear:
movx @dptr, a
inc dptr
djnz r0, clear
pop 0
pop acc
pop dpl
pop dph
- how to read index r1 of array
push dph
push dpl
push 0
mov dptr, #A_START-1
mov r0, r1
inc r0
loop:
inc dptr
djnz r0, loop
movx a, @dptr ; a = element r1
pop 0
pop dpl
pop dph
- how to write value of acc into index r1 of array
push dph
push dpl
push 0
mov dptr, #A_START-1
mov r0, r1
inc r0
loop:
inc dptr
djnz r0, loop
movx @dptr, a ; element r1 = a
pop 0
pop dpl
pop dph
</lang>
8th
Arrays are declared using JSON syntax, and are dynamic (but not sparse)
<lang forth>
[ 1 , 2 ,3 ] \ an array holding three numbers
1 a:@ \ this will be '2', the element at index 1
drop
1 123 a:@ \ this will store the value '123' at index 1, so now
. \ will print [1,123,3]
[1,2,3] 45 a:push
\ gives us [1,2,3,45]
\ and empty spots are filled with null:
[1,2,3] 5 15 a:!
\ gives [1,2,3,null,15]
\ arrays don't have to be homogenous:
[1,"one", 2, "two"]
</lang>
AArch64 Assembly
<lang AArch64 Assembly>
/* ARM assembly AARCH64 Raspberry PI 3B */
/* program areaString64.s */
/*******************************************/
/* Constantes file */
/*******************************************/
/* for this file see task include a file in language AArch64 assembly*/
.include "../includeConstantesARM64.inc"
/*******************************************/
/* Initialized data */
/*******************************************/
.data
szMessStringsch: .ascii "The string is at item : @ \n"
szCarriageReturn: .asciz "\n"
szMessStringNfound: .asciz "The string is not found in this area.\n"
/* areas strings */
szString1: .asciz "Apples"
szString2: .asciz "Oranges"
szString3: .asciz "Pommes"
szString4: .asciz "Raisins"
szString5: .asciz "Abricots"
/* pointer items area 1*/
tablesPoi1:
pt1_1: .quad szString1
pt1_2: .quad szString2
pt1_3: .quad szString3
pt1_4: .quad szString4
ptVoid_1: .quad 0
ptVoid_2: .quad 0
ptVoid_3: .quad 0
ptVoid_4: .quad 0
ptVoid_5: .quad 0
szStringSch: .asciz "Raisins"
szStringSch1: .asciz "Ananas"
/*******************************************/
/* UnInitialized data */
/*******************************************/
.bss
sZoneConv: .skip 30
/*******************************************/
/* code section */
/*******************************************/
.text
.global main
main: // entry of program
// add string 5 to area
ldr x1,qAdrtablesPoi1 // begin pointer area 1
mov x0,0 // counter
1: // search first void pointer
ldr x2,[x1,x0,lsl 3] // read string pointer address item x0 (4 bytes by pointer)
cmp x2,0 // is null ?
cinc x0,x0,ne // no increment counter
bne 1b // and loop
// store pointer string 5 in area at position x0
ldr x2,qAdrszString5 // address string 5
str x2,[x1,x0,lsl 3] // store address
// display string at item 3
mov x2,2 // pointers begin in position 0
ldr x1,qAdrtablesPoi1 // begin pointer area 1
ldr x0,[x1,x2,lsl 3]
bl affichageMess
ldr x0,qAdrszCarriageReturn
bl affichageMess
// search string in area
ldr x1,qAdrszStringSch
//ldr x1,qAdrszStringSch1 // uncomment for other search : not found !!
ldr x2,qAdrtablesPoi1 // begin pointer area 1
mov x3,0
2: // search
ldr x0,[x2,x3,lsl 3] // read string pointer address item x0 (4 bytes by pointer)
cbz x0,3f // is null ? end search
bl comparString
cmp x0,0 // string = ?
cinc x3,x3,ne // no increment counter
bne 2b // and loop
mov x0,x3 // position item string
ldr x1,qAdrsZoneConv // conversion decimal
bl conversion10S
ldr x0,qAdrszMessStringsch
ldr x1,qAdrsZoneConv
bl strInsertAtCharInc // insert result at @ character
bl affichageMess
b 100f
3: // end search string not found
ldr x0,qAdrszMessStringNfound
bl affichageMess
100: // standard end of the program
mov x0, 0 // return code
mov x8,EXIT // request to exit program
svc 0 // perform the system call
qAdrtablesPoi1: .quad tablesPoi1
qAdrszMessStringsch: .quad szMessStringsch
qAdrszString5: .quad szString5
qAdrszStringSch: .quad szStringSch
qAdrszStringSch1: .quad szStringSch1
qAdrsZoneConv: .quad sZoneConv
qAdrszMessStringNfound: .quad szMessStringNfound
qAdrszCarriageReturn: .quad szCarriageReturn
/************************************/
/* Strings comparaison */
/************************************/
/* x0 et x1 contains strings addresses */
/* x0 return 0 if equal */
/* return -1 if string x0 < string x1 */
/* return 1 if string x0 > string x1 */
comparString:
stp x2,lr,[sp,-16]! // save registers
stp x3,x4,[sp,-16]! // save registers
mov x2,#0 // indice
1:
ldrb w3,[x0,x2] // one byte string 1
ldrb w4,[x1,x2] // one byte string 2
cmp w3,w4
blt 2f // less
bgt 3f // greather
cmp w3,#0 // 0 final
beq 4f // equal and end
add x2,x2,#1 //
b 1b // else loop
2:
mov x0,#-1 // less
b 100f
3:
mov x0,#1 // greather
b 100f
4:
mov x0,#0 // equal
b 100f
100:
ldp x3,x4,[sp],16 // restaur 2 registers
ldp x2,lr,[sp],16 // restaur 2 registers
ret // return to address lr x30
/********************************************************/
/* File Include fonctions */
/********************************************************/
/* for this file see task include a file in language AArch64 assembly */
.include "../includeARM64.inc"
</lang>
ABAP
There are no real arrays in ABAP but a construct called internal tables.
<lang ABAP>
TYPES: tty_int TYPE STANDARD TABLE OF i
WITH NON-UNIQUE DEFAULT KEY.
DATA(itab) = VALUE tty_int( ( 1 )
( 2 )
( 3 ) ).
INSERT 4 INTO TABLE itab.
APPEND 5 TO itab.
DELETE itab INDEX 1.
cl_demo_output=>display( itab ).
cl_demo_output=>display( itab[ 2 ] ).
</lang>
- Output:
2
3
4
5
3
ACL2
<lang Lisp>;; Create an array and store it in array-example
(assign array-example
(compress1 'array-example
(list '(:header :dimensions (10)
:maximum-length 11))))
- Set a[5] to 22
(assign array-example
(aset1 'array-example
(@ array-example)
5
22))
- Get a[5]
(aref1 'array-example (@ array-example) 5)</lang>
Action!
<lang Action!>PROC Main()
BYTE i
;array storing 4 INT items with initialized values
;negative values must be written as 16-bit unsigned numbers
INT ARRAY a=[3 5 71 65535]
;array storing 4 CARD items whithout initialization of values
CARD ARRAY b(3)
;array of BYTE items without allocation,
;it may be used as an pointer for another array
BYTE ARRAY c
;array of 1+7 CHAR items or a string
;the first item stores length of the string
CHAR ARRAY s="abcde"
PrintE("Array with initialized values:")
FOR i=0 TO 3
DO
PrintF("a(%I)=%I ",i,a(i))
OD
PutE() PutE()
PrintE("Array before initialization of items:")
FOR i=0 TO 3
DO
PrintF("b(%I)=%B ",i,b(i))
OD
PutE() PutE()
FOR i=0 TO 3
DO
b(i)=100+i
OD
PrintE("After initialization:")
FOR i=0 TO 3
DO
PrintF("b(%I)=%B ",i,b(i))
OD
PutE() PutE()
PrintE("Array of chars. The first item stores the length of string:")
FOR i=0 TO s(0)
DO
PrintF("s(%B)='%C ",i,s(i))
OD
PutE() PutE()
PrintE("As the string:")
PrintF("s=""%S""%E%E",s)
c=s
PrintE("Unallocated array as a pointer to another array. In this case c=s:")
FOR i=0 TO s(0)
DO
PrintF("c(%B)=%B ",i,c(i))
OD
RETURN</lang>
- Output:
Array with initialized values:
a(0)=3 a(1)=5 a(2)=71 a(3)=-1
Array before initialization of items:
b(0)=0 b(1)=0 b(2)=0 b(3)=0
After initialization:
b(0)=100 b(1)=101 b(2)=102 b(3)=103
Array of chars. The first item stores the length of string:
s(0)='┐ s(1)='a s(2)='b s(3)='c s(4)='d s(5)='e
As the string:
s="abcde"
Unallocated array as a pointer to another array. In this case c=s:
c(0)=5 c(1)=97 c(2)=98 c(3)=99 c(4)=100 c(5)=101
ActionScript
<lang ActionScript>//creates an array of length 10
var array1:Array = new Array(10);
//creates an array with the values 1, 2
var array2:Array = new Array(1,2);
//arrays can also be set using array literals
var array3:Array = ["foo", "bar"];
//to resize an array, modify the length property
array2.length = 3;
//arrays can contain objects of multiple types.
array2[2] = "Hello";
//get a value from an array
trace(array2[2]);
//append a value to an array
array2.push(4);
//get and remove the last element of an array
trace(array2.pop());</lang>
Ada
<lang Ada>procedure Array_Test is
A, B : array (1..20) of Integer;
-- Ada array indices may begin at any value, not just 0 or 1
C : array (-37..20) of integer
-- Ada arrays may be indexed by enumerated types, which are
-- discrete non-numeric types
type Days is (Mon, Tue, Wed, Thu, Fri, Sat, Sun);
type Activities is (Work, Fish);
type Daily_Activities is array(Days) of Activities;
This_Week : Daily_Activities := (Mon..Fri => Work, Others => Fish);
-- Or any numeric type
type Fingers is range 1..4; -- exclude thumb
type Fingers_Extended_Type is array(fingers) of Boolean;
Fingers_Extended : Fingers_Extended_Type;
-- Array types may be unconstrained. The variables of the type
-- must be constrained
type Arr is array (Integer range <>) of Integer;
Uninitialized : Arr (1 .. 10);
Initialized_1 : Arr (1 .. 20) := (others => 1);
Initialized_2 : Arr := (1 .. 30 => 2);
Const : constant Arr := (1 .. 10 => 1, 11 .. 20 => 2, 21 | 22 => 3);
Centered : Arr (-50..50) := (0 => 1, Others => 0);
Result : Integer
begin
A := (others => 0); -- Assign whole array
B := (1 => 1, 2 => 1, 3 => 2, others => 0);
-- Assign whole array, different values
A (1) := -1; -- Assign individual element
A (2..4) := B (1..3); -- Assign a slice
A (3..5) := (2, 4, -1); -- Assign a constant slice
A (3..5) := A (4..6); -- It is OK to overlap slices when assigned
Fingers_Extended'First := False; -- Set first element of array
Fingers_Extended'Last := False; -- Set last element of array
end Array_Test;</lang>
Arrays are first-class objects in Ada. They can be allocated statically or dynamically as any other object. The number of elements in an array object is always constrained. Variable size arrays are provided by the standard container library. They also can be implemented as user-defined types.
Aikido
Aikido arrays (or vectors) are dynamic and not fixed in size. They can hold a set of any defined value.
<lang aikido>
var arr1 = [1,2,3,4] // initialize with array literal
var arr2 = new [10] // empty array of 10 elements (each element has value none)
var arr3 = new int [40] // array of 40 integers
var arr4 = new Object (1,2) [10] // array of 10 instances of Object
arr1.append (5) // add to array
var b = 4 in arr1 // check for inclusion
arr1 <<= 2 // remove first 2 elements from array
var arrx = arr1[1:3] // get slice of array
var s = arr1.size() // or sizeof(arr1)
delete arr4[2] // remove an element from an array
var arr5 = arr1 + arr2 // append arrays
var arr6 = arr1 | arr2 // union
var arr7 = arr1 & arr2 // intersection
</lang>
- retrieve an element
puts a[0]
Aime
The aime list is a heterogeneous, dynamic sequence. No special creation procedure, only declaration is needed:
<lang aime>list l;</lang>
Values (numbers, strings, collections, functions, etc) can be added in a type generic fashion:
<lang aime>l_append(l, 3);
l_append(l, "arrays");
l_append(l, pow);</lang>
The insertion position can be specified:
<lang aime>l_push(l, 3, .5);
l_push(l, 4, __type(l));</lang>
More aptly, values (of selected types) can be inserted in a type specific fashion:
<lang aime>l_p_integer(l, 5, -1024);
l_p_real(l, 6, 88);</lang>
Similarly, values can be retrieved in a type generic fashion:
<lang aime>l_query(l, 5);</lang>
or is type specific fashion:
<lang aime>l_q_real(l, 6);
l_q_text(l, 1);</lang>
ALGOL 60
<lang algol60>begin
comment arrays - Algol 60;
procedure static;
begin
integer array x[0:4];
x[0]:=10;
x[1]:=11;
x[2]:=12;
x[3]:=13;
x[4]:=x[0];
outstring(1,"static at 4: ");
outinteger(1,x[4]);
outstring(1,"\n")
end static;
procedure dynamic(n); value n; integer n;
begin
integer array x[0:n-1];
x[0]:=10;
x[1]:=11;
x[2]:=12;
x[3]:=13;
x[4]:=x[0];
outstring(1,"dynamic at 4: ");
outinteger(1,x[4]);
outstring(1,"\n")
end dynamic;
static;
dynamic(5)
end arrays </lang>
- Output:
static at 4: 10
dynamic at 4: 10
ALGOL 68
<lang algol68>PROC array_test = VOID:
(
[1:20]INT a;
a := others; # assign whole array #
a[1] := -1; # assign individual element #
a[3:5] := (2, 4, -1); # assign a slice #
[1:3]INT slice = a[3:5]; # copy a slice #
REF []INT rslice = a[3:5]; # create a reference to a slice #
print((LWB rslice, UPB slice)); # query the bounds of the slice #
rslice := (2, 4, -1); # assign to the slice, modifying original array #
[1:3, 1:3]INT matrix; # create a two dimensional array #
REF []INT hvector = matrix[2,]; # create a reference to a row #
REF []INT vvector = matrix[,2]; # create a reference to a column #
REF [,]INT block = matrix[1:2, 1:2]; # create a reference to an area of the array #
FLEX []CHAR string := "Hello, world!"; # create an array with variable bounds #
string := "shorter" # flexible arrays automatically resize themselves on assignment #
)</lang>
Arrays in ALGOL 68 are first class objects. Slices to any portion of the array can be created and then treated equivalently to arrays, even sections of a multidimensional array; the bounds are queried at run time. References may be made to portions of an array. Flexible arrays are supported, which resize themselves on assignment, but they can't be resized without destroying the data.
ALGOL W
<lang algolw>begin
% declare an array %
integer array a ( 1 :: 10 );
% set the values %
for i := 1 until 10 do a( i ) := i;
% change the 3rd element %
a( 3 ) := 27;
% display the 4th element %
write( a( 4 ) ); % would show 4 %
% arrays with sizes not known at compile-time must be created in inner-blocks or procedures %
begin
integer array b ( a( 3 ) - 2 :: a( 3 ) ); % b has bounds 25 :: 27 %
for i := a( 3 ) - 2 until a( 3 ) do b( i ) := i
end
% arrays cannot be part of records and cannot be returned by procecures though they can be passed %
% as parameters to procedures %
% multi-dimension arrays are supported %
end.</lang>
AmigaE
<lang amigae>DEF ai[100] : ARRAY OF CHAR, -> static
da: PTR TO CHAR,
la: PTR TO CHAR
PROC main()
da := New(100)
-> or
NEW la[100]
IF da <> NIL
ai[0] := da[0] -> first is 0
ai[99] := da[99] -> last is "size"-1
Dispose(da)
ENDIF
-> using NEW, we must specify the size even when
-> "deallocating" the array
IF la <> NIL THEN END la[100]
ENDPROC</lang>
AntLang
<lang AntLang>/ Create an immutable sequence (array)
arr: <1;2;3>
/ Get the head an tail part
h: head[arr]
t: tail[arr]
/ Get everything except the last element and the last element
nl: first[arr]
l: last[arr]
/ Get the nth element (index origin = 0)
nth:arr[n]</lang>
Apex
<lang apex>Integer[] array = new Integer[10]; // optionally, append a braced list of Integers like "{1, 2, 3}"
array[0] = 42;
System.debug(array[0]); // Prints 42</lang>
Dynamic arrays can be made using Lists. Lists and array can be used interchangeably in Apex, e.g. any method that accepts a List<String> will also accept a String[]
<lang apex>List <Integer> aList = new List <Integer>(); // optionally add an initial size as an argument
aList.add(5);// appends to the end of the list
aList.add(1, 6);// assigns the element at index 1
System.debug(list[0]); // Prints 5, alternatively you can use list.get(0)</lang>
APL
Arrays in APL are one dimensional matrices, defined by seperating variables with spaces. For example:
<lang apl>+/ 1 2 3</lang>
Is equivalent to <lang apl>1 + 2 + 3</lang>We're folding function <lang apl>+</lang> over the array <lang apl>1 2 3</lang>
App Inventor
Arrays in App Inventor are represented with Lists.
Lists may be nested to any level and contain other Lists.
All supported data types may be stored in a List.
Basic List blocks
AppleScript
AppleScript arrays are called lists:
<lang applescript> set empty to {}
set ints to {1, 2, 3}</lang>
Lists can contain any objects including other lists:
<lang applescript> set any to {1, "foo", 2.57, missing value, ints}</lang>
Items can be appended to the beginning or end of a list:
<lang applescript>set any to {1, "foo", 2.57, missing value, {1, 2, 3}}
set beginning of any to false
set end of any to Wednesday
return any
--> {false, 1, "foo", 2.57, missing value, {1, 2, 3}, Wednesday}</lang>
Or a new list containing the items can be created through concatenation:
<lang applescript>set any to {1, "foo", 2.57, missing value, {1, 2, 3}}
set any to false & any & Wednesday
--> {false, 1, "foo", 2.57, missing value, {1, 2, 3}, Wednesday}</lang>
However, this isn't usually as efficient and it's important to be aware of the coercion rules associated with AppleScript concatenations, which may lead to unexpected results!
Items can't be removed from lists, but new lists can be created without them.
List indices are 1-based and negative numbers can be used to index items from the end of the list instead of from the beginning. Items can be indexed individually or by range:
<lang applescript>set any to {1, "foo", 2.57, missing value, {1, 2, 3}}
item -1 of any --> {1, 2, 3}
items 1 thru 3 of any --> {1, "foo", 2.57}</lang>
If required, items can be specified by class instead of the generic 'item' …
<lang applescript>set any to {false, 1, "foo", 2.57, missing value, {1, 2, 3}, Wednesday}
number 2 of any -- 2.57 (ie. the second number in the list)</lang>
… and some fairly complex range specifiers are possible:
<lang applescript>set any to {false, 1, "foo", 2.57, missing value, 5, 4, 12.0, 38, {1, 2, 3}, 7, Wednesday}
integers from text 1 to list 1 of any --> {5, 4, 38}</lang>
The length of a list can be determined in any of three ways, although only the first two below are now recommended:
<lang applescript>count any -- Command.
length of any -- Property.
number of any -- Property.</lang>
The number of items of a specific class can also be obtained:
<lang applescript>count any's reals
length of any's integers</lang>
A list's other properties are its rest (which is another list containing all the items except for the first) and its reverse (another list containing the items in reverse order).
Through AppleScriptObjC, AppleScript is also able to make use of Objective-C arrays and many of their methods, with bridging possible between lists and NSArrays:
<lang applescript>use AppleScript version "2.4" -- Mac OS 10.10 (Yosemite) or later.
use framework "Foundation" -- Allows access to NSArrays and other Foundation classes.
set myList to {1, "foo", 2.57, missing value, {1, 2, 3}} -- AppleScript list.
set myNSArray to current application's NSArray's arrayWithArray:myList -- Bridge the list to an NSArray.
set arrayLength to myNSArray's |count|() -- Get the array's length using its 'count' property.
--> 5</lang>
Arendelle
// Creating an array as [ 23, 12, 2, 5345, 23 ]
// with name "space"
( space , 23; 12; 2; 5345; 23 )
// Getting the size of an array:
"Size of array is | @space? |"
// Appending array with 54
( space[ @space? ] , 54 )
// Something else fun about arrays in Arendelle
// for example when you have one like this:
//
// space -> [ 23, 34, 3, 6345 ]
//
// If you do this on the space:
( space[ 7 ] , 10 )
// Arendelle will make the size of array into
// 8 by appending zeros and then it will set
// index 7 to 10 and result will be:
//
// space -> [ 23, 34, 3, 6345, 0, 0, 0, 10 ]
// To remove the array you can use done keyword:
( space , done )
Argile
<lang Argile>use std, array
(:::::::::::::::::
: Static arrays :
:::::::::::::::::)
let the array of 2 text aabbArray be Cdata{"aa";"bb"}
let raw array of real :my array: = Cdata {1.0 ; 2.0 ; 3.0} (: auto sized :)
let another_array be an array of 256 byte (: not initialised :)
let (raw array of (array of 3 real)) foobar = Cdata {
{1.0; 2.0; 0.0}
{5.0; 1.0; 3.0}
}
(: macro to get size of static arrays :)
=: <array>.length := -> nat {size of array / (size of array[0])}
printf "%lu, %lu\n" foobar.length (another_array.length) (: 2, 256 :)
(: access :)
another_array[255] = '&'
printf "`%c'\n" another_array[255]
(::::::::::::::::::
: Dynamic arrays :
::::::::::::::::::)
let DynArray = new array of 5 int
DynArray[0] = -42
DynArray = (realloc DynArray (6 * size of DynArray[0])) as (type of DynArray)
DynArray[5] = 243
prints DynArray[0] DynArray[5]
del DynArray</lang>
<lang Argile>use std, array
let x = @["foo" "bar" "123"]
print x[2]
x[2] = "abc"</lang>
ARM Assembly
<lang ARM Assembly>
/* ARM assembly Raspberry PI */
/* program areaString.s */
/* Constantes */
.equ STDOUT, 1 @ Linux output console
.equ EXIT, 1 @ Linux syscall
.equ WRITE, 4 @ Linux syscall
/* Initialized data */
.data
szMessStringsch: .ascii "The string is at item : "
sZoneconv: .fill 12,1,' '
szCarriageReturn: .asciz "\n"
szMessStringNfound: .asciz "The string is not found in this area.\n"
/* areas strings */
szString1: .asciz "Apples"
szString2: .asciz "Oranges"
szString3: .asciz "Pommes"
szString4: .asciz "Raisins"
szString5: .asciz "Abricots"
/* pointer items area 1*/
tablesPoi1:
pt1_1: .int szString1
pt1_2: .int szString2
pt1_3: .int szString3
pt1_4: .int szString4
ptVoid_1: .int 0
ptVoid_2: .int 0
ptVoid_3: .int 0
ptVoid_4: .int 0
ptVoid_5: .int 0
szStringSch: .asciz "Raisins"
szStringSch1: .asciz "Ananas"
/* UnInitialized data */
.bss
/* code section */
.text
.global main
main: /* entry of program */
push {fp,lr} /* saves 2 registers */
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
@ add string 5 to area
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
ldr r1,iAdrtablesPoi1 @ begin pointer area 1
mov r0,#0 @ counter
1: @ search first void pointer
ldr r2,[r1,r0,lsl #2] @ read string pointer address item r0 (4 bytes by pointer)
cmp r2,#0 @ is null ?
addne r0,#1 @ no increment counter
bne 1b @ and loop
@ store pointer string 5 in area at position r0
ldr r2,iAdrszString5 @ address string 5
str r2,[r1,r0,lsl #2] @ store address
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
@ display string at item 3
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
mov r2,#2 @ pointers begin in position 0
ldr r1,iAdrtablesPoi1 @ begin pointer area 1
ldr r0,[r1,r2,lsl #2]
bl affichageMess
ldr r0,iAdrszCarriageReturn
bl affichageMess
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
@ search string in area
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
ldr r1,iAdrszStringSch
//ldr r1,iAdrszStringSch1 @ uncomment for other search : not found !!
ldr r2,iAdrtablesPoi1 @ begin pointer area 1
mov r3,#0
2: @ search
ldr r0,[r2,r3,lsl #2] @ read string pointer address item r0 (4 bytes by pointer)
cmp r0,#0 @ is null ?
beq 3f @ end search
bl comparaison
cmp r0,#0 @ string = ?
addne r3,#1 @ no increment counter
bne 2b @ and loop
mov r0,r3 @ position item string
ldr r1,iAdrsZoneconv @ conversion decimal
bl conversion10S
ldr r0,iAdrszMessStringsch
bl affichageMess
b 100f
3: @ end search string not found
ldr r0,iAdrszMessStringNfound
bl affichageMess
100: /* standard end of the program */
mov r0, #0 @ return code
pop {fp,lr} @restaur 2 registers
mov r7, #EXIT @ request to exit program
swi 0 @ perform the system call
iAdrtablesPoi1: .int tablesPoi1
iAdrszMessStringsch: .int szMessStringsch
iAdrszString5: .int szString5
iAdrszStringSch: .int szStringSch
iAdrszStringSch1: .int szStringSch1
iAdrsZoneconv: .int sZoneconv
iAdrszMessStringNfound: .int szMessStringNfound
iAdrszCarriageReturn: .int szCarriageReturn
/******************************************************************/
/* display text with size calculation */
/******************************************************************/
/* r0 contains the address of the message */
affichageMess:
push {fp,lr} /* save registres */
push {r0,r1,r2,r7} /* save others registers */
mov r2,#0 /* counter length */
1: /* loop length calculation */
ldrb r1,[r0,r2] /* read octet start position + index */
cmp r1,#0 /* if 0 its over */
addne r2,r2,#1 /* else add 1 in the length */
bne 1b /* and loop */
/* so here r2 contains the length of the message */
mov r1,r0 /* address message in r1 */
mov r0,#STDOUT /* code to write to the standard output Linux */
mov r7, #WRITE /* code call system "write" */
swi #0 /* call systeme */
pop {r0,r1,r2,r7} /* restaur others registers */
pop {fp,lr} /* restaur des 2 registres */
bx lr /* return */
/***************************************************/
/* conversion register signed décimal */
/***************************************************/
/* r0 contient le registre */
/* r1 contient l adresse de la zone de conversion */
conversion10S:
push {r0-r5,lr} /* save des registres */
mov r2,r1 /* debut zone stockage */
mov r5,#'+' /* par defaut le signe est + */
cmp r0,#0 /* nombre négatif ? */
movlt r5,#'-' /* oui le signe est - */
mvnlt r0,r0 /* et inversion en valeur positive */
addlt r0,#1
mov r4,#10 /* longueur de la zone */
1: /* debut de boucle de conversion */
bl divisionpar10 /* division */
add r1,#48 /* ajout de 48 au reste pour conversion ascii */
strb r1,[r2,r4] /* stockage du byte en début de zone r5 + la position r4 */
sub r4,r4,#1 /* position précedente */
cmp r0,#0
bne 1b /* boucle si quotient different de zéro */
strb r5,[r2,r4] /* stockage du signe à la position courante */
subs r4,r4,#1 /* position précedente */
blt 100f /* si r4 < 0 fin */
/* sinon il faut completer le debut de la zone avec des blancs */
mov r3,#' ' /* caractere espace */
2:
strb r3,[r2,r4] /* stockage du byte */
subs r4,r4,#1 /* position précedente */
bge 2b /* boucle si r4 plus grand ou egal a zero */
100: /* fin standard de la fonction */
pop {r0-r5,lr} /*restaur desregistres */
bx lr
/***************************************************/
/* division par 10 signé */
/* Thanks to http://thinkingeek.com/arm-assembler-raspberry-pi/*
/* and http://www.hackersdelight.org/ */
/***************************************************/
/* r0 contient le dividende */
/* r0 retourne le quotient */
/* r1 retourne le reste */
divisionpar10:
/* r0 contains the argument to be divided by 10 */
push {r2-r4} /* save registers */
mov r4,r0
ldr r3, .Ls_magic_number_10 /* r1 <- magic_number */
smull r1, r2, r3, r0 /* r1 <- Lower32Bits(r1*r0). r2 <- Upper32Bits(r1*r0) */
mov r2, r2, ASR #2 /* r2 <- r2 >> 2 */
mov r1, r0, LSR #31 /* r1 <- r0 >> 31 */
add r0, r2, r1 /* r0 <- r2 + r1 */
add r2,r0,r0, lsl #2 /* r2 <- r0 * 5 */
sub r1,r4,r2, lsl #1 /* r1 <- r4 - (r2 * 2) = r4 - (r0 * 10) */
pop {r2-r4}
bx lr /* leave function */
bx lr /* leave function */
.Ls_magic_number_10: .word 0x66666667
</lang>
Arturo
<lang rebol>; empty array
arrA: []
- array with initial values
arrB: ["one" "two" "three"]
- adding an element to an existing array
arrB: arrB ++ "four"
print arrB
- another way to add an element
append 'arrB "five"
print arrB
- retrieve an element at some index
print arrB\1</lang>
- Output:
one two three four
one two three four five
two
AutoHotkey
The current, official build of AutoHotkey is called AutoHotkey_L. In it, arrays are called Objects, and associative/index based work hand-in-hand.
<lang AHK>myArray := Object() ; could use JSON-syntax sugar like {key: value}
myArray[1] := "foo"
myArray[2] := "bar"
MsgBox % myArray[2]
- Push a value onto the array
myArray.Insert("baz")</lang>
AutoHotkey Basic (deprecated) did not have typical arrays.
However, variable names could be concatenated, simulating associative arrays.
By convention, based on built-in function stringsplit, indexes are 1-based and "0" index is the length.
<lang AutoHotkey>arrayX0 = 4 ; length
arrayX1 = first
arrayX2 = second
arrayX3 = foo
arrayX4 = bar
Loop, %arrayX0%
Msgbox % arrayX%A_Index%
source = apple bear cat dog egg fish
StringSplit arrayX, source, %A_Space%
Loop, %arrayX0%
Msgbox % arrayX%A_Index%</lang>
AutoIt
Create an userdefined array.
<lang AutoIt>
- include <Array.au3> ;Include extended Array functions (_ArrayDisplay)
Local $aInputs[1] ;Create the Array with just 1 element
While True ;Endless loop
$aInputs[UBound($aInputs) - 1] = InputBox("Array", "Add one value") ;Save user input to the last element of the Array
If $aInputs[UBound($aInputs) - 1] = "" Then ;If an empty string is entered, then...
ReDim $aInputs[UBound($aInputs) - 1] ;...remove them from the Array and...
ExitLoop ;... exit the loop!
EndIf
ReDim $aInputs[UBound($aInputs) + 1] ;Add an empty element to the Array
WEnd
_ArrayDisplay($aInputs) ;Display the Array
</lang>
Avail
Avail supports tuples as its primary ordered collection.
<lang Avail>tup ::= <"aardvark", "cat", "dog">;</lang>
Tuple indices (officially referred to as "subscripts") are 1-based. One can provide an alternative if there is no element at a subscript using an else clause.
<lang Avail><"pinch", "tsp", "tbsp", "cup">[4] \\ "cup"
<3, 2, 1>[100] else [0]</lang>
Tuples are immutable, however one can quickly create a new tuple with a specified element replaced.
<lang Avail><"sheep", "wheat", "wood", "brick", "stone">[5] → "ore"</lang>
AWK
Every array in AWK is an associative array. AWK converts each array subscript to a string, so a[33], a["33"] and a[29 + 4] are the same element.
An ordered array just uses subscripts as integers. Array subscripts can start at 1, or any other integer. The built-in split() function makes arrays that start at 1.
