Special variables
You are encouraged to solve this task according to the task description, using any language you may know.
Special variables have a predefined meaning within a computer programming language.
- Task
List the special variables used within the language.
11l
Refer to Built-in global variables for the complete special variables (those variables are global).
6502 Assembly
The first 256 bytes of the CPU's address space are collectively known as "zero page RAM" and are common to all 6502 computers (except the custom 6502-based Hu6280 used in the PC Engine/TurboGrafx16.) This section of RAM is faster to load from, as the instructions that use it only take one byte to represent the memory address rather than two. On some implementations, certain zero-page RAM addresses are special, such as address $00 on Commodore 64 (which controls the memory management unit) and address $FF on Easy6502 (which contains the last keyboard input). In addition to loading faster, only the zero page can used indexed indirect addressing modes (the only exception being JMP, which CANNOT jump indirectly using zero page unless you pad it with a high byte of 00.)
The 16-bit 65816 and the Motorola 6809 (which are very similar to the 6502) call the zero page the "direct page" because it can be relocated on those systems. They have a dedicated register which tells the CPU where the direct page actually is. Like on the 6502, it's only 256 bytes in size. This allows the programmer to improve their program's performance by moving the direct page to wherever the majority of the loading will be taking place. Your code may cause problems if you load from the "wrong" direct page, however, so be careful!
Ada
Ada has no special variables in the standard namespace, nor are any such variables commonplace in packages, almost all are constants or private variables changed through functions. The closest thing Ada has to special variables are attributes, which are of an object oriented nature dependant on their prefix. Examples:
- When X is of an array type, X'First denotes the first index of the array (Ada arrays are not limited to starting at 0 or 1).
- When X is of a scalar type, X'First denotes the lower bound of that type.
- X'Size gives the number of bits of memory type X is stored as, but can also be assigned to, to force the program to store the type in that number of bits. (Provided its more than the minimum)
- For example, a 2 bit record (structure) X might be stored as a byte by default as a speed optimization, but X'Size := 2; would force it to be stored as two bits.
There are far too many attributes to list here, but a standard informative list can be found in Annex K of the documentation if you have it installed. Or Here: Annex K - Language-Defined Attributes
ALGOL 68
#!/usr/local/bin/a68g --script #
FORMAT f = $g": ["g"]"l$;
printf((f,
"pi", pi,
"random", random, # actually a procedure #
"flip", flip,
"flop", flop,
"TRUE", TRUE,
"FALSE", FALSE,
"error char", error char,
"null character", null character,
CO "NIL", NIL, NIL is not printable END CO
# "lengths" details how many distinctive precisions are permitted. #
# e.g. int length = 3 suggests 3 distincts types: #
# INT, LONG INT, and LONG LONG INT #
"bits shorths", bits shorths,
"bits lengths", bits lengths,
"bytes shorths", bytes shorths,
"bytes lengths", bytes lengths,
"int shorths", int shorths,
"int lengths", int lengths,
"real shorths", real shorths,
"real lengths", real lengths,
"max abs char", max abs char,
# short/long int/real also possible #
"max int", max int,
"small real", small real,
"max real", max real,
# "width" indicates how many characters are require to prepresent the value #
# short/long bits/bytes/int/real also possible #
"bits width", bits width,
"bytes width", bytes width,
"int width", int width,
"real width", real width,
"exp width", exp width
));
# ALL the following are actually procedures #
print((
"space: [", space, "]", new line,
"new line: [", new line, "]", new line,
"new page: [", new page, "]", new line
CO the following are standard, but not implemented in algol68g
"char number: [", char number, "]", new line,
"line number: [", line number, "]", new line,
"page number: [", page number, "]", new line
END CO
));
SKIPSample output:
pi: [+3.14159265358979e +0]
random: [+6.08495516447216e -2]
flip: [T]
flop: [F]
TRUE: [T]
FALSE: [F]
error char: [*]
null character: [bits shorths: [ +1]
bits lengths: [ +3]
bytes shorths: [ +1]
bytes lengths: [ +2]
int shorths: [ +1]
int lengths: [ +3]
real shorths: [ +1]
real lengths: [ +3]
max abs char: [ +255]
max int: [+2147483647]
small real: [+2.22044604925031e -16]
max real: [+1.79769313486235e+308]
bits width: [ +32]
bytes width: [ +32]
int width: [ +10]
real width: [ +15]
exp width: [ +3]
space: [ ]
new line: [
]
new page: [
]
ALGOL 68G
ALGOL 68G provides some further constants to the scientifically motivated coder:
#!/usr/local/bin/a68g --script #
printf(($g": [", g, "] & [",g,"]"l$,
"Math constants", "long","long long",
"pi", long pi, long long pi,
"Physical Constants", "mksa","cgs",
"Fundamental constants", "mksa","cgs",
" speed of light", mksa speed of light, cgs speed of light,
" vacuum permeability", mksa vacuum permeability, "~", # cgs vacuum permeability,#
" vacuum permittivity", mksa vacuum permittivity, "~", # cgs vacuum permittivity,#
" num avogadro", num avogadro,"~",
" faraday", mksa faraday, cgs faraday,
" boltzmann", mksa boltzmann, cgs boltzmann,
" molar gas", mksa molar gas, cgs molar gas,
" standard gas volume", mksa standard gas volume, cgs standard gas volume,
" planck constant", mksa planck constant, cgs planck constant,
" planck constant bar", mksa planck constant bar, cgs planck constant bar,
" gauss", mksa gauss, cgs gauss,
" micron", mksa micron, cgs micron,
" hectare", mksa hectare, cgs hectare,
" miles per hour", mksa miles per hour, cgs miles per hour,
" kilometers per hour", mksa kilometers per hour, cgs kilometers per hour,
"Astronomy and astrophysics", "mksa","cgs",
" astronomical unit", mksa astronomical unit, cgs astronomical unit,
" gravitational constant", mksa gravitational constant, cgs gravitational constant,