<lang awk>BEGIN {
# to make an array, assign elements to it
array[1] = "first"
array[2] = "second"
array[3] = "third"
alen = 3 # want the length? store in separate variable
# or split a string
plen = split("2 3 5 7 11 13 17 19 23 29", primes)
clen = split("Ottawa;Washington DC;Mexico City", cities, ";")
# retrieve an element
print "The 6th prime number is " primes[6]
# push an element
cities[clen += 1] = "New York"
dump("An array", array, alen)
dump("Some primes", primes, plen)
dump("A list of cities", cities, clen)
}
function dump(what, array, len, i) {
print what;
# iterate an array in order
for (i = 1; i <= len; i++) {
print " " i ": " array[i]
}
}</lang>
- Output:
The 6th prime number is 13
An array
1: first
2: second
3: third
Some primes
1: 2
2: 3
3: 5
4: 7
5: 11
6: 13
7: 17
8: 19
9: 23
10: 29
A list of cities
1: Ottawa
2: Washington DC
3: Mexico City
4: New York
Axe
<lang axe>1→{L₁}
2→{L₁+1}
3→{L₁+2}
4→{L₁+3}
Disp {L₁}►Dec,i
Disp {L₁+1}►Dec,i
Disp {L₁+2}►Dec,i
Disp {L₁+3}►Dec,i</lang>
Babel
Create an array
There are two kinds of array in Babel: value-arrays and pointer-arrays. A value-array is a flat array of data words. A pointer-array is an array of pointers to other things (including value-arrays). You can create a data-array with plain square-brackets. You can create a value-array with the [ptr ] list form:
<lang babel>[1 2 3]</lang>
<lang babel>[ptr 1 2 3]</lang>
Get a single array element
<lang babel>[1 2 3] 1 th ;</lang>
- Output:
[val 0x2 ]
Change an array element
Changing a value-array element:
<lang babel>[1 2 3] dup 1 7 set ;
</lang>
- Output:
[val 0x1 0x7 0x3 ]
Changing a pointer-array element:
<lang babel>[ptr 1 2 3] dup 1 [ptr 7] set ;</lang>
- Output:
[ptr [val 0x1 ] [val 0x7 ] [val 0x3 ] ]
Select a range of an array
<lang babel>[ptr 1 2 3 4 5 6] 1 3 slice ;</lang>
- Output:
[ptr [val 0x2 ] [val 0x3 ] ]
Add a new element to an array
You can concatenate arrays of same type:
<lang babel>[1 2 3] [4] cat</lang>
<lang babel>[ptr 1 2 3] [ptr 4] cat</lang>
Concatenation creates a new array - it does not add to an array in-place. Instead, Babel provides operators and standard utilities for converting an array to a list in order to manipulate it, and then convert back.
Convert between arrays and lists
Convert a value-array to a list of values:
<lang babel>[1 2 3] ar2ls lsnum !</lang>
- Output:
( 1 2 3 )
Convert a list of values to a value-array:
<lang babel>(1 2 3) ls2lf ;</lang>
- Output:
[val 0x1 0x2 0x3 ]
Convert a pointer-array to a list of pointers:
<lang babel>[ptr 'foo' 'bar' 'baz'] ar2ls lsstr !</lang>
- Output:
( "foo" "bar" "baz" )
Convert a list of pointers to a pointer-array:
<lang babel>(1 2 3) bons ;</lang>
- Output:
[ptr [val 0x1 ] [val 0x2 ] [val 0x3 ] ]
To learn more about manipulating arrays and lists in Babel, type "help !" (no quotes) and follow the instructions to load the man.sp file.
BaCon
1.) Historical BASIC way to do arrays with BaCon
Note: We need to use quotes in DATA
<lang qbasic>
DATA "January", "February", "March", "April", "May", "June", "July"
DATA "August", "September", "October", "November", "December"
LOCAL dat$[11]
FOR i = 0 TO 11
READ dat$[i]
PRINT dat$[i]
NEXT
</lang>
2.) A modern BaCon approach to do arrays using strings
<lang qbasic>
DECLARE A$[11] = {"January", "February", "March", "April", "May", \
"June", "July", "August", "September", "October", "November", "December"} TYPE STRING
i = 0
'---dynamic index the end of an array is always null terminated
WHILE (A$[i] ISNOT NULL)
PRINT A$[i]
INCR i
WEND
</lang>
3.)Alternatively, using the command line to pass the input
name this split.bac
<lang qbasic>
SPLIT ARGUMENT$ BY " " TO TOK$ SIZE len_array
FOR i = 1 TO len_array - 1
PRINT TOK$[i]
NEXT i
</lang>
in the terminal
<lang bash>
./split January February March April May June July August September October November December
</lang>
Notes: if you want to take a string from the command line
and split it up into an array we use the built in SPLIT command
BASIC
The default array base (lower bound) can be set with OPTION BASE. If OPTION BASE is not set, the base may be either 0 or 1, depending on implementation. The value given in DIM statement is the upper bound. If the base is 0, then DIM a(100) will create an array containing 101 elements.
<lang qbasic> OPTION BASE 1
DIM myArray(100) AS INTEGER </lang>
Alternatively, the lower and upper bounds can be given while defining the array:
<lang qbasic> DIM myArray(-10 TO 10) AS INTEGER </lang>
Dynamic arrays:
<lang qbasic> 'Specify that the array is dynamic and not static:
'$DYNAMIC
DIM SHARED myArray(-10 TO 10, 10 TO 30) AS STRING
REDIM SHARED myArray(20, 20) AS STRING
myArray(1,1) = "Item1"
myArray(1,2) = "Item2" </lang>
Array Initialization
Arrays are initialized to zero or zero length strings when created.
BASIC does not generally have option for initializing arrays to other values, so the initializing is usually done at run time.
DATA and READ statements are often used for this purpose:
<lang qbasic> DIM month$(12)
DATA January, February, March, April, May, June, July
DATA August, September, October, November, December
FOR m=1 TO 12
READ month$(m)
NEXT m </lang>
FreeBASIC has an option to initialize array while declaring it.
<lang freebasic> Dim myArray(1 To 2, 1 To 5) As Integer => {{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}} </lang>
<lang basic>10 REM TRANSLATION OF QBASIC STATIC VERSION
20 REM ELEMENT NUMBERS TRADITIONALLY START AT ONE
30 DIM A%(11): REM ARRAY OF ELEVEN INTEGER ELEMENTS
40 LET A%(1) = -1
50 LET A%(11) = 1
60 PRINT A%(1), A%(11)
70 END</lang>
Static
<lang qbasic>DIM staticArray(10) AS INTEGER
staticArray(0) = -1
staticArray(10) = 1
PRINT staticArray(0), staticArray(10)</lang>
Dynamic
Note that BASIC dynamic arrays are not stack-based; instead, their size must be changed in the same manner as their initial declaration -- the only difference between static and dynamic arrays is the keyword used to declare them (DIM vs. REDIM). QBasic lacks the PRESERVE keyword found in some modern BASICs; resizing an array without PRESERVE zeros the values.
<lang qbasic>REDIM dynamicArray(10) AS INTEGER
dynamicArray(0) = -1
PRINT dynamicArray(0)
REDIM dynamicArray(20)
dynamicArray(20) = 1
PRINT dynamicArray(0), dynamicArray(20)</lang>
Applesoft BASIC
<lang basic>10 DIM A%(11): REM ARRAY OF TWELVE INTEGER ELEMENTS
20 LET A%(0) = -1
30 LET A%(11) = 1
40 PRINT A%(0), A%(11)</lang>
Commodore BASIC
same as Applesoft BASIC
BASIC256
<lang BASIC256># numeric array
dim numbers(10)
for t = 0 to 9
numbers[t] = t + 1
next t
- string array
dim words$(10)
- assigning an array with a list
words$ = {"one","two","three","four","five","six","seven","eight","nine","ten"}
gosub display
- resize arrays (always preserves values if larger)
redim numbers(11)
redim words$(11)
numbers[10] = 11
words$[10] = "eleven"
gosub display
end
display:
- display arrays
- using ? to get size of array
for t = 0 to numbers[?]-1
print numbers[t] + "=" + words$[t]
next t
return</lang>
Batch File
Arrays can be approximated, in a style similar to REXX
<lang dos>::arrays.cmd
@echo off
setlocal ENABLEDELAYEDEXPANSION
set array.1=1
set array.2=2
set array.3=3
set array.4=4
for /L %%i in (1,1,4) do call :showit array.%%i !array.%%i!
set c=-27
call :mkarray marry 5 6 7 8
for /L %%i in (-27,1,-24) do call :showit "marry^&%%i" !marry^&%%i!
endlocal
goto :eof
- mkarray
set %1^&%c%=%2
set /a c += 1
shift /2
if "%2" neq "" goto :mkarray
goto :eof
- showit
echo %1 = %2
goto :eof
</lang>
- Output:
array.1 = 1
array.2 = 2
array.3 = 3
array.4 = 4
"marry&-27" = 5
"marry&-26" = 6
"marry&-25" = 7
"marry&-24" = 8
BBC BASIC
<lang bbcbasic> REM Declare arrays, dimension is maximum index:
DIM array(6), array%(6), array$(6)
REM Entire arrays may be assigned in one statement:
array() = 0.1, 1.2, 2.3, 3.4, 4.5, 5.6, 6.7
array%() = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
array$() = "Zero", "One", "Two", "Three", "Four", "Five", "Six"
REM Or individual elements may be assigned:
array(2) = PI
array%(3) = RND
array$(4) = "Hello world!"
REM Print out sample array elements:
PRINT array(2) TAB(16) array(3) TAB(32) array(4)
PRINT array%(2) TAB(16) array%(3) TAB(32) array%(4)
PRINT array$(2) TAB(16) array$(3) TAB(32) array$(4)</lang>
bc
There are 26 arrays available (named 'a' to 'z') with all elements initialized to zero and an installation-specific maximum size (in GNU bc you can find out the limits of your installation (BC_DIM_MAX) by invoking the limits command).
Array identifiers are always followed by square brackets ('[', ']') and need not be declared/defined before usage. Indexing starts at zero.
The following is a transcript of an interactive session:
<lang bc>/* Put the value 42 into array g at index 3 */
g[3] = 42
/* Look at some other elements in g */
g[2]
0
g[4342]
0
/* Look at the elements of another array */
a[543]
0
/* Array names don't conflict with names of ordinary (scalar) identifiers */
g
0
g = 123
g
123
g[3]
42</lang>
BML
Note: Variables in BML can either be placed in a prefix group($, @, and &) or in the world. Placing variables in the world is not recommended since it can take large sums of memory when using said variable.
<lang bml>
% Define an array(containing the numbers 1-3) named arr in the group $
in $ let arr hold 1 2 3
% Replace the value at index 0 in array to "Index 0"
set $arr index 0 to "Index 0"
% Will display "Index 0"
display $arr index 0
% There is no automatic garbage collection
delete $arr
</lang>
Boo
<lang boo>
myArray as (int) = (1, 2, 3) // Size based on initialization
fixedArray as (int) = array(int, 1) // Given size(1 in this case)
myArray[0] = 10
myArray = myArray + fixedArray // Append arrays
print myArray[0]
</lang>
BQN
Arrays are the central data type of BQN, since it is an array language.
All arrays are variable length, and can contain any types of values.
<lang bqn># Stranding:
arr ← 1‿2‿'a'‿+‿5
- General List Syntax:
arr1 ← ⟨1,2,'a',+,5⟩
•Show arr ≡ arr1 # both arrays are the same.
•Show arr
•Show arr1
- Taking nth element(⊑):
•Show 3⊑arr
- Modifying the array(↩):
arr ↩ "hello"⌾(4⊸⊑) arr</lang>
<lang bqn>1
⟨ 1 2 'a' + 5 ⟩
⟨ 1 2 'a' + 5 ⟩
+
⟨ 1 2 'a' + "hello" ⟩</lang>
Bracmat
In Bracmat, an array is not a variable, but a stack of variables. In fact, local variables in functions are elements in arrays. Global variables are the zeroth element in such arrays.
You can explicitly create an array of a specific size using the tbl function. Indexing is done by using the syntax integer$name.
Indexing is modulo the size of the array.
A negative integer counts from the end of the array and backwards.
The last used index is remembered by the array.
Arrays can grow and shrink by calling tbl with other values.
When shrinking, the values of the upper elements are lost.
When growing, the current values are kept and the new elements are initialised with 0.
To delete and array (and therefore the variable with the array's name), call tbl with a size 0.
<lang bracmat>( tbl$(mytable,100)
& 5:?(30$mytable)
& 9:?(31$mytable)
& out$(!(30$mytable))
& out$(!(-169$mytable)) { -169 mod 100 == 31 }
& out$!mytable { still index 31 }
& tbl$(mytable,0)
& (!mytable & out$"mytable still exists"
| out$"mytable is gone"
)
);</lang>
- Output:
5
9
9
mytable is gone
Brainf***
Note that Brainf*** does not natively support arrays, this example creates something that's pretty close, with access of elements at each index, altering elements, and changing size of list at runtime.
<lang bf>
===========[
ARRAY DATA STRUCTURE
AUTHOR: Keith Stellyes
WRITTEN: June 2016
This is a zero-based indexing array data structure, it assumes the following
precondition:
>INDEX<|NULL|VALUE|NULL|VALUE|NULL|VALUE|NULL
(Where >< mark pointer position, and | separates addresses)
It relies heavily on [>] and [<] both of which are idioms for
finding the next left/right null
HOW INDEXING WORKS:
It runs a loop _index_ number of times, setting that many nulls
to a positive, so it can be skipped by the mentioned idioms.
Basically, it places that many "milestones".
EXAMPLE:
If we seek index 2, and our array is {1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5}
FINDING INDEX 2:
(loop to find next null, set to positive, as a milestone
decrement index)
index
2 |0|1|0|2|0|3|0|4|0|5|0
1 |0|1|1|2|0|3|0|4|0|5|0
0 |0|1|1|2|1|3|0|4|0|5|0
===========]
=UNIT TEST=
SET ARRAY {48 49 50}
>>++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++>>
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++>>
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
<<<<<<++ Move back to index and set it to 2
===========
RETRIEVE ELEMENT AT INDEX
ACCESS INDEX
[>>[>]+[<]<-] loop that sets a null to a positive for each iteration
First it moves the pointer from index to first value
Then it uses a simple loop that finds the next null
it sets the null to a positive (1 in this case)
Then it uses that same loop reversed to find the first
null which will always be one right of our index
so we decrement our index
Finally we decrement pointer from the null byte to our
index and decrement it
>> Move pointer to the first value otherwise we can't loop
[>]< This will find the next right null which will always be right
of the desired value; then go one left
. Output the value (In the unit test this print "2"
[<[-]<] Reset array
ASSIGN VALUE AT INDEX
STILL NEED TO ADJUST UNIT TESTS
NEWVALUE|>INDEX<|NULL|VALUE etc
[>>[>]+[<]<-] Like above logic except it empties the value and doesn't reset
>>[>]<[-]
[<]< Move pointer to desired value note that where the index was stored
is null because of the above loop
[->>[>]+[<]<] If NEWVALUE is GREATER than 0 then decrement it & then find the
newly emptied cell and increment it
[>>[>]<+[<]<<-] Move pointer to first value find right null move pointer left
then increment where we want our NEWVALUE to be stored then
return back by finding leftmost null then decrementing pointer
twice then decrement our NEWVALUE cell
</lang>
C
Fixed size static array of integers with initialization:
<lang c>int myArray2[10] = { 1, 2, 0 }; /* the rest of elements get the value 0 */
float myFloats[] ={1.2, 2.5, 3.333, 4.92, 11.2, 22.0 }; /* automatically sizes */</lang>
When no size is given, the array is automatically sized. Typically this is how initialized arrays are defined. When this is done, you'll often see a definition that produces the number of elements in the array, as follows.
<lang c>#define MYFLOAT_SIZE (sizeof(myFloats)/sizeof(myFloats[0]))</lang>
When defining autosized multidimensional arrays, all the dimensions except the first (leftmost) need to be defined. This is required in order for the compiler to generate the proper indexing for the array.
<lang c>long a2D_Array[3][5]; /* 3 rows, 5 columns. */
float my2Dfloats[][3] = {
1.0, 2.0, 0.0,
5.0, 1.0, 3.0 };
- define FLOAT_ROWS (sizeof(my2Dfloats)/sizeof(my2dFloats[0]))</lang>
When the size of the array is not known at compile time, arrays may be dynamically
allocated to the proper size. The malloc(), calloc() and free() functions require the header stdlib.h.
<lang c>int numElements = 10;
int *myArray = malloc(sizeof(int) * numElements); /* array of 10 integers */
if ( myArray != NULL ) /* check to ensure allocation succeeded. */
{
/* allocation succeeded */
/* at the end, we need to free the allocated memory */
free(myArray);
}
/* calloc() additionally pre-initializes to all zeros */
short *myShorts = calloc( numElements, sizeof(short)); /* array of 10 */
if (myShorts != NULL)....</lang>
Once allocated, myArray can be used as a normal array.
The first element of a C array is indexed with 0. To set a value:
<lang c>myArray[0] = 1;
myArray[1] = 3;</lang>
And to retrieve it (e.g. for printing, provided that the stdio.h header was included for the printf function)
<lang c>printf("%d\n", myArray[1]);</lang>
The array[index] syntax can be considered as a shortcut for *(index + array) and
thus the square brackets are a commutative binary operator:
<lang c>*(array + index) = 1;
printf("%d\n", *(array + index));
3[array] = 5;</lang>
There's no bounds check on the indexes. Negative indexing can be implemented as in the following.
<lang c>#define XSIZE 20
double *kernel = malloc(sizeof(double)*2*XSIZE+1);
if (kernel) {
kernel += XSIZE;
for (ix=-XSIZE; ix<=XSIZE; ix++) {
kernel[ix] = f(ix);
....
free(kernel-XSIZE);
}
}</lang>
In C99, it is possible to declare arrays with a size that is only known at runtime (e.g. a number input by the user).
Typically dynamic allocation is used and the allocated array is sized to the maximum that might be needed. A additional variable is
declared and used to maintain the current number of elements used. In C, arrays may be dynamically resized if they were allocated:
<lang c>
int *array = malloc (sizeof(int) * 20);
....
array = realloc(array, sizeof(int) * 40);
</lang>
A Linked List for chars may be implemented like this:
<lang C>
- include <stdlib.h>
- include <stdio.h>
typedef struct node{
char value;
struct node* next;
} node;
typedef struct charList{
node* first;
int size;
} charList;
charList createList(){
charList foo = {.first = NULL, .size = 0};
return foo;
}
int addEl(charList* list, char c){
if(list != NULL){
node* foo = (node*)malloc(sizeof(node));
if(foo == NULL) return -1;
foo->value = c; foo->next = NULL;
if(list->first == NULL){
list->first = foo;
}else{
node* it= list->first;
while(it->next != NULL)it = it->next;
it->next = foo;
}
list->size = list->size+1;
return 0;
}else return -1;
}
int removeEl(charList* list, int index){
if(list != NULL && list->size > index){
node* it = list->first;
for(int i = 0; i < index-1; i++) it = it->next;
node* el = it->next;
it->next = el->next;
free(el);
list->size--;
return 0;
}else return -1;
}
char getEl(charList* list, int index){
if(list != NULL && list->size > index){
node* it = list->first;
for(int i = 0; i < index; i++) it = it->next;
return it->value;
}else return '\0';
}
static void cleanHelp(node* el){
if(el != NULL){
if(el->next != NULL) cleanHelp(el->next);
free(el);
}
}
void clean(charList* list){
cleanHelp(list->first);
list->size = 0;
}
</lang>
C#
Example of array of 10 int types:
<lang csharp> int[] numbers = new int[10];</lang>
Example of array of 3 string types:
<lang csharp> string[] words = { "these", "are", "arrays" };</lang>
You can also declare the size of the array and initialize the values at the same time:
<lang csharp> int[] more_numbers = new int[3]{ 21, 14 ,63 };</lang>
For Multi-Dimensional arrays you declare them the same except for a comma in the type declaration.
The following creates a 3x2 int matrix
<lang csharp> int[,] number_matrix = new int[3,2];</lang>
As with the previous examples you can also initialize the values of the array, the only difference being each row in the matrix must be enclosed in its own braces.
<lang csharp> string[,] string_matrix = { {"I","swam"}, {"in","the"}, {"freezing","water"} };</lang>
or
<lang csharp> string[,] funny_matrix = new string[2,2]{ {"clowns", "are"} , {"not", "funny"} };</lang>
<lang csharp>int[] array = new int[10];
array[0] = 1;
array[1] = 3;
Console.WriteLine(array[0]);</lang>
Dynamic
<lang csharp>using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
List<int> list = new List<int>();
list.Add(1);
list.Add(3);
list[0] = 2;
Console.WriteLine(list[0]);</lang>
C++
C++ supports several types of array, depending on whether or not the size is known at compile time, and whether the array must be fixed-size or can grow.
std::array<T, N> is a fixed-size array of T objects.
The size (N) must be known at compile time.
It wraps a C array, and provides additional functionality and safety.
Depending on how it is used, it may be dynamically allocated on the stack as needed, placed in read-only program memory at load time, or possibly may only exist during compilation and get optimized away, among other possibilities.
std::vector<T> is a resizable array of T objects.
The memory for the array will be allocated from the heap (unless a custom allocator is used).
<lang cpp>#include <array>
- include <vector>
// These headers are only needed for the demonstration
- include <algorithm>
- include <iostream>
- include <iterator>
- include <string>
// This is a template function that works for any array-like object
template <typename Array>
void demonstrate(Array& array)
{
// Array element access
array[2] = "Three"; // Fast, but unsafe - if the index is out of bounds you
// get undefined behaviour
array.at(1) = "Two"; // *Slightly* less fast, but safe - if the index is out
// of bounds, an exception is thrown
// Arrays can be used with standard algorithms
std::reverse(begin(array), end(array));
std::for_each(begin(array), end(array),
[](typename Array::value_type const& element) // in C++14, you can just use auto
{
std::cout << element << ' ';
});
std::cout << '\n';
}
int main()
{
// Compile-time sized fixed-size array
auto fixed_size_array = std::array<std::string, 3>{ "One", "Four", "Eight" };
// If you do not supply enough elements, the remainder are default-initialized
// Dynamic array
auto dynamic_array = std::vector<std::string>{ "One", "Four" };
dynamic_array.push_back("Eight"); // Dynamically grows to accept new element
// All types of arrays can be used more or less interchangeably
demonstrate(fixed_size_array);
demonstrate(dynamic_array);
}</lang>
Ceylon
<lang ceylon>import ceylon.collection {
ArrayList
}
shared void run() {
// you can get an array from the Array.ofSize named constructor
value array = Array.ofSize(10, "hello");
value a = array[3];
print(a);
array[4] = "goodbye";
print(array);
// for a dynamic list import ceylon.collection in your module.ceylon file
value list = ArrayList<String>();
list.push("hello");
list.push("hello again");
print(list);
}</lang>
ChucK
<lang c>
int array[0]; // instantiate int array
array << 1; // append item
array << 2 << 3; // append items
4 => array[3]; // assign element(4) to index(3)
5 => array.size; // resize
array.clear(); // clear elements
<<<array.size()>>>; // print in cosole array size
[1,2,3,4,5,6,7] @=> array;
array.popBack(); // Pop last element
</lang>
Clean
Array denotations are overloaded in Clean, therefore we explicitly specify the types. There are lazy, strict, and unboxed array.
Lazy array
Create a lazy array of strings using an array denotation.
<lang clean>array :: {String}
array = {"Hello", "World"}</lang>
Create a lazy array of floating point values by sharing a single element.
<lang clean>array :: {Real}
array = createArray 10 3.1415</lang>
Create a lazy array of integers using an array (and also a list) comprehension.
<lang clean>array :: {Int}
array = {x \\ x <- [1 .. 10]}</lang>
Strict array
Create a strict array of integers.
<lang clean>array :: {!Int}
array = {x \\ x <- [1 .. 10]}</lang>
Unboxed array
Create an unboxed array of characters, also known as String.
<lang clean>array :: {#Char}
array = {x \\ x <- ['a' .. 'z']}</lang>
Clipper
Clipper arrays aren't divided to fixed-length and dynamic. Even if we declare it with a certain dimensions, it can be resized in the same way as it was created dynamically. The first position in an array is 1, not 0, as in some other languages.
<lang visualfoxpro> // Declare and initialize two-dimensional array
Local arr1 := { { "NITEM","N",10,0 }, { "CONTENT","C",60,0} }
// Create an empty array
Local arr2 := {}
// Declare three-dimensional array
Local arr3[2,100,3]
// Create an array
Local arr4 := Array(50)
// Array can be dynamically resized:
arr4 := ASize( arr4, 80 )</lang>
Items, including nested arrays, can be added to existing array, deleted from it, assigned to it
<lang visualfoxpro>// Adding new item to array, its size is incremented
Aadd( arr1, { "LBASE","L",1,0 } )
// Delete the first item of arr3, The size of arr3 remains the same, all items are shifted to one position, the last item is replaced by Nil:
ADel( arr1, 1 )
// Assigning a value to array item
arr3[1,1,1] := 11.4</lang>
Retrieve items of an array:
<lang visualfoxpro> x := arr3[1,10,2]
// The retrieved item can be nested array, in this case it isn't copied, the pointer to it is assigned
</lang>
There is a set of functions to manage arrays in Clipper, including the following:
<lang visualfoxpro>// Fill the 20 items of array with 0, starting from 5-th item:
AFill( arr4, 0, 5, 20 )
//Copy 10 items from arr4 to arr3[2], starting from the first position:
ACopy( arr4, arr3[2], 1, 10 )
//Duplicate the whole or nested array:
arr5 := AClone( arr1 )
arr6 := AClone( arr1[3] )</lang>
Clojure
<lang Clojure>;clojure is a language built with immutable/persistent data structures. there is no concept of changing what a vector/list
- is, instead clojure creates a new array with an added value using (conj...)
- in the example below the my-list does not change.
user=> (def my-list (list 1 2 3 4 5))
user=> my-list
(1 2 3 4 5)
user=> (first my-list)
1
user=> (nth my-list 3)
4
user=> (conj my-list 100) ;adding to a list always adds to the head of the list
(100 1 2 3 4 5)
user=> my-list ;it is impossible to change the list pointed to by my-list
(1 2 3 4 5)
user=> (def my-new-list (conj my-list 100))
user=> my-new-list
(100 1 2 3 4 5)
user=> (cons 200 my-new-list) ;(cons makes a new list, (conj will make a new object of the same type as the one it is given
(200 100 1 2 3 4 5)
user=> (def my-vec [1 2 3 4 5 6])
user=> (conj my-vec 300) ;adding to a vector always adds to the end of the vector
[1 2 3 4 5 6 300]</lang>
COBOL
In COBOL, arrays are called tables. Also, indexes begin from 1.
<lang cobol> IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
PROGRAM-ID. arrays.
DATA DIVISION.
WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.
01 fixed-length-table.
03 fixed-table-elt PIC X OCCURS 5 TIMES.
01 table-length PIC 9(5) VALUE 1.
01 variable-length-table.
03 variable-table-elt PIC X OCCURS 1 TO 5 TIMES
DEPENDING ON table-length.
01 initial-value-area.
03 initial-values.
05 FILLER PIC X(10) VALUE "One".
05 FILLER PIC X(10) VALUE "Two".
05 FILLER PIC X(10) VALUE "Three".
03 initial-value-table REDEFINES initial-values.
05 initial-table-elt PIC X(10) OCCURS 3 TIMES.
01 indexed-table.
03 indexed-elt PIC X OCCURS 5 TIMES
INDEXED BY table-index.
PROCEDURE DIVISION.
*> Assigning the contents of an entire table.
MOVE "12345" TO fixed-length-table
*> Indexing an array (using an index)
MOVE 1 TO table-index
MOVE "1" TO indexed-elt (table-index)
*> Pushing a value into a variable-length table.
ADD 1 TO table-length
MOVE "1" TO variable-table-elt (2)
GOBACK
.</lang>
CoffeeScript
<lang coffeescript>array1 = []
array1[0] = "Dillenidae"
array1[1] = "animus"
array1[2] = "Kona"
alert "Elements of array1: " + array1 # Dillenidae,animus,Kona
array2 = ["Cepphus", "excreta", "Gansu"]
alert "Value of array2[1]: " + array2[1] # excreta</lang>
ColdFusion
Creating a one-dimensional Array:
<lang cfm><cfset arr1 = ArrayNew(1)></lang>
Creating a two-dimensional Array in CFScript:
<lang cfm><cfscript>
arr2 = ArrayNew(2);
</cfscript></lang>
ColdFusion Arrays are NOT zero-based, they begin at index 1
Common Lisp
<lang lisp>(let ((array (make-array 10)))
(setf (aref array 0) 1
(aref array 1) 3)
(print array))</lang>
Dynamic
<lang lisp>(let ((array (make-array 0 :adjustable t :fill-pointer 0)))
(vector-push-extend 1 array)
(vector-push-extend 3 array)
(setf (aref array 0) 2)
(print array))</lang>
Creates a one-dimensional array of length 10. The initial contents are undefined.
<lang lisp>(make-array 10)</lang>
Creates a two-dimensional array with dimensions 10x20.
<lang lisp>(make-array '(10 20))</lang>
make-array may be called with a number of optional arguments.
<lang lisp>; Makes an array of 20 objects initialized to nil
(make-array 20 :initial-element nil)
- Makes an integer array of 4 elements containing 1 2 3 and 4 initially which can be resized
(make-array 4 :element-type 'integer :initial-contents '(1 2 3 4) :adjustable t)</lang>
Component Pascal
An arrays in Component Pascal are started from zero index.
<lang oberon2>
MODULE TestArray;
(* Implemented in BlackBox Component Builder *)
IMPORT Out;
(* Static array *)
PROCEDURE DoOneDim*;
CONST M = 5;
VAR a: ARRAY M OF INTEGER;
BEGIN
a[0] := 100; (* set first element's value of array a to 100 *)
a[M-1] := -100; (* set M-th element's value of array a to -100 *)
Out.Int(a[0], 0); Out.Ln;
Out.Int(a[M-1], 0); Out.Ln;
END DoOneDim;
PROCEDURE DoTwoDim*;
VAR b: ARRAY 5, 4 OF INTEGER;
BEGIN
b[1, 2] := 100; (* second row, third column element *)
b[4, 3] := -100; (* fifth row, fourth column element *)
Out.Int(b[1, 2], 0); Out.Ln;
Out.Int(b[4, 3], 0); Out.Ln;
END DoTwoDim;
END TestArray.</lang>
Computer/zero Assembly
An array is simply a sequence of memory addresses. If we have an array beginning at address ary, we can access element (zero-indexed) using an instruction of the form LDA ary+n (or STA ary+n, ADD ary+n, SUB ary+n). Generating this instruction will often involve the use of self-modifying code: we start with an instruction like LDA ary, add to it, store it back, and execute it.
It is often convenient to be able to iterate through an array—which means knowing where the array ends. There are two easy ways to do this: fixed-length arrays and zero-terminated arrays. As an illustration, we shall find the sum of an array of the first ten positive integers using each technique.
Fixed-length array
We have finished iterating through the array when the next load instruction would be LDA ary+length(ary).
<lang czasm>load: LDA ary
ADD sum
STA sum
LDA load
ADD one
STA load
SUB end
BRZ done
JMP load
done: LDA sum
STP
one: 1
end: LDA ary+10
sum: 0
ary: 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10</lang>
Zero-terminated array
<lang czasm>load: LDA ary
BRZ done
ADD sum
STA sum
LDA load
ADD one
STA load
JMP load
done: LDA sum
STP
one: 1
sum: 0
ary: 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0</lang>
Crystal
<lang crystal>
- create an array with one object in it
a = ["foo"]
- Empty array literals always need a type specification:
[] of Int32 # => Array(Int32).new
- The array's generic type argument T is inferred from the types of the elements inside the literal. When all elements of the array have the same type, T equals to that. Otherwise it will be a union of all element types.