" light year", mksa light year, cgs light year,
" parsec", mksa parsec, cgs parsec,
" grav accel", mksa grav accel, cgs grav accel,
" solar mass", mksa solar mass, cgs solar mass,
"Atomic and nuclear physics", "mksa","cgs",
" electron charge", mksa electron charge, cgs electron charge,
" electron volt", mksa electron volt, cgs electron volt,
" unified atomic mass", mksa unified atomic mass, cgs unified atomic mass,
" mass electron", mksa mass electron, cgs mass electron,
" mass muon", mksa mass muon, cgs mass muon,
" mass proton", mksa mass proton, cgs mass proton,
" mass neutron", mksa mass neutron, cgs mass neutron,
" num fine structure", num fine structure,"~",
" rydberg", mksa rydberg, cgs rydberg,
" bohr radius", mksa bohr radius, cgs bohr radius,
" angstrom", mksa angstrom, cgs angstrom,
" barn", mksa barn, cgs barn,
" bohr magneton", mksa bohr magneton, cgs bohr magneton,
" nuclear magneton", mksa nuclear magneton, cgs nuclear magneton,
" electron magnetic moment", mksa electron magnetic moment, cgs electron magnetic moment,
" proton magnetic moment", mksa proton magnetic moment, cgs proton magnetic moment,
"Time", "mksa","cgs",
" minute", mksa minute, cgs minute,
" hour", mksa hour, cgs hour,
" day", mksa day, cgs day,
" week", mksa week, cgs week,
"Imperial units", "mksa","cgs",
" inch", mksa inch, cgs inch,
" foot", mksa foot, cgs foot,
" yard", mksa yard, cgs yard,
" mile", mksa mile, cgs mile,
" mil", mksa mil, cgs mil,
"Nautical units", "mksa","cgs",
" nautical mile", mksa nautical mile, cgs nautical mile,
" fathom", mksa fathom, cgs fathom,
" knot", mksa knot, cgs knot,
"Volume", "mksa","cgs",
" acre", mksa acre, cgs acre,
" liter", mksa liter, cgs liter,
" us gallon", mksa us gallon, cgs us gallon,
" canadian gallon", mksa canadian gallon, cgs canadian gallon,
" uk gallon", mksa uk gallon, cgs uk gallon,
" quart", mksa quart, cgs quart,
" pint", mksa pint, cgs pint,
"Mass and weight", "mksa","cgs",
" pound mass", mksa pound mass, cgs pound mass,
" ounce mass", mksa ounce mass, cgs ounce mass,
" ton", mksa ton, cgs ton,
" metric ton", mksa metric ton, cgs metric ton,
" uk ton", mksa uk ton, cgs uk ton,
" troy ounce", mksa troy ounce, cgs troy ounce,
" carat", mksa carat, cgs carat,
" gram force", mksa gram force, cgs gram force,
" pound force", mksa pound force, cgs pound force,
" kilopound force", mksa kilopound force, cgs kilopound force,
" poundal", mksa poundal, cgs poundal,
"Thermal energy and power", "mksa","cgs",
" calorie", mksa calorie, cgs calorie,
" btu", mksa btu, cgs btu,
" therm", mksa therm, cgs therm,
" horsepower", mksa horsepower, cgs horsepower,
"Pressure", "mksa","cgs",
" bar", mksa bar, cgs bar,
" std atmosphere", mksa std atmosphere, cgs std atmosphere,
" torr", mksa torr, cgs torr,
" meter of mercury", mksa meter of mercury, cgs meter of mercury,
" inch of mercury", mksa inch of mercury, cgs inch of mercury,
" inch of water", mksa inch of water, cgs inch of water,
" psi", mksa psi, cgs psi,
"Viscosity", "mksa","cgs",
" poise", mksa poise, cgs poise,
" stokes", mksa stokes, cgs stokes,
"Light and illumination", "mksa","cgs",
" stilb", mksa stilb, cgs stilb,
" lumen", mksa lumen, cgs lumen,
" lux", mksa lux, cgs lux,
" phot", mksa phot, cgs phot,
" footcandle", mksa footcandle, cgs footcandle,
" lambert", mksa lambert, cgs lambert,
" footlambert", mksa footlambert, cgs footlambert,
"Radioactivity", "mksa","cgs",
" curie", mksa curie, cgs curie,
" roentgen", mksa roentgen, cgs roentgen,
" rad", mksa rad, cgs rad,
"Force and energy", "mksa","cgs",
" newton", mksa newton, cgs newton,
" dyne", mksa dyne, cgs dyne,
" joule", mksa joule, cgs joule,
" erg", mksa erg, cgs erg
))Output:
Math constants: [long] & [long long] pi: [+3.141592653589793238462643383e +0] & [+3.14159265358979323846264338327950288419716939937510582097494459e +0] Physical Constants: [mksa] & [cgs] Fundamental constants: [mksa] & [cgs] speed of light: [+2.99792458000000e +8] & [+2.99792458000000e +10] vacuum permeability: [+1.25663706144000e -6] & [~] vacuum permittivity: [+8.85418781700000e -12] & [~] num avogadro: [+6.02214199000001e +23] & [~] faraday: [+9.64853429775000e +4] & [+9.64853429775000e +3] boltzmann: [+1.38065040000000e -23] & [+1.38065040000000e -16] molar gas: [+8.31447200000000e +0] & [+8.31447200000000e +7] standard gas volume: [+2.27109810000000e -2] & [+2.27109810000000e +4] planck constant: [+6.62606930000000e -34] & [+6.62606930000000e -27] planck constant bar: [+1.05457168236445e -34] & [+1.05457168236445e -27] gauss: [+1.00000000000000e -4] & [+1.00000000000000e +0] micron: [+1.00000000000000e -6] & [+1.00000000000000e -4] hectare: [+1.00000000000000e +4] & [+1.00000000000000e +8] miles per hour: [+4.47040000000000e -1] & [+4.47040000000000e +1] kilometers per hour: [+2.77777777778000e -1] & [+2.77777777778000e +1] Astronomy and astrophysics: [mksa] & [cgs] astronomical unit: [+1.49597870691000e +11] & [+1.49597870691000e +13] gravitational constant: [+6.67300000000000e -11] & [+6.67300000000000e -8] light year: [+9.46053620707001e +15] & [+9.46053620707001e +17] parsec: [+3.08567758135000e +16] & [+3.08567758135000e +18] grav accel: [+9.80665000000000e +0] & [+9.80665000000000e +2] solar mass: [+1.98892000000000e +30] & [+1.98892000000000e +33] Atomic and nuclear physics: [mksa] & [cgs] electron charge: [+1.60217648700000e -19] & [+1.60217648700000e -20] electron volt: [+1.60217648700000e -19] & [+1.60217648700000e -12] unified atomic mass: [+1.66053878200000e -27] & [+1.66053878200000e -24] mass electron: [+9.10938188000000e -31] & [+9.10938188000000e -28] mass muon: [+1.88353109000000e -28] & [+1.88353109000000e -25] mass proton: [+1.67262158000000e -27] & [+1.67262158000000e -24] mass neutron: [+1.67492716000000e -27] & [+1.67492716000000e -24] num fine structure: [+7.29735253300000e -3] & [~] rydberg: [+2.17987196968000e -18] & [+2.17987196968000e -11] bohr radius: [+5.29177208300000e -11] & [+5.29177208300000e -9] angstrom: [+1.00000000000000e -10] & [+1.00000000000000e -8] barn: [+1.00000000000000e -28] & [+1.00000000000000e -24] bohr magneton: [+9.27400899000000e -24] & [+9.27400899000000e -21] nuclear magneton: [+5.05078317000000e -27] & [+5.05078317000000e -24] electron magnetic moment: [+9.28476362000000e -24] & [+9.28476362000000e -21] proton magnetic moment: [+1.41060663300000e -26] & [+1.41060663300000e -23] Time: [mksa] & [cgs] minute: [+6.00000000000000e +1] & [+6.00000000000000e +1] hour: [+3.60000000000000e +3] & [+3.60000000000000e +3] day: [+8.64000000000000e +4] & [+8.64000000000000e +4] week: [+6.04800000000000e +5] & [+6.04800000000000e +5] Imperial units: [mksa] & [cgs] inch: [+2.54000000000000e -2] & [+2.54000000000000e +0] foot: [+3.04800000000000e -1] & [+3.04800000000000e +1] yard: [+9.14400000000000e -1] & [+9.14400000000000e +1] mile: [+1.60934400000000e +3] & [+1.60934400000000e +5] mil: [+2.54000000000000e -5] & [+2.54000000000000e -3] Nautical units: [mksa] & [cgs] nautical mile: [+1.85200000000000e +3] & [+1.85200000000000e +5] fathom: [+1.82880000000000e +0] & [+1.82880000000000e +2] knot: [+5.14444444444000e -1] & [+5.14444444444000e +1] Volume: [mksa] & [cgs] acre: [+4.04685642241000e +3] & [+4.04685642241000e +7] liter: [+1.00000000000000e -3] & [+1.00000000000000e +3] us gallon: [+3.78541178402000e -3] & [+3.78541178402000e +3] canadian gallon: [+4.54609000000000e -3] & [+4.54609000000000e +3] uk gallon: [+4.54609200000000e -3] & [+4.54609200000000e +3] quart: [+9.46352946004000e -4] & [+9.46352946004000e +2] pint: [+4.73176473002000e -4] & [+4.73176473002000e +2] Mass and weight: [mksa] & [cgs] pound mass: [+4.53592370000000e -1] & [+4.53592370000000e +2] ounce mass: [+2.83495231250000e -2] & [+2.83495231250000e +1] ton: [+9.07184740000000e +2] & [+9.07184740000000e +5] metric ton: [+1.00000000000000e +3] & [+1.00000000000000e +6] uk ton: [+1.01604690880000e +3] & [+1.01604690880000e +6] troy ounce: [+3.11034750000000e -2] & [+3.11034750000000e +1] carat: [+2.00000000000000e -4] & [+2.00000000000000e -1] gram force: [+9.80665000000000e -3] & [+9.80665000000000e +2] pound force: [+4.44822161526000e +0] & [+4.44822161526000e +5] kilopound force: [+4.44822161526000e +3] & [+4.44822161526000e +8] poundal: [+1.38255000000000e -1] & [+1.38255000000000e +4] Thermal energy and power: [mksa] & [cgs] calorie: [+4.18680000000000e +0] & [+4.18680000000000e +7] btu: [+1.05505585262000e +3] & [+1.05505585262000e +10] therm: [+1.05506000000000e +8] & [+1.05506000000000e +15] horsepower: [+7.45700000000000e +2] & [+7.45700000000000e +9] Pressure: [mksa] & [cgs] bar: [+1.00000000000000e +5] & [+1.00000000000000e +6] std atmosphere: [+1.01325000000000e +5] & [+1.01325000000000e +6] torr: [+1.33322368421000e +2] & [+1.33322368421000e +3] meter of mercury: [+1.33322368421000e +5] & [+1.33322368421000e +6] inch of mercury: [+3.38638815789000e +3] & [+3.38638815789000e +4] inch of water: [+2.49088900000000e +2] & [+2.49088900000000e +3] psi: [+6.89475729317000e +3] & [+6.89475729317000e +4] Viscosity: [mksa] & [cgs] poise: [+1.00000000000000e -1] & [+1.00000000000000e +0] stokes: [+1.00000000000000e -4] & [+1.00000000000000e +0] Light and illumination: [mksa] & [cgs] stilb: [+1.00000000000000e +4] & [+1.00000000000000e +0] lumen: [+1.00000000000000e +0] & [+1.00000000000000e +0] lux: [+1.00000000000000e +0] & [+1.00000000000000e -4] phot: [+1.00000000000000e +4] & [+1.00000000000000e +0] footcandle: [+1.07600000000000e +1] & [+1.07600000000000e -3] lambert: [+1.00000000000000e +4] & [+1.00000000000000e +0] footlambert: [+1.07639104000000e +1] & [+1.07639104000000e -3] Radioactivity: [mksa] & [cgs] curie: [+3.70000000000000e +10] & [+3.70000000000000e +10] roentgen: [+2.58000000000000e -4] & [+2.58000000000000e -8] rad: [+1.00000000000000e -2] & [+1.00000000000000e +2] Force and energy: [mksa] & [cgs] newton: [+1.00000000000000e +0] & [+1.00000000000000e +5] dyne: [+1.00000000000000e -5] & [+1.00000000000000e +0] joule: [+1.00000000000000e +0] & [+1.00000000000000e +7] erg: [+1.00000000000000e -7] & [+1.00000000000000e +0]
ALGOL W
% the Algol W standard environment includes the following standard variables: %
integer I_W % field width for integer output %
integer R_W % field width for real output %
integer R_D % number of decimal places for real output %
string(1) R_FORMAT % format for real output:
S - "scaled" normalised mantissa with exponent
A - "aligned" fixed point format
F - "free" either scaled or aligned as appropriate
for the value and field width
%
integer S_W % separator width - number of spaces following non-string output items %
integer MAXINTEGER % largest integer value %
real EPSILON % largest positive real number such that 1 + epsilon = 1 %
long real LONGEPSILON % largest positive long real number such that 1 + longepsilon = 1 %
long real MAXREAL % largest real number %
long real PI % approximation to pi %
% the following reference(EXCEPTION) variables control how errors are handled:
ENDFILE - end-of-file
OVFL - overflow
UNFL - underflow
DIVZERO - division by zero
INTOVFL - integer overflow
INTDIVZERO - integer division by zero or modulo 0
SQRTERR - invalid SQRT parameter
EXPERR - invalid EXP parameter
LNLOGERR - invalid LN or LOG parameter
SINCOSERR - invalid SIN or COS parameter
The EXCEPTION record is defined as follows:
record EXCEPTION( logical XCPNOTED - true if the exception has occurred
; integer XCPLIMIT - number of times the exception can occur
before the program terminates
, XCPACTION - if the program continues, controls how to
replace the erroneous value
; logical XCPMARK - true if an error message should be printed
even if the program continues
; string(64) XCPMSG - message to describe the exception
)
if the relevant EXCEPTION variable is null, the exception is ignored,
otherwise it is processed according to the settings of XCPLIMIT etc.
%Arturo
There are no "special" variables in Arturo, as such. There are pre-defined, built-in functions & constants but every symbol can be re-defined at will, even during runtime.
AutoHotkey
Refer to Built-in Variables for the complete special variables (those variables are global, except noticed).
AWK
There are two types of special variables within AWK: Control variables and Informative variables.