[1, 2, 3] # => Array(Int32)
[1, "hello", 'x'] # => Array(Int32 | String | Char)
- An explicit type can be specified by immediately following the closing bracket with of and a type, each separated by whitespace. This overwrites the inferred type and can be used for example to create an array that holds only some types initially but can accept other types later.
array_of_numbers = [1, 2, 3] of Float64 | Int32 # => Array(Float64 | Int32)
array_of_numbers << 0.5 # => [1, 2, 3, 0.5]
array_of_int_or_string = [1, 2, 3] of Int32 | String # => Array(Int32 | String)
array_of_int_or_string << "foo" # => [1, 2, 3, "foo"]
- percent array literals
%w(one two three) # => ["one", "two", "three"]
%i(one two three) # => [:one, :two, :three]
</lang>
D
<lang d>// All D arrays are capable of bounds checks.
import std.stdio, core.stdc.stdlib;
import std.container: Array;
void main() {
// GC-managed heap allocated dynamic array:
auto array1 = new int[1];
array1[0] = 1;
array1 ~= 3; // append a second item
// array1[10] = 4; // run-time error
writeln("A) Element 0: ", array1[0]);
writeln("A) Element 1: ", array1[1]);
// Stack-allocated fixed-size array:
int[5] array2;
array2[0] = 1;
array2[1] = 3;
// array2[2] = 4; // compile-time error
writeln("B) Element 0: ", array2[0]);
writeln("B) Element 1: ", array2[1]);
// Stack-allocated dynamic fixed-sized array,
// length known only at run-time:
int n = 2;
int[] array3 = (cast(int*)alloca(n * int.sizeof))[0 .. n];
array3[0] = 1;
array3[1] = 3;
// array3[10] = 4; // run-time error
writeln("C) Element 0: ", array3[0]);
writeln("C) Element 1: ", array3[1]);
// Phobos-defined heap allocated not GC-managed array:
Array!int array4;
array4.length = 2;
array4[0] = 1;
array4[1] = 3;
// array4[10] = 4; // run-time exception
writeln("D) Element 0: ", array4[0]);
writeln("D) Element 1: ", array4[1]);
}</lang>
- Output:
A) Element 0: 1
A) Element 1: 3
B) Element 0: 1
B) Element 1: 3
C) Element 0: 1
C) Element 1: 3
D) Element 0: 1
D) Element 1: 3
One more kind of built-in array:
<lang d>import std.stdio, core.simd;
void main() {
// Stack-allocated vector for SIMD registers:
ubyte16 vector5;
vector5.array[0] = 1;
vector5.array[1] = 3;
// vector5.array[17] = 4; // Compile-time error.
writeln("E) Element 0: ", vector5.array[0]);
writeln("E) Element 1: ", vector5.array[1]);
}</lang>
- Output:
E) Element 0: 1
E) Element 1: 3
Dao
<lang dao># use [] to create numeric arrays of int, float, double or complex types:
a = [ 1, 2, 3 ] # a vector
b = [ 1, 2; 3, 4 ] # a 2X2 matrix
- use {} to create normal arrays of any types:
c = { 1, 2, 'abc' }
d = a[1]
e = b[0,1] # first row, second column
f = c[1]</lang>
Dart
<lang javascript>
main(){
// Dart uses Lists which dynamically resize by default
final growable = [ 1, 2, 3 ];
// Add to the list using the add method
growable.add(4);
print('growable: $growable');
// You can pass an int to the constructor to create a fixed sized List
final fixed = List(3);
// We must assign each element individually using the Subscript operator
// using .add would through an error
fixed[0] = 'one';
fixed[1] = 'two';
fixed[2] = 'three';
print('fixed: $fixed');
// If we want to create a fixed list all at once we can use the of constructor
// Setting growable to false is what makes it fixed
final fixed2 = List.of( [ 1.5, 2.5, 3.5 ], growable: false);
print('fixed2: $fixed2');
// A potential gotcha involving the subscript operator [] might surprise JavaScripters
// One cannot add new elements to a List using the subscript operator
// We can only assign to existing elements, even if the List is growable
final gotcha = [ 1, 2 ];
// gotcha[2] = 3 would cause an error in Dart, but not in JavaScript
// We must first add the new element using .add
gotcha.add(3);
// Now we can modify the existing elements with the subscript
gotcha[2] = 4;
print('gotcha: $gotcha');
}
</lang>
- Output:
growable: [1, 2, 3, 4]
fixed: [one, two, three]
fixed2: [1.5, 2.5, 3.5]
gotcha: [1, 2, 4]
DBL
<lang DBL>;
- Arrays for DBL version 4 by Dario B.
.DEFINE NR,5
RECORD
VNUM1, 5D8 ;array of number
VNUM2, [5]D8 ;array of number
VNUM3, [5,2]D8 ;two-dimensional array of number
VALP1, 5A10 ;array of strings
VALP2, [5]A10 ;array of strings
VALP3, [5,2]A10 ;two-dimensional array of strings
VALP4, [NR]A10 ;array of strings
PROC
- ------------------------------------------------------------------
;Valid uses of arrays
VNUM1(1)=12345678
VNUM2(1)=VNUM1(1) ; = 12345678
VNUM2[2]=VNUM1(1) ; = 12345678
VNUM2[3]=VNUM2[1](3:2) ; = 34
VNUM3[1,1]=1
VNUM3[1,2]=2
VNUM3[2,1]=3
VALP1(1)="ABCDEFGHIJ"
VALP2(2)=VALP1(1) ; = "ABCDEFGHIJ"
VALP2[2]=VALP1(1) ; = "ABCDEFGHIJ"
VALP2[3](3:2)=VALP2[1](3:2) ; = " CD "
VALP3[1,1]="ABCDEFGHIJ"
VALP3[1,2]=VALP3[1,1] ;= "ABCDEFGHIJ"
VALP3[2,1](3:2)=VALP3[1,2](3:2) ;= " CD "
VALP4[1]="ABCDEFGHIJ"
;Clear arrays
CLEAR VNUM1(1:5*8),VNUM3(1:5*2*8)
VNUM2(1:5*8)=
CLEAR VALP1(1:5*8),VALP2(1:5*10)
VALP3(1:5*2*10)=</lang>
Delphi
This example creates a static and dynamic array, asks for a series of numbers storing them in the static one, puts in the dynamic one the numbers in reverse order, concatenates the number in two single string variables and display those strings in a popup window.
<lang delphi>
procedure TForm1.Button1Click(Sender: TObject);
var
StaticArray: array[1..10] of Integer; // static arrays can start at any index
DynamicArray: array of Integer; // dynamic arrays always start at 0
StaticArrayText,
DynamicArrayText: string;
ixS, ixD: Integer;
begin
// Setting the length of the dynamic array the same as the static one
SetLength(DynamicArray, Length(StaticArray));
// Asking random numbers storing into the static array
for ixS := Low(StaticArray) to High(StaticArray) do
begin
StaticArray[ixS] := StrToInt(
InputBox('Random number',
'Enter a random number for position',
IntToStr(ixS)));
end;
// Storing entered numbers of the static array in reverse order into the dynamic
ixD := High(DynamicArray);
for ixS := Low(StaticArray) to High(StaticArray) do
begin
DynamicArray[ixD] := StaticArray[ixS];
Dec(ixD);
end;
// Concatenating the static and dynamic array into a single string variable
StaticArrayText := ;
for ixS := Low(StaticArray) to High(StaticArray) do
StaticArrayText := StaticArrayText + IntToStr(StaticArray[ixS]);
DynamicArrayText := ;
for ixD := Low(DynamicArray) to High(DynamicArray) do
DynamicArrayText := DynamicArrayText + IntToStr(DynamicArray[ixD]);
end;
// Displaying both arrays (#13#10 = Carriage Return/Line Feed)
ShowMessage(StaticArrayText + #13#10 + DynamicArrayText);
end;</lang>
Dragon
<lang dragon>array = newarray(3) //optionally, replace "newarray(5)" with a brackets list of values like "[1, 2, 3]"
array[0] = 42
showln array[2] </lang>
DWScript
<lang delphi>
// dynamic array, extensible, this a reference type
var d : array of Integer;
d.Add(1); // has various methods to add, delete, etc.
d.Add(2, 3);
// read and write elements by index
item := d[5];
d[6] := item+1;
// static, fixed-size array, arbitrary lower-bound, this is a value type
var s : array [2..4] of Integer;
// inline array constructor, works for both static and dynamic arrays
s := [1, 2, 3];
</lang>
Dyalect
<lang dyalect>//Dyalect supports dynamic arrays
var empty = []
var xs = [1, 2, 3]
//Add elements to an array
empty.Add(0)
empty.AddRange(xs)
//Access array elements
var x = xs[2]
xs[2] = x * x</lang>
Déjà Vu
In Déjà Vu, the relevant datatype is called list, which is basically a stack with random element access for getting and setting values.
<lang dejavu>#create a new list
local :l []
- add something to it
push-to l "Hi"
- add something else to it
push-to l "Boo"
- the list could also have been built up this way:
local :l2 [ "Hi" "Boo" ]
- this prints 2
!print len l
- this prints Hi
!print get-from l 0
- this prints Boo
!print pop-from l
</lang>
E
E's collection library emphasizes providing both mutable and immutable collections. The relevant array-like types are ConstList and FlexList.
Literal lists are ConstLists.
<lang e>? def empty := []
- value: []
? def numbers := [1,2,3,4,5]
- value: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
? numbers.with(6)
- value: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
? numbers + [4,3,2,1]
- value: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1]</lang>
Note that each of these operations returns a different list object rather than modifying the original. You can, for example, collect values:
<lang e>? var numbers := []
- value: []
? numbers := numbers.with(1)
- value: [1]
? numbers with= 2 # shorthand for same
- value: [1, 2]</lang>
FlexLists can be created explicitly, but are typically created by diverging another list. A ConstList can be gotten from a FlexList by snapshot.
<lang e>? def flex := numbers.diverge()
- value: [1, 2].diverge()
? flex.push(-3)
? flex
- value: [1, 2, -3].diverge()
? numbers
- value: [1, 2]
? flex.snapshot()
- value: [1, 2, -3]</lang>
Creating a FlexList with a specific size, generic initial data, and a type restriction:
<lang e>([0] * 100).diverge(int) # contains 100 zeroes, can only contain integers</lang>
Note that this puts the same value in every element; if you want a collection of some distinct mutable objects, see N distinct objects#E.
In accordance with its guarantees of determinism, you can never have an uninitialized FlexList in E.
EasyLang
<lang>len f[] 3
for i range len f[]
f[i] = i
.
f[] &= 3
for i range len f[]
print f[i]
.</lang>
EGL
Arrays in EGL are 1-based, so the first element of an array is placed in element [1].
Fixed-length array
<lang EGL>
array int[10]; //optionally, add a braced list of values. E.g. array int[10]{1, 2, 3};
array[1] = 42;
SysLib.writeStdout(array[1]);
</lang>
- Output:
42
Dynamic array
array int[0]; // Array declared without elements.
array.appendElement(11); // Add an element to the array and provide a value at the samen time.
array.appendElement(new int{}); // Add an element with the correct type, but without a value.
array[2] = 18; // Set the value of the added element.
SysLib.writeStdout(array[1]);
SysLib.writeStdout(array[2]);
- Output:
11
18
Eiffel
<lang eiffel>
class
APPLICATION
inherit
ARGUMENTS
create
make
feature {NONE} -- Initialization
make
-- Run application.
do
-- initialize the array, index starts at 1 (not zero) and prefill everything with the letter z
create my_static_array.make_filled ("z", 1, 50)
my_static_array.put ("a", 1)
my_static_array.put ("b", 2)
my_static_array [3] := "c"
-- access to array fields
print (my_static_array.at(1) + "%N")
print (my_static_array.at(2) + "%N")
print (my_static_array [3] + "%N")
-- in Eiffel static arrays can be resized in three ways
my_static_array.force ("c", 51) -- forces 'c' in position 51 and resizes the array to that size (now 51 places)
my_static_array.automatic_grow -- adds 50% more indices (having now 76 places)
my_static_array.grow (100) -- resizes the array to 100 places
end
my_static_array: ARRAY [STRING]
end
</lang>
Elena
ELENA 5.0:
Static array
<lang elena> var staticArray := new int[]{1, 2, 3};</lang>
Generic array
<lang elena> var array := system'Array.allocate:3;
array[0] := 1;
array[1] := 2;
array[2] := 3;</lang>
Stack allocated array
<lang elena> int stackAllocatedArray[3];
stackAllocatedArray[0] := 1;
stackAllocatedArray[1] := 2;
stackAllocatedArray[2] := 3;</lang>
Dynamic array
<lang elena> var dynamicArray := new system'collections'ArrayList();
dynamicArray.append:1;
dynamicArray.append:2;
dynamicArray.append:4;
dynamicArray[2] := 3;</lang>
Printing an element
<lang elena> system'console.writeLine(array[0]);
system'console.writeLine(stackAllocatedArray[1]);
system'console.writeLine(dynamicArray[2]);</lang>
Elixir
The elixir language has array-like structures called tuples. The values of tuples occur sequentially in memory, and can be of any type. Tuples are represented with curly braces:
<lang elixir>ret = {:ok, "fun", 3.1415}</lang>
Elements of tuples are indexed numerically, starting with zero.
<lang elixir>elem(ret, 1) == "fun"
elem(ret, 0) == :ok
put_elem(ret, 2, "pi") # => {:ok, "fun", "pi"}
ret == {:ok, "fun", 3.1415}</lang>
Elements can be appended to tuples with Tuple.append/2, which returns a new tuple, without having modified the tuple given as an argument.
<lang elixir>Tuple.append(ret, 3.1415) # => {:ok, "fun", "pie", 3.1415}</lang>
New tuple elements can be inserted with Tuple.insert/3, which returns a new tuple with the given value inserted at the indicated position in the tuple argument.
<lang elixir>Tuple.insert_at(ret, 1, "new stuff") # => {:ok, "new stuff", "fun", "pie"}</lang>
Elixir also has structures called lists, which can contain values of any type, and are implemented as linked lists. Lists are represented with square brackets:
<lang elixir>[ 1, 2, 3 ]</lang>
Lists can be indexed, appended, added, subtracted, and list elements can be replaced, updated, and deleted. In all cases, new lists are returned without affecting the list being operated on.
<lang elixir>my_list = [1, :two, "three"]
my_list ++ [4, :five] # => [1, :two, "three", 4, :five]
List.insert_at(my_list, 0, :cool) # => [:cool, 1, :two, "three"]
List.replace_at(my_list, 1, :cool) # => [1, :cool, "three"]
List.delete(my_list, :two) # => [1, "three"]
my_list -- ["three", 1] # => [:two]
my_list # => [1, :two, "three"]</lang>
Lists have a head, being the first element, and a tail, which are all the elements of the list following the head.
<lang elixir>iex(1)> fruit = [:apple, :banana, :cherry]
[:apple, :banana, :cherry]
iex(2)> hd(fruit)
- apple
iex(3)> tl(fruit)
[:banana, :cherry]
iex(4)> hd(fruit) == :apple
true
iex(5)> tl(fruit) == [:banana, :cherry]
true</lang>
Erlang
<lang erlang>
%% Create a fixed-size array with entries 0-9 set to 'undefined'
A0 = array:new(10).
10 = array:size(A0).
%% Create an extendible array and set entry 17 to 'true',
%% causing the array to grow automatically
A1 = array:set(17, true, array:new()).
18 = array:size(A1).
%% Read back a stored value
true = array:get(17, A1).
%% Accessing an unset entry returns the default value
undefined = array:get(3, A1).
%% Accessing an entry beyond the last set entry also returns the
%% default value, if the array does not have fixed size
undefined = array:get(18, A1).
%% "sparse" functions ignore default-valued entries
A2 = array:set(4, false, A1).
[{4, false}, {17, true}] = array:sparse_to_orddict(A2).
%% An extendible array can be made fixed-size later
A3 = array:fix(A2).
%% A fixed-size array does not grow automatically and does not
%% allow accesses beyond the last set entry
{'EXIT',{badarg,_}} = (catch array:set(18, true, A3)).
{'EXIT',{badarg,_}} = (catch array:get(18, A3)).
</lang>
ERRE
To declare array variables (with their associated type):
DIM A%[100] ! integer array
DIM S$[50] ! string array
DIM R[50] ! real array
DIM R#[70] ! long real array
Index starts from 0: you can start from 1 by using a pragma directive
!$BASE=1
Subscripts can be a constant like:
CONST MX=100
.......
DIM A%[MX]
ERRE arrays are static (known at compile-time) but you can declare dynamic arrays (subscripts depends from a user' input):
!$DYNAMIC
DIM A%[0] ! dummy declaration
.......
BEGIN
INPUT(NUM)
!$DIM A%[NUM]
.......
You can also redimensioning arrays with ERASE clause:
!$RCODE="ERASE A%"
INPUT(NUM2)
!$DIM A%[NUM2]
Unfortunately there is no PRESERVE clause, so after an ERASE all array values are lost.
Values can be assigned to an array by a DATA..READ statements, by an INPUT or by normal assignment:
DATA(0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10)
FOR I%=0 TO 10 DO
READ(A%[I%])
END FOR
It's possible to assign an array to another (same type and dimensions) with
B%[]=A%[]
Arrays are global object in an ERRE module: in the next revision there will be a LOCAL DIM
statement for "local arrays".
Euphoria
<lang Euphoria>
--Arrays task for Rosetta Code wiki
--User:Lnettnay
atom dummy
--Arrays are sequences
-- single dimensioned array of 10 elements
sequence xarray = repeat(0,10)
xarray[5] = 5
dummy = xarray[5]
? dummy
--2 dimensional array
--5 sequences of 10 elements each
sequence xyarray = repeat(repeat(0,10),5)
xyarray[3][6] = 12
dummy = xyarray[3][6]
? dummy
--dynamic array use (all sequences can be modified at any time)
sequence dynarray = {}
for x = 1 to 10 do
dynarray = append(dynarray, x * x)
end for
? dynarray
for x = 1 to 10 do
dynarray = prepend(dynarray, x)
end for
? dynarray
</lang>
- Output:
5
12
{1,4,9,16,25,36,49,64,81,100}
{10,9,8,7,6,5,4,3,2,1,1,4,9,16,25,36,49,64,81,100}
Explore
The Scratch solution, which requires making an array named "array" first, works, unmodified:
https://i.ibb.co/Hp6dLXX/Arrays-in-Explore-using-the-Scratch-solution.png
This example uses a special block located in the Strings category, and outputs the results of the repeating of the string to a "say" block, and additionally starts when the flag is activated:
https://i.ibb.co/QN4ys6k/Arrays-in-Explore-using-a-special-block.png
F#
Fixed-length arrays:
<lang fsharp>> Array.create 6 'A';;
val it : char [] = [|'A'; 'A'; 'A'; 'A'; 'A'; 'A'|]
> Array.init 8 (fun i -> i * 10) ;;
val it : int [] = [|0; 10; 20; 30; 40; 50; 60; 70|]
> let arr = [|0; 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6 |] ;;
val arr : int [] = [|0; 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6|]
> arr.[4];;
val it : int = 4
> arr.[4] <- 65 ;;
val it : unit = ()
> arr;;
val it : int [] = [|0; 1; 2; 3; 65; 5; 6|]</lang>
Dynamic arrays:
If dynamic arrays are needed, it is possible to use the .NET class System.Collections.Generic.List<'T> which is aliased as Microsoft.FSharp.Collections.ResizeArray<'T>:
<lang fsharp>> let arr = new ResizeArray<int>();;
val arr : ResizeArray<int>
> arr.Add(42);;
val it : unit = ()
> arr.[0];;
val it : int = 42
> arr.[0] <- 13;;
val it : unit = ()
> arr.[0];;
val it : int = 13
> arr.[1];;
> System.ArgumentOutOfRangeException: Index was out of range. Must be non-negative and less than the size of the collection.
Parameter name: index ...
> arr;;
val it : ResizeArray<int> = seq [13]</lang>
Factor
(cleave applies all the quotations to the initial argument (the array))
This demonstrates array litterals and writing/reading to the array
Directly in the listener :
<lang factor>{ 1 2 3 }
{
[ "The initial array: " write . ]
[ [ 42 1 ] dip set-nth ]
[ "Modified array: " write . ]
[ "The element we modified: " write [ 1 ] dip nth . ]
} cleave</lang>
The initial array: { 1 2 3 }
Modified array: { 1 42 3 }
The element we modified: 42
Arrays of arbitrary length can be created with the <array> word :
( scratchpad - auto ) 10 42 <array> .
{ 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 }
Arrays can contain different types :
{ 1 "coucou" f [ ] }
Arrays of growable length are called Vectors.
<lang factor>V{ 1 2 3 }
{
[ "The initial vector: " write . ]
[ [ 42 ] dip push ]
[ "Modified vector: " write . ]
} cleave</lang>
The initial vector: V{ 1 2 3 }
Modified vector: V{ 1 2 3 42 }
Vectors can also be used with set-nth and nth.
( scratchpad - auto ) V{ } [ [ 5 5 ] dip set-nth ] [ . ] bi
V{ 0 0 0 0 0 5 }
FBSL
Various types of FBSL's BASIC arrays are listed below:
#APPTYPE CONSOLE
DIM v[-1 TO 1] AS VARIANT ' static Variant
v[-1] = -1
v[0] = "zero"
v[1] = !1.0
FOR EACH DIM e IN v
- PRINT e, " ";
NEXT
PRINT
DIM i[-1 TO 1] AS INTEGER ' static strong-type Integer/Quad/Single/Double/String
i[-1] = -1
i[0] = "zero"
i[1] = !1
FOR EACH e IN i
- PRINT e, " ";
NEXT
PRINT
DIM d[] AS INTEGER ' dynamic growable strong-type Integer/Quad/Single/Double/String
d[] = -1
d[] = "zero"
d[] = !1
FOR EACH e IN d
- PRINT e, " ";
NEXT
PRINT
DIM a[] AS VARIANT = {-1, "zero", !1} ' dynamic growable Variant w/ anonymous array initialization
FOR EACH e IN a
- PRINT e, " ";
NEXT
PRINT
FOR EACH e IN {-1, "zero", !1} ' anonymous Variant
- PRINT e, " ";
NEXT
PRINT
PAUSE
- Output:
-1 zero 1.000000
-1 0 1
-1 0 1
-1 zero 1.000000
-1 zero 1.000000
Press any key to continue...
FBSL's Dynamic C supports static and dynamic initialized arrays. Dynamic variable-length arrays are not currently supported.
Forth
Forth has a variety of ways to allocate arrays of data as contiguous blocks of memory, though it has no built-in array handling words, favoring pointer arithmetic.
For example, a static array of 10 cells in the dictionary, 5 initialized and 5 uninitialized:
<lang forth>create MyArray 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 5 cells allot
here constant MyArrayEnd
30 MyArray 7 cells + !
MyArray 7 cells + @ . \ 30
- .array MyArrayEnd MyArray do I @ . cell +loop ;</lang>
<lang forth>
- array ( n -- )
create
dup , \ remember size at offset 0
dup cells here swap 0 fill \ fill cells with zero
cells allot \ allocate memory
does> ( i addr -- )
swap 1+ cells + ; \ hide offset=0 to index [0..n-1]
- [size] -1 ;
10 array MyArray
30 7 MyArray !
7 MyArray @ . \ 30
- 5fillMyArray 5 0 do I I MyArray ! loop ;
- .MyArray [size] MyArray @ 0 do I MyArray @ . loop ;
.MyArray \ 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 0 0 0
5fillMyArray
.MyArray \ 1 2 3 4 5 0 30 0 0 0
</lang>
<lang forth>
- array create dup , dup cells here swap 0 fill cells allot ;
- [size] @ ;
- [cell] 1+ cells + ; \ hide offset=0 to index [0..n-1]
10 array MyArray
30 MyArray 7 [cell] !
MyArray 7 [cell] @ . \ 30
- 5fillMyArray 5 0 do I MyArray I [cell] ! loop ;
- .MyArray MyArray [size] 0 do MyArray I [cell] @ . loop ;
.MyArray \ 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 0 0 0
5fillMyArray
.MyArray \ 1 2 3 4 5 0 30 0 0 0
</lang>
Fortran
Basic array declaration:
<lang fortran>integer a (10)</lang>
<lang fortran>integer :: a (10)</lang>
<lang fortran>integer, dimension (10) :: a</lang>
Arrays are one-based. These declarations are equivalent:
<lang fortran>integer, dimension (10) :: a</lang>
<lang fortran>integer, dimension (1 : 10) :: a</lang>
Other bases can be used:
<lang fortran>integer, dimension (0 : 9) :: a</lang>
Arrays can have any type (intrinsic or user-defined), e.g.:
<lang fortran>real, dimension (10) :: a</lang>
<lang fortran>type (my_type), dimension (10) :: a</lang>
Multidimensional array declaration:
<lang fortran>integer, dimension (10, 10) :: a</lang>
<lang fortran>integer, dimension (10, 10, 10) :: a</lang>
Allocatable array declaration:
<lang fortran>integer, dimension (:), allocatable :: a</lang>
<lang fortran>integer, dimension (:, :), allocatable :: a</lang>
Array allocation:
<lang fortran>allocate (a (10))</lang>
<lang fortran>allocate (a (10, 10))</lang>
Array deallocation:
<lang fortran>deallocate (a)</lang>
Array initialisation:
<lang fortran>integer, dimension (10) :: a = (/1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10/)</lang>
<lang fortran>integer :: i
integer, dimension (10) :: a = (/(i * i, i = 1, 10)/)</lang>
<lang fortran>integer, dimension (10) :: a = 0</lang>
<lang fortran>integer :: i
integer, dimension (10, 10) :: a = reshape ((/(i * i, i = 1, 100)/), (/10, 10/))</lang>
Constant array declaration:
<lang fortran>integer :: i
integer, dimension (10), parameter :: a = (/(i * i, i = 1, 10)/)</lang>
Element assignment:
<lang fortran>a (1) = 1</lang>
<lang fortran>a (1, 1) = 1</lang>
Array assignment (note that since Fortran 2003 array assignment also allocates or reallocates if necessary):
<lang fortran>a = (/1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10/)</lang>
<lang fortran>a = (/(i * i, i = 1, 10)/)</lang>
<lang fortran>a = reshape ((/(i * i, i = 1, 100)/), (/10, 10/))</lang>
<lang fortran>a = 0</lang>
Array section assignment:
<lang fortran>a (:) = (/1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10/)</lang>
<lang fortran>a (1 : 5) = (/1, 2, 3, 4, 5/)</lang>
<lang fortran>a (: 5) = (/1, 2, 3, 4, 5/)</lang>
<lang fortran>a (6 :) = (/1, 2, 3, 4, 5/)</lang>
<lang fortran>a (1 : 5) = (/(i * i, i = 1, 10)/)</lang>
<lang fortran>a (1 : 5)= 0</lang>
<lang fortran>a (1, :)= (/(i * i, i = 1, 10)/)</lang>
<lang fortran>a (1 : 5, 1)= (/(i * i, i = 1, 5)/)</lang>
Element retrieval:
<lang fortran>i = a (1)</lang>
Array section retrieval:
<lang fortran>a = b (1 : 10)</lang>
Size retrieval:
<lang fortran>i = size (a)</lang>
Size along a single dimension retrieval:
<lang fortran>i = size (a, 1)</lang>
Bounds retrieval:
<lang fortran>i_min = lbound (a)</lang>
<lang fortran>i_max = ubound (a)</lang>
Bounds of a multidimensional array retrieval:
<lang fortran>a = ubound (b)</lang>
FreeBASIC
This info only applies for the default setting fb.
For the other modes [fblite, qb, deprecated] other keywords and restrictions apply.
Consult the FreeBASIC manual for those modes.
Parts of the info was taken from the FreeBASIC manual.
Arrays limits
Maximum Subscript Range [-2147483648, +2147483647] [*]
Maximum Elements per Dimension +2147483647 [*]
Minimum/Maximum Dimensions 1/9
Maximum Size (in bytes) +2147483647 [*]
[*] All runtime library array procedures take and produce Integer values for subscripts and indexes.
The actual limits will vary (smaller) with the number of dimensions, element size, storage location and/or platform.
Every Data Type that is allowed in FreeBASIC can be used for an array. (Integer, Double, String, UDT etc.)
Static Specifies static storage arrays; they are allocated at program startup and deallocated upon exit.
Shared makes module-level array's visible inside Subs and Functions.
Dim fixed length.
ReDim variable length.
Preserve can only be used With ReDim. If the array is resized, data is not reset but is preserved.
Erase statement to erase arrays, clear the elements.
Fixed length array are created in the stack Space, if this space is to small the compiler will issue a warning. "Array too large for stack, consider making it var-len or Shared"
You can make the array var-len by using Redim or use Dim Shared instead of Dim.
By default the bounds check is off, you can add the checks by adding the command line option -exx.(will slow the program down)
The default lower bound is always 0
<lang FreeBASIC>' compile with: FBC -s console.
' compile with: FBC -s console -exx to have boundary checks.
Dim As Integer a(5) ' from s(0) to s(5)
Dim As Integer num = 1
Dim As String s(-num To num) ' s1(-1), s1(0) and s1(1)
Static As UByte c(5) ' create a array with 6 elements (0 to 5)
'dimension array and initializing it with Data
Dim d(1 To 2, 1 To 5) As Integer => {{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}}
Print " The first dimension has a lower bound of"; LBound(d);_
" and a upper bound of"; UBound(d)
Print " The second dimension has a lower bound of"; LBound(d,2);_
" and a upper bound of"; UBound(d,2)
Print : Print
Dim Shared As UByte u(0 To 3) ' make a shared array of UByte with 4 elements
Dim As UInteger pow() ' make a variable length array
' you must Dim the array before you can use ReDim
ReDim pow(num) ' pow now has 1 element
pow(num) = 10 ' lets fill it with 10 and print it
Print " The value of pow(num) = "; pow(num)
ReDim pow(10) ' make pow a 10 element array
Print
Print " Pow now has"; UBound(pow) - LBound(pow) +1; " elements"
' the value of pow(num) is gone now
Print " The value of pow(num) = "; pow(num); ", should be 0"
Print
For i As Integer = LBound(pow) To UBound(pow)
pow(i) = i * i
Print pow(i),
Next
Print:Print
ReDim Preserve pow(3 To 7)
' the first five elements will be preserved, not elements 3 to 7
Print
Print " The lower bound is now"; LBound(pow);_
" and the upper bound is"; UBound(pow)
Print " Pow now has"; UBound(pow) - LBound(pow) +1; " elements"
Print
For i As Integer = LBound(pow) To UBound(pow)
Print pow(i),
Next
Print : Print
'erase the variable length array
Erase pow
Print " The lower bound is now"; LBound(pow);_
" and the upper bound is "; UBound(pow)
Print " If the lower bound is 0 and the upper bound is -1 it means,"
Print " that the array has no elements, it's completely removed"
Print : Print
'erase the fixed length array
Print " Display the contents of the array d"
For i As Integer = 1 To 2 : For j As Integer = 1 To 5
Print d(i,j);" ";
Next : Next : Print : Print
Erase d
Print " We have erased array d"
Print " The first dimension has a lower bound of"; LBound(d);_
" and a upper bound of"; UBound(d)
Print " The second dimension has a lower bound of"; LBound(d,2);_
" and a upper bound of"; UBound(d,2)
Print
For i As Integer = 1 To 2 : For j As Integer = 1 To 5
Print d(i,j);" ";
Next : Next
Print
Print " The elements self are left untouched but there content is set to 0"
' empty keyboard buffer
While InKey <> "" : Wend
Print : Print "hit any key to end program"
Sleep
End</lang>
- Output:
The first dimension has a lower bound of 1 and a upper bound of 2
The second dimension has a lower bound of 1 and a upper bound of 5
The value of pow(num) = 10
Pow now has 11 elements
The value of pow(num) = 0, should be 0
0 1 4 9 16
25 36 49 64 81
100
The lower bound is now 3 and the upper bound is 7
Pow now has 5 elements
0 1 4 9 16
The lower bound is now 0 and the upper bound is -1
If the lower bound is 0 and the upper bound is -1 it means,
that the array has no elements, it completely removed
Display the contents of the array d
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
We have erased array d
The first dimension has a lower bound of 1 and a upper bound of 2
The second dimension has a lower bound of 1 and a upper bound of 5
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
The elements self are left untouched but there content is set to 0
Frink
In Frink, all arrays are dynamically resizable. Arrays can be created as literals or using new array
<lang frink>
a = new array
a@0 = 10
a@1 = 20
println[a@1]
b = [1, 2, 3]
</lang>
Futhark
Multidimensional regular arrays are a built-in datatype in Futhark. They can be written as array literals:
<lang Futhark>
[1, 2, 3]
</lang>
Or created by an assortment of built-in functions:
<lang Futhark>
replicate 5 3 == [3,3,3,3,3]
iota 5 = [0,1,2,3,4]
</lang>
Uniqueness types are used to permit in-place updates without violating referential transparency. For example, we can write a function that writes an element to a specific index of an array as such:
<lang Futhark>
fun update(as: *[]int, i: int, x: int): []int =
let as[i] = x
in x
</lang>
Semantically the update function returns a new array, but the compiler is at liberty to re-use the memory where array as is stored, rather than create a copy as is normally needed in pure languages. Whenever the compiler encounters a call update(as,i,x), it checks that the as is not used again. This prevents the in-place update from being observable, except through the return value of modify.
Gambas
In Gambas, there is no need to dimension arrays. The first element of an array is numbered zero, and the DIM statement is optional and can be omitted:
<lang gambas>
DIM mynumbers AS INTEGER[]
myfruits AS STRING[]
mynumbers[0] = 1.5
mynumbers[1] = 2.3
myfruits[0] = "apple"
myfruits[1] = "banana"
</lang>
In Gambas, you DO need to dimension arrays. The first element of an array is numbered zero. The DIM statement is optional and can be omitted ONLY if defined as a Global variable.
Click this link to run this code
<lang gambas>Public Sub Main()
Dim sFixedArray As String[] = ["Rosetta", "code", "is", "a", "programming", "chrestomathy", "site"]
Dim sFixedArray1 As New String[10]
Dim iDynamicArray As New Integer[]
Dim siCount As Short
For siCount = 1 To 10
iDynamicArray.Add(siCount)
Next
sFixedArray1[5] = "Hello"
sFixedArray1[6] = " world!"
Print sFixedArray.Join(" ")
Print iDynamicArray[5]
Print sFixedArray1[5] & sFixedArray1[6]
End</lang>
Output:
Rosetta code is a programming chrestomathy site
6
Hello world!