- dollarint variables - The dollarint special variables represent fields within a record
- ARGC - An informative variable that provides command line parameter information
- ARGV - An informative array that provides command line parameter information
- CONVFMT - A control variable that specifies the conversion format of numerical strings
- ENVIRON - An informative array that contains the environment strings
- FILENAME - An informative variable that provides the current input [filename]
- FNR - An informative variable that provides the record number within the current file
- FS - A control variable that specifies the input field separator
- NF - An informative variable that provides the number of fields within the current record
- NR - An informative variable that provides the total number of records processed
- OFMT - A control variable that specifies the output format of numerical values
- OFS - A control variable that specifies the output field separator
- ORS - A control variable that specifies the output record separator
- RLENGTH - An informative variable that provides the length of the currently matched substring
- RS - A control variable that specifies the input record separator
- RSTART - An informative variable that provides the start index of the currently matched substring
- SUBSEP - A control variable that specifies the subscript separator for multidimensional arrays
Batch File
By typing the SET command (without any parameters) in the command prompt, it will display the current environment variables and their current values.
However, there are some special variables that are not listed in the variables displayed by the SET command because their values might change over time. These variables are as follows:
%CD% - expands to the current directory string.
%DATE% - expands to current date using same format as DATE command.
%TIME% - expands to current time using same format as TIME command.
%RANDOM% - expands to a random decimal number between 0 and 32767.
%ERRORLEVEL% - expands to the current ERRORLEVEL value
%CMDEXTVERSION% - expands to the current Command Processor Extensions
version number.
%CMDCMDLINE% - expands to the original command line that invoked the
Command Processor.
%HIGHESTNUMANODENUMBER% - expands to the highest NUMA node number
on this machine.
(Source: by typing SET/? command in the command prompt)
BBC BASIC
The special (system) variables are as follows:
@% The number output format control variable
@cmd$ The command line of a 'compiled' program
@dir$ The directory (folder) from which the program was loaded
@flags% An integer incorporating BBC BASIC's control flags
@hcsr% The handle of the mouse pointer (cursor)
@haccel% The handle of the keyboard accelerator, if used
@hevent% The handle of the event used to prevent blocking in serial I/O
@hfile%() An array of file handles indexed by channel number
@hmdi% The Multiple Document Interface window handle (if any)
@hwacc% The window handle to which keyboard accelerator commands should be sent
@hwnd% The 'window handle' for the main (output) window
@hwo% The handle of the WAVEOUTPUT device
@hpal% The handle for the colour palette
@ispal% A Boolean which is non-zero if the display is paletted
@lib$ The directory (folder) containing the library files
@lparam% The LPARAM value (for use with ON MOUSE, ON MOVE and ON SYS)
@memhdc% The 'device context' for the main (output) window
@midi% The MIDI device ID (non-zero if a MIDI file is playing)
@msg% The MSG value (for use with ON MOUSE, ON MOVE and ON SYS)
@ox% The horizontal offset (in pixels) between the output bitmap and the window contents
@oy% The vertical offset (in pixels) between the output bitmap and the window contents
@prthdc% The 'device context' for the current printer (if any)
@tmp$ The temporary directory (folder)
@usr$ The user's Documents directory (folder)
@vdu% A pointer to the text and graphics parameters
@vdu{} A structure containing the main text and graphics variables
@wparam% The WPARAM value (for use with ON MOUSE, ON MOVE and ON SYS)
bc
There are three special variables:
scale: determines how many digits after the decimal point a result of an expression will have (possible integer values from 0 toBC_SCALE_MAX, i.e. an implementation-specific maximum; initial value is 0)ibase: the input radix (possible integer values from 2 to 16; initial value is 10)obase: the output radix (possible integer values from 2 toBC_BASE_MAX; initial value is 10)
The GNU implementation adds another special variable, last, that contains the value of the last printed number.
Bracmat
Every function has a local variable arg. It is the function's actual argument. Pattern matching is used to dissect the argument, if needed. Functions in a pattern have an additional argument, sjt, which is bound to (part of) the subject of the pattern match operation. It is the part of the subject that the function, in the role of a pattern, attempts to match. These variables can be reassigned.
The names of the built-in functions alc, arg, asc, chr, chu, clk, d2x, dbg, den, div, fil, flg, glf, fre, get, low, lst, mem, mod, new, pee, pok, put, ren, rev, rmv, sim, str, swi, sys, tbl, upp, utf, whl, x2d can be used as variable names or names of user defined object member functions, but not as names of user defined functions. Conversely, the name hash can be used for user defined functions, but not for variables. Currentlty, hash is the only predefined object type.
If Bracmat starts in interactive mode, a few more variables are predefined: !v evaluates to a string telling which version of Bracmat you are running. !w and !c evaluate to sections 11 and 12 of the GPL. More vital is the variable main, which is the interpreter's main loop. Setting it to another value changes the behaviour of the interpreter. When running in interactive mode, ! or !"" evaluates to the last answer, so the empty string is the name of yet another special variable. These variables can be reassigned.
C
C99 introduced the (read-only) special variable __func__ (of type static const char[]) which holds the name of the current function.
Furthermore one could consider errno from <errno.h> as a special variable although it actually is a macro which expands to an modifiable lvalue of type int. Many library functions set it to a positive value in case of an error.
C++
Besides errno like C, C++ has the this pointer so objects can refer to themselves.
#include <iostream>
struct SpecialVariables
{
int i = 0;
SpecialVariables& operator++()
{
// 'this' is a special variable that is a pointer to the current
// class instance. It can optionally be used to refer to elements
// of the class.
this->i++; // has the same meaning as 'i++'
// returning *this lets the object return a reference to itself
return *this;
}
};
int main()
{
SpecialVariables sv;
auto sv2 = ++sv; // makes a copy of sv after it was incremented
std::cout << " sv :" << sv.i << "\n sv2:" << sv2.i << "\n";
}
- Output:
sv :1 sv2:1
Clojure
The following snippet prints a list of the special variables defined in clojure.core, in *earmuff* form. For further information, consult the documentation.
(apply str (interpose " " (sort (filter #(.startsWith % "*") (map str (keys (ns-publics 'clojure.core)))))))
- Output:
*1 *2 *3 *agent* *allow-unresolved-vars* *assert* *clojure-version* *command-line-args* *compile-files* *compile-path* *compiler-options* *data-readers* *default-data-reader-fn* *e *err* *file* *flush-on-newline* *fn-loader* *in* *math-context* *ns* *out* *print-dup* *print-length* *print-level* *print-meta* *print-readably* *read-eval* *source-path* *unchecked-math* *use-context-classloader* *verbose-defrecords* *warn-on-reflection*
Common Lisp
Note: the term "special variable" has a meaning in Common Lisp and related dialects, different from the way it is being used here. It is a jargon which denotes a dynamically scoped variable. ANSI Common Lisp's standard-defined variables are special variables in both senses of the term.
The following code snippet prints a list of all 44 special variables defined by the Common Lisp standard. For further information about each of them consult the online documentation.
(defun special-variables ()
(flet ((special-var-p (s)
(and (char= (aref s 0) #\*)
(find-if-not (lambda (x) (char= x #\*)) s)
(char= (aref s (1- (length s))) #\*))))
(let ((lst '()))
(do-symbols (s (find-package 'cl))
(when (special-var-p (symbol-name s))
(push s lst)))
lst)))
(format t "~a~%" (sort (special-variables) #'string<))
- Output:
(*BREAK-ON-SIGNALS* *COMPILE-FILE-PATHNAME* *COMPILE-FILE-TRUENAME* *COMPILE-PRINT* *COMPILE-VERBOSE* *DEBUG-IO* *DEBUGGER-HOOK* *DEFAULT-PATHNAME-DEFAULTS* *ERROR-OUTPUT* *FEATURES* *GENSYM-COUNTER* *LOAD-PATHNAME* *LOAD-PRINT* *LOAD-TRUENAME* *LOAD-VERBOSE* *MACROEXPAND-HOOK* *MODULES* *PACKAGE* *PRINT-ARRAY* *PRINT-BASE* *PRINT-CASE* *PRINT-CIRCLE* *PRINT-ESCAPE* *PRINT-GENSYM* *PRINT-LENGTH* *PRINT-LEVEL* *PRINT-LINES* *PRINT-MISER-WIDTH* *PRINT-PPRINT-DISPATCH* *PRINT-PRETTY* *PRINT-RADIX* *PRINT-READABLY* *PRINT-RIGHT-MARGIN* *QUERY-IO* *RANDOM-STATE* *READ-BASE* *READ-DEFAULT-FLOAT-FORMAT* *READ-EVAL* *READ-SUPPRESS* *READTABLE* *STANDARD-INPUT* *STANDARD-OUTPUT* *TERMINAL-IO* *TRACE-OUTPUT*)
Inside the REPL, there are more special variables available:
- -: Contains the form that is currently evaluated.
> (format t "~a" -) (FORMAT T ~a -) NIL
- *, **, ***: Contain the last, penultimate, antepenultimate primary values that were printed.
> (+ 1 2) 3 > (values 1 2) 1 ; 2 > (* 4 5) 20 > (list * ** ***) (20 1 3)
- +, ++, +++: Contain the last, penultimate, antepenultimate forms that were evaluated.
> (+ 1 2) 3 > (values 1 2) 1 ; 2 > (* 4 5) 20 > (list + ++ +++) ((* 4 5) (VALUES 1 2) (+ 1 2))
- /, //, ///: Contain a list of the last, penultimate, antepenultimate values that were printed.
> (floor 10 2) 5 ; 0 > (values 1 'a "foo") 1 ; A ; "foo" > (+ 1 2) 3 > (list / // ///) ((3) (1 A "foo") (5 0))
D
In D there are not many special variables, beside a string[] argument of the main function. Variables like the C "errno" are usually not used, despite the C library is available.
One special boolean variable is __ctfe, that is read-only and it's true inside functions when they are evaluated at compile-time, and false otherwise.
DWScript
DWScript has no special variables in the base language.
Hosts can however define any number of contextual or environmental variables.
Dyalect
Dyalect has a special this which is available inside methods:
func Integer.Double() {
this + this
}
print(8.Double())Déjà Vu
Calls to some of the standard library functions can be optimized into certain opcodes or sequences of opcodes, namely:
set setglobal local get getlocal return recurse drop dup swap rot over
[] {} pop-from push-to push-through has get-from set-to raise reraise
call for pass
In addition, eva is special:
!print "hey" #is really short for
eva!print "hey"EVA is the part of the standard library that takes care of communication with the outside world. It makes extensive use of the method call syntax, unlike the rest of the standard library, that is why it is special.
Erlang
Erlang has no special variables. What it does have are special functions, module_info/0 and module_info/1. These are added to a module automatically, without being present in the code.
-module( special_variables ).
-export( [task/0] ).
task() -> ok.
- Output:
2> special_variables:module_info().
[{exports,[{task,0},{module_info,0},{module_info,1}]},
{imports,[]},
{attributes,[{vsn,[11317586745549911665324094732832680475]}]},
{compile,[{options,[]},
{version,"4.8"},
{time,{2013,10,28,20,2,58}},
{source,"/Users/bengt/rosetta/special_variables.erl"}]}]
3> special_variables:module_info(exports).
[{task,0},{module_info,0},{module_info,1}]
Forth
In a standard system, there are a handful of predefined variables, such as:
- BASE contains the current input/output numeric base (default 10 for decimal).
- STATE is a flag telling whether the system is in interpret or compile mode.
The DO-LOOP construct also has accessors I and J (and sometimes K) for obtaining the loop indices of the inner and outer nested loops.
Common Practice
Although not mandated in the Forth language specification, traditionally the language implements system variables as what are called USER variables. The name dates back to the a time when FORTH was used as a multi-user O/S and therefore each user needed a set of variables to control the state of their instance of the system. The user variables exist in a memory block called the USER AREA and are replicated for each task. When used for embedded systems, Forth is commonly implemented as a multi-tasking system, so this architecture is still relevant today. On a context switch the system assigns a system VARIABLE called 'UP' (user pointer) to point to the new task's USER AREA. Using UP, the task's local stack pointers can be read into the machine and a fast context switch can be completed. UP is commonly held in a CPU register on machines that have larger register sets.
This following list is an example of a set of USER variables in a small system. Consult the implementation documents for details on the USER variables in a specific FORTH system.
Name Type Description --------------------------------------------- TIB integer Terminal Input Buffer address U0 integer current user area address >IN integer holds offset into TIB, used for parsing BASE integer holds number conversion radix STATE integer holds compiler state (true=compiling, false=interpreting) DP integer holds dictionary memory pointer 'SOURCE integer[2] contains length and address of input source LATEST integer address of last word added to dictionary HP integer HOLD pointer, used for number formatting routines LP integer leave-stack pointer, used by do loops S0 integer end of parameter stack PAD chars[80] Generic buffer. (size is implementation dependent) L0 integer bottom of leave stack R0 integer end of return stack
It is worth noting that any of these variable names could be used in a program. The result would be that the original variable would be hidden from the compiler as the new variable with the same name would be found first. In other words the function of the original variable would NOT change in system. Forth has a "hyper-static" name space.
Fortran
Fortran offers no special variables such as Pi, e, etc. as a part of the language, not even the modern special floating-point "values" such as NaN. Indeed, the syntax has no reserved words generally so that GO TO could be the name of a variable without damage to GO TO statements, though it is generally agreed that calling a variable END is provocative... It does have some numbers that are special: 5 is the input/output "unit number" for keyboard input and 6 for output to "standard output", the screen on desktop computers; in the past there have been other values that were associated to devices such as the card reader, card punch, lineprinter, paper tape reader, and so on at any given installation. But these constants are not given names as mnemonics for their special values, except by the programmer. There is no equivalent of SYSOUT as in WRITE(SYSOUT,etc without definition by the programmer.
Certain statements involve special names in what appear to be assignments of values to or from a special name that has a value just like a named variable does, but these are not proper variables at all. For instance, in
INQUIRE(FILE = FILENAME(1:L),EXIST = EXIST, !Here we go. Does the file exist?