GAP
<lang gap># Arrays are better called lists in GAP. Lists may have elements of mixed types, e$
v := [ 10, 7, "bob", true, [ "inner", 5 ] ];
- [ 10, 7, "bob", true, [ "inner", 5 ] ]
- List index runs from 1 to Size(v)
v[1];
- 10
v[0];
- error
v[5];
- [ "inner", 5 ]
v[6];
- error
- One can assign a value to an undefined element
v[6] := 100;
- Even if it's not after the last: a list may have undefined elements
v[10] := 1000;
v;
- [ 10, 7, "bob", true, [ "inner", 5 ], 100,,,, 1000 ]
- And one can check for defined values
IsBound(v[10]);
- true
IsBound(v[9]);
- false
- Size of the list
Size(v);
- 10
- Appending a list to the end of another
Append(v, [ 8, 9]);
v;
- [ 10, 7, "bob", true, [ "inner", 5 ], 100,,,, 1000, 8, 9 ]
- Adding an element at the end
Add(v, "added");
v;
- [ 10, 7, "bob", true, [ "inner", 5 ], 100,,,, 1000, 8, 9, "added" ]</lang>
Genie
<lang genie>[indent=4]
/*
Arrays, in Genie
valac --pkg=gee-0.8 arrays.gs
./arrays
- /
uses
Gee
init
/* allocate a fixed array */
var arr = new array of int[10]
/* initialized array of strings */
initialized:array of string = {"This", "is", "Genie"}
/* length is an array property */
stdout.printf("%d\n", arr.length)
/* read/write access via index */
arr[1] = 1
arr[9] = arr[1] + 8
stdout.printf("%d\n", arr[9])
print initialized[2]
/* Dynamic arrays are lists in Genie */
var dyn = new list of int
dyn.add(1)
dyn.add(8)
dyn.add(dyn[0]+dyn[1])
stdout.printf("dyn size: %d\n", dyn.size)
stdout.printf("dyn[2] : %d\n", dyn[2])</lang>
- Output:
prompt$ valac --pkg=gee-0.8 arrays.gs && ./arrays
10
9
Genie
dyn size: 3
dyn[2] : 9
GML
1-Dimensional Array Examples
Example of Fixed Length Array
Array containing a space (" "), "A", "B", and "C":
<lang GML>array[0] = ' '
array[1] = 'A'
array[2] = 'B'
array[3] = 'C'</lang>
Example of Arbitrary Length Array
Array containing the set of all natural numbers from 1 through k:
<lang GML>for(i = 0; i < k; i += 1)
array[i] = i + 1</lang>
2-Dimensional Array Examples
Example of Fixed Length Array
Array containing the multiplication table of 1 through 4 by 1 through 3:
<lang GML>array[1,1] = 1
array[1,2] = 2
array[1,3] = 3
array[1,4] = 4
array[2,1] = 2
array[2,2] = 4
array[2,3] = 6
array[2,4] = 8
array[3,1] = 3
array[3,2] = 6
array[3,3] = 9
array[3,4] = 12</lang>
Example of Arbitrary Length Array
Array containing the multiplication table of 1 through k by 1 through h:
<lang GML>for(i = 1; i <= k; i += 1)
for(j = 1; j <= h; j += 1)
array[i,j] = i * j</lang>
Go
<lang go>package main
import (
"fmt"
)
func main() {
// creates an array of five ints.
// specified length must be a compile-time constant expression.
// this allows compiler to do efficient bounds checking.
var a [5]int
// since length is compile-time constant, len() is a compile time constant
// and does not have the overhead of a function call.
fmt.Println("len(a) =", len(a))
// elements are always initialized to 0
fmt.Println("a =", a)
// assign a value to an element. indexing is 0 based.
a[0] = 3
fmt.Println("a =", a)
// retrieve element value with same syntax
fmt.Println("a[0] =", a[0])
// a slice references an underlying array
s := a[:4] // this does not allocate new array space.
fmt.Println("s =", s)
// slices have runtime established length and capacity, but len() and
// cap() are built in to the compiler and have overhead more like
// variable access than function call.
fmt.Println("len(s) =", len(s), " cap(s) =", cap(s))
// slices can be resliced, as long as there is space
// in the underlying array.
s = s[:5]
fmt.Println("s =", s)
// s still based on a
a[0] = 22
fmt.Println("a =", a)
fmt.Println("s =", s)
// append will automatically allocate a larger underlying array as needed.
s = append(s, 4, 5, 6)
fmt.Println("s =", s)
fmt.Println("len(s) =", len(s), " cap(s) =", cap(s))
// s no longer based on a
a[4] = -1
fmt.Println("a =", a)
fmt.Println("s =", s)
// make creates a slice and allocates a new underlying array
s = make([]int, 8)
fmt.Println("s =", s)
fmt.Println("len(s) =", len(s), " cap(s) =", cap(s))
// the cap()=10 array is no longer referenced
// and would be garbage collected eventually.
}</lang>
- Output:
len(a) = 5
a = [0 0 0 0 0]
a = [3 0 0 0 0]
a[0] = 3
s = [3 0 0 0]
len(s) = 4 cap(s) = 5
s = [3 0 0 0 0]
a = [22 0 0 0 0]
s = [22 0 0 0 0]
s = [22 0 0 0 0 4 5 6]
len(s) = 8 cap(s) = 10
a = [22 0 0 0 -1]
s = [22 0 0 0 0 4 5 6]
s = [0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0]
len(s) = 8 cap(s) = 8
Golfscript
In Golfscript, arrays are created writing their elements between []. Arrays can contain any kind of object. Once created, they are pushed on the stack, as any other object.
<lang golfscript>[1 2 3]:a; # numeric only array, assigned to a and then dropped
10,:a; # assign to a [0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9]
a 0= puts # pick element at index 0 (stack: 0)
a 10+puts # append 10 to the end of a
10 a+puts # prepend 10 to a</lang>
Append and prepend works for integers or arrays only, since only in these cases the result is coerced to an array.
Groovy
Arrays and lists are synonymous in Groovy. They can be initialized with a wide range of operations and Groovy enhancements to the Collection and List classes.
<lang groovy>def aa = [ 1, 25, 31, -3 ] // list
def a = [0] * 100 // list of 100 zeroes
def b = 1..9 // range notation
def c = (1..10).collect { 2.0**it } // each output element is 2**(corresponding invoking list element)
// There are no true "multi-dimensional" arrays in Groovy (as in most C-derived languages).
// Use lists of lists in natural ("row major") order as a stand in.
def d = (0..1).collect { i -> (1..5).collect { j -> 2**(5*i+j) as double } }
def e = [ [ 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 ],
[ 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0 ],
[ 9.0, 10.0, 11.0, 12.0 ],
[ 13.0, 14.0, 15.0, 16.0 ] ]
println aa
println b
println c
println()
d.each { print "["; it.each { elt -> printf "%7.1f ", elt }; println "]" }
println()
e.each { print "["; it.each { elt -> printf "%7.1f ", elt }; println "]" }</lang>
- Output:
[1, 25, 31, -3]
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
[2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512, 1024]
[ 2.0 4.0 8.0 16.0 32.0 ]
[ 64.0 128.0 256.0 512.0 1024.0 ]
[ 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 ]
[ 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 ]
[ 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 ]
[ 13.0 14.0 15.0 16.0 ]
Here is a more interesting example showing a function that creates and returns a square identity matrix of order N:
<lang groovy>def identity = { n ->
(1..n).collect { i -> (1..n).collect { j -> i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0 } }
}</lang>
Test program:
<lang groovy>def i2 = identity(2)
def i15 = identity(15)
i2.each { print "["; it.each { elt -> printf "%4.1f ", elt }; println "]" }
println()
i15.each { print "["; it.each { elt -> printf "%4.1f ", elt }; println "]" }</lang>
- Output:
[ 1.0 0.0 ]
[ 0.0 1.0 ]
[ 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ]
[ 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ]
[ 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ]
[ 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ]
[ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ]
[ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ]
[ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ]
[ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ]
[ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ]
[ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ]
[ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ]
[ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ]
[ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 ]
[ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 ]
[ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 ]
Groovy, like every other C-derived language in the known universe, uses ZERO-based array/list indexing.
<lang groovy>def strings = ['Mary', 'had', 'a', 'little', 'lamb', ". It's", 'fleece', 'was', 'white', 'as', 'snow']
println strings
strings[0] = 'Arthur'
strings[4] = 'towel'
strings[6] = 'stain'
strings[8] = 'ripe'
strings[10] = 'strawberries'
println strings</lang>
- Output:
["Mary", "had", "a", "little", "lamb", ". It's", "fleece", "was", "white", "as", "snow"]
["Arthur", "had", "a", "little", "towel", ". It's", "stain", "was", "ripe", "as", "strawberries"]
Negative indices are valid. They indicate indexing from the end of the list towards the start.
<lang groovy>println strings[-1]</lang>
- Output:
strawberries
Groovy lists can be resequenced and subsequenced by providing lists or ranges of indices in place of a single index.
<lang groovy>println strings[0, 7, 2, 3, 8]
println strings[0..4]
println strings[0..3, -5]</lang>
- Output:
["Arthur", "was", "a", "little", "ripe"]
["Arthur", "had", "a", "little", "towel"]
["Arthur", "had", "a", "little", "stain"]
GUISS
Graphical User Interface Support Script does not have variables or array storage of its own. However, it can make use of installed applications, so it is possible to utilize an installed spreadsheet application to create and manipulate arrays. Here we assume that a spreadsheet is installed and create an array containing three names:
<lang GUISS>Start,Programs,Lotus 123,Type:Bob[downarrow],Kat[downarrow],Sarah[downarrow]</lang>
GW-BASIC
"An array, once dimensioned, cannot be re-dimensioned within the program without first executing a CLEAR or ERASE statement."
(GW-BASIC User's Guide)
<lang qbasic>10 DATA 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
20 DIM A(9) ' Array with size 10 (9 is maximum subscript), all elements are set to 0
30 FOR I = 0 TO 9
40 READ A(I) ' Initialize by reading data
50 NEXT I
60 PRINT A(4) ' Get 4th element of array
70 A(4) = 400 ' Set 4th element of array
80 PRINT A(4)
</lang>
Halon
<lang halon>$array = [];
$array[] = 1;
$array["key"] = 3;
$array[0] = 2;
echo $array[0];
echo $array["key"];</lang>
Harbour
Harbour arrays aren't divided to fixed-length and dynamic. Even if we declare it with a certain dimensions, it can be resized in the same way as it was created dynamically. The first position in an array is 1, not 0, as in some other languages.
<lang visualfoxpro> // Declare and initialize two-dimensional array
local arr1 := { { "NITEM", "N", 10, 0 }, { "CONTENT", "C", 60, 0 } }
// Create an empty array
local arr2 := {}
// Declare three-dimensional array
local arr3[ 2, 100, 3 ]
// Create an array
local arr4 := Array( 50 )
// Array can be dynamically resized:
arr4 := ASize( arr4, 80 )</lang>
Items, including nested arrays, can be added to existing array, deleted from it, assigned to it
<lang visualfoxpro>// Adding new item to array, its size is incremented
AAdd( arr1, { "LBASE", "L", 1, 0 } )
// Delete the first item of arr3, The size of arr3 remains the same, all items are shifted to one position, the last item is replaced by Nil:
ADel( arr1, 1 )
// Assigning a value to array item
arr3[ 1, 1, 1 ] := 11.4</lang>
Retrieve items of an array:
<lang visualfoxpro> x := arr3[ 1, 10, 2 ]
// The retrieved item can be nested array, in this case it isn't copied, the pointer to it is assigned
</lang>
There is a set of functions to manage arrays in Clipper, including the following:
<lang visualfoxpro>// Fill the 20 items of array with 0, starting from 5-th item:
AFill( arr4, 0, 5, 20 )
// Copy 10 items from arr4 to arr3[ 2 ], starting from the first position:
ACopy( arr4, arr3[ 2 ], 1, 10 )
// Duplicate the whole or nested array:
arr5 := AClone( arr1 )
arr6 := AClone( arr1[ 3 ] )</lang>
Haskell
You can read all about Haskell arrays here. The following example is taken from that page:
<lang haskell>import Data.Array.IO
main = do arr <- newArray (1,10) 37 :: IO (IOArray Int Int)
a <- readArray arr 1
writeArray arr 1 64
b <- readArray arr 1
print (a,b)</lang>
hexiscript
<lang hexiscript>let a arr 2 # fixed size
let a[0] 123 # index starting at 0
let a[1] "test" # can hold different types
println a[1]</lang>
HicEst
<lang hicest>REAL :: n = 3, Astat(n), Bdyn(1, 1)
Astat(2) = 2.22222222
WRITE(Messagebox, Name) Astat(2)
ALLOCATE(Bdyn, 2*n, 3*n)
Bdyn(n-1, n) = -123
WRITE(Row=27) Bdyn(n-1, n)
ALIAS(Astat, n-1, last2ofAstat, 2)
WRITE(ClipBoard) last2ofAstat ! 2.22222222 0 </lang>
HolyC
<lang holyc>// Create an array of fixed size
U8 array[10] = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10;
// The first element of a HolyC array is indexed at 0. To set a value:
array[0] = 123;
// Access an element
Print("%d\n", array[0]);</lang>
Icon and Unicon
Icon
<lang icon>record aThing(a, b, c) # arbitrary object (record or class) for illustration
procedure main()
A0 := [] # empty list
A0 := list() # empty list (default size 0)
A0 := list(0) # empty list (literal size 0)
A1 := list(10) # 10 elements, default initializer &null
A2 := list(10, 1) # 10 elements, initialized to 1
# literal array construction - arbitrary dynamically typed members
A3 := [1, 2, 3, ["foo", "bar", "baz"], aThing(1, 2, 3), "the end"]
# left-end workers
# NOTE: get() is a synonym for pop() which allows nicely-worded use of put() and get() to implement queues
#
Q := [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
x := pop(A0) # x is 1
x := get(A0) # x is 2
push(Q,0)
# Q is now [0,3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
# right-end workers
x := pull(Q) # x is 10
put(Q, 100) # Q is now [0, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 100]
# push and put return the list they are building
# they also can have multiple arguments which work like repeated calls
Q2 := put([],1,2,3) # Q2 is [1,2,3]
Q3 := push([],1,2,3) # Q3 is [3,2,1]
Q4 := push(put(Q2),4),0] # Q4 is [0,1,2,3,4] and so is Q2
# array access follows with A as the sample array
A := [10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100]
# get element indexed from left
x := A[1] # x is 10
x := A[2] # x is 20
x := A[10] # x is 100
# get element indexed from right
x := A[-1] # x is 100
x := A[-2] # x is 90
x := A[-10] # x is 10
# copy array to show assignment to elements
B := copy(A)
# assign element indexed from left
B[1] := 11
B[2] := 21
B[10] := 101
# B is now [11, 21, 30, 50, 60, 60, 70, 80, 90, 101]
# assign element indexed from right - see below
B[-1] := 102
B[-2] := 92
B[-10] := 12
# B is now [12, 21, 30, 50, 60, 60, 70, 80, 92, 102]
# list slicing
# the unusual nature of the slice - returning 1 less element than might be expected
# in many languages - is best understood if you imagine indexes as pointing to BEFORE
# the item of interest. When a slice is made, the elements between the two points are
# collected. eg in the A[3 : 6] sample, it will get the elements between the [ ] marks
#
# sample list: 10 20 [30 40 50] 60 70 80 90 100
# positive indexes: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
# non-positive indexes: -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0
#
# I have deliberately drawn the indexes between the positions of the values.
# The nature of this indexing brings simplicity to string operations
#
# list slicing can also use non-positive indexes to access values from the right.
# The final index of 0 shown above shows how the end of the list can be nominated
# without having to know it's length
#
# NOTE: list slices are distinct lists, so assigning to the slice
# or a member of the slice does not change the values in A
#
# Another key fact to understand: once the non-positive indexes and length-offsets are
# resolved to a simple positive index, the index pair (if two are given) are swapped
# if necessary to yield the elements between the two.
#
S := A[3 : 6] # S is [30, 40, 50]
S := A[6 : 3] # S is [30, 40, 50] not illegal or erroneous
S := A[-5 : -8] # S is [30, 40, 50]
S := A[-8 : -5] # S is [30, 40, 50] also legal and meaningful
# list slicing with length request
S := A[3 +: 3] # S is [30, 40, 50]
S := A[6 -: 3] # S is [30, 40, 50]
S := A[-8 +: 3] # S is [30, 40, 50]
S := A[-5 -: 3] # S is [30, 40, 50]
S := A[-8 -: -3] # S is [30, 40, 50]
S := A[-5 +: -3] # S is [30, 40, 50]
end</lang>
Unicon
This Icon solution works in Unicon.
<lang unicon># Unicon provides a number of extensions
- insert and delete work on lists allowing changes in the middle
- possibly others
</lang>
i
<lang i>main
//Fixed-length arrays.
f $= array.integer[1]()
f[0] $= 2
print(f[0])
//Dynamic arrays.
d $= list.integer()
d[+] $= 2
print(d[1])
}</lang>
Io
<lang Io>foo := list("foo", "bar", "baz")
foo at(1) println // bar
foo append("Foobarbaz")
foo println
foo atPut(2, "barbaz") // baz becomes barbaz</lang>
Io> foo := list("foo", "bar", "baz")
==> list(foo, bar, baz)
Io> foo at(1) println // bar
bar
==> bar
Io> foo append("Foobarbaz")
==> list(foo, bar, baz, Foobarbaz)
Io> foo println
list(foo, bar, baz, Foobarbaz)
==> list(foo, bar, baz, Foobarbaz)
Io> foo atPut(2, "barbaz") // baz becomes barbaz
==> list(foo, bar, barbaz, Foobarbaz)
Io>
J
In J, all data occurs in the form of rectangular (or generally orthotopic) arrays. This is true for both named and anonymous data.
<lang j> 1 NB. a stand-alone scalar value is an array without any axis
1
NB. invoking any array produces that array as the result
{. array=: 1 3, 6#0 NB. create, name, then get head item of the array: 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0
1
0 { array NB. another way to get the head item
1
aword=: 'there' NB. a literal array
0 1 3 2 2 { aword NB. multiple items can be drawn in a single action
three
]twoD=: 3 5 $ 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz'
abcde
fghij
klmno
1 { twoD NB. item 1 from twoD - a list of three items
fghij
1 {"1 twoD NB. item 1 from each rank-1 item of twoD (i.e. column 1)
bgl
(<2 2){ twoD NB. bracket indexing is not used in J
m
'X' 1} aword NB. amend item 1
tXere
aword=: 'X' 1 4} aword NB. in-place amend of items 1 and 4
tXerX
'X' (0 0;1 1;2 2)} twoD NB. amend specified items
Xbcde
fXhij
klXno</lang>
Because arrays are so important in J, a large portion of the language applies to this topic.
Java
<lang java>int[] array = new int[10]; //optionally, replace "new int[10]" with a braced list of ints like "{1, 2, 3}"
array[0] = 42;
System.out.println(array[3]);</lang>
Dynamic arrays can be made using Lists:
<lang java5>List<Integer> list = new ArrayList<Integer>(); // optionally add an initial size as an argument
list.add(5); // appends to the end of the list
list.add(1, 6); // inserts an element at index 1
System.out.println(list.get(0));</lang>
JavaScript
JavaScript arrays are Objects that inherit from Array prototype and have a special length property that is always one higher than the highest non–negative integer index. Methods inherited from Array.prototype are mostly generic and can be applied to other objects with a suitable length property and numeric property names.
Note that if the Array constructor is provided with one argument, it is treated as specifying the length of the new array, if more than one argument is supplied, they are treated as members of the new array.
<lang javascript>// Create a new array with length 0
var myArray = new Array();
// Create a new array with length 5
var myArray1 = new Array(5);
// Create an array with 2 members (length is 2)
var myArray2 = new Array("Item1","Item2");
// Create an array with 2 members using an array literal
var myArray3 = ["Item1", "Item2"];
// Assign a value to member [2] (length is now 3)
myArray3[2] = 5;
var x = myArray[2] + myArray.length; // 8
// You can also add a member to an array with the push function (length is now 4)
myArray3.push('Test');
// Elisions are supported, but are buggy in some implementations
var y = [0,1,,]; // length 3, or 4 in buggy implementations
</lang>
jq
jq arrays have the same syntax as JSON arrays, and there are similarities with Javascript arrays. For example, the index origin is 0; and if a is an array and if n is an integer less than the array's length, then a[n] is the n-th element. The length of any array, a, can be ascertained using the length filter: a|length.
There are, however, some interesting extensions, e.g. [][4] = null creates an array of length 5 as explained below.<lang jq># Create a new array with length 0
[]
- Create a new array of 5 nulls
[][4] = null # setting the element at offset 4 expands the array
- Create an array having the elements 1 and 2 in that order
[1,2]
- Create an array of integers from 0 to 10 inclusive
[ range(0; 11) ]
- If a is an array (of any length), update it so that a[2] is 5
a[2] = 5;
- Append arrays a and b
a + b
- Append an element, e, to an array a
a + [e]
- In the following, a is assumed to be [0,1,2,3,4]
- It is not an error to use an out-of-range index:
a[10] # => null
- Negative indices count backwards from after the last element:
a[-1] # => 4
- jq supports simple slice operations but
- only in the forward direction:
a[:1] # => [0]
a[1:] # => [1,2,3,4]
a[2:4] # => [2,3]
a[4:2] # null</lang>
Jsish
From Javascript, with the differences that Jsi treats typeof [elements] as "array", not "object".
<lang javascript>/* Arrays in Jsi */
// Create a new array with length 0
var myArray = new Array();
- myArray;
// In Jsi, typeof [] is "array". In ECMAScript, typeof [] is "object"
- typeof [];
// Create a new array with length 5
var myArray1 = new Array(5);
- myArray1;
// Create an array with 2 members (length is 2)
var myArray2 = new Array("Item1","Item2");
- myArray2;
- myArray2.length;
// Create an array with 2 members using an array literal
var myArray3 = ["Item1", "Item2"];
- myArray3;
// Assign a value to member [2] (length is now 3)
myArray3[2] = 5;
- myArray3;
- myArray3.length;
var x = myArray3[2] + myArray3.length; // 8
- x;
// You can also add a member to an array with the push function (length is now 4)
myArray3.push('Test');
- myArray3;
- myArray3.length;
// Empty array entries in a literal is a syntax error, elisions not allowed
//var badSyntax = [1,2,,4];
/*
!EXPECTSTART!
myArray ==> []
typeof [] ==> array
myArray1 ==> [ undefined, undefined, undefined, undefined, undefined ]
myArray2 ==> [ "Item1", "Item2" ]
myArray2.length ==> 2
myArray3 ==> [ "Item1", "Item2" ]
myArray3 ==> [ "Item1", "Item2", 5 ]
myArray3.length ==> 3
x ==> 8
myArray3 ==> [ "Item1", "Item2", 5, "Test" ]
myArray3.length ==> 4
!EXPECTEND!
- /</lang>
- Output:
prompt$ jsish -u arrays.jsi
PASS] arrays.jsi
Julia
Julia has both heterogeneous arrays and typed arrays.
julia> A = cell(3) # create an heterogeneous array of length 3
3-element Array{Any,1}:
#undef
#undef
#undef
julia> A[1] = 4.5 ; A[3] = "some string" ; show(A)
{4.5,#undef,"some string"}
julia> A[1] # access a value. Arrays are 1-indexed
4.5
julia> push!(A, :symbol) ; show(A) # append an element
{4.5,#undef,"some string",:symbol}
julia> A[10] # error if the index is out of range
ERROR: BoundsError()For typed arrays, the type can be specified explicitely or infered from its elements.
julia> B = Array(String, 3) ; B[1]="first" ; push!(B, "fourth") ; show(B)
["first",#undef,#undef,"fourth"]
julia> push!(B, 3) # type error
ERROR: no method convert(Type{String}, Int64)
in push! at array.jl:488
julia> ['a':'c'] # type inference
3-element Array{Char,1}:
'a'
'b'
'c'KonsolScript
<lang KonsolScript>//creates an array of length 3
Array:New array[3]:Number;
function main() {
Var:Number length;
Array:GetLength(array, length) //retrieve length of array
Konsol:Log(length)
array[0] = 5; //assign value
Konsol:Log(array[0]) //retrieve value and display
}</lang>
Kotlin
<lang scala>fun main(x: Array<String>) {
var a = arrayOf(1, 2, 3, 4)
println(a.asList())
a += 5
println(a.asList())
println(a.reversedArray().asList())
}</lang>
- Output:
[1, 2, 3, 4]
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
[5, 4, 3, 2, 1]
LabVIEW
This image is a VI Snippet, an executable image of LabVIEW code. The LabVIEW version is shown on the top-right hand corner. You can download it, then drag-and-drop it onto the LabVIEW block diagram from a file browser, and it will appear as runnable, editable code.
Lambdatalk
<lang scheme>
// Create a new array with length 0
{def myArray1 {A.new}}
-> []
// Create an array with 2 members (length is 2)
{def myArray2 {A.new Item1 Item2}}
-> [Item1,Item2]
// Edit a value in an array
{def myArray3 {A.new 1 2 3}}
{A.set! 1 hello {myArray3}}
-> [1,hello,3]
// Add a value at the head of an array
{def myArray4 {A.new 1 2 3}}-> myArray4
{A.addfirst! hello {myArray4}}
-> [hello,1,2,3]
// Add a value at the tail of an array
{def myArray5 {A.new 1 2 3}}
{A.addlast! hello {myArray5}}
-> [1,2,3,hello]
and so on...
</lang>
lang5
<lang lang5>[]
1 append
['foo 'bar] append
2 reshape
0 remove 2 swap 2 compress collapse .</lang>
langur
Langur uses 1-based indexing.
<lang langur>var .a1 = [1, 2, 3, "abc"]
val .a2 = series 4..10
val .a3 = .a1 ~ .a2
writeln "initial values ..."
writeln ".a1: ", .a1
writeln ".a2: ", .a2
writeln ".a3: ", .a3
writeln()
.a1[4] = .a2[4]
writeln "after setting .a1[4] = .a2[4] ..."
writeln ".a1: ", .a1
writeln ".a2: ", .a2
writeln ".a3: ", .a3
writeln()
writeln ".a2[1]: ", .a2[1]
writeln()
writeln "using index alternate ..."
writeln ".a2[5; 0]: ", .a2[5; 0]
writeln ".a2[10; 0]: ", .a2[10; 0]
writeln()</lang>
- Output:
initial values ...
.a1: [1, 2, 3, "abc"]
.a2: [4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
.a3: [1, 2, 3, "abc", 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
after setting .a1[4] = .a2[4] ...
.a1: [1, 2, 3, 7]
.a2: [4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
.a3: [1, 2, 3, "abc", 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
.a2[1]: 4
using index alternate ...
.a2[5; 0]: 8
.a2[10; 0]: 0
Lasso
Lasso Array [1] objects store zero or more elements and provide random access to those elements by position. Positions are 1-based integers. Lasso Arrays will grow as needed to accommodate new elements. Elements can be inserted and removed from arrays at any position. However, inserting an element anywhere but at the end of an array results in all subsequent elements being moved down.
<lang Lasso>// Create a new empty array
local(array1) = array
// Create an array with 2 members (#myarray->size is 2)
local(array1) = array('ItemA','ItemB')
// Assign a value to member [2]
- array1->get(2) = 5
// Retrieve a value from an array
- array1->get(2) + #array1->size // 8
// Merge arrays
local(
array1 = array('a','b','c'),
array2 = array('a','b','c')
)
- array1->merge(#array2) // a, b, c, a, b, c
// Sort an array
- array1->sort // a, a, b, b, c, c
// Remove value by index
- array1->remove(2) // a, b, b, c, c
// Remove matching items
- array1->removeall('b') // a, c, c
// Insert item
- array1->insert('z') // a, c, c, z
// Insert item at specific position
- array1->insert('0',1) // 0, a, c, c, z</lang>
Static Arrays
Lasso also supports Static Arrays[2]. A Lasso staticarray is a container object that is not resizable. Staticarrays are created with a fixed size. Objects can be reassigned within the staticarray, but new positions cannot be added or removed.
<lang Lasso>// Create a staticarray containing 5 items
local(mystaticArray) = staticarray('a','b','c','d','e')
// Retreive an item
- mystaticArray->get(3) // c
// Set an item
- mystaticArray->get(3) = 'changed' // a, b, changed, d, e
// Create an empty static array with a length of 32
local(mystaticArray) = staticarray_join(32,void)</lang>
Latitude
Like everything in Latitude, arrays are simply objects. In particular, arrays store their elements in numerical slots rather than traditional symbolic ones. The translation scheme used to store them enables constant-time push and pop operations on either side of the array.
<lang Latitude>;; Construct an array.
foo := [1, 2, 3].
- Arrays can also be constructed explicitly.
bar := Array clone.
bar pushBack (1).
bar pushBack (2).
bar pushBack (3).
- Accessing values.
println: foo nth (2). ;; 3
- Mutating values.
foo nth (1) = 99.
println: foo. ;; [1, 99, 3]
- Appending to either the front or the back of the array.
foo pushBack ("back").
foo pushFront ("front").
println: foo. ;; ["front", 1, 99, 3, "back"]
- Popping from the front or back.
println: foo popBack. ;; "back"
println: foo popBack. ;; 3
println: foo popFront. ;; "front"
println: foo. ;; [1, 99]</lang>
LFE
Using the LFE REPL, you can explore arrays in the following manner:
<lang lisp>
- Create a fixed-size array with entries 0-9 set to 'undefined'
> (set a0 (: array new 10))
- (array 10 0 undefined 10)
> (: array size a0)
10
- Create an extendible array and set entry 17 to 'true',
- causing the array to grow automatically
> (set a1 (: array set 17 'true (: array new)))
- (array
18
...
(: array size a1)
18
- Read back a stored value
> (: array get 17 a1)
true
- Accessing an unset entry returns the default value
> (: array get 3 a1)
undefined
- Accessing an entry beyond the last set entry also returns the
- default value, if the array does not have fixed size
> (: array get 18 a1)
undefined
- "sparse" functions ignore default-valued entries
> (set a2 (: array set 4 'false a1))
- (array
18
...
> (: array sparse_to_orddict a2)
(#(4 false) #(17 true))
- An extendible array can be made fixed-size later
> (set a3 (: array fix a2))
- (array
18
...
- A fixed-size array does not grow automatically and does not
- allow accesses beyond the last set entry
> (: array set 18 'true a3)
exception error: badarg
in (array set 3)
> (: array get 18 a3)
exception error: badarg
in (array get 2)
</lang>
Liberty BASIC
Arrays of less than 10 terms need not be dimensioned.
Arrays may only be 1D or 2D.
An empty numeric array term returns '0'. Empty string array terms ="".
'redim'ming allows the array size to be extended, but all existing values are lost.
DATA is READ into variables. It cannot be READ directly into arrays.
To fill arrays with DATA items, first READ the item into a variable, then use that variable to fill an index of the array.
<lang lb>
dim Array(10)
Array(0) = -1
Array(10) = 1
print Array( 0), Array( 10)
REDIM Array( 100)
print Array( 0), Array( 10)
Array( 0) = -1
print Array( 0), Array( 10)
</lang>
LIL
LIL, like Tcl, doesn't manage arrays as such. Indexed lists are used in LIL. The list command creates a list from the remaining arguments in the statement. The index LIST NUM command returns the NUM'th item in the list, starting from zero. Lists are copied on assignment. The array-ish functions and operators would be
- index LIST NUM, returning the NUM'th item
- count LIST, returning the number of items in the list
- indexof LIST VAL, returning the offset from zero position of where VAL is found in LIST, or an empty string
- filter VARNAME LIST EXPRESSION, returning a new list of filtered items matching EXPRESSION, with the value under test in VARNAME.
- list ..., creating a list from remaining word tokens in the statement.
- append LIST VAL (list VAL values are appended as single items to the given LIST)
- slice LIST FROM-NUM TO-NUM
- foreach VARNAME LIST CODE
- charat STRING NUM, indexing a string for characters
- codeat STRING NUM, indexing a string for the character byte code
- lmap LIST VARNAME..., maps the list items to the given variable names, in the order given.
For filter and foreach, the VARNAME fields are optional, LIL creates defaults inside the code block of x for filter and i for foreach if user names are not given.
<lang tcl># (not) Arrays, in LIL
set a [list abc def ghi]
set b [list 4 5 6]
print [index $a 0]
print [index $b 1]
print [count $a]
append b [list 7 8 9]
print [count $b]
print $b</lang>
- Output:
prompt$ lil arrays.lil
abc
5
3
4
4 5 6 {7 8 9}By and large, LIL is NOT an array processing language; LIL is a Little Interpreted Language built to deal with strings, commands, and substitutions.
If need arose for tight array processing, LIL is very easy to embed in C applications and extend with new functions that run at speed. If need arises. LIL is small enough, under 4K of source lines, total, that adding extra commands for LIL scripting using C code is quite approachable. If a developer is more comfortable in Pascal, fplil.pas is only 86K characters of source.