1 ERR = 666,IOSTAT = IOSTAT) !Hopefully, named in good style, etc.
IF (EXIST) THEN !So, does the named file already exist?
...etc.
ERR is a special name, but only inside the context of the INQUIRE (and OPEN, and WRITE, etc.) statement, it is not the name of an existing variable outside that statement whether defined by the language or by the programmer, and if the programmer were to define a variable called ERR it would have no relevance within that INQUIRE statement - though ERR = ERR would be workable if an ASSIGN statement had assigned statement label 666 to variable ERR. Similarly, the variable named FILENAME is declared by the programmer and because there are no reserved words, could be just FILE. Likewise, EXIST is declared (as LOGICAL) and IOSTAT (as INTEGER) as a mnemonic aid and also to save on the trouble of remembering whether the assignment works left-to-right or right-to-left in each case. It is right-to-left for FILE = filename, input to the INQUIRE statement and left-to-right for EXIST = variable, an output of the INQUIRE statement.
FreeBASIC
FreeBASIC has no 'special variables'.
Go
Go has no special variables in the base language.
A number of the standard packages however, define special variables or constants. Standard error values are common, as are enumeration-like constants for controling functions. Examples of some more frequently used package variables might be io.EOF, os.Args, and os.Stdout.
See also Topic variable#Go for an example of '.' of the template package.
Haskell
Like C, there are practically no special variables. The program entry point, main, is the one exception.
Icon and Unicon
Icon and Unicon have special variables known as keywords which are syntactically are preceded by an &.
# &keyword # type returned(indicators) - brief description
# indicators:
# * - generates multiple values
# = - modifiable
# ? - may fail (e.g. status inquiry)
# U - Unicon
# G - Icon or Unicon with Graphics
#
&allocated # integer(*) - report memory allocated in total and by storage regions
&ascii # cset - ASCII character set
&clock # string - time of day
&col # integer(=G) - column location of pointer
&collections # integer(*) - garbage collection activity in total and by storage region
&column # integer(U) - source code column
&control # null(?G) - control key state
&cset # cset - universal character set
¤t # co-expression - current co-expression
&date # string - today's date
&dateline # string - time stamp
&digits # cset - digit characters
&dump # integer(=) - termination dump
&e # real - natural log e
&error # integer(=) - enable/disable error conversion/fail on error
&errno # integer(?) - variable containing error number from previous posix command
&errornumber # integer(?) - error number of last error converted to failure
&errortext # string(?) - error message of last error converted to failure
&errorvalue # any(?) - erroneous value of last error converted to failure
&errout # file - standard error file
&eventcode # integer(=U) - program execution event in monitored program
&eventsource # co-expression(=U) - source of events in monitoring program
&eventvalue # any(=U) - value from event in monitored program
&fail # none - always fails
&features # string(*) - identifying features in this version of Icon/Unicon
&file # string - current source file
&host # string - host machine name
&input # file - standard input file
&interval # integer(G) - time between input events
&lcase # cset - lowercase letters
&ldrag # integer(G) - left button drag
&letters # cset - letters
&level # integer - call depth
&line # integer - current source line number
&lpress # integer(G) - left button press
&lrelease # integer(G) - left button release
&main # co-expression - main task
&mdrag # integer(G) - middle button drag
&meta # null(?G) - meta key state
&mpress # integer(G) - middle button press
&mrelease # integer(G) - middle button release
&now # integer(U) - current time
&null # null - null value
&output # file - standard output file
&pick # string (U) - variable containing the result of 3D selection
&phi # real - golden ratio
&pos # integer(=) - string scanning position
&progname # string(=) - program name
&random # integer(=) - random number seed
&rdrag # integer(G) - right button drag
®ions # integer(*) - region sizes
&resize # integer(G) - window resize
&row # integer(=G) - row location of pointer
&rpress # integer(G) - right button press
&rrelease # integer(G) - right button release
&shift # null(?G) - shift key state
&source # co-expression - invoking co-expression
&storage # integer(*) - memory in use in each region
&subject # string - string scanning subject
&syserr # integer - halt on system error
&time # integer(=) - elapsed time in milliseconds
&trace # integer(=) - trace program
&ucase # cset - upper case letters
&version # string - version
&window # window(=G) - the current graphics rendering window
&x # integer(=G) - pointer horizontal position
&y # integer(=G) - pointer vertical position
# keywords may also fail if the corresponding feature is not present.
# Other variants of Icon (e.g. MT-Icon) will have different mixes of keywords.
IS-BASIC
BLACK - The code of colour black.
BLUE - The code of colour blue.
CYAN - The code of colour cyan.
DATE$ - The current date in the standard format.
EXLINE - The number of the last statement that caused an exception.
EXTYPE - The error code of the last exception.
FREE - The amount of memory free and avaible to the current program.
GREEN - The code of colour green.
INF - The largest positive number that the IS-BASIC can handle.
MAGENTA - The code of colour magenta.
PI - Value of the Pi. This is rounded to 3.141592654
RED - The code of colour red.
TIME$ - The current time in the standard format.
WHITE - The code of colour white.
YELLOW - The code of colour yellow.
VERNUM - Version number of the BASICJ
special local variables
The names x y u v m n are used as parameters in explicit J definitions:
y: right argument x: (optional) left argument u: left argument to an adverb or conjunction v: right argument to a conjunction m: left noun argument to an adverb or conjunction (value error if verb provided) n: right noun argument to a conjunction (value error if verb provided)
Note that the result of an adverb or conjunction that uses either x or y and one of these other names is always a verb. In this case, x and/or y represent arguments passed to the derived verb.
Some examples:
{{ y }} 1
1
1000 {{ x + y }} 1
1001
100 {{ m + y }} 1
101
(1000) 100 {{ x + m + y }} 1
1101
100 {{ m + n + y }} 10 (1)
111
(1000) 100 {{ x + m + n + y }} 10 (1)
1111
(1000) + {{ x u n u y }} 10 (1)
1011
(1000) 100 {{ x v m v y }} + (1)
1101
These names may be used as regular names, but that is bad practice except in the context of debugging or illustration.
special global variables
In J 602: Names in locale z are in the path for all locales, including the default locale (base) -- these provide "language features":
names_z_'' ARGV BINPATH CR CRLF DEL Debug EAV EMPTY FF FIXFONT FIXFONTWH IF64 IFCONSOLE IFGTK IFJ6 IFJAVA IFJHS IFUNIX IFWIN IFWIN32 IFWINCE IFWINE IFWINNT JVERSION LF LF2 Note PROFONT SYSPPC TAB UNAME adverb apply assert bind boxopen boxxopen break bx clear coclass cocreate cocurrent codestroy coerase cofullname coinsert coname conames conew conjunction conl copath coreset cutopen datatype def define do drop dyad each edit empty erase every exit expand fetch inv inverse items jcwdpath jhostpath jpath jpathsep jsystemdefs leaf list load loadd loadp mbopen mbsave monad nameclass namelist names nc nl noun on open pick require rows script scriptd scripts setbreak sign sminfo smoutput sort split startupconsole startupide table take tmoutput toCRLF toHOST toJ tolower toupper type ucp ucpcount utf8 uucp verb wcsize wd wdbox wdcenter wdclipread wdclipwrite wde wdfit wdforms wdget wdhandler wdinfo wdishandle wdisparent wdmove wdpclose wdqshow wdquery wdreset wdselect wdstatus winpathsep
Names in the locales j and jijs are available by explicity referencing those locales and are used to provide "system features" and "ide features":
names_j_'' BOXES BROWSER CONFIRMCLOSE DIRTREEX DISPLAYLOAD EPSREADER FORMAT FORMSIZES GetSystemMetrics IFJIJX INPUTLOG INPUTLOGFILE LOADED P2UPFONT PATHJSEP PATHSEP PDFREADER PRINTERFONT PRINTOPT PUBLIC READONLY SCRIPTS SHOWSIP SMPRINT SM_CMONITORS SM_CXVIRTUALSCREEN SM_CYVIRTUALSCREEN SM_XVIRTUALSCREEN SM_YVIRTUALSCREEN STARTUP SYSTEMFOLDERS TARGET USERFOLDERS WINPOS XDIFF addfname boxdraw buildpublic classwizard cleantable config cutnames deb debug demos dirmatch dltb edit editfind editinputlog editinputprompt exist extijs fexist fif filenewform fileprint fileprintsetup filex fixWINPOS formedit formeditrun forms fullname getinputlog getpath getscripts gettarget gettargetlocale globaldefs gridwizard help htmlhelp jpath lab lastactive loadp open openfiles origin pacman printfiles prints projectmanager save saveuserfolders scriptmake scripts wpreset wpsave wpset names_jijs_'' EMPTY FIXFONTDEF FKEYS FTYPES IFIOX IFMAX IFREADONLY IFSAVED IFSHOW JIJS JIJSMAC JRECENT NEWUSER PPSCRIPT QFORMX RECENT RECENTFILE RECENTLOC RECENTMAX SCMP SMBLK SMDESK SMHWNDP SMINIT SMNAME SMPATH SMSEL SMSIZE SMSTYLE SMTEXT SMTORG aboutj boxfkeys boxskeys checkreadonly cleartemp close closeijs closeijx closewindows comparesvn create cutpara deb destroy exitijs filecase fkeycase fkeylist fkeyrun fkeyselect fkeyselect1 flerase flexist flopen flread flwrite foldpara foldtext getSMSEL getactsize getcascade getcascade1 getcascades getfile getformx getline getsaveas getscrollpos getselection getskey id2loc id2name id2names id2type ide_maximize ide_minimize ide_restore ifshiftkey iftempscript info intn jijs_aboutj_button jijs_actrl_fkey jijs_bctrl_fkey jijs_bctrlshift_fkey jijs_cancel jijs_close jijs_close_button jijs_dctrl_fkey jijs_default jijs_demos_button jijs_ectrl_fkey jijs_ectrlshift_fkey jijs_editconfigure_button jijs_editcopy_button jijs_editcut_button jijs_editdirmatch_button jijs_editexport_button jijs_editfif_button jijs_editfind_button jijs_editformedit_button jijs_editinputlog_button jijs_editlint_button jijs_editpaste_button jijs_editreadonly_button jijs_editredo_button jijs_editselectall_button jijs_editundo_button jijs_f1_fkey jijs_f1ctrl_fkey jijs_f1shift_fkey jijs_fctrl_fkey jijs_fctrlshift_fkey jijs_filecleartemp_button jijs_fileexit_button jijs_filenewclass_button jijs_filenewijs_button jijs_fileopen_button jijs_fileopensystem_button jijs_fileopenuser_button jijs_fileprint_button jijs_fileprintsetup_button jijs_filerecent_button jijs_fkeys_button jijs_forms_button jijs_gctrl_fkey jijs_hctrl_fkey jijs_helpconstants_button jijs_helpcontext_button jijs_helpcontrols_button jijs_helpdictionary_button jijs_helpforeigns_button jijs_helpgeneral_button jijs_helpgl2cmd_button jijs_helphelp_button jijs_helpindex_button jijs_helpphrases_button jijs_helpprimer_button jijs_helprelease_button jijs_helprelnotes_button jijs_helpuser_button jijs_helpvocab_button jijs_helpwdcmd_button jijs_helpwdover_button jijs_ictrl_fkey jijs_jctrl_fkey jijs_kctrl_fkey jijs_kctrlshift_fkey jijs_labadvance_button jijs_labauthor_button jijs_labchapters_button jijs_labs_button jijs_lctrl_fkey jijs_lctrlshift_fkey jijs_max_button jijs_mctrl_fkey jijs_nctrl_fkey jijs_nctrlshift_fkey jijs_octrl_fkey jijs_pctrl_fkey jijs_qctrl_fkey jijs_rctrl_fkey jijs_rctrlshift_fkey jijs_rundebug_button jijs_runfile_button jijs_runfiled_button jijs_runline_button jijs_runpacman_button jijs_runprojman_button jijs_runselection_button jijs_runwindow_button jijs_runwindowd_button jijs_save_button jijs_saveas_button jijs_sctrl_fkey jijs_sellower_button jijs_selminus_button jijs_selplus_button jijs_selplusline1_button jijs_selplusline2_button jijs_selsort_button jijs_seltoggle_button jijs_selupper_button jijs_selwrap_button jijs_tctrl_fkey jijs_tile_button jijs_tileacross_button jijs_tilecascade_button jijs_togglebox_button jijs_wctrl_fkey jijs_wctrlshift_fkey jrecent_cancel jrecent_close jrecent_enter jrecent_lb_button jrecent_open_button jrecent_run jrecent_run_button jrecent_rund_button jrecent_view_button lint marksavedid name2id new newijs newijx nounrep openijs parentname pathname pmovex qsmact qsmall qsmallforms qsmallijs qsmlastijs qsmlastxs qsmout qsmsize query quote rdist readid readid16 readonlydefault recent_open recent_put recent_read recent_run recent_save resizefont restorefont roundint runcompare runexport runfile runimmx0 runimmx1 runline runselection runwindow save saveas saveopenwindows scmp_cancel scmp_close scmp_close_button scmp_current_button scmp_original_button scmp_revert_button scmp_run scmp_show select_line select_text set_fkeys set_skey1 set_skeys setfontall setpnall setreadonly sh smappend smclose smfocus smfocusact smfocusout smgetsel smmove smopen smprompt smread smreplace smsave smscroll smsel smselact smselout smsetcmd smsetsaved smsetselect smwrite sysmodifiers tile tile2fit tile2fit1 tileacross tilecascade tileget todelim tofoldername togglebox togglereadonly togglexs tolist topara ucpboxdraw unboxfkeys unboxskeys winmax
Java
Java is heavily object-oriented, and is mostly statically-typed. There aren't many special variables, or aggregates, similar to dynamically-typed languages.
There is null, which is used to represent an object which has no reference assigned.