Lingo
<lang lingo>a = [1,2] -- or: a = list(1,2)
put a[2] -- or: put a.getAt(2)
-- 2
a.append(3)
put a
-- [1, 2, 3]
a.deleteAt(2)
put a
-- [1, 3]
a[1] = 5 -- or: a.setAt(1, 5)
put a
-- [5, 3]
a.sort()
put a
-- [3, 5]</lang>
In addition to the 'list' type shown above, for arrays of bytes (i.e. integers between 0 and 255) there is also the bytearray data type:
<lang lingo>ba = bytearray(2, 255) -- initialized with size 2 and filled with 0xff
put ba
-- <ByteArrayObject length = 2 ByteArray = 0xff, 0xff >
ba[1] = 1
ba[2] = 2
ba[ba.length+1] = 3 -- dynamically increases size
put ba
-- <ByteArrayObject length = 3 ByteArray = 0x1, 0x2, 0x3 >
ba[1] = 5
put ba
-- <ByteArrayObject length = 3 ByteArray = 0x5, 0x2, 0x3 ></lang>
Lisaac
<lang Lisaac>+ a : ARRAY(INTEGER);
a := ARRAY(INTEGER).create 0 to 9;
a.put 1 to 0;
a.put 3 to 1;
a.item(1).print;</lang>
Little
Arrays in Little are list of values of the same type and they grow dynamically.
<lang C>String fruit[] = {"apple", "orange", "Pear"}</lang>
They are zero-indexed. You can use END to get the last element of an array:
<lang C>
puts(fruit[0]);
puts(fruit[1]);
puts(fruit[END]);
fruit[END+1] = "banana";</lang>
Logo
<lang logo>array 5 ; default origin is 1, every item is empty
(array 5 0) ; custom origin
make "a {1 2 3 4 5} ; array literal
setitem 1 :a "ten ; Logo is dynamic; arrays can contain different types
print item 1 :a ; ten</lang>
LOLCODE
<lang LOLCODE>HAI 1.4
BTW declaring array
I HAS A array ITZ A BUKKIT
BTW store values in array
array HAS A one ITZ 1
array HAS A two ITZ 2
array HAS A three ITZ 3
array HAS A string ITZ "MEOW"
OBTW
there is no way to get an element of an array at a specified index in LOLCODE
therefore, you can't really iterate through an array
TLDR
BTW get the element of array
VISIBLE array'Z one
VISIBLE array'Z two
VISIBLE array'Z three
VISIBLE array'Z string
KTHXBYE</lang>
LSE64
<lang lse64>10 myArray :array
0 array 5 [] ! # store 0 at the sixth cell in the array
array 5 [] @ # contents of sixth cell in array</lang>
LSL
LSL does not have Arrays, but it does have lists which can function similar to a one dimensional ArrayList in Java or C#.
<lang LSL>
default {
state_entry() {
list lst = ["1", "2", "3"];
llSay(0, "Create and Initialize a List\nList=["+llList2CSV(lst)+"]\n");
lst += ["A", "B", "C"];
llSay(0, "Append to List\nList=["+llList2CSV(lst)+"]\n");
lst = llListInsertList(lst, ["4", "5", "6"], 3);
llSay(0, "List Insertion\nList=["+llList2CSV(lst)+"]\n");
lst = llListReplaceList(lst, ["a", "b", "c"], 3, 5);
llSay(0, "Replace a portion of a list\nList=["+llList2CSV(lst)+"]\n");
lst = llListRandomize(lst, 1);
llSay(0, "Randomize a List\nList=["+llList2CSV(lst)+"]\n");
lst = llListSort(lst, 1, TRUE);
llSay(0, "Sort a List\nList=["+llList2CSV(lst)+"]\n");
lst = [1, 2.0, "string", (key)NULL_KEY, ZERO_VECTOR, ZERO_ROTATION];
string sCSV = llList2CSV(lst);
llSay(0, "Serialize a List of different datatypes to a string\n(integer, float, string, key, vector, rotation)\nCSV=\""+sCSV+"\"\n");
lst = llCSV2List(sCSV);
llSay(0, "Deserialize a string CSV List\n(note that all elements are now string datatype)\nList=["+llList2CSV(lst)+"]\n");
}
}</lang>
- Output:
Create and Initialize a List
List=[1, 2, 3]
Append to List
List=[1, 2, 3, A, B, C]
List Insertion
List=[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, A, B, C]
Replace a portion of a list
List=[1, 2, 3, a, b, c, A, B, C]
Randomize a List
List=[2, 3, B, a, A, b, C, c, 1]
Sort a List
List=[1, 2, 3, a, A, b, B, c, C]
Serialize a List of different datatypes to a string
(integer, float, string, key, vector, rotation)
CSV="1, 2.000000, string, 00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000, <0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000>, <0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 1.00000>"
Deserialize a string CSV List
(note that all elements are now string datatype)
List=[1, 2.000000, string, 00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000, <0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000>, <0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 1.00000>]
Lua
Lua does not differentiate between arrays, lists, sets, dictionaries, maps, etc. It supports only one container: Table. Using Lua's simple yet powerful syntax, any of these containers can be emulated. All tables are dynamic. If a static array is necessary, that behavior can be created.
<lang lua>l = {}
l[1] = 1 -- Index starts with 1, not 0.
l[0] = 'zero' -- But you can use 0 if you want
l[10] = 2 -- Indexes need not be continuous
l.a = 3 -- Treated as l['a']. Any object can be used as index
l[l] = l -- Again, any object can be used as an index. Even other tables
for i,v in next,l do print (i,v) end</lang>
M2000 Interpreter
Here present Arrays of type variant (can be any type, object, pointer to object), and arrays of structures (unsigned numbers plus double and single, and strings including pointers to BSTR).
We can copy multiple items from an array to another array (ore the same) with statement Stock. We can copy from memory to strings and place them to other address.
<lang M2000 Interpreter>
Module CheckArray {
\\ Array with parenthesis in name
Dim A(10)=1
Global B(10)=1
For This {
Local A(10)=5
Print A(4)=5
}
Print A(4)=1
\\ Auto Array
M=(1,2,3,4,5)
Link M to M()
Print M(2)=3
Return M, 0:=100, 5-4:=300
\\ Retrieve an Element of an Array
k=Each(M, 1, 2)
\\ print 100 300
While k { Print Array(k),}
Print
Print Array(M, 2)=3
Print Array("M", 2)=3
Print Array(B(), 1)=1
\\ arrays are containers for every value/object/pointer
B(0):="Hello",100,"Good Morning", 200
\\ using set to make B$() global too
Set Link B() to B$()
Print B$(0), B(1), B$(2), B(3)
Swap B(0), B(2)
Swap B(1), B(3)
Print B$(0), B(1), B$(2), B(3)
Print B()
\\ Reduce B() to 4 elements - and change dimensions
\\ we have to redim the global array, using set to send line to console
\\ all globals are part of level 0, at console input.
Set Dim B(4)
Module CheckGlobal {
Print B$(0), B(1), B$(2), B(3)
}
CheckGlobal
Print B()
Dim BB(4)
\\ Copy 4 items from B() to BB(), from B(0), to BB(0)
Stock B(0) keep 4, BB(0)
Link BB() to BB$()
Print BB$(0), BB(1), BB$(2), BB(3)
\\ Arrays of structures in Buffers
Structure TwoByte {
{
ab as integer
}
a as byte
b as byte
}
Print Len(TwoByte) = 2
\ Use clear to clear memory
\\ Mem is a pointer to a Buffer object
Buffer Clear Mem as TwoByte*20
Print Len(Mem)=40
Return Mem, 0!ab:=0xFFAA
Print Eval(Mem, 0!a)=0xAA, Eval(Mem, 0!b)=0xFF
Return Mem, 0!b:=0xF2
Hex Eval(Mem,0!ab) ' print 0xF2AA
\\ Redim with preserve
Buffer Mem as TwoByte*40
\\ copy 40 bytes at index 20 (40 bytes from start)
Return Mem, 20:=Eval$(Mem, 0, 20*2)
Hex Eval(Mem,20!ab) ' print 0xF2AA
A(3)=Mem
Hex Eval(A(3),20!ab) ' print 0xF2AA
\\ now Mem change pointer
Clear Mem
Print Len(Mem)
\\ old Mem is in A(3)
Hex Eval(A(3),20!ab) ' print 0xF2AA
\\ we can change
Buffer Clear Mem as Integer * 200
Print Len(Mem)=400
Return Mem, 0:=Eval$(A(3), 0, 80)
Hex Eval(Mem,20) ' print 0xF2AA
\\ change type without use of clear
Buffer Mem as TwoByte * 200
Hex Eval(Mem,20!ab) ' print 0xF2AA
}
CheckArray
</lang>
Passing Arrays By Reference
By default arrays passed by value. Here in make() we read reference in a variable A, which interpreter put then pointer to array, so it is a kind of reference (like in C). Using & we have normal reference. A ++ operator in a pointer of array add one to each element.
<lang M2000 Interpreter>
Dim a(10)=1
Print a() ' 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
make(a())
Print a() ' 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
make2(&a())
Print a() ' 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
Sub make(A)
A++
End Sub
Sub make2(&a())
A=A()
A++
End Sub
</lang>
Maple
<lang maple>#defining an array of a certain length
a := Array (1..5);
a := [ 0 0 0 0 0 ]
- can also define with a list of entries
a := Array ([1, 2, 3, 4, 5]);
a := [ 1 2 3 4 5 ]
a[1] := 9;
a
a[1] := 9
[ 9 2 3 4 5 ]
a[5];
5
- can only grow arrays using ()
a(6) := 6;
a := [ 9 2 3 4 5 6 ]
a[7] := 7;
Error, Array index out of range</lang>
Mathematica / Wolfram Language
<lang Mathematica>a = Array[Sin, 10]
a1
Delete[a, 2]</lang>
- Output:
{Sin[1],Sin[2],Sin[3],Sin[4],Sin[5],Sin[6],Sin[7],Sin[8],Sin[9],Sin[10]}
Sin[1]
{Sin[1],Sin[3],Sin[4],Sin[5],Sin[6],Sin[7],Sin[8],Sin[9],Sin[10]}MATLAB / Octave
Variables are not typed until they are initialized. So, if you want to create an array you simply assign a variable name the value of an array. Also, memory is managed by MATLAB so an array can be expanded, resized, and have elements deleted without the user dealing with memory. Array elements can be retrieved in two ways. The first way is to input the row and column indicies of the desired elements. The second way is to input the subscript of the array elements.
<lang MATLAB>>> a = [1 2 35] %Declaring a vector (i.e. one-dimensional array)
a =
1 2 35
>> a = [1 2 35;5 7 9] % Declaring a matrix (i.e. two-dimensional array)
a =
1 2 35
5 7 9
>> a3 = reshape(1:2*3*4,[2,3,4]); % declaring a three-dimensional array of size 2x3x4
a3 =
ans(:,:,1) =
1 3 5
2 4 6
ans(:,:,2) =
7 9 11
8 10 12
ans(:,:,3) =
13 15 17
14 16 18
ans(:,:,4) =
19 21 23
20 22 24
>> a(2,3) %Retrieving value using row and column indicies
9
>> a(6) %Retrieving value using array subscript
ans =
9
>> a = [a [10;42]] %Added a column vector to the array
a =
1 2 35 10
5 7 9 42
>> a(:,1) = [] %Deleting array elements
a =
2 35 10
7 9 42</lang>
Maxima
<lang maxima>/* Declare an array, subscripts run from 0 to max value */
array(a, flonum, 20, 20, 3)$
arrayinfo(a);
/* [complete, 3, [20, 20, 3]] */
a[0, 0]: 1.0;
listarray(a);
/* [1.0, 0.0, 0.0, ..., 0.0] */
/* Show all declared arrays */
arrays;
/* [a] */
/* One may also use an array without declaring it, it's a hashed array */
b[1]: 1000;
b['x]: 3/4; /* hashed array may have any subscript */
arrayinfo(b);
/* [hashed, 1, [1], [x]] */
listarray(b);
/* [1000, 3/4] */</lang>
Mercury
Mercury's arrays are a mutable non-functional type, and therefore are slightly more troublesome than functional types to A) accept as parameters to predicates, and B) involve in higher-order code, and C) include as a member of a composite data type. All of this is still very possible, but it requires an understanding of Mercury's variable instantiation system, as you can't just have 'in' and 'out' modes for parameters that involve arrays. Mercury has a 'bt_array' module with performance characteristics very similar to that of arrays, but which is a functional type and therefore is easier to work with. Especially if you're just starting out with Mercury, going with bt_array can be a big win for 'whippitupitude'.
<lang Mercury>:- module array_example.
- - interface.
- - import_module io.
- - pred main(io::di, io::uo) is det.
- - implementation.
- - import_module array, int.
- - use_module exception.
- - type example_error ---> impossible.
main(!IO) :-
some [!A] ( % needed to introduce a state variable not present in the head
% Create an array(int) of length 10, with initial values of 0
array.init(10, 0, !:A),
% create an empty array (with no initial value)
% since the created array is never used, type inference can't tell what
% kind of array it is, and there's an unresolved polymorphism warning.
array.make_empty_array(_Empty),
% resize our first array, so that we can then set its 17th member
% new values are set to -1
array.resize(20, -1, !A),
!A ^ elem(17) := 5,
% Mercury data structures tend to have deterministic (exception thrown
% on error), semideterministic (logical failure on error), and unsafe
% (undefined behavior on error) access methods.
array.lookup(!.A, 5, _), % det
( if array.semidet_lookup(!.A, 100, _) then % semidet
exception.throw(impossible)
else
true
),
array.unsafe_lookup(!.A, 5, _), % could cause a segfault on a smaller array
% output: array([0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, 5, -1, -1])
io.print_line(!.A, !IO),
plusminus(2, 0, !A),
% output: array([2, -2, 2, -2, 2, -2, 2, -2, 2, -2, 1, -3, 1, -3, 1, -3, 1, 3, 1, -3])
io.print_line(!.A, !IO)
).
% Sample predicate operating on an array.
% Note the array_* modes instead of in/out.
- - pred plusminus(int, int, array(int), array(int)).
- - mode plusminus(in, in, array_di, array_uo) is det.
plusminus(N, I, !A) :-
( if array.semidet_lookup(!.A, I, X) then
!A ^ unsafe_elem(I) := X + N,
plusminus(-N, I+1, !A)
else
true
).</lang>
MiniScript
Lists and arrays are synonymous in MiniScript.
Operations:
+ list concatenation
* replication (i.e. repeat the list some number of times)
/ division (get some fraction of a list)
==, != comparison (for equality)
[i] get/set item i (first item is 0)
[i:j] get sublist ("slice") from i up to j
Slicing:
x = ["a", 42, 3.14, 7, "hike"]
x[0] "a" (first item)
x[1] 42 (second item)
x[-1] "hike" (last item)
x[-2] 7 (next-to-last item)
x[1:-1] [42, 3.14, 7] (everything from the second up to the last item)
x[1:] [42, 3.14, 7, "hike"] (everything from the second item to the end)
x[:-1] ["a", 42, 3.14, 7] (everything up to the last item)
Example:
<lang MiniScript>arr = ["a", 1, 3]
print arr[0]
arr.push "x"
print arr.pop</lang>
MIPS Assembly
<lang mips>
.data
array: .word 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 # creates an array of 9 32 Bit words.
.text
main: la $s0, array
li $s1, 25
sw $s1, 4($s0) # writes $s1 (25) in the second array element
- the four counts thi bytes after the beginning of the address. 1 word = 4 bytes, so 4 acesses the second element
lw $s2, 20($s0) # $s2 now contains 6
li $v0, 10 # end program
syscall
</lang>
Modula-2
Same as described for Modula-3
Modula-3
<lang modula3>VAR staticArray: ARRAY [1..10] OF INTEGER;</lang>
Defines a static array of 10 elements, indexed 1 through 10.
Static arrays can also be given initial values:
<lang modula3>VAR staticArray := ARRAY [1..10] OF INTEGER {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10};
VAR staticArray2 := ARRAY [1..10] OF INTEGER {1, ..} (* Initialize all elements to 1. *)</lang>
Open (dynamic) arrays can be be defined by creating a reference to an array of an unspecified size:
<lang modula3>TYPE TOpenIntArray = REF ARRAY OF INTEGER;
VAR openArray: TOpenIntArray;</lang>
Defines an open array of a currently unknown size.
Open arrays must first be initialized via a call to the built-in function NEW, passing in the type and the size of the array.
The allocation is performed on the heap and all elements are initialized to 0:
<lang modula3>openArray := NEW(TOpenIntArray, 10);</lang>
Initializes the open array to hold 10 elements, indexed 0 through 9. Modula-3 uses garbage collection for heap allocated data by default, so once all references to the open array go out of scope, the memory it occupied is de-allocated automatically.
Retrieval or insertion of elements and determining array bounds is performed using the same built-in functions regardless of the array kind. Though open arrays must first be de-referenced when passing them to such functions. Assuming we have made the declarations above, we can do the following:
<lang modula3> VAR
staticArraySize := NUMBER(staticArray);
staticArrayElement := staticArray[4];
openArraySize := NUMBER(openArray^); (* Note the dereference. *)
openArrayElement := openArray[9];</lang>
<lang modula3>staticArray[4] := 100;
openArray[1] := 200;</lang>
Monte
<lang Monte>var myArray := ['a', 'b', 'c','d']</lang>
To retrieve a value:
<lang Monte>traceln(myArray[0])</lang>
To change a value:
<lang Monte>myArray := myArray.with(3, 'z')</lang>
Now myArray is ['a','b','c','z'].
Nanoquery
<lang Nanoquery>// create a fixed-length array (length 10)
arr = array(10)
// assign a value to the first position in the array and then display it
arr[0] = "hello, world!"
println arr[0]
// create a variable-length list
l = list()
// place the numbers 1-10 in the list
for i in range(1,10)
append l i
end
// display the list
println l</lang>
- Output:
hello, world!
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
Neko
<lang Neko>var myArray = $array(1);
$print(myArray[0]);</lang>
- Output:
1
Nemerle
<lang Nemerle>using System;
using System.Console;
using System.Collections;
module ArrayOps
{
Main() : void
{
def fives = array(10);
foreach (i in [1 .. 10]) fives[i - 1] = i * 5;
def ten = fives[1];
WriteLine($"Ten: $ten");
def dynamic = ArrayList();
dynamic.Add(1);
dynamic.Add(3);
dynamic[1] = 2;
foreach (i in dynamic) Write($"$i\t"); // Nemerle isn't great about displaying arrays, it's better with lists though
}
}</lang>
NetRexx
Note: Dynamic arrays can be simulated via the Java Collections Framework or by using NetRexx indexed strings (AKA: associative arrays).
<lang NetRexx>/* NetRexx */
options replace format comments java crossref symbols nobinary
array = int[10]
array[0] = 42
say array[0] array[3]
say
words = ['Ogof', 'Ffynnon', 'Ddu']
say words[0] words[1] words[2]
say
-- Dynamic arrays can be simulated via the Java Collections package
splk = ArrayList()
splk.add(words[0])
splk.add(words[1])
splk.add(words[2])
splk.add('Draenen')
say splk.get(0) splk.get(3)
say splk.get(0) splk.get(1) splk.get(2)
say
-- or by using NetRexx "indexed strings" (associative arrays)
cymru =
cymru[0] = 0
cymru[0] = cymru[0] + 1; cymru[cymru[0]] = splk.get(0) splk.get(1) splk.get(2)
cymru[0] = cymru[0] + 1; cymru[cymru[0]] = splk.get(0) splk.get(3)
loop x_ = 1 to cymru[0] by 1
say x_':' cymru[x_]
end x_</lang>
- Output:
42 0
Ogof Ffynnon Ddu
Ogof Draenen
Ogof Ffynnon Ddu
1: Ogof Ffynnon Ddu
2: Ogof Draenen
NewLISP
This creates an array of 5 elements, initialized to nil:
<lang lisp>(array 5)
→ (nil nil nil nil nil)</lang>
The example below creates a multi-dimensional array (a 3-element array of 4-element arrays), initialized using the values returned by the function sequence (a list containing whole numbers from 1 to 12) and stores the newly created array in a variable called myarray. The return value of the set function is the array.
<lang lisp>(set 'myarray (array 3 4 (sequence 1 12)))
→ ((1 2 3 4) (5 6 7 8) (9 10 11 12))</lang>
Nim
<lang nim>var # fixed size arrays
x = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10] # type and size automatically inferred
y: array[1..5, int] = [1,2,3,4,5] # starts at 1 instead of 0
z: array['a'..'z', int] # indexed using characters
x[0] = x[1] + 1
echo x[0]
echo z['d']
x[7..9] = y[3..5] # copy part of array
var # variable size sequences
a = @[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]
b: seq[int] = @[1,2,3,4,5]
a[0] = a[1] + 1
echo a[0]
a.add(b) # append another sequence
a.add(200) # append another element
echo a.pop() # pop last item, removing and returning it
echo a</lang>
NS-HUBASIC
<lang NS-HUBASIC>10 DIM A(1)
20 A(1)=10
30 PRINT A(1)</lang>
NSIS
NSIS does not have native support for arrays. Array support is provided by the NSISArray plugin.
<lang nsis>
!include NSISArray.nsh
Function ArrayTest
Push $0
; Declaring an array
NSISArray::New TestArray 1 2
NSISArray::Push TestArray "Hello"
; NSISArray arrays are dynamic by default.
NSISArray::Push TestArray "World"
NSISArray::Read TestArray 1
Pop $0
DetailPrint $0
Pop $0
FunctionEnd
</lang>
Oberon-2
<lang oberon2>
MODULE Arrays;
IMPORT
Out;
PROCEDURE Static;
VAR
x: ARRAY 5 OF LONGINT;
BEGIN
x[0] := 10;
x[1] := 11;
x[2] := 12;
x[3] := 13;
x[4] := x[0];
Out.String("Static at 4: ");Out.LongInt(x[4],0);Out.Ln;
END Static;
PROCEDURE Dynamic;
VAR
x: POINTER TO ARRAY OF LONGINT;
BEGIN
NEW(x,5);
x[0] := 10;
x[1] := 11;
x[2] := 12;
x[3] := 13;
x[4] := x[0];
Out.String("Dynamic at 4: ");Out.LongInt(x[4],0);Out.Ln;
END Dynamic;
BEGIN
Static;
Dynamic
END Arrays.
</lang>
Objeck
<lang objeck>
bundle Default {
class Arithmetic {
function : Main(args : System.String[]), Nil {
array := Int->New[2];
array[0] := 13;
array[1] := 7;
(array[0] + array[1])->PrintLine();
}
}
}
</lang>
Objective-C
<lang objc>// NSArrays are ordered collections of NSObject subclasses only.
// Create an array of NSString objects.
NSArray *firstArray = [[NSArray alloc] initWithObjects:@"Hewey", @"Louie", @"Dewey", nil];
// NSArrays are immutable; it does have a mutable subclass, however - NSMutableArray.
// Let's instantiate one with a mutable copy of our array.
// We can do this by sending our first array a -mutableCopy message.
NSMutableArray *secondArray = [firstArray mutableCopy];
// Replace Louie with Launchpad McQuack.
[secondArray replaceObjectAtIndex:1 withObject:@"Launchpad"];
// Display the first object in the array.
NSLog(@"%@", [secondArray objectAtIndex:0]);
// In non-ARC or non-GC environments, retained objects must be released later.
[firstArray release];
[secondArray release];
// There is also a modern syntax which allows convenient creation of autoreleased immutable arrays.
// No nil termination is then needed.
NSArray *thirdArray = @[ @"Hewey", @"Louie", @"Dewey", @1, @2, @3 ];
</lang>
OCaml
in the toplevel:
<lang ocaml># Array.make 6 'A' ;;
- : char array = [|'A'; 'A'; 'A'; 'A'; 'A'; 'A'|]
- Array.init 8 (fun i -> i * 10) ;;
- : int array = [|0; 10; 20; 30; 40; 50; 60; 70|]
- let arr = [|0; 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6 |] ;;
val arr : int array = [|0; 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6|]
- arr.(4) ;;
- : int = 4
- arr.(4) <- 65 ;;
- : unit = ()
- arr ;;
- : int array = [|0; 1; 2; 3; 65; 5; 6|]</lang>
Oforth
Array created with [ ... ] are immutable array.
To create a mutable array, #new is used.
<lang Oforth>[ "abd", "def", "ghi" ] at( 3 ) .
Array new dup addAll( [1, 2, 3] ) dup put( 2, 8.1 ) .
</lang>
- Output:
ghi
[1, 8.1, 3]
Ol
Ol provides arrays in the form of vectors.
Vectors are heterogeneous structures whose elements are indexed by integers. A vector typically occupies less space than a list of the same length, and the average time needed to access a randomly chosen element is typically less for the vector than for the list.
The length of a vector is the number of elements that it contains. This number is a non-negative integer that is fixed when the vector is created.
The valid indices of a vector are the exact non zero integers which absolute value is less or equal than the length of the vector. Negative indices of a vector means counting from the end of a vector.
The first element in a vector is indexed by one (not a zero!), and the last element is indexed by length of the vector.
The last element in a vector is indexed by minus one, and the first element is indexed by minus length of the vector.
<lang scheme>
- making a vector
> #(1 2 3 4 5)
- (1 2 3 4 5)
- making a vector in a functional way
> (vector 1 2 3 4 5)
- (1 2 3 4 5)
- another functional vector making way
> (make-vector '(1 2 3 4 5))
- (1 2 3 4 5)
- the same as above functional vector making way
> (list->vector '(1 2 3 4 5))
- (1 2 3 4 5)
- modern syntax of making a vector
> [1 2 3 4 5]
- (1 2 3 4 5)
- making a vector of symbols
> '[a b c d e]
- (a b c d e)
- making a vector of symbols but evaluate a third element
> `[a b ,(* 7 13) d e]
- (a b 91 d e)
- making an empty vectors
> #()
- ()
> []
- ()
> '[]
- ()
> `[]
- ()
> (make-vector '())
- ()
> (list->vector '())
- ()
- making a vector of a vectors (a matrix, for example)
> [[1 2 3]
[4 5 6]
[7 8 9]]
- (#(1 2 3) #(4 5 6) #(7 8 9))
- getting length of a vector
> (size [1 2 3 4 5])
5
- making n-length vector with undefined values (actually, #false)
> (make-vector 5)
- (#false #false #false #false #false)
- making n-length vector with default values
> (make-vector 5 0)
- (0 0 0 0 0)
- define a test vector for use in below
> (define array [3 5 7 9 11])
- Defined array
- getting first element of a vector
> (ref array 1)
3
> (ref array (- (size array)))
3
- getting last element of a vector
> (ref array (size array))
11
> (ref array -1)
11
- vectors comparison
> (equal? [1 2 3 4 5] [1 2 3 4 5])
- true
> (equal? [1 2 3 4 5] [7 2 3 4 5])
- false
- vectors of vectors comparison
> (equal?
[[1 2 3]
[4 5 6]
[7 8 9]]
[[1 2 3]
[4 5 6]
[7 8 9]])
- true
> (equal?
[[1 2 3]
[4 5 6]
[7 8 9]]
[[1 2 3]
[4 5 6]
[7 8 3]])
- false
</lang>
ooRexx
ooRexx arrays hold object references. Arrays will automatically increase in size if needed.
<lang ooRexx> a = .array~new -- create a zero element array
b = .array~new(10) -- create an array with initial size of 10
c = .array~of(1, 2, 3) -- create a 3 element array holding objects 1, 2, and 3
a[3] = "Fred" -- assign an item
b[2] = a[3] -- retrieve an item from the array
c~append(4) -- adds to end. c[4] == 4 now</lang>
ooRexx provides a built-in array class that provides one- and more dimensional arrays
with positive integer indexes.
The above example shows the use of a one-dimensional array (vector).
For other related classes see
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Associative_array/Creation#ooRexx
Much more powerful than the array class are stems with tails as described in the following.
A stem is a symbol followed by a period, e.g., XXX.
Compound variables consist of a stem
followed by a tail, i.e., one or more symbols separated by one or more periods,
e.g., XXX.U..V.W
or just one or more periods, e.g., XXX..
An assignment of some value to a stem gives this value
to all compound variables with that stem.
<lang ooRexx>
XXX.='*'
Say 'xxx.1='xxx.1 -- shows xxx.1=*
u=17
xxx.u='Joe'
Say 'xxx.u='xxx.17 -- shows xxx.u=Joe
</lang>
ooRexx introduces a notation a.[x,y] where x and y can actually be expressions.
Another improvement introduced by ooRexx is the possibility to use
expressions instead of symbols for the tail:
Instead of z=z+1; xxx.z='something'
one can now write xxx.[z+1]='something'
Notice the period in contrast to array references as shown above!
The effective "name" of a compound variable is the stem
concatenated with the periods and the values of the tail's symbols or expressions.
If u=17 and v='zz' Then
XXX.u.v or xxx.[u,v] evaluates to the "effective name" XXX.17.zz
The tail's symbols' values can be any character string
with v='John Doe'
XXX.u.v... will evaluate to XXX.17.John Doe...
The old restriction that the length of such an effective name
must not exceed 250 bytes no longer applies to ooRexx and Regina.
XXX.u.v...='something'
<lang ooRexx>u=17
v='John Doe'
XXX.u.v...='some value'
z='17.John Doe...'
Say xxx.z shows 'some value'</lang>
When using a stem for storing structured data, as in
<lang ooRexx>person.first='Walter'
person.last='Pachl'</lang>
it is advisable to use constant symbols such as 0first and 0last in the tail
since an accidental use of the variables first or last would render confusion.
OxygenBasic
<lang oxygenbasic>
'CREATING A STATIC ARRAY
float f[100]
'SETTING INDEX BASE
indexbase 1 'default
'FILLING PART OF AN ARRAY
f[20]={2,4,6,8,10,12}
'MAPPING AN ARRAY TO ANOTHER
float *g
@g=@f[20]
print g[6] 'result 12
'DYNAMIC (RESIZEABLE) ARRAYS
redim float f(100)
f={2,4,6,8} 'assign some values
redim float f(200) 'expand array
print f(2) 'original values are preserved by default
redim float f(200) clear 'array elements are cleared
print f(2) 'value set to 0.0
redim float f(0) 'release allocated memory '
</lang>
Oz
<lang oz>declare
Arr = {Array.new 1 %% lowest index
10 %% highest index
37} %% all 10 fields initialized to 37
in
{Show Arr.1}
Arr.1 := 64
{Show Arr.1}</lang>
PARI/GP
<lang parigp>v=[];
v=concat(v,7);
v[1]</lang>
Pascal
A modification of the Delphi example:
<lang pascal>
Program ArrayDemo;
uses
SysUtils;
var
StaticArray: array[0..9] of Integer;
DynamicArray: array of Integer;
StaticArrayText,
DynamicArrayText: string;
lcv: Integer;
begin
// Setting the length of the dynamic array the same as the static one
SetLength(DynamicArray, Length(StaticArray));
// Asking random numbers storing into the static array
for lcv := 0 to Pred(Length(StaticArray)) do
begin
write('Enter a integer random number for position ', Succ(lcv), ': ');
readln(StaticArray[lcv]);
end;
// Storing entered numbers of the static array in reverse order into the dynamic
for lcv := 0 to Pred(Length(StaticArray)) do
DynamicArray[Pred(Length(DynamicArray)) - lcv] := StaticArray[lcv];
// Concatenating the static and dynamic array into a single string variable
StaticArrayText := ;
DynamicArrayText := ;
for lcv := 0 to Pred(Length(StaticArray)) do
begin
StaticArrayText := StaticArrayText + IntToStr(StaticArray[lcv]) + ' ';
DynamicArrayText := DynamicArrayText + IntToStr(DynamicArray[lcv]) + ' ';
end;
// Displaying both arrays
writeln(StaticArrayText);
writeln(DynamicArrayText);
end.
</lang>
Perl
In-line
<lang perl> my @empty;
my @empty_too = ();
my @populated = ('This', 'That', 'And', 'The', 'Other');
print $populated[2]; # And
my $aref = ['This', 'That', 'And', 'The', 'Other'];
print $aref->[2]; # And
</lang>
Dynamic
<lang perl>my @arr;
push @arr, 1;
push @arr, 3;
$arr[0] = 2;
print $arr[0];</lang>
Two-dimensional
<lang perl> my @multi_dimensional = (
[0, 1, 2, 3],
[qw(a b c d e f g)],
[qw(! $ % & *)],
);
</lang>
Phix
In Phix, sequences are it - there are no other data structures to learn.
Arrays, multidimensional arrays, lists, stacks, queues, trees, etc. and even character
strings can all be easily represented in Phix with sequences. They can grow or shrink
without any need to worry about memory management issues.
-- simple one-dimensional arrays:
sequence s1 = {0.5, 1, 4.7, 9}, -- length(s1) is now 4
s2 = repeat(0,6), -- s2 is {0,0,0,0,0,0}
s3 = tagset(5) -- s3 is {1,2,3,4,5}
?s1[3] -- displays 4.7 (nb 1-based indexing)
s1[3] = 0 -- replace that 4.7
s1 &= {5,6} -- length(s1) is now 6 ({0.5,1,0,9,5,6})
s1 = s1[2..5] -- length(s1) is now 4 ({1,0,9,5})
s1[2..3] = {2,3,4} -- length(s1) is now 5 ({1,2,3,4,5})
s1 = append(s1,6) -- length(s1) is now 6 ({1,2,3,4,5,6})
s1 = prepend(s1,0) -- length(s1) is now 7 ({0,1,2,3,4,5,6})
-- negative subscripts can also be used, counting from the other end, eg
s2[-2..-1] = {-2,-1} -- s2 is now {0,0,0,0,-2,-1}
-- multi dimensional arrays:
sequence y = {{{1,1},{3,3},{5,5}},
{{0,0},{0,1},{9,1}},
{{1,7},{1,1},{2,2}}}
-- y[2][3][1] is 9
y = repeat(repeat(repeat(0,2),3),3)
-- same structure, but all 0s
-- Array of strings:
sequence s = {"Hello", "World", "Phix", "", "Last One"}
-- s[3] is "Phix"
-- s[3][2] is 'h'
-- A Structure:
sequence employee = {{"John","Smith"},
45000,
27,
185.5}
-- To simplify access to elements within a structure it is good programming style to define constants that name the various fields, eg:
constant SALARY = 2
-- Array of structures:
sequence employees = {
{{"Jane","Adams"}, 47000, 34, 135.5}, -- a[1]
{{"Bill","Jones"}, 57000, 48, 177.2}, -- a[2]
-- .... etc.
}
-- employees[2][SALARY] is 57000
-- A tree can be represented easily, for example after adding "b","c","a" to it you might have:
sequence tree = {{"b",3,2},
{"c",0,0},
{"a",0,0}}
-- ie assuming
constant ROOT=1, VALUE=1, LEFT=2, RIGHT=3 -- then
-- tree[ROOT][VALUE] is "b"
-- tree[ROOT][LEFT] is 3, and tree[3] is the "a"
-- tree[ROOT][RIGHT] is 2, and tree[2] is the "c"
-- The operations you might use to build such a tree (tests/loops/etc omitted) could be:
tree = {}
tree = append(tree,{"b",0,0})
tree = append(tree,{"c",0,0})
tree[1][RIGHT] = length(tree)
tree = append(tree,{"a",0,0})
tree[1][LEFT] = length(tree)
-- Finally, some tests (recall that we have already output a 4.7):
?s[3]
?tree
?tree[ROOT][VALUE]
employees = append(employees, employee)
?employees[3][SALARY]
?s1
?s2
- Output:
4.7
"Phix"
{{"b",3,2},{"c",0,0},{"a",0,0}}
"b"
45000
{0,1,2,3,4,5,6}
{0,0,0,0,-2,-1}
Phixmonti
<lang Phixmonti>include ..\Utilitys.pmt
0 tolist /# create an empty array/list. '( )' is equivalent #/
drop /# remove top of the stack #/
0 10 repeat /# put an array/list of 10 elements (each element has value 0) to the stack #/
flush /# remove all elements. List is empty [] #/
drop
( 1 2 "Hello" pi ) /# put an initialize array/list to stack #/
-7 1 set /# modified first element to -7 #/
0 get /# get the last element. '-1 get' is equivalent #/
drop
( "next" "level" ) 2 put /# insert a list in a list = [-7, ["next", "level"], 2, "Hello", 3.141592653589793]] #/
3 2 slice /# extract the subarray/sublist [ 2 "Hello" ] #/
pstack /# show the content of the stack #/ </lang>
PHP
Writing To An Array
Single Dimension
<lang php>$NumberArray = array(0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6);
$LetterArray = array("a", "b", "c", "d", "e", "f");
$simpleForm = ['apple', 'orange'];</lang>
Multi-Dimensional
<lang php>$MultiArray = array(
array(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0),
array(1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1),
array(2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2),
array(3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3)
);</lang>
Array push
<lang php>$arr = ['apple', 'orange'];
array_push($arr, 'pear');
print implode(',', $arr); // Returns apple,orange,pear</lang>
Reading From An Array
Single Dimension
Read the 5th value in the array:
<lang php>echo $NumberArray[5]; // Returns 5
echo $LetterArray[5]; // Returns f</lang>
Multi-Dimensional
Read the 2nd line, column 5
<lang php>echo $MultiArray[1][5]; // 2</lang>
Print a whole array
This is useful while developing to view the contents of an array:
<lang php>print_r($MultiArray);</lang>
Which would give us:
<lang php>Array(
0 => array(
0 => 0
1 => 0
2 => 0
3 => 0
4 => 0
5 => 0
)
1 => array(
0 => 1
1 => 1
2 => 1
3 => 1
4 => 1
5 => 1
)
2 => array(
0 => 2
1 => 2
2 => 2
3 => 2
4 => 2
5 => 2
)
3 => array(
0 => 3
1 => 3
2 => 3
3 => 3
4 => 3
5 => 3
)
)</lang>
Set custom keys for values
This example starts the indexing from 1 instead of 0
<lang php>$StartIndexAtOne = array(1 => "A", "B", "C", "D");</lang>
This example shows how you can apply any key you want
<lang php>$CustomKeyArray = array("d" => "A", "c" => "B", "b" =>"C", "a" =>"D");</lang>
To read the 3rd value of the second array:
<lang php>echo $CustomKeyArray["b"]; // Returns C</lang>
Other Examples
Create a blank array:
<lang php>$BlankArray = array();</lang>
Set a value for the next key in the array:
<lang php>$BlankArray[] = "Not Blank Anymore";</lang>
Assign a value to a certain key:
<lang php>$AssignArray["CertainKey"] = "Value";</lang>
Picat
Picat has support both arrays and lists. Arrays are general much faster than lists, especially for many elements and if there are much element accesses/updates.
Here are some examples how to use arrays.
<lang Picat>import util.
go =>
% Create an array of length 10
Len = 10,
A = new_array(Len),
bind_vars(A,0), % Initialize all values to 0
println(a=A),
A[1] := 1, % Assign a value
println(a=A),
println(a1=A[1]), % print first element
% (re)assign a value
foreach(I in 1..Len) A[I] := I end,
println(A[3..7]), % print some interval of an array
nl,
% 2D arrays
A2 = new_array(4,4),
foreach(I in 1..4, J in 1..4)
A2[I,J] := (I-1)*4+J
end,
foreach(Row in A2) println(Row) end,
% These functions are defined in the util module.
% They returns lists so we have to convert them to arrays.
println('rows '=to_array(A2.rows)),
println('columns '=A2.columns.to_array),
println(diagonal1=A2.diagonal1.to_array),
println(diagonal2=A2.diagonal2.to_array),
nl,
% Pushing values to an array
A3 = {}, % an empty array
foreach(I in 1..4)
A3 := A3 ++ {10**I+I}
end,
println(a3=A3),
nl,
% Some misc functions
println([first=A3.first(), second=A3.second(),last=A3.last()]),
nl.
</lang>
- Output:
a = {0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0}
a = {1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0}
a1 = 1
{3,4,5,6,7}
{1,2,3,4}
{5,6,7,8}
{9,10,11,12}
{13,14,15,16}
rows = {{1,2,3,4},{5,6,7,8},{9,10,11,12},{13,14,15,16}}
columns = {{1,5,9,13},{2,6,10,14},{3,7,11,15},{4,8,12,16}}
diagonal1 = {1,6,11,16}
diagonal2 = {4,7,10,13}
a3 = {11,102,1003,10004}
[first = 11,second = 102,last = 10004]<lang Picat>listvariant :-
List = new_list(5), % create a list of length 5
nth(1,List,a), % put an a at position 1 , nth/3 uses indexing from 1
nth(4,List,b), % put an b at position 4
println(list=List),
append(List,[d],List2), % append an d at the end , List2 has 5 elements
println(list2=List2),
Add = new_list(5), % create a new list of length 5
append(List2,Add,List3), % append 5 free variables to List2
println(len=List3.len), % List3 now has 11 elements
println(list3=List3),
Value = List3[1], % get the value at position 1
println(value=Value). % will print out a
</lang>
- Output:
("_4970" etc are undefined variables):
list = [a,_4970,_4980,b,_49a0]
list2 = [a,_4970,_4980,b,_49a0,d]
len = 11
list3 = [a,_4970,_4980,b,_49a0,d,_4e50,_4e60,_4e70,_4e80,_4e90]
value = a
PicoLisp
PicoLisp has no built-in array data type. Lists are used instead.
<lang PicoLisp>(setq A '((1 2 3) (a b c) ((d e) NIL 777))) # Create a 3x3 structure
(mapc println A) # Show it</lang>
- Output:
(1 2 3)
(a b c)
((d e) NIL 777)
Replace 'b' with 'B' in middle row:
<lang PicoLisp>(set (nth A 2 2) 'B)
(mapc println A)</lang>
- Output:
(1 2 3)
(a B c)
((d e) NIL 777)
Insert '1' in front of the middle row:
<lang PicoLisp>(push (cdr A) 1)
(mapc println A)</lang>
- Output:
(1 2 3)
(1 a B c)
((d e) NIL 777)
Append '9' to the middle row:
<lang PicoLisp>(queue (cdr A) 9)
(mapc println A)</lang>
- Output:
(1 2 3)
(1 a B c 9)
((d e) NIL 777)
Pike
<lang pike>int main(){
// Initial array, few random elements.
array arr = ({3,"hi",84.2});
arr += ({"adding","to","the","array"}); // Lets add some elements.
write(arr[5] + "\n"); // And finally print element 5.
}</lang>
PL/I
<lang pli>/* Example of an array having fixed dimensions */
declare A(10) float initial (1, 9, 4, 6, 7, 2, 5, 8, 3, 10);
A(6) = -45;
/* Example of an array having dynamic bounds. */
get list (N);
begin;
declare B(N) float initial (9, 4, 7, 3, 8, 11, 0, 5, 15, 6);
B(3) = -11;
put (B(2));
end;
/* Example of a dynamic array. */
declare C(N) float controlled;
get list (N);
allocate C;
C = 0;
c(7) = 12;
put (C(9));</lang>
Plain English
Arrays are a bit of a sticking point for Plain English, because its creators have not as yet devised a sufficiently elegant way to work with them within the constraints of the language. Only lists have high-level routine support. Nevertheless, the capability to build arrays ourselves exists within the language. Following is an example of how it could be done.
<lang plainenglish>To run:
Start up.
Write "Creating an array of 100 numbers..." on the console.
Create a number array given 100.
Write "Putting 1 into the array at index 0." on the console.
Put 1 into the number array at 0.
Write "Putting 33 into the array at index 50." on the console.
Put 33 into the number array at 50.
Write "Retrieving value from array at index 0... " on the console without advancing.
Get a number from the number array at 0.
Write "" then the number on the console.
Write "Retrieving value from array at index 50... " on the console without advancing.
Get another number from the number array at 50.
Write "" then the other number on the console.
Write "Retrieving value from array at index 99... " on the console without advancing.
Get a third number from the number array at 99.
Write "" then the third number on the console.
Destroy the number array.
Wait for the escape key.
Shut down.
\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ Array implementation \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\
A number array has a first element pointer.
A location is a number.
To create a number array given a count:
Put a number's magnitude times the count into a size.
Assign the number array's first element pointer given the size. \ allocate memory for the array
To destroy a number array:
Unassign the number array's first element pointer. \ free the array's memory
To get a number from a number array at a location:
Put the location times the number's magnitude into an offset.
Put the number array's first element pointer into a number pointer.
Add the offset to the number pointer.
Put the number pointer's target into the number.
To put a number into a number array at a location:
Put the location times the number's magnitude into an offset.
Put the number array's first element pointer into a number pointer.
Add the offset to the number pointer.
Put the number into the number pointer's target.</lang>
- Output:
Creating an array of 100 numbers...
Putting 1 into the array at index 0.
Putting 33 into the array at index 50.
Retrieving value from array at index 0... 1
Retrieving value from array at index 50... 33
Retrieving value from array at index 99... 0
Pony
Arrays are homogenous.
<lang Pony>use "assert" // due to the use of Fact
- - -
var numbers = Array[I32](16) // creating array of 32-bit ints with initial allocation for 16 elements
numbers.push(10) // add value 10 to the end of array, extending the underlying memory if needed
try
let x = numbers(0) // fetch the first element of array. index starts at 0
Fact(x == 10) // try block is needed, because both lines inside it can throw exception
end
var other: Array[U64] = [10, 20, 30] // array literal
let s = other.size() // return the number of elements in array
try
Fact(s == 3) // size of array 'other' is 3
other(1) = 40 // 'other' now is [10, 40, 30]
end</lang>
PostScript
<lang>
%Declaring array
/x [0 1] def
%Assigning value to an element, PostScript arrays are 0 based.
x 0 3 put
%Print array
x pstack
[3 1]
%Get an element
x 1 get
</lang>
PowerShell
Empty array:
<lang powershell>$a = @()</lang>
Array initialized with only one member:
<lang powershell>$a = ,2
$a = @(2) # alternative</lang>
Longer arrays can simply be created by separating the values with commas:
<lang powershell>$a = 1,2,3</lang>
A value can be appended to an array using the += operator:
<lang powershell>$a += 5</lang>
Since arrays are immutable this simply creates a new array containing one more member.
Values can be retrieved using a fairly standard indexing syntax:
<lang powershell>$a[1]</lang>
Similarly, those values can also be replaced:
<lang powershell>$a[1] = 42</lang>
The range operator .. can be used to create contiguous ranges of integers as arrays:
<lang powershell>$r = 1..100</lang>
Indexing for retrieval allows for arrays as well, the following shows a fairly complex example combining two ranges and an arbitrary array in the indexer:
<lang powershell>$r[0..9+25..27+80,85,90]</lang>
Indexing from the end of the array can be done with negative numbers:
<lang powershell>$r[-1] # last index</lang>
Prolog
Prolog Terms can be abused as array structure. Using
functor/3 to create arrays and arg/3 to nondestructively
retrieve and set elements.
<lang prolog>
singleassignment:-
functor(Array,array,100), % create a term with 100 free Variables as arguments
% index of arguments start at 1
arg(1 ,Array,a), % put an a at position 1
arg(12,Array,b), % put an b at position 12
arg(1 ,Array,Value1), % get the value at position 1
print(Value1),nl, % will print Value1 and therefore a followed by a newline
arg(4 ,Array,Value2), % get the value at position 4 which is a free Variable
print(Value2),nl. % will print that it is a free Variable followed by a newline
</lang>
To destructively set an array element, which is the "normal" way to set an element in most other
programming languages, setarg/3 can be used.
<lang prolog>
destructive:-
functor(Array,array,100), % create a term with 100 free Variables as arguments
% index of arguments start at 1
setarg(1 ,Array,a), % put an a at position 1
setarg(12,Array,b), % put an b at position 12
setarg(1, Array,c), % overwrite value at position 1 with c
arg(1 ,Array,Value1), % get the value at position 1
print(Value1),nl. % will print Value1 and therefore c followed by a newline
</lang>
Lists can be used as arrays.
<lang prolog>
listvariant:-
length(List,100), % create a list of length 100
nth1(1 ,List,a), % put an a at position 1 , nth1/3 uses indexing from 1, nth0/3 from 0
nth1(12,List,b), % put an b at position 3
append(List,[d],List2), % append an d at the end , List2 has 101 elements
length(Add,10), % create a new list of length 10
append(List2,Add,List3), % append 10 free variables to List2 , List3 now has 111 elements
nth1(1 ,List3,Value), % get the value at position 1
print(Value),nl. % will print out a
</lang>
PureBasic
Dim is used to create new arrays and initiate each element will be zero. An array in PureBasic can be of any types, including structured, and user defined types. Once an array is defined it can be resized with ReDim. Arrays are dynamically allocated which means than a variable or an expression can be used to size them.
<lang PureBasic> ;Set up an Array of 23 cells, e.g. 0-22
Dim MyArray.i(22)
MyArray(0) = 7
MyArray(1) = 11
MyArray(7) = 23</lang>
ReDim is used to 'resize' an already declared array while preserving its content. The new size can be both larger or smaller, but the number of dimension of the array can not be changed after initial creation.
<lang PureBasic> ;Extend the Array above to 56 items without affecting the already stored data
ReDim MyArray(55)
MyArray(22) = 7
MyArray(33) = 11
MyArray(44) = 23</lang>
<lang PureBasic> ;Find all 6 non-zero cells from the Array above
For i=0 To ArraySize(MyArray())
If MyArray(i)
PrintN(Str(i)+" differs from zero.")
EndIf
Next</lang>
<lang PureBasic> ; Now, set up a multi dimensional Array
Dim MultiArray.i(800, 600)
MultiArray(100, 200) = 640
MultiArray(130, 40) = 120</lang>
<lang PureBasic>Dim MultiArray2.i(64, 128, 32)
PrintN( Str(ArraySize(MultiArray2(), 2)) ; Will tell that second dimension size is '128'</lang>
Python
Python lists are dynamically resizeable.
<lang python>array = []
array.append(1)
array.append(3)
array[0] = 2
print array[0]</lang>
A simple, single-dimensional array can also be initialized thus:
<lang python>myArray = [0] * size</lang>
However this will not work as intended if one tries to generalize from the syntax:
<lang python>myArray = [[0]* width] * height # DOES NOT WORK AS INTENDED!!!</lang>
This creates a list of "height" number of references to one list object ... which is a list of width instances of the number zero. Due to the differing semantics of immutables (strings, numbers) and mutables (dictionaries, lists), a change to any one of the "rows" will affect the values in all of them. Thus we need to ensure that we initialize each row with a newly generated list.
To initialize a list of lists one could use a pair of nested list comprehensions like so:
<lang python>myArray = [[0 for x in range(width)] for y in range(height)]</lang>
That is equivalent to:
<lang python>myArray = list()
for x in range(height):
myArray.append([0] * width)</lang>
To retrieve an element in an array, use any of the following methods:
<lang python>
- Retrieve an element directly from the array.
item = array[index]
- Use the array like a stack. Note that using the pop() method removes the element.
array.pop() # Pop last item in a list
array.pop(0) # Pop first item in a list
- Using a negative element counts from the end of the list.
item = array[-1] # Retrieve last element in a list.
</lang>
Python produces an IndexError when accessing elements out of range:
<lang python>
try:
# This will cause an exception, which will then be caught.
print array[len(array)]
except IndexError as e:
# Print the exception.
print e
</lang>
QB64
<lang QB64>
'Task
'Show basic array syntax in your language.
'Basically, create an array, assign a value to sit, and retrieve an element (if available, show both fixed-length arrays and dynamic arrays, pushing a value into it).
Rem DECLARATION PART
Rem QB64/QuickBasic/Qbasic array examples
'-----------
MyArray%(10) = 11 ' it creates an array integer of 11 elements from 0 to 11
Dim MyArray2%(0 To 10) ' it is equal to the previous line of code, it is its explicit way
'--------------
Option Base 1 ' from here all arrays have as default as index of first item 1
MyArray3%(10) = 14 'it creates array from 1 to 14
Dim Myarray4%(1 To 14) ' it is equal to the 2 previous lines of code
'-----------------
Dim Shared myArray$(-12 To 12) ' it creates a string array with 25 elements and SHARED makes it global array
'---------------------
'$dynamic
Dim MyArray1!(1 To 4) ' these two lines of code create a resizable array
ReDim myArray2!(1 To 4) ' it does the same of the 2 previous lines of code
'-------------------------
' alternatively at the place of suffix ! or $ or % or # or &
' you can use the explicit way "DIM namearray (start to end) AS TypeOfVariable"
Dim MyIntegerArray(1 To 10) As Integer
Dim MyStringArray(1 To 10) As String
Dim MySingleArray(1 To 10) As Single
Dim MyLongArray(1 To 10) As Long
Dim MyDoubleArray(1 To 10) As Double
'---------------------------
'it is possible defining an User Data Type and creating an array with that type
Type MyType
Name As String * 8 ' a fixed lenght string variable
ID As Integer
Position As Single
End Type
Dim Lists(1 To 10) As MyType
ReDim WhoIs(-19 To 10) As MyType
'------------------------------
' Number of dimensions of an array: QuickBasic vs QB64
' an array can have from 1 to until 60 dimensions in QuickBasic
' an array can have from 1 to RAM dimension of your machine
' you must think that in the dayly practice is rare to use more than 3 dimensions
Dim Calendar%(1 To 31, 1 To 56, 1 To 12) ' array calendar with days, week, mounths
ReDim Time(1 To 60, 1 To 60, 1 To 24) As Integer ' array Time with seconds, minutes and hours
Rem ONLY QB64 arrays
'--------
' QB64 introduces more TypeOfVariable all of them associated to a suffix
' so you can declare also these kind of data
' _BIT or `, _BYTE or %%, _INTEGER64 or &&, _FLOAT or ##, OFFSET or %&, _MEM (no suffix)
Dim MyByteArray%%(1 To 4)
Dim MyByteArray2(1 To 4) As _Byte
' are the same declaration of the array
'----------------
'QB64 lets you to use an alternative way to declare variables and array
'using the following syntax: DIM / REDIM AS Type of data Array1, Array2, Array3"
ReDim As _MEM Mem1(1 To 5), Mem2(6 To 10)
Dim As _Unsigned _Byte UByte(-3 To 25), Ubyte2(100 To 200)
Rem QB64 / QB PDS (7.1) arrays
ReDim MyPreservedArray(1 To 5) As Integer ' it creates a dynamic array
ReDim _Preserve MyPreservedArray(-3 To 100) As Integer ' it changes limit of dimension of array
Rem ASSIGNING PART
' at declaration point each array is initializated: 0 for digit arrays, "" for string arrays
' in the UDT arrays each variable is initializated following its type
' all types of array can be accessed using the index of item choice to change
' in the UDT array each item of UDT is reached using the "." while the item of array needs the index
Print MyPreservedArray(2)
MyPreservedArray(2) = 12345
Print MyPreservedArray(2)
Print WhoIs(-10).Name
WhoIs(-10).Name = "QB64"
Print WhoIs(-10).Name
WhoIs(10).Name = WhoIs(-10).Name
Print WhoIs(10).Name
Rem RETRIEVE AN ELEMENT
' basically the coder must use a loop for scanning the whole array for that value choosen
'-----------------
' static array
MySingleArray(4) = 4
MySingleArray(8) = 8
For n = 1 To 10
If MySingleArray(n) > 0 Then Print MySingleArray(n)
Next
'dynamic array
WhoIs(-10).Name = "QB64"
WhoIs(10).Name = "C#"
WhoIs(1).Name = "Java"
Print WhoIs(-10).Name, WhoIs(10).Name, WhoIs(1).Name
ReDim _Preserve WhoIs(-10 To 19) As MyType
Print
Print WhoIs(-10).Name, WhoIs(10).Name, WhoIs(1).Name
Print WhoIs(-1).Name, WhoIs(19).Name, WhoIs(10).Name
</lang>
Quackery
A selection of the nest related words in Quackery, demonstrated as a dialogue in the Quackery shell.
Welcome to Quackery.
Enter "leave" to leave the shell.
Building extensions.
/O> ( nests are dynamic arrays, zero indexed from the left, -1 indexed from the right )
...
Stack empty.
/O> [] ( create an empty nest )
... 23 join 24 join ( append two numbers )
... ' [ 33 34 ] ( create a nest of two numbers )
... join ( concatenate them )
... ' [ 45 46 ] ( create a nest of two numbers )
... nested join ( add that nest as an item of the nest )
...
Stack: [ 23 24 33 34 [ 45 46 ] ]
/O> ' [ 55 56 ] ( create a nest of two numbers )
... swap 2 stuff ( insert it into the previous nest as the 2nd item )
...
Stack: [ 23 24 [ 55 56 ] 33 34 [ 45 46 ] ]
/O> -3 pluck drop ( remove the third item from the end and dispose of it )
...
Stack: [ 23 24 [ 55 56 ] 34 [ 45 46 ] ]
/O> dup 0 peek ( copy the first item )
...
Stack: [ 23 24 [ 55 56 ] 34 [ 45 46 ] ] 23
/O> swap -1 poke ( ... and overwrite the last item with it )
...
Stack: [ 23 24 [ 55 56 ] 34 23 ]
/O> behead join ( remove the first item and append it to the end )
...
Stack: [ 24 [ 55 56 ] 34 23 23 ]
/O> -2 split nip ( split it two items from the end and dispose of the left hand side )
...
Stack: [ 23 23 ]
/O> ' ** join ( append the exponentiation word )
...
Stack: [ 23 23 ** ]
/O> do ( ... and perform the nest as Quackery code. )
...
Stack: 20880467999847912034355032910567
R
Dynamic
<lang R>arr <- array(1)
arr <- append(arr,3)
arr[1] <- 2
print(arr[1])</lang>
Racket
<lang Racket>#lang racket
- import dynamic arrays
(require data/gvector)
(define v (vector 1 2 3 4)) ; array
(vector-ref v 0) ; 1
(vector-set! v 1 4) ; 2 -> 4
(define gv (gvector 1 2 3 4)) ; dynamic array
(gvector-ref gv 0) ; 1
(gvector-add! gv 5) ; increase size
</lang>
Raku
(formerly Perl 6)
At its most basic, an array in Raku is quite similar to an array in Perl 5.
<lang perl6>my @arr;
push @arr, 1;
push @arr, 3;
@arr[0] = 2;
say @arr[0];</lang>
Some further exposition:
In Raku, arrays have a very specific definition: "A collection of Scalar containers that do the Positional Role." Scalar container means it is mutable and may contain any object; an Integer, a Rational number, a String, another Array, whatever... literally any other object that can be instantiated in Raku. The Positional Role means that it uses integer indexing for access. The index must be a positive integer, an expression that evaluates to a positive integer, or something that can be coerced to a positive integer. Arrays are always indexed from 0. The starting index can not be changed.
Arrays are unconstrained by default. They may hold any number of any type of object up to available memory. They do not need to be pre-allocated. Simply assigning (or even referring in some cases) to an index slot is enough to autovivify the container and allocate enough memory to hold the assigned object. Memory will automatically be allocated and will grow and shrink as necessary to hold the values assigned.
Values may be pushed onto the end of an array, popped off of the end, shifted off of the front or unshifted onto the front, and spliced into or out of the interior.
@array.push: 'value';
my $value = @array.pop;
@array.unshift: 'value';
my $value = @array.shift;
@array.splice(2,3, <some arbitrary string values>);
Arrays may be constrained to only accept a certain number of objects or only a certain type of object.
my Int @array; # can only hold Integer objects. Assigning any other type will cause an exception.
my @array[9]; # can only 10 objects (zero indexed). Trying to assign to an index greater than 9 with cause an exception.
Arrays are constructed with square brackets, an explicit constructor, or by coercing some other object either explicitly using a coercer or implicitly by simply assigning to an array variable. These are all arrays:
[1, 2, 3, 4]
['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
Array.new<this is an array of words>
('as', 'is', 'this').Array
my @implicit = <yep, this too>
Array variables in Raku are variables whose names bear the @ sigil, and are expected to contain some sort of list-like object. Of course, other variables may also contain these objects, but @-sigiled variables always do, and are expected to act the part. Array storage slots are accessed through postcircumfix square bracket notation. Unlike Perl 5, @-sigiled variables are invariant on access, whether you are accessing one slot, many slots, or all of the slots. The first slot in @array is @array[0] not $array[0]. @array and $array are two different unconnected variables.
@array[1] # a single value in the 2nd slot
@array[*-1] # a single value in the last slot
@array[1..5] # an array slice, 2nd through 6th slots
@array[1,3,7] # slice, 2nd, 4th and 8th slot
@array[8,5,2] # can be in any order
@array[*] # all the slots
@array[] # all the slots (zen slice)
@array[^10] # first 10 slots (upto 10 or 0..9)
@array.head(5) # first 5 slots
@array.tail(2) # last two
Multi-dimensioned arrays also use postcircumfix square brackets for access. If the array is not ragged, (every sub array is the same size) you may use semicolon subscripting.
@array[1][1] # 2nd item in the second slot
@array[1;1] # same thing, implies rectangular (non-ragged) arrays
There are several objects that have an Iterable Role and a PositionalBindFailover Role which makes them act similar to arrays and allows them to be used nearly interchangeably in read-only applications. (Raku is big on duck typing. "If it looks like a duck and quacks like a duck and waddles like a duck, it's a duck.") These constructs are ordered and use integer indexing and are often used in similar circumstances as arrays, however, they are immutable. Values in slots can not be changed. They can not be pushed to, popped from or spliced. They can easily converted to arrays by simply assigning them to an array variable.
List: A fixed Iterable collection of immutable values. Lists are constructed similarly to arrays:
(1, 2, 3, 4)
('a', 'b', 'c', 'd')
List.new(<this is a list of words>)
('as', 'is', 'this').List
my @not-a-list = (<oops, this isn't>)
my @implicit := (<but this is>) # note the values are bound := not assigned =
Range: Iterable list of consecutive numbers or strings with a lower and an upper boundary. (That boundary may be infinite.) Reified on demand.
2..20 # integers two through twenty
1..Inf # natural numbers
'a'..'z' # lowercase latin letters
'⁰'..'⁹' # superscript digits
Sequence: Iterable list of objects with some method to determine the next (or previous) item in the list. Reified on demand. Will try to automatically deduce simple arithmetic or geometric sequences. Pass in a code object to calculate more complex sequences.
0,2,4 ... 64 # even numbers up to 64
1,2,4 ... 64 # geometric increase
1,1, *+* ... * # infinite Fibonacci sequence
1,1,{$^n2 + $^n1 + 1} ... * # infinite Leonardo numbers
Postcircumfix indexing works for any object that has a Positional (or PositionalBindFailover) role, it need not be in a @-sigiled variable, or indeed, in a variable at all.
[2,4,6,8,10][1] # 4 - anonymous array
<my dog has fleas>[*-2] # 'has' - anonymous list
sub a {(^Inf).grep: *.is-prime}; a()[99]; # 541 - (100th prime) subroutine returning a sequence
my $lol = ((1,2), (3,4), (5,6)); $lol[1]; # (3 4) - list of lists in a Scalar variable
REBOL
<lang REBOL>
a: [] ; Empty.
b: ["foo"] ; Pre-initialized.
</lang>
Inserting and appending.
<lang REBOL>
append a ["up" "down"] ; -> ["up" "down"]
insert a [left right] ; -> [left right "up" "down"]
</lang>
Getting specific values.
<lang REBOL>
first a ; -> left
third a ; -> "up"
last a ; -> "down"
a/2 ; -> right (Note: REBOL is 1-based.)
</lang>
Getting subsequences. REBOL allows relative motion through a block (list).
The list variable returns the current position to the end of the list,
you can even assign to it without destroying the list.
<lang REBOL>
a ; -> [left right "up" "down"]
next a ; -> [right "up" "down"]
skip a 2 ; -> ["up" "down"]
a: next a ; -> [right "up" "down"]
head a ; -> [left right "up" "down"]
copy a ; -> [left right "up" "down"]
copy/part a 2 ; -> [left right]
copy/part skip a 2 2 ; -> ["up" "down"]
</lang>
Red
<lang Red>arr1: [] ;create empty array
arr2: ["apple" "orange" 1 2 3] ;create an array with data
>> insert arr1 "blue"
>> arr1
== ["blue"]
append append arr1 "black" "green"
>> arr1
== ["blue" "black" "green"]
>> arr1/2
== "black"
>> second arr1
== "black"
>> pick arr1 2
== "black"</lang>
A vector! is a high-performance series! of items.
The items in a vector! must all have the same type.
The allowable item types are: integer! float! char! percent!
Vectors of string! are not allowed.
<lang Red>>> vec1: make vector! [ 20 30 70]
== make vector! [20 30 70]
>> vec1/2
== 30
>> second vec1
== 30
>> append vec1 90
== make vector! [20 30 70 90]
>> append vec1 "string"
- Script Error: invalid argument: "string"
- Where: append
- Stack:
>> append vec1 3.0
- Script Error: invalid argument: 3.0
- Where: append
- Stack:</lang>
ReScript
<lang ReScript>let arr = [1, 2, 3]
let _ = Js.Array2.push(arr, 4)
arr[3] = 5
Js.log(Js.Int.toString(arr[3]))</lang>
- Output:
$ bsc arrs.res > arrays.bs.js
$ node arrays.bs.js
5
Retro
Retro has a vocabulary for creating and working with arrays.
<lang Retro>
needs array'
( Create an array with four elements )
^array'new{ 1 2 3 4 } constant a
( Add 10 to each element in an array and update the array with the results )
a [ 10 + ] ^array'map
( Apply a quote to each element in an array; leaves the contents alone )
a [ 10 + putn cr ] ^array'apply
( Display an array )
a ^array'display
( Look for a value in an array )
3 a ^array'in?
6 a ^array'in?
( Look for a string in an array )
"hello" a ^array'stringIn?
( Reverse the order of items in an array )
a ^array'reverse
( Append two arrays and return a new one )
^array'new{ 1 2 3 } constant a
^array'new{ 4 5 6 } constant b
a b ^array'append constant c
( Create an array from the values returned by a quote )
[ 1 2 "hello" "world" ] ^array'fromQuote constant d
( Create a quote from the values in an array )
d ^array'toQuote
</lang>
REXX
Strictly speaking, REXX doesn't have arrays, but it does have something that looks, feels, and tastes like arrays;
they're called stemmed arrays.
simple arrays
<lang rexx>/*REXX program demonstrates a simple array usage. */
a.='not found' /*value for all a.xxx (so far).*/
do j=1 to 100 /*start at 1, define 100 elements*/
a.j=-j*1000 /*define as negative J thousand. */
end /*j*/ /*the above defines 100 elements.*/
say 'element 50 is:' a.50
say 'element 3000 is:' a.3000
/*stick a fork in it, we're done.*/</lang>
- Output:
element 50 is: -50000
element 3000 is: not found
simple arrays, mimic other languages
<lang rexx>/*REXX program demonstrates array usage with mimicry. */
a. = 'not found' /*value for all a.xxx (so far). */
do j=1 to 100 /*start at 1, define 100 elements*/
a.j = -j * 100 /*define element as -J hundred. */
end /*j*/ /*the above defines 100 elements.*/
say 'element 50 is:' a(50)
say 'element 3000 is:' a(3000)
exit /*stick a fork in it, we're done.*/
/*──────────────────────────────────A subroutine────────────────────────*/
a: _a_ = arg(1); return a._a_</lang>
element 50 is: -5000
element 3000 is: not found
simple arrays, assigned default
<lang rexx>/*REXX program demonstrates array usage with mimicry. */
a. = 00 /*value for all a.xxx (so far). */
do j=1 to 100 /*start at 1, define 100 elements*/
a.j = -j * 100 /*define element as -J hundred. */
end /*j*/ /*the above defines 100 elements.*/
say 'element 50 is:' a(50)
say 'element 3000 is:' a(3000)
exit /*stick a fork in it, we're done.*/
/*──────────────────────────────────A subroutine────────────────────────*/
a: _a_ = arg(1); return a._a_</lang>
- Output:
element 50 is: -5000
element 3000 is: 00
arrays with non-unity index start
<lang rexx>/*REXX program demonstrates array usage (with elements out-of-range).*/
array. = 'out of range' /*define ALL elements to this. */
do j=-3000 to 3000 /*start at -3k, going up to +3k.*/
array.j=j**2 /*define element as its square. */
end /*j*/ /* [↑] defines 6,001 elements. */
g=-7
say g "squared is:" array.g
say 7000 "squared is:" array.7000
/*stick a fork in it, we're done.*/</lang>
- Output:
-7 squared is: 49
7000 squared is: out of range
arrays, disjoint
<lang rexx>/*REXX program demonstrates disjointed array usage. */
yr. = 'year not supported' /*value for all yr.xxx (so far).*/
do k=600 to 1100 /*a bunch of years prior to 1800.*/
yr.k=k "AD" /*Kth element as the year itself.*/
end /*k*/ /* [↑] defines 501 elements.*/
do j=1800 to 2100 /*start at 1800, define a bunch. */
yr.j=j 'AD' /*Jth element as the year itself.*/
end /*j*/ /* [↑] defines 301 elements.*/
year=1946
say 'DOB' year "is:" yr.year
year=1744
say 'DOB' year "is:" yr.year
/*stick a fork in it, we're done.*/</lang>
- Output:
DOB 1946 is: 1946 AD
DOB 1744 is: year not supported
sparse arrays and special indices
<lang rexx>/*REXX program demonstrates array usage: sparse and disjointed. */
yyy = -55 /*REXX must use this mechanism···*/
a.yyy = 1e9 /*··· when assigning neg indices.*/
a.1 = 1000
a.2 = 2000.0001
a.7 = 7000
a.2012 = 'out here in left field.'
a.cat = 'civet, but not a true cat ─── belonging to the family Viverridae'
a.civet = "A.K.A.: toddycats"
/*┌────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ Array elements need not be continuous (nor even defined). They │
│ can hold any manner of numbers, or strings (which can include any │
│ characters, including null or '00'x characters). │
│ │
│ Array elements need not be numeric, as the above code demonstrates.│
│ Indeed, the element "name" can be ANYTHING, even non-displayable │
│ characters. To illustrate [↓]: │
└────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘*/
stuff=')g.u.t.s( or ½ of an intestine!'
a.stuff=44
/*┌────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ where the element name has special characters: blanks, and the │
│ glyph of one-half (½), as well as the symbol used in REXX to │
│ identify stemmed arrays (the period). │
└────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘*/
/*stick a fork in it, we're done.*/</lang>
Ring
Dynamic
<lang ring># create an array with one string in it
a = ['foo']
- add items
a + 1 # ["foo", 1]
- set the value at a specific index in the array
a[1] = 2 # [2, 1]
- retrieve an element
see a[1]</lang>
RLaB
<lang RLaB>
// 1-D (row- or column-vectors)
// Static:
// row-vector
x = [1:3];
x = zeros(1,3); x[1]=1; x[2]=2; x[3]=3;
// column-vector
x = [1:3]'; // or
x = [1;2;3]; // or
x = zeros(3,1); x[1]=1; x[2]=2; x[3]=3;
// Dynamic:
x = []; // create an empty array
x = [x; 1, 2]; // add a row to 'x' containing [1, 2], or
x = [x, [1; 2]]; // add a column to 'x' containing [1; 2]
// 2-D array
// Static:
x = zeros(3,5); // create an zero-filed matrix of size 3x5
x[1;1] = 1; // set the x(1,1) element to 1
x[2;] = [1,2,3,4,5]; // set the second row x(2,) to a row vector
x[3;4:5] = [2,3]; // set x(3,4) to 2 and x(3,5) to 3
// Dynamic
x = [1:5]; // create an row-vector x(1,1)=1, x(1,2)=2, ... x(1,5)=5
x = [x; 2, 3, 4, 6, 7]; // add to 'x' a row.
// Accessing an element of arrays:
// to retrieve/print element of matrix 'x' just put this in a single line in the script
i=1;
j=2;
x[i;j]
</lang>
Robotic
Robotic does not natively support arrays of any kind.
However, using Counter Interpolation, we can create a simple (faux) array.
<lang robotic>
set "index" to 0
. "Assign random values to array"
- "loop"
set "array&index&" to random 0 to 99
inc "index" by 1
if "index" < 100 then "loop"
- "Value of index 50 is ('array('50')')."
end
</lang>
You can even create multi-dimensional arrays using the Counter Interpolation method.
<lang robotic>
set "xx" to 0
set "yy" to 0
. "Assign random values to array"
- "loopX"
set "array&xx&,&yy&" to random 0 to 99
inc "xx" by 1
if "xx" < 32 then "loopX"
set "xx" to 0
inc "yy" by 1
if "yy" < 32 then "loopX"
- "Value of 16,16 is ('array('16'),('16')')."
end
</lang>
Because arrays aren't built in, there are no functions that allow you to manipulate the data you create within an array. You would have to create your own function when, for example, you want to sort numbers from least to greatest.
RPG
<lang rpg>
//-Static array
//--def of 10 el array of integers, initialised to zeros
D array...
D s 10i 0 dim(10)
D inz
//--def an el
D el_1...
D s 10i 0 inz
/free
//-assign first el
//--first element of RPG array is indexed with 1
array(1) = 111;
//-get first el of array
el_1 = array(1);
//--display it
dsply ('First el of array='+%char(el_1));
//--displays: First el of array=111
//---or shorter, without "el_1"
dsply ('First el of array='+%char(array(1)));
//--displays: First el of array=111
/end-free
</lang>
Ruby
Dynamic
<lang ruby># create an array with one object in it
a = ['foo']
- the Array#new method allows several additional ways to create arrays
- push objects into the array
a << 1 # ["foo", 1]
a.push(3,4,5) # ["foo", 1, 3, 4, 5]
- set the value at a specific index in the array
a[0] = 2 # [2, 1, 3, 4, 5]
- a couple of ways to set a slice of the array
a[0,3] = 'bar' # ["bar", 4, 5]
a[1..-1] = 'baz' # ["bar", "baz"]
a[0] = nil # [nil, "baz"]
a[0,1] = nil # ["baz"]
- retrieve an element
puts a[0]</lang>
Run BASIC
<lang runbasic>print "Enter array 1 greater than 0"; : input a1
print "Enter array 2 greater than 0"; : input a2
dim chrArray$(max(a1,1),max(a2,1))
dim numArray(max(a1,1),max(a2,1))
chrArray$(1,1) = "Hello"
numArray(1,1) = 987.2
print chrArray$(1,1);" ";numArray(1,1)</lang>
Rust
The Rust book has a tutorial on arrays.
By default, arrays are immutable unless defined otherwise.
<lang rust>let a = [1, 2, 3]; // immutable array
let mut m = [1, 2, 3]; // mutable array
let zeroes = [0; 200]; // creates an array of 200 zeroes</lang>
To get the length and iterate,
<lang rust>let a = [1, 2, 3];
a.len();
for e in a.iter() {
e;
}</lang>
Accessing a particular element uses subscript notation, starting from 0.
<lang rust>let names = ["Graydon", "Brian", "Niko"];
names[1]; // second element</lang>
Dynamic arrays in Rust are called vectors.
<lang rust>let v = vec![1, 2, 3];</lang>
However, this defines an immutable vector. To add elements to a vector, we need to define v to be mutable.
<lang rust>let mut v = vec![1, 2, 3];
v.push(4);
v.len(); // 4</lang>
Sather
<lang sather>-- a is an array of INTs
a :ARRAY{INT};
-- create an array of five "void" elements
a := #ARRAY{INT}(5);
-- static creation of an array with three elements
b :ARRAY{FLT} := |1.2, 1.3, 1.4|;
-- accessing an array element
c ::= b[0]; -- syntactic sugar for b.aget(0)
-- set an array element
b[1] := c; -- syntactic sugar for b.aset(1, c)
-- append another array
b := b.append(|5.5|);</lang>
Scala
Arrays are not used often in Scala, since they are mutable and act differently to other collections with respect to type erasure, but are necessary for interoperability with Java. Alternatives such as List, Seq, and Vector are more commonly used.
<lang scala>// Create a new integer array with capacity 10
val a = new Array[Int](10)
// Create a new array containing specified items
val b = Array("foo", "bar", "baz")
// Assign a value to element zero
a(0) = 42
// Retrieve item at element 2
val c = b(2)</lang>
Dynamic arrays can be made using ArrayBuffers:
<lang scala>val a = new collection.mutable.ArrayBuffer[Int]
a += 5 // Append value 5 to the end of the list
a(0) = 6 // Assign value 6 to element 0</lang>
Scheme
Lists are more often used in Scheme than vectors.
<lang scheme>(let ((array #(1 2 3 4 5)) ; vector literal
(array2 (make-vector 5)) ; default is unspecified
(array3 (make-vector 5 0))) ; default 0
(vector-set! array 0 3)
(vector-ref array 0)) ; 3</lang>
Scratch
Seed7
By default array indices have the type integer and start from 1.
Other index types and start values are also possible.
E.g.: The famous arrays with indices starting from 0 are possible.
Every type, which can be mapped to integer, can be used as index type.
<lang seed7>$ include "seed7_05.s7i";
const type: charArray is array [char] string; # Define an array type for arrays with char index.
const type: twoDim is array array char; # Define an array type for a two dimensional array.
const proc: main is func
local
var array integer: array1 is 10 times 0; # Array with 10 elements of 0.
var array boolean: array2 is [0 .. 4] times TRUE; # Array with 5 elements of TRUE.
var array integer: array3 is [] (1, 2, 3, 4); # Array with the elements 1, 2, 3, 4.
var array string: array4 is [] ("foo", "bar"); # Array with string elements.
var array char: array5 is [0] ('a', 'b', 'c'); # Array with indices starting from 0.
const array integer: array6 is [] (2, 3, 5, 7, 11); # Array constant.
var charArray: array7 is ['1'] ("one", "two"); # Array with char index starting from '1'.
var twoDim: array8 is [] ([] ('a', 'b'), # Define two dimensional array.
[] ('A', 'B'));
begin
writeln(length(array1)); # Get array length (= number of array elements).
writeln(length(array2)); # Writes 5, because array2 has 5 array elements.
writeln(array4[2]); # Get array element ("bar"). By default array indices start from 1.
writeln(array5[1]); # Writes b, because the indices of array5 start from 0.
writeln(array7['2']); # Writes two, because the indices of array7 start from '1'.
writeln(array8[2][2]); # Writes B, because both indices start from 1.
writeln(minIdx(array7)); # Get minumum index of array ('1').
array3[1] := 5; # Replace element. Now array3 has the elements 5, 2, 3, 4.
writeln(remove(array3, 3)); # Remove 3rd element. Now array3 has the elements 5, 2, 4.
array1 := array6; # Assign a whole array.
array1 &:= [] (13, 17); # Append an array.
array1 &:= 19; # Append an element.
array1 := array3[2 ..]; # Assign a slice beginning with the second element.
array1 := array3[.. 5]; # Assign a slice up to the fifth element.
array1 := array3[3 .. 4]; # Assign a slice from the third to the fourth element.
array1 := array3[2 len 4]; # Assign a slice of four elements beginning with the second element.
array1 := array3 & array6; # Concatenate two arrays and assign the result to array1.
end func;</lang>
Self
The vector protorype represents a fixed size array with polymorphic contents. Vector indexing is zero based.
Fixed size means that once created it is expensive (although not strictly impossible) to resize it. If resizable sequenced collections are wanted, the 'sequence' prototype can be used.
Creating simple vectors:
<lang self>vector copySize: 100</lang>
<lang self>vector copySize: 100 FillingWith: anObject</lang>
A polymorphic vector:
<lang self>(1 & 'Hello' & 2.0 & someObject) asVector</lang>
Using a vector:
<lang self>|v|
"creates an vector that holds up to 20 elements"
v: vector copySize: 20.
"access the first element"
v first printLine.
"access the 10th element"
(v at: 9) printLine.
"put 100 as second value"
vat: 1 Put: 100.</lang>
Enumeration:
<lang self>v do: [:each | each printLine].
v copy mapBy: [:each | each squared].
v copy filterBy: [:each | each > 10].</lang>
Using a squence:
<lang self>|s|
"creates a new sequence"
s: sequence copyRemoveAll.
"add an element"
s addLast: 'Hello'.
"access the first element"
s first printLine.
"remove the first element"
s removeFirst.
"Check size"
s size printLine.</lang>
SenseTalk
<lang sensetalk>// Initial creation of an array
set a to (1, 2, 3)
// pushing a value to the array
// Both approaches are valid
insert 4 after a
push 5 into a
put a -- (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
// Treating the array as a stack, using `push` and `pop`
pop a into v1
put a -- (1, 2, 3, 4)
put v1-- 5
// Treating the array as a queue, using `push` and `pull`
push 6 into a
pull a into v2
put a -- (2, 3, 4, 6)
put v2 -- 1
// Referencing the items in the array
put the second item of a -- 3
// Changing the values in the array
set the third item of a to "abc"
put a -- (2, 3, "abc", 6)</lang>
Sidef
<lang ruby># create an empty array
var arr = [];
- push objects into the array
arr << "a"; #: ['a']
arr.append(1,2,3); #: ['a', 1, 2, 3]
- change an element inside the array
arr[2] = "b"; #: ['a', 1, 'b', 3]
- set the value at a specific index in the array (with autovivification)
arr[5] = "end"; #: ['a', 1, 'b', 3, nil, 'end']
- resize the array
arr.resize_to(-1); #: []
- slice assignment
arr[0..2] = @|('a'..'c'); #: ['a', 'b', 'c']
- indices as arrays
var indices = [0, -1];
arr[indices] = ("foo", "baz"); #: ['foo', 'b', 'baz']
- retrieve multiple elements
var *elems = arr[0, -1]
say elems #=> ['foo', 'baz']
- retrieve an element
say arr[-1]; #=> 'baz'</lang>
Simula
<lang simula>BEGIN
PROCEDURE STATIC;
BEGIN
INTEGER ARRAY X(0:4);
X(0) := 10;
X(1) := 11;
X(2) := 12;
X(3) := 13;
X(4) := X(0);
OUTTEXT("STATIC AT 4: ");
OUTINT(X(4), 0);
OUTIMAGE
END STATIC;
PROCEDURE DYNAMIC(N); INTEGER N;
BEGIN
INTEGER ARRAY X(0:N-1);
X(0) := 10;
X(1) := 11;
X(2) := 12;
X(3) := 13;
X(4) := X(0);
OUTTEXT("DYNAMIC AT 4: ");
OUTINT(X(4),0);
OUTIMAGE
END DYNAMIC;
STATIC;
DYNAMIC(5)
END ARRAYS.
</lang>
- Output:
STATIC AT 4: 10
DYNAMIC AT 4: 10
One can write an ArrayList class like Java has in package java.util.
<lang simula>BEGIN
CLASS ITEM;;
CLASS ITEMARRAY(N); INTEGER N;
BEGIN
REF(ITEM) ARRAY DATA(1:N);
OUTTEXT("NEW ITEMARRAY WITH "); OUTINT(N, 0); OUTTEXT(" ELEMENTS");
OUTIMAGE;
END;
CLASS ARRAYLIST;
BEGIN
PROCEDURE EXPAND(N); INTEGER N;
BEGIN
INTEGER I;
REF(ITEMARRAY) TEMP;
OUTTEXT("EXPAND TO CAPACITY "); OUTINT(N, 0); OUTIMAGE;
TEMP :- NEW ITEMARRAY(N);
FOR I := 1 STEP 1 UNTIL SIZE DO
TEMP.DATA(I) :- ITEMS.DATA(I);
ITEMS :- TEMP;
END;
PROCEDURE ADD(T); REF(ITEM) T;
BEGIN
IF SIZE + 1 > CAPACITY THEN
BEGIN
CAPACITY := 2 * CAPACITY;
EXPAND(CAPACITY);
END;
SIZE := SIZE + 1;
ITEMS.DATA(SIZE) :- T;
OUTTEXT("SIZE IS "); OUTINT(SIZE, 0); OUTIMAGE;
END;
PROCEDURE REMOVE(I); INTEGER I;
BEGIN
INTEGER J;
IF I < 1 OR I > SIZE THEN ERROR("REMOVE: INDEX OUT OF BOUNDS");
FOR J := I STEP 1 UNTIL SIZE - 1 DO
ITEMS.DATA(J) :- ITEMS.DATA(J + 1);
ITEMS.DATA(SIZE) :- NONE;
SIZE := SIZE - 1;
END;
REF(ITEM) PROCEDURE GET(I); INTEGER I;
BEGIN
IF I < 1 OR I > SIZE THEN ERROR("GET: INDEX OUT OF BOUNDS");
GET :- ITEMS.DATA(I);
END;
INTEGER CAPACITY;
INTEGER SIZE;
REF(ITEMARRAY) ITEMS;
CAPACITY := 20;
SIZE := 0;
EXPAND(CAPACITY);
END;
ITEM CLASS TEXTITEM(TXT); TEXT TXT;;
ARRAYLIST CLASS TEXTARRAYLIST;
BEGIN
PROCEDURE ADD(T); TEXT T;
THIS TEXTARRAYLIST QUA ARRAYLIST.ADD(NEW TEXTITEM(T));
TEXT PROCEDURE GET(I); INTEGER I;
GET :- THIS TEXTARRAYLIST QUA ARRAYLIST.GET(I) QUA TEXTITEM.TXT;
END;
ITEM CLASS REALITEM(X); REAL X;;
ARRAYLIST CLASS REALARRAYLIST;
BEGIN
PROCEDURE ADD(X); REAL X;
THIS REALARRAYLIST QUA ARRAYLIST.ADD(NEW REALITEM(X));
REAL PROCEDURE GET(I); INTEGER I;
GET := THIS REALARRAYLIST QUA ARRAYLIST.GET(I) QUA REALITEM.X;
END;
REF(TEXTARRAYLIST) LINES;
REF(REALARRAYLIST) REALS;
INTEGER I;
LINES :- NEW TEXTARRAYLIST;
LINES.ADD("WE");
LINES.ADD("HAVE");
LINES.ADD("SEEN");
LINES.ADD("THAT");
LINES.ADD("ARRAYS");
LINES.ADD("ARE");
LINES.ADD("A");
LINES.ADD("VERY");
LINES.ADD("CONVENIENT");
LINES.ADD("WAY");
LINES.ADD("OF");
LINES.ADD("STORING");
LINES.ADD("SIMPLE");
LINES.ADD("VALUES");
LINES.ADD("AND");
LINES.ADD("REFERENCES");
LINES.ADD("TO");
LINES.ADD("MORE");
LINES.ADD("COMPLEX");
LINES.ADD("CLASS");
LINES.ADD("OBJECTS");
LINES.ADD("IN");
LINES.ADD("AN");
LINES.ADD("ORDERED");
LINES.ADD("LIST");
LINES.ADD(".");
FOR I := 1 STEP 1 UNTIL LINES.SIZE DO
BEGIN
OUTINT(I, 0); OUTTEXT(": ");
OUTTEXT(LINES.GET(I)); OUTIMAGE;
END;
REALS :- NEW REALARRAYLIST;
FOR I := 1 STEP 1 UNTIL 10 DO
REALS.ADD(I * I);
FOR I := 1 STEP 1 UNTIL REALS.SIZE DO
BEGIN
OUTINT(I, 4); OUTTEXT(": ");
OUTFIX(REALS.GET(I),2,10); OUTIMAGE;
END;
FOR I := REALS.SIZE STEP - 2 UNTIL 1 DO
REALS.REMOVE(I);
FOR I := 1 STEP 1 UNTIL REALS.SIZE DO
BEGIN
OUTINT(I, 4); OUTTEXT(": ");
OUTFIX(REALS.GET(I),2,10); OUTIMAGE;
END;
END;
</lang>
- Output:
EXPAND TO CAPACITY 20
NEW ITEMARRAY WITH 20 ELEMENTS
SIZE IS 1
SIZE IS 2
SIZE IS 3
SIZE IS 4
SIZE IS 5
SIZE IS 6
SIZE IS 7
SIZE IS 8
SIZE IS 9
SIZE IS 10
SIZE IS 11
SIZE IS 12
SIZE IS 13
SIZE IS 14
SIZE IS 15
SIZE IS 16
SIZE IS 17
SIZE IS 18
SIZE IS 19
SIZE IS 20
EXPAND TO CAPACITY 40
NEW ITEMARRAY WITH 40 ELEMENTS
SIZE IS 21
SIZE IS 22
SIZE IS 23
SIZE IS 24
SIZE IS 25
SIZE IS 26
1: WE
2: HAVE
3: SEEN
4: THAT
5: ARRAYS
6: ARE
7: A
8: VERY
9: CONVENIENT
10: WAY
11: OF
12: STORING
13: SIMPLE
14: VALUES
15: AND
16: REFERENCES
17: TO
18: MORE
19: COMPLEX
20: CLASS
21: OBJECTS
22: IN
23: AN
24: ORDERED
25: LIST
26: .
EXPAND TO CAPACITY 20
NEW ITEMARRAY WITH 20 ELEMENTS
SIZE IS 1
SIZE IS 2
SIZE IS 3
SIZE IS 4
SIZE IS 5
SIZE IS 6
SIZE IS 7
SIZE IS 8
SIZE IS 9
SIZE IS 10
1: 1.00
2: 4.00
3: 9.00
4: 16.00
5: 25.00
6: 36.00
7: 49.00
8: 64.00
9: 81.00
10: 100.00
1: 1.00
2: 9.00
3: 25.00
4: 49.00
5: 81.00
Slate
<lang slate>slate[1]> #x := ##(1 2 3).
{1. 2. 3}
slate[2]> x
{1. 2. 3}
slate[3]> #y := {1 + 2. 3 + 4. 5}.
{3. 7. 5}
slate[4]> y at: 2 put: 99.
99
slate[5]> y
{3. 7. 99}
slate[6]> x first
1
slate[7]> x at: 0.
1</lang>
Smalltalk
The Array class represents fixed size vectors with polymorphic contents. Array indexing is ONE-based.
Fixed size means, that once created it is expensive (although not strictly impossible), to resize it (not strictly impossible because we could allocate a new array and #become that the old one).
Most Smalltalks also provide element type restricted arrays, which are tuned (usually space-wise) for particular elements. For example: ByteArray, IntegerArray, LongIntegerArray, FloatArray or DoubleArray. Instances of them are also used to pass bulk data in and out of FFI calls (for example, for OpenGL). Also Strings can be seen as arrays of characters. All collection classes share a rich common protocol, which includes enumeration, stream converting, concatenation, copying, replacing, searching etc.
Finally, there is OrderedCollection, which behaves similar to Array, but allows for the number of elements to be changed (i.e. elements can be added and removed later). Usually, adding/removing at either end is cheap, so they can be used to implement stacks and queues.
Literal Arrays (Array constants):
<lang smalltalk>#(1 2 3 'four' 5.0 true false nil (10 20) $a)</lang>
a polymorphic array containing integers, a string, a float, booleans, a nil, another array with integers and a character constant.
Programatic use:
<lang smalltalk>|array|
"creates an array that holds up to 20 elements"
array := Array new: 20 .
"access the first element: array base is 1"
(array at: 1) displayNl.
"put 100 as second value; you can put any object,
in particular SmallInteger"
array at: 2 put: 100.
"initialize an array from a 'constant' given array"
array := Array withAll: #('an' 'apple' 'a' 'day' 'keeps' 'the' 'doctor' 'away').
"Replacing apple with orange"
array at: 2 put: 'orange'.</lang>
<lang smalltalk>"assigning values to an array"
"suppose array is bound to an array of 20 values"
array at: 5 put: 'substitute fifth element'.
[ array at: 21 put: 'error' ]
on: SystemExceptions.IndexOutOfRange
do: [ :sig | 'Out of range!' displayNl ].</lang>
<lang smalltalk>"retrieving a value from an array"
#($a $b $c) at: 2</lang>
Enumeration:
<lang smalltalk>array do:[:each | each printOn: aStream ]
array collect:[:each | each squared|
array select:[:each | each > 10]</lang>
Constructing an Array from evaluated expressions:
<lang smalltalk>{ Time now . 10 . Date today . 'foo' }</lang>
this construct evaluates each expression and creates a 4-element array containing a time, int, date and string object.
OrderedCollection:
<lang smalltalk>oc := OrderedCollection withAll: #(4 5 6).
oc add:1. oc add:2. oc add:3.
foo := oc removeFirst.
oc addFirst:10.
oc removeLast.
oc at:2 put: 'someString'.
oc add:123 beforeIndex:10.
oc asArray printCR.
oc2 := oc copyFrom:5 to:10
oc indexOf: 'someString'
oc findFirst:[:el | el isString]
"hundreds of other methods skipped here.."
</lang>
SNOBOL4
SNOBOL4 supports multi-dimensional arrays and array initialization.
<lang SNOBOL4> ar = ARRAY("3,2") ;* 3 rows, 2 columns
fill i = LT(i, 3) i + 1 :F(display)
ar<i,1> = i
ar<i,2> = i "-count" :(fill)
display ;* fail on end of array
j = j + 1
OUTPUT = "Row " ar<j,1> ": " ar<j,2>
+ :S(display)
END</lang>
- Output:
Row 1: 1-count
Row 2: 2-count
Row 3: 3-count
SPL
<lang spl>a[1] = 2.5
a[2] = 3
a[3] = "Result is "
- .output(a[3],a[1]+a[2])</lang>
- Output:
Result is 5.5
SSEM
At the machine level, an array is a block of sequential storage addresses. Modern computer architectures support arrays through indexed addressing, where the contents of a particular register can be used to provide an offset from some specified address. A program to find the sum of a four-element array beginning at address array might look, in pseudocode, like this:
load register 0, #0 ; running total
load register 1, #0 ; index
loop: add register 0, array+register 1
add register 1, #1
compare register 1, #4
branchIfLess loopIf we do not know in advance how many elements the array will have, we can mark the end with a special value (say, zero) and test for that. Again in pseudocode:
load register 0, #0 ; running total
load register 1, #0 ; index
loop: load register 2, array+register 1
compare register 2, #0
branchIfEqual done
add register 0, register 2
add register 1, #1
goTo loop
done: ; program continues with sum in register 0On a machine like the SSEM, which has only one addressing mode and only one general-purpose register (the accumulator or c), we can achieve the same things using instruction arithmetic—also known as self-modifying code. Since an instruction that refers to address can be obtained by adding one to an instruction that refers to address , the pseudocode to find the sum of a four-element array (and store it at address sum, which we assume initially holds zero) becomes:
loop: load accumulator, sum
instr: add accumulator, array
store accumulator, sum
load accumulator, instr
add accumulator, #1
compare accumulator, #(add accumulator, array+4)
branchIfEqual done
store accumulator, instr
goTo loop
done: ; program continuesWe are now in a position to translate this algorithm into SSEM instructions and run it. As always, the SSEM version is a bit fiddlier than the pseudocode because the SSEM has no load or add instructions; but it follows the pseudocode as closely as the instruction set allows, so it should be comparatively readable. As a test, we shall sum an array of the first four positive integers—a very significant operation for the Pythagoreans of old—and halt with the accumulator holding the result.
<lang ssem>10101000000000100000000000000000 0. -21 to c
11101000000000010000000000000000 1. Sub. 23
00101000000001100000000000000000 2. c to 20
00101000000000100000000000000000 3. -20 to c
10101000000001100000000000000000 4. c to 21
10000000000000100000000000000000 5. -1 to c
01001000000000010000000000000000 6. Sub. 18
00101000000001100000000000000000 7. c to 20
00101000000000100000000000000000 8. -20 to c
10000000000001100000000000000000 9. c to 1
01101000000000010000000000000000 10. Sub. 22
00000000000000110000000000000000 11. Test
01001000000001000000000000000000 12. Add 18 to CI
11001000000000000000000000000000 13. 19 to CI
10101000000000100000000000000000 14. -21 to c
00101000000001100000000000000000 15. c to 20
00101000000000100000000000000000 16. -20 to c
00000000000001110000000000000000 17. Stop
10000000000000000000000000000000 18. 1
11111111111111111111111111111111 19. -1
00000000000000000000000000000000 20. 0
00000000000000000000000000000000 21. 0
11011000000000010000000000000000 22. Sub. 27
10000000000000000000000000000000 23. 1
01000000000000000000000000000000 24. 2
11000000000000000000000000000000 25. 3
00100000000000000000000000000000 26. 4</lang>
The program could easily be modified to work with arrays of unknown length, if required, along the lines of the second pseudocode example above.
Standard ML
<lang Standard ML>
(* create first array and assign elements *)
-val first = Array.tabulate (10,fn x=>x+10) ;
val first = fromList[10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19]: int array
(* assign to array 'second' *)
-val second=first ;
val second = fromList[10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19]: int array
(* retrieve 5th element *)
-Array.sub(second,4);
val it = 14: int
</lang>
Stata
In Stata, there are mainly two ways to work with arrays: the matrix command can create and manipulate arrays, either elementwise or using matrix functions. And there is Mata, a matrix programming language similar to MATLAB, R or SAS/IML.
There are ways to exchange data between Stata datasets, Stata matrices, and Mata matrices:
- the Mata functions st_data and st_view are used to read data from the current Stata dataset to a Mata matrix (st_data copies data, while st_view creates a view, that can be used to modify the dataset in place).
- The Mata function st_store is used to write a Mata matrix into the current dataset.
- the Mata function st_matrix is used to read or write from/to a Stata matrix to a Mata matrix.
- the mkmat and svmat commands are used to store data from a dataset to a Stata matric and vice versa.
Both Stata matrices and Mata matrices have either one or two dimensions. For both, functions are provided for the usual linear algebra functions (Cholesky and SVD decompositions, for instance). Stata matrices must contain real numbers (or missing values), while Mata matrices may contain complex numbers, or strings (but either a matrix contains only numeric values, either it contains only string values).
Matrix command
<lang stata>matrix a = 2,9,4\7,5,3\6,1,8
display det(a)
matrix svd u d v = a
matrix b = u*diag(d)*v'
matrix list b
- store the u and v matrices in the current dataset
svmat u
svmat v</lang>
Mata
<lang stata>mata
a = 2,9,4\7,5,3\6,1,8
det(a)
svd(a, u=., s=., v=.)
// Notice that to reconstruct the matrix, v is not transposed here,
// while it is with -matrix svd- in Stata.
u*diag(s)*v</lang>
Suneido
<lang Suneido>array = Object('zero', 'one', 'two')
array.Add('three')
array.Add('five', at: 5)
array[4] = 'four'
Print(array[3]) --> 'three'</lang>
Swift
<lang Swift>// Arrays are typed in Swift, however, using the Any object we can add any type. Swift does not support fixed length arrays
var anyArray = [Any]()
anyArray.append("foo") // Adding to an Array
anyArray.append(1) // ["foo", 1]
anyArray.removeAtIndex(1) // Remove object
anyArray[0] = "bar" // ["bar"]</lang>
Tailspin
<lang tailspin>
// arrays are created as literals, by simply listing elements, or by a generator expression, or a combination.
def a: [1, 2, 3..7:2, 11];
$a -> !OUT::write
'
' -> !OUT::write
// Natural indexes start at 1
$a(1) -> !OUT::write
'
' -> !OUT::write
// You can select a range
$a(3..last) -> !OUT::write
'
' -> !OUT::write
// Or a permutation/selection
$a([4,1,5]) -> !OUT::write
'
' -> !OUT::write
// Values in Tailspin are generally immutable, but there is a mutable slot in a function/templates.
// A mutable array can be appended
5 -> \(@: [1,2]; $ -> ..|@: $; $@ ! \) -> !OUT::write
</lang>
- Output:
[1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 11]
1
[3, 5, 7, 11]
[5, 1, 7]
[1, 2, 5]
Tcl
Tcl's lists are really dynamic array values behind the scenes. (Note that Tcl uses the term “array” to refer to an associative collection of variables.)
<lang tcl>set ary {}
lappend ary 1
lappend ary 3
lset ary 0 2
puts [lindex $ary 0]</lang>
Note also that serialization is automatic on treating as a string:
<lang tcl>puts $ary; # Print the whole array</lang>
Tern
Arrays and lists are synonymous in Tern.
<lang tern>let list = [1, 22, 3, 24, 35, 6];
for(i in list) {
println(i);
}
</lang>
- Output:
1
22
3
24
35
6
TI-83 BASIC
In TI-83 BASIC there are two sequenced data types: Lists and Matrices.
List
One dimensional arrays are lists, they can be set as a whole with the syntax:
<lang ti83b>{1,2,3,4,5}→L1</lang>
using only numerical values separated by commas and enclosed by curly braces.
Lists can be accessed as a whole using L1-L6 or a custom list name
using the L command in the "OPS" section of the "LIST" menu (2nd STAT (Right Arrow) B).
You can also retrieve a single value from a list using the name of the list and
the position of the value, which starts at 1 on the left.
<lang ti83b>{1,2,3,4,5}→L1
Disp L1(3)
0→L1(4)</lang>
This would return 3 and set the fourth list element to 0.
You can dynamically define or delete lists by:
<lang ti83b>20→dim(L1)
DelVar L1
5→dim(∟MYLIST)
DelVar ∟MYLIST</lang>
Matrix
Two dimensional arrays are matrices. Similar, set them and retrieve numbers using the syntax:
<lang ti83b>[[11,21,31,41][12,22,32,42][13,23,33,43]]→[A]
Disp [A](1,3)
0→[A](4,2)</lang>
This would return 13 and set the element (4,2) to 0.
You can dynamically define or delete matrices by:
<lang ti83b>{5,5}→dim([A])
DelVar [A]</lang>
TorqueScript
Arrays in TorqueScript:
<lang TorqueScript>
$array[0] = "hi";
$array[1] = "hello";
for(%i=0;%i<2;%i++)
echo($array[%i]);</lang>
=> hi
=> hello
<lang TorqueScript>
$array["Greet",0] = "hi";
$array["Greet",1] = "hello";
for(%i=0;%i<2;%i++)
echo($array["Greet",%i]);</lang>
=> hi
=> hello
Transd
Arrays in Transd are implemented in the form of dynamic containers: Vectors. Vector is
a type parameterized container (also known as "generic"), that is a Vector object can
only hold values of a single type.
Vectors can be created as empty containers, or they can be initialized with some values at the time of creation.
<lang Scheme>module1 : {
v1: Vector<Int>(),
v2: Vector<String>(),
v3: Vector<Int>([1,2,3,4]),
v4: Vector<String>(["one","two","three"]),
// the type of vector values can automaticaly deduced
v5: [1.0, 2.5, 8.6], // Vector<Double>
v6: ["one","two","three"] // Vector<String>
}</lang>
Individual elements in a vector can be read, appended, and deleted.
<lang Scheme>(with v [1,2,3]
(textout (get v 1)) // <= 2
(erase v 1)
(textout v) // <= [1, 3]
(append v 7)
(textout v) // <= [1, 3, 7]
)</lang>
All standard container operations can be applied to vectors:
<lang Scheme>(with v [3,1,5,2,4]
(textout (reverse v)) // <= [4, 2, 5, 1, 3]
(textout (sort v)) // <= [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
(textout (shuffle v)) // <= [5, 3, 4, 1, 2]
)</lang>
TXR
TXR has two kinds of aggregate objects for sequences: lists and arrays. There is some syntactic sugar to manipulate them in the same way.
Literals
In the pattern matching language, there are no list literals. A list like ("a" "b" "c") is actually being evaluated, as can be seen in a directive such as @(bind (a b) (c "d")) where (c "d") is a list consisting of the value of variable c and the string "d". This is subject to destructuring and the two values are assigned to the variables a and b
In TXR Lisp, there are literal lists introduced by a quote '(1 2 3 4). Vectors look like this: #(1 2 3 4).
Construction
Lists can be implicitly produced using pattern matching. Lists and vectors can be constructed using the functions of TXR Lisp. (vector 3) creates a vector of length three, whose elements are initialized to nil. (list 1 2 3) constructs the list (1 2 3).
Array Indexing Notation
The [] notation performs positional indexing on lists and arrays, which are both zero-based (element zero is the first element). Negative indices work from the tail of the list, whereby -1 denotes the last element of a sequence which has at least one element. Out of bounds access to arrays throws exceptions, but out of bounds access to lists produces nil. Out-of-bounds assignments are not permitted for either data type.
(defvar li (list 1 2 3)) ;; (1 2 3)
(defvar ve (vec 1 2 3)) ;; make vector #(1 2 3)
;; (defvar ve (vector 3)) ;; make #(nil nil nil)
[ve 0] ;; yields 1
[li 0] ;; yields 1
[ve -1] ;; yields 3
[li 5] ;; yields nil
[li -50] ;; yields nil
[ve 50] ;; error
(set [ve 2] 4) ;; changes vector to #(1 2 4).
(set [ve 3] 0) ;; error
(set [ve 3] 0) ;; error
Array Range Notation
Array range notation (slices) are supported, for both arrays and lists. An array range is a pair object denoted a .. b,
which is a syntactic sugar for (cons a b). Therefore, a range constitutes a single argument in the bracket notation (allowing for straightforward future extension to multi-dimensional arrays indexing and slicing).
[ve 0..t] ;; yield all of vector: t means "one position past last element"
[ve nil..nil] ;; another way
[ve 1 3] ;; yields #(2 3)
(set [ve 0..2] '(a b)) ;; changes vector to #(a b 3)
(set [ve 0..2] #(1 2)) ;; changes vector to #(1 2 3)
(set [li 0..1] nil) ;; changes list to #(2 3), deleting 1.
(set [li t..t] '(4 5)) ;; changes list to #(2 3 4 5), appending (4 5)
(set [ve 1..2] '(0 0)) ;; changes vector to #(1 0 0 3), replacing 2 with 0 0
In The Pattern Language
In the TXR pattern language, there is an array indexing and slicing notation supported in output variables.
The following assumes that variable a holds a list.
@(output)
here is a[0] left-adjusted in a 10 character field:
@{a[0] 10}.
here are a[1] through a[3] joined with a colon,
right-adjusted in a 20 character field:
@{a[1..4] ":" -20}
@(end)A complete program which turns comma-separated into tab-separated,
where the first and last field from each line are exchanged:
<lang txr>@(collect)
@line
@(bind f @(split-str line ","))
@(output)
@{f[-1]}@\t@{f[1..-1] "\t"}@\t@{f[0]}
@(end)
@(end)</lang>
Other Kinds of Objects
The [] notation also works with strings, including ranges and assignment to ranges.
Hash tables can be indexed also, and the notation is meaningful for functions: [fun args ...] means the same thing as (call fun args ...), providing a Lisp-1 flavor within a Lisp-2 dialect.
uBasic/4tH
uBasic/4tH has only one single, global array of 256 integers. Since it's fixed, it can't be declared.
<lang>Let @(0) = 5 : Print @(0)</lang>
Unicon
Unicon's arrays are provided by the list type, which is a hybrid list/array type.
Lists of integers or reals, if not polluted by other types nor changed in size, may use a C-compatible internal representation (long and double).
<lang>L := list(100); L[12] := 7; a := array(100, 0.0); a[3] +:= a[1]+a[2]</lang>
UNIX Shell
Bash supports one-dimensional arrays, which are zero-indexed. Zero-indexing means that if the array has five items in it, the first item is at index 0, and the last item is at index 4.
Two-dimensional arrays can be accomplished using shell functions applied to arrays of array names. Basically, hiding the indirection within the shell function invocation.
You can read detailed explanations on everything concerning arrays in Bash.
To create an array:
<lang bash>alist=( item1 item2 item3 ) # creates a 3 item array called "alist"
declare -a list2 # declare an empty list called "list2"
declare -a list3[0] # empty list called "list3"; the subscript is ignored
- create a 4 item list, with a specific order
list5=([3]=apple [2]=cherry [1]=banana [0]=strawberry)</lang>
To obtain the number of items in an array:
<lang bash>count=${#alist[*]}
echo "The number of items in alist is ${#alist[*]}"</lang>
To iterate up over the items in the array:
<lang bash>x=0
while [[ $x < ${#alist[*]} ]]; do
echo "Item $x = ${alist[$x]}"
: $((x++))
done</lang>
To iterate down over theitems in an array:
<lang bash>x=${#alist[*]} # start with the number of items in the array
while [[ $x > 0 ]]; do # while there are items left
: $((x--)) # decrement first, because indexing is zero-based
echo "Item $x = ${alist[$x]}" # show the current item
done</lang>
To append to an array, use the current number of items in the array as the next index:
<lang bash>alist[${#alist[*]}]=new_item</lang>
To make appending easier, use a little shell function, let's call it "push", and design it to allow appending multiple values, while also preserving quoted values:
<lang bash># shell function to append values to an array
- push LIST VALUES ...
push() {
local var=${1:?'Missing variable name!'}
shift
eval "\$$var=( \"\${$var[@]}\" \"$@\" )"
}
push alist "one thing to add"
push alist many words to add</lang>
To delete a single array item, the first item:
<lang bash>unset alist[0]</lang>
To delete and return the last item in an array (e.g., "pop" function):
<lang bash># pop ARRAY -- pop the last item on ARRAY and output it
pop() {
local var=${1:?'Missing array name'}
local x ; eval "x=\${#$var[*]}"
if [[ $x > 0 ]]; then
local val ; eval "val=\"\${$var[$((--x))]}\""
unset $var[$x]
else
echo 1>&2 "No items in $var" ; exit 1
fi
echo "$val"
}
alist=(a b c)
pop alist
a
pop alist
b
pop alist
c
pop alist
No items in alist</lang>
To delete all the items in an array:
<lang bash>unset alist[*]</lang>
To delete the array itself (and all items in it, of course):
<lang bash>unset alist</lang>
உயிர்/Uyir
<lang உயிர்/Uyir>
இருபரிமாணணி வகை எண் அணி {3, 3};
இருபரிமாணணி2 வகை எண் அணி {3} அணி {3};
என்_எண்கள் வகை எண் {#5.2} அணி {5} = {3.14, 2.83, 5.32, 10.66, 14};
சொற்கள் வகை சரம் {25} அணி {100};
உயரங்கள் = அணி {10, 45, 87, 29, 53};
பெயர்கள் = அணி {"இராஜன்", "சுதன்", "தானி"};
தேதிகள் = அணி {{5, "மாசி", 2010}, {16, "புரட்டாசி", 1982}, {22, "ஆவணி", 1470}};
செவ்வகணி = அணி { அணி {10, 22, 43}, அணி {31, 58, 192}, அணி {46, 73, 65} };
முக்கோண்ணி = அணி { அணி {1}, அணி {2, 3}, அணி {4, 5, 6}, அணி {7, 8, 9, 1, 2} };
</lang>
Vala
Non-dynamic arrays:
<lang vala>
int[] array = new int[10];
array[0] = 1;
array[1] = 3;
stdout.printf("%d\n", array[0]);
</lang>
Dynamic Arrays with Gee:
<lang vala>
var array = new ArrayList<int> ();
array.add(1);
array.add(3);
array[0] = 2;
stdout.printf("%d\n", array[0]);
</lang>
VBA
The Option Base statement is used at the module level to declare the default lower bound for array subscripts.
<lang vb>Option Base {0|1} </lang>
<lang vb>Sub matrix()
'create an array,
Dim a(3) As Integer
Dim i As Integer
'assign a value to it,
For i = 1 To 3
a(i) = i * i
Next i
'and retrieve an element
For i = 1 To 3
Debug.Print a(i)
Next i
'dynamic
Dim d() As Integer
ReDim d(3)
For i = 1 To 3
d(i) = i * i
Next i
'and retrieve an element
For i = 1 To 3
Debug.Print d(i)
Next i
'push a value to it - expand the array and preserve existing values
ReDim Preserve d(4)
d(4) = 16:
For i = 1 To 4
Debug.Print d(i)
Next i
End Sub</lang>
- Output:
1 4 9 1 4 9 1 4 9 16
VBScript
<lang vb>'Arrays - VBScript - 08/02/2021
'create a static array
Dim a(3) ' 4 items : a(0), a(1), a(2), a(3)
'assign a value to elements
For i = 1 To 3
a(i) = i * i
Next
'and retrieve elements
buf=""
For i = 1 To 3
buf = buf & a(i) & " "
Next
WScript.Echo buf
'create a dynamic array
Dim d()
ReDim d(3) ' 4 items : d(0), d(1), d(2), d(3)
For i = 1 To 3
d(i) = i * i
Next
buf=""
For i = 1 To 3
buf = buf & d(i) & " "
Next
WScript.Echo buf
d(0) = 0
'expand the array and preserve existing values
ReDim Preserve d(4) ' 5 items : d(0), d(1), d(2), d(3), d(4)
d(4) = 16
buf=""
For i = LBound(d) To UBound(d)
buf = buf & d(i) & " "
Next
WScript.Echo buf
'create and initialize an array dynamicaly
b = Array(1, 4, 9)
'and retrieve all elements
WScript.Echo Join(b,",")
'Multi-Dimensional arrays
'The following creates a 5x4 matrix
Dim mat(4,3) </lang>
- Output:
1 4 9
1 4 9
0 1 4 9 16
1,4,9
VHDL
<lang VHDL>
entity Array_Test is
end entity Array_Test;
architecture Example of Array_test is
-- Array type have to be defined first
type Integer_Array is array (Integer range <>) of Integer;
-- Array index range can be ascending...
signal A : Integer_Array (1 to 20);
-- or descending
signal B : Integer_Array (20 downto 1);
-- VHDL array index ranges may begin at any value, not just 0 or 1
signal C : Integer_Array (-37 to 20);
-- VHDL arrays may be indexed by enumerated types, which are
-- discrete non-numeric types
type Days is (Mon, Tue, Wed, Thu, Fri, Sat, Sun);
type Activities is (Work, Fish);
type Daily_Activities is array (Days) of Activities;
signal This_Week : Daily_Activities := (Mon to Fri => Work, Others => Fish);
type Finger is range 1 to 4; -- exclude thumb
type Fingers_Extended is array (Finger) of Boolean;
signal Extended : Fingers_Extended;
-- Array types may be unconstrained.
-- Objects of the type must be constrained
type Arr is array (Integer range <>) of Integer;
signal Uninitialized : Arr (1 to 10);
signal Initialized_1 : Arr (1 to 20) := (others => 1);
constant Initialized_2 : Arr := (1 to 30 => 2);
constant Const : Arr := (1 to 10 => 1, 11 to 20 => 2, 21 | 22 => 3);
signal Centered : Arr (-50 to 50) := (0 => 1, others => 0);
signal Result : Integer;
begin
A <= (others => 0); -- Assign whole array
B <= (1 => 1, 2 => 1,
3 => 2, others => 0); -- Assign whole array, different values
A (1) <= -1; -- Assign individual element
A (2 to 4) <= B (3 downto 1); -- Assign a slice
A (3 to 5) <= (2, 4, -1); -- Assign an aggregate
A (3 to 5) <= A (4 to 6); -- It is OK to overlap slices when assigned
-- VHDL arrays does not have 'first' and 'last' elements,
-- but have 'Left' and 'Right' instead
Extended (Extended'Left) <= False; -- Set leftmost element of array
Extended (Extended'Right) <= False; -- Set rightmost element of array
Result <= A (A'Low) + B (B'High);
end architecture Example;
</lang>
Vim Script
Lists can be used for dynamic arrays. Indexing starts at 0.
<lang vim>" Creating a dynamic array with some initial values
let array = [3, 4]
" Retrieving an element
let four = array[1]
" Modifying an element
let array[0] = 2
" Appending a new element
call add(array, 5)
" Prepending a new element
call insert(array, 1)
" Inserting a new element before another element
call insert(array, 3, 2)
echo array</lang>
- Output:
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
Visual Basic .NET
<lang vbnet>'Example of array of 10 int types:
Dim numbers As Integer() = New Integer(9) {}
'Example of array of 4 string types:
Dim words As String() = {"hello", "world", "from", "mars"}
'You can also declare the size of the array and initialize the values at the same time:
Dim more_numbers As Integer() = New Integer(2) {21, 14, 63}
'For Multi-Dimensional arrays you declare them the same except for a comma in the type declaration.
'The following creates a 3x2 int matrix
Dim number_matrix As Integer(,) = New Integer(2, 1) {}
'As with the previous examples you can also initialize the values of the array, the only difference being each row in the matrix must be enclosed in its own braces.
Dim string_matrix As String(,) = {{"I", "swam"}, {"in", "the"}, {"freezing", "water"}}
'or
Dim funny_matrix As String(,) = New String(1, 1) {{"clowns", "are"}, {"not", "funny"}}
Dim array As Integer() = New Integer(9) {}
array(0) = 1
array(1) = 3
Console.WriteLine(array(0))
'Dynamic
Imports System
Imports System.Collections.Generic
Dim list As New List(Of Integer)()
list.Add(1)
list.Add(3)
list(0) = 2
Console.WriteLine(list(0))</lang>
Vlang
<lang go>// Arrays, in V
// Tectonics: v run arrays.v
module main
// A little bit about V variables. V does not allow uninitialized data.
// If an identifier exists, there is a valid value. "Empty" arrays have
// values in all positions, and V provides defaults for base types if not
// explicitly specified. E.g. 0 for numbers, `0` for rune, "" for strings.
// V uses := for definition and initialization, and = for assignment
// starts here, V programs start by invoking the "main" function.
pub fn main() {
// Array definition in source literal form (immutable)
array := [1,2,3,4]
// print first element, 0 relative indexing
println("array: $array")
println("array[0]: ${array[0]}")
// immutable arrays cannot be modified after initialization
// array[1] = 5, would fail to compile with a message it needs mut
// Dynamic arrays have some property fields
println("array.len: $array.len")
println("array.cap: $array.cap")
// array specs are [n]type{properties}
// Dynamic array definition, initial default values, "" for string
mut array2 := []string{}
// Append an element, using lessless
array2 << "First"
println("array2[0]: ${array2[0]}")
println("array2.len: $array2.len")
println("array2.cap: $array2.cap")
// Fixed array definition, capacity is fixed (! suffix), mutable entries
mut array3 := ["First", "Second", "Third"]!
println("array3: $array3")
array3[array3.len-1] = "Last"
println("array3: $array3")
println("array3.len: $array3.len")
// Advanced, array intiailization using non default value
mut array4 := [4]int{init: 42}
array4[2] = 21
println("array4: $array4")
// Arrays can be sliced, creating a copy
mut array5 := array4[0..3]
println("array5: $array5")
array5[2] = 10
println("array4: $array4")
println("array5: $array5")
}</lang>
- Output:
prompt$ v run arrays.v
array: [1, 2, 3, 4]
array[0]: 1
array.len: 4
array.cap: 4
array2[0]: First
array2.len: 1
array2.cap: 2
array3: ['First', 'Second', 'Third']
array3: ['First', 'Second', 'Last']
array3.len: 3
array4: [42, 42, 21, 42]
array5: [42, 42, 21]
array4: [42, 42, 21, 42]
array5: [42, 42, 10]
Wee Basic
<lang Wee Basic>dim array$(2)
let array$(1)="Hello!"
let array$(2)="Goodbye!"
print 1 array$(1)</lang>
Wren
<lang ecmascript>var arr = []
arr.add(1)
arr.add(2)
arr.count // 2
arr.clear()
arr.add(0)
arr.add(arr[0])
arr.add(1)
arr.add(arr[-1]) // [0, 0, 1, 1]
arr[-1] = 0
arr.insert(-1, 0) // [0, 0, 1, 0, 0]
arr.removeAt(2) // [0, 0, 0, 0]</lang>
X86 Assembly
<lang asm>
section .text
global _start
_print:
mov ebx, 1
mov eax, 4
int 0x80
ret
_start:
;print out our byte array. ergo, String.
mov edx, sLen
mov ecx, sArray
call _print
mov edx, f_len
mov ecx, f_msg
call _print
mov edx, 6 ;our array members length.
xor ecx, ecx
mov ecx, 4
;turnicate through the array and print all it's members.
;At an offset of *4, each array member is referenced
;at 1,2,3 and so on.
_out_loops:
push ecx
mov ecx, [fArray+esi*4]
call _print
inc esi
pop ecx
loop _out_loops
mov edx, u_len
mov ecx, u_msg
call _print
;Let's populate 'uArray' with something from sArray.
;mov edi, uArray
mov ecx, 4
xor esi, esi
_read_loops:
push dword [fArray+esi*4]
pop dword [uArray+esi*4]
inc esi
loop _read_loops
mov ecx, 4
xor esi, esi
_out_loops2:
push ecx
mov ecx, [uArray+esi*4]
call _print
inc esi
pop ecx
loop _out_loops2
push 0x1
mov eax, 1
push eax
int 0x80
section .data
sArray db 'a','r','r','a','y','s',' ','a','r','e',' ','f','u','n',0xa
sLen equ $-sArray
crap1 db "crap1",0xa
crap2 db "crap2",0xa
crap3 db "crap3",0xa
crap4 db "crap4",0xa
fArray dd crap1,crap2
dd crap3,crap4
f_msg db "fArray contents",0xa,"----------------------",0xa
f_len equ $-f_msg
u_msg db "uArray now holds fArray contents.. dumping..",0xa,"----------------------",0xa
u_len equ $-u_msg
section .bss
uArray resd 1
resd 1
resd 1
resd 1
</lang>
Arrays in assembly are a reference to anything, from groups of data such as f/uArray to strings like _msg's or sArray.
Mutlidimentional arrays don't exist in assembly. To make a reference to one from assembly, we use a format as such. "row * r_len + column * member_size".
XBS
Arrays in XBS are very similar to JavaScript.
<lang XBS>set Array = ["Hello","World"];
log(Array[0]);
Array.push("Test");
log(?Array);
log(Array[?Array-1]);</lang>
XLISP
Like some other languages, XLISP refers to one-dimensional arrays as vectors. Examples of vector and array syntax, from a REPL (interactive session):
<lang scheme>[1] (define a (make-vector 10)) ; vector of 10 elements initialized to the empty list
A
[2] (define b (make-vector 10 5)) ; vector of 10 elements initialized to 5
B
[3] (define c #(1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10)) ; vector literal
C
[4] (vector-ref c 3) ; retrieve a value -- NB. indexed from 0
4
[5] (vector-set! a 5 1) ; set a_5 to 1
1
[6] (define d (make-array 5 6 7)) ; 3-dimensional array of size 5 by 6 by 7
D
[7] (array-set! d 1 2 3 10) ; set d_1,2,3 to 10 -- NB. still indexed from 0
10
[8] (array-ref d 1 2 3) ; and get the value of d_1,2,3
10</lang>
XPL0
<lang XPL0>include c:\cxpl\codes;
char A(10); \creates a static array of 10 bytes, pointed to by "A"
char B; \declares a variable for a pointer to a dynamic array
[A(3):= 14;
B:= Reserve(10); \reserve 10 bytes and point to their starting address
B(7):= 28;
IntOut(0, A(3)+B(7)); \displays 42
]</lang>
Yabasic
<lang Yabasic>dim a(10) // create a numeric array with 11 elements, from 0 to 10
// Indexed at your preference (0 to 9 or 1 to 10)
print arraysize(a(), 1) // this function return the element's higher number of an array
a(7) = 12.3 // access to an element of the array
redim a(20) // alias of 'dim'. Grouth size of array
// Yabasic not allow direct downsize an array, but ...
dim a$(20) // create a textual array with 21 elements
print arraysize(a$(), 1)
void = token("1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10", a$(), ",") // populate it. Begun with element 1 (not 0).
print arraysize(a$(), 1) // hey! the size is down
print a$(5) // show the content of an element of the array
void = token("", a$()) // "erase" the array content AND redim it to 0 size
print arraysize(a$(), 1)
redim a$(10) // resize the array
print arraysize(a$(), 1)
print a$(5) // show the content of an element of the array. Now is empty</lang>
Z80 Assembly
An array is nothing more than a contiguous section of memory. Whether an array is mutable or not is solely determined by whether its memory location is in ROM or RAM.
<lang z80>Array: ;an array located in RAM. Its values can be updated freely.
byte 0,0,0,0,0
byte 0,0,0,0,0
byte 0,0,0,0,0
byte 0,0,0,0,0</lang>
Side note: Some systems, such as the Game Boy or other ROM cartridge-based computers, cannot use the above declaration to initialize an array in RAM at assemble time; only in ROM. While the label "Array" can be given to an arbitrary RAM location on any system, you won't be able to define a data block in RAM the same way you would on an assembly program meant to run on the Amstrad CPC or ZX Spectrum for example. The examples below will still work on any system, you just won't be able to "see" the array before running the program, if that makes sense. Clearing the system ram will suffice to initialize the array to zero.
Although it is heavily implied that the above array is 4x5, the CPU makes no distinction whatsoever between linear data and square arrays or matrices. The programmer has intended the array to be 4x5 (and it is the best practice to write the array as such) but the CPU doesn't enforce array sizes in any way. One way to do this in software is with metadata that is placed in front of the actual array, which has a fixed length. This metadata can specify the dimensions of the array as well as the data type (8 bits per element, 16 bits per element, etc.)
This code will assign a value of decimal 20 to the 1st (zero-indexed) row and 2nd (zero-indexed) column. The resulting array will look like this:
<lang z80>Array:
byte 0,0,0,0,0
byte 0,0,20,0,0
byte 0,0,0,0,0
byte 0,0,0,0,0</lang>
<lang z80>;for this example the array's size, the data we want to write, and where we want to write the data, are all known in advance.
ld hl,Array ;hl points to the 0th element of row 0.
ld c,5 ;one-indexed row length
ld b,0 ;set bc = row length
add hl,bc ;now hl points to the 0th element of row 1.
inc hl ;now hl points to the 1st element of row 1.
inc hl ;now hl points to the 2nd element of row 1. This is where we planned on storing our new value.
ld a,20 ;get the value 20 which we want to store here
ld (hl),a ;store 20 into the desired slot. (Retrieving a value is the same process except we skip the step above and
; execute "ld a,(hl)" at this point instead.)</lang>
The main takeaway from all this is that arrays are handled the same as any other type of memory, and have no "special" syntax, apart from the boilerplate pointer arithmetic of *array = *array + (desired_row_number*row_length*bytes_per_element) + (desired_column_number*bytes_per_element). This is the case for most assembly languages, even though the methods of offsetting a pointer may vary.
Array Alignment
One very important topic for arrays in Z80 Assembly is alignment. If you need fast access to the data in an array, you can more than triple your lookup speed by aligning the table ahead of time. If an array of 8-bit data is placed so that its base address ends in 00, you really only need to load half the pointer to the table into the "high register" (B, D, H, IXH, or IYH) and the desired index into the corresponding "low register." Using an org or align directive is the easiest way to accomplish this task. Aligned tables are very important in Z80 Assembly, more so than in other assembly languages, since Z80's index registers are, for a lack of a better term, underwhelming at best. Not only are they slow, you are limited to using constant offsets only (unless you use self-modifying code) and are also signed offsets meaning that you can't index an array longer than 128 bytes without doing additional pointer arithmetic. Having indexing limitations is not unusual for most CPUs but the Z80 is probably one of the worst at it. Thankfully, table alignment can solve nearly all those problems (assuming you have enough padding to spare.)
In the example below, we wish to load the 13th (zero-indexed) element from the array MyTable.
<lang z80>LD H,>MyTable ;works out to be LD h,4 thanks to our alignment below.
;>LABEL means "the high byte of the address represented by LABEL
LD L,13 ;this was a lot faster than doing LD HL,&0400 and adding the desired index later.
LD a,(HL) ;loads 12 into the accumulator.
RET
org &0400
MyTable: ;thanks to the ORG statement above, this label's address is guaranteed to be &0400
byte 1,2,3,4,5
byte 2,4,6,8,10
byte 3,6,9,12,15
byte 4,8,12,16,20
byte 5,10,15,20,25</lang>
But what if you're working with 16-bit data? If you've got bytes to burn, you can separate your data into two "byteplanes" - a pair of tables, one of which contains the low bytes and the other containing the high bytes, both sharing a common index. Using alignment you can guarantee that they are a multiple of &0100 bytes apart, which simplifies the lookup process greatly. You can get away with loading just the high byte of the pointer to the "low table" and incrementing that half of the pointer to get to the high byte, while leaving the index (which is stored in the low half of your pointer register) intact.
That might have been a bit confusing, so let's visualize the concept. Here's a practical example of storing a sine wave pattern. Instead of storing 16-bit data together like you normally would:
<lang z80>org &0400
word &8000,&8327,&864e,&8973,&8c98,&8fba,&92da,&95f7
word &9911,&9c27,&9f38,&a244,&a54c,&a84d,&ab48,&ae3c
word &b12a,&b40f,&b6ed,&b9c2,&bc8e,&bf50,&c209,&c4b7
word &c75b,&c9f4,&cc81,&cf02,&d177,&d3e0,&d63b,&d889</lang>
You can instead store it like this:
<lang z80>org &0400
byte <&8000,<&8327,<&864e,<&8973,<&8c98,<&8fba,<&92da,<&95f7
byte <&9911,<&9c27,<&9f38,<&a244,<&a54c,<&a84d,<&ab48,<&ae3c
byte <&b12a,<&b40f,<&b6ed,<&b9c2,<&bc8e,<&bf50,<&c209,<&c4b7
byte <&c75b,<&c9f4,<&cc81,<&cf02,<&d177,<&d3e0,<&d63b,<&d889
org &0500
byte >&8000,>&8327,>&864e,>&8973,>&8c98,>&8fba,>&92da,>&95f7
byte >&9911,>&9c27,>&9f38,>&a244,>&a54c,>&a84d,>&ab48,>&ae3c
byte >&b12a,>&b40f,>&b6ed,>&b9c2,>&bc8e,>&bf50,>&c209,>&c4b7
byte >&c75b,>&c9f4,>&cc81,>&cf02,>&d177,>&d3e0,>&d63b,>&d889</lang>
If your assembler is cool like mine is, this will be valid despite looking like I'm trying to declare what is obviously 16-bit data as 8-bit data. Many Z80 assemblers have some sort of "low byte" and "high byte" operator, it might not be the same symbol but most have it. If yours doesn't, I'd recommend using one that does, because it's really necessary for optimizations like these. In addition it makes the code more readable as it communicates to the reader how the data is intended to be interpreted.
So let's say we want to read the last entry in "the table".
<lang z80>LD h,&04 ;load high byte of address &0400
LD L,&1F ;desired index
ld a,(hl)
ld c,a
inc h ;LD h,&05. We can keep L the same since the index is the same.
;Effectively we did all the necessary pointer arithmetic for indexing the second table, just with this one instruction!
ld a,(hl) ;now we have the low byte in C and the high byte in A.</lang>
That would have taken a lot more instructions had this been a single table of words with more than 128 entries. You'd have to do some bit shifting to offset the pointer to the table by the desired index, and it would have just taken a lot more time. If you're trying to get something done quickly (such as a raster interrupt) you want to spend as little time doing lookups as possible.
zkl
Core zkl does not support arrays or vectors of one type. It does support heterogeneous lists, which are usually a super set at the cost of space.
<lang zkl>var array=List(); // array of size 0
array=(0).pump(10,List().write,5).copy(); // [writable] array of size 10 filled with 5
array[3]=4;
array[3] //-->4
array+9; //append a 9 to the end, same as array.append(9)</lang>
zonnon
<lang pascal>
var
a: array 10 of integer;
da: array * of cardinal;
</lang>
ZX Spectrum Basic
<lang zxbasic>10 DIM a(5)
20 LET a(2)=128
30 PRINT a(2)</lang>