Object object = null
There is true and false which are used to denote a Boolean value.
boolean value = true
There is the this and super variables, used to reference the current class and parent class, respectively.
this.object
super(value)
To avoid confusion to anyone unfamiliar with Java, there is the ability to import static, final, variables from other classes.
While these are not 'special variables' they may appear that way to a new user.
import static java.lang.Math.*;
double area = PI * (2 * 2);
There is the first parameter of the main method, which is of type String[].
It is non-null and includes any arguments depicted during execution.
public static void main(String[] args)
Additionally ...
Java has only a few special variables. There is a String-Array for passing command-line-arguments to the program, and there is a Class-Object that can be accessed in a variable-like manner. It is used for reflection, (like examining and modifing class members, their type and modifiers during runtime).
There is the System-"Object" that contains various (mostly static) data about the enviroment the Java VM runs on, and it's cousin Runtime that provides data that is more prone to change during runtime, like available CPU cores and RAM.
Inside an object there is this, a reference that points to the object itself (like 127.0.0.1 in networking) and are used to qualify member access. There is also super that does the same for the base class (actually "the next class in the inheritance tree"). Both are not demonstrated in the example below.
import java.util.Arrays;
public class SpecialVariables {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//String-Array args contains the command line parameters passed to the program
//Note that the "Arrays.toString()"-call is just used for pretty-printing
System.out.println(Arrays.toString(args));
//<Classname>.class might qualify as a special variable, since it always contains a Class<T>-object that
//is used in Reflection
System.out.println(SpecialVariables.class);
//The following are not really "variables", since they are properly encapsulated:
//System.getenv() returns a String-String-Map of environment-variables
System.out.println(System.getenv());
//System.getProperties() returns a Map of "things somebody might want to know", including OS and architecture
// the Java VM runs on, various paths like home direcoty of the user that runs the program, class (library) paths,
System.out.println(System.getProperties());
//Runtime.getRuntime() returns a Runtime-Object that contains "changing" data about the running Java VM's
// environment, like available processor cores or available RAM
System.out.println(Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors());
}
}
JavaScript
this evaluates to the object the immediately enclosing function was called on as a method, if it was. If it was not called as a method, this is either the global environment object (usually window in browsers) in non-strict mode, or undefined in strict mode. this is an expression resembling a variable, but not actually a variable; for example, it is a syntax error to assign to it.
var obj = {
foo: 1,
bar: function () { return this.foo; }
};
obj.bar(); // returns 1
When a function is entered, the variable arguments is bound to an “arguments object” which is an array-like object containing the function's arguments, as well as some other information. This how varargs functions are implemented in JavaScript. If the function's parameters contain “arguments” explicitly, then it is not overridden and functions as an ordinary parameter.
function concat() {
var s = "";
for (var i = 0; i < arguments.length; i++) {
s += arguments[i];
}
return s;
}
concat("a", "b", "c"); // returns "abc"
jq
Variables in jq are identifiers preceded by the sigil "$", e.g. $x. There are no predefined variables, but jq does allow variables to be assigned string values on the command line.
For example:
$ jq -n -M --arg x 1 '$x|type' # (*)
"string"
(*) Windows users would write "$x|type".
Julia
Julia starts with the Base module loaded. Taking "special variables" to mean names in the default global namespace (Base) that aren't functions, types, or modules, then you can obtain them with
join(sort(filter(sym -> let n=eval(sym); !(isa(n, Function) || isa(n, Type) || isa(n, Module)); end, names(Base))), ", ")
- Output:
":, ARGS, CPU_CORES, C_NULL, DL_LOAD_PATH, DevNull, ENDIAN_BOM, ENV, I, Inf, Inf16, Inf32, InsertionSort, JULIA_HOME, LOAD_PATH, MS_ASYNC, MS_INVALIDATE, MS_SYNC, MergeSort, NaN, NaN16, NaN32, OS_NAME, QuickSort, RTLD_DEEPBIND, RTLD_FIRST, RTLD_GLOBAL, RTLD_LAZY, RTLD_LOCAL, RTLD_NODELETE, RTLD_NOLOAD, RTLD_NOW, RoundDown, RoundFromZero, RoundNearest, RoundToZero, RoundUp, STDERR, STDIN, STDOUT, VERSION, WORD_SIZE, catalan, cglobal, e, eu, eulergamma, golden, im, pi, γ, π, φ"
(Because of Julia's multiple dispatch that allows a single function to have multiple definitions for different argument types, combined with the ability of functions in modules or variables in the local scope to safely shadow names in the global namespace, having a large global namespace is seen as a convenience rather than a problem.)
Kotlin
There are two 'special variables' that I can think of in Kotlin:
- 'it' which implicitly refers to the parameter of a lambda expression where it only has one.
- 'field' which implicitly refers to the backing field of a property within its get/set accessors.
The following program illustrates their usage:
// version 1.0.6
class President(val name: String) {
var age: Int = 0
set(value) {
if (value in 0..125) field = value // assigning to backing field here
else throw IllegalArgumentException("$name's age must be between 0 and 125")
}
}
fun main(args: Array<String>) {
val pres = President("Donald")
pres.age = 69
val pres2 = President("Jimmy")
pres2.age = 91
val presidents = mutableListOf(pres, pres2)
presidents.forEach {
it.age++ // 'it' is implicit sole parameter of lambda expression
println("President ${it.name}'s age is currently ${it.age}")
}
println()
val pres3 = President("Theodore")
pres3.age = 158
}
- Output:
President Donald's age is currently 70
President Jimmy's age is currently 92
Exception in thread "main" java.lang.IllegalArgumentException: Theodore's age must be between 0 and 125
at President.setAge(test10.kt:5)
at Test10Kt.main(test10.kt:21)
Lasso
In Lasso parameters can be referenced as numerical locals within methods or unbound captures. [1]
{return #1 + ':'+#2}('a','b') // a:b
define test(a,b) => #1+':'+#2
test('y','z') // y:z
Lingo
In terms of statement "put <varName>" showing some meaningful output, the following can be rated as "special variables" in Lingo:
-- constants
- BACKSPACE
- EMPTY
- ENTER
- FALSE
- PI
- QUOTE
- RETURN
- SPACE
- TAB
- TRUE
- VOID
-- core objects
- _global
- _key
- _mouse
- _movie
- _player
- _system
LiveCode
The most important special variable is known as it. The LC Dictionary says "A special local variable that is used with commands such as get, read from file, convert, ask, and answer. Use the it keyword to get the result of certain commands, or as a handy temporary storage place." It's use is closely followed by a special function called result that is similarly mentioned in the dictionary as well "Is a global property returning the last value returned by return from a handler, from an engine function, or from an engine command which sets the result."
Further to those, LiveCode comes with a plethora of built-in constants, which are readily listed with the following command:
put the constantNamesIt also provides colours as built-ins, accessible through
the colornamesYou can search the dictionary in the IDE using text "names" to discover more such as the propertyNames & the commandNames, though are not strictly pertinent to this task.
Lua
- arg
- global table containing command line parameters with the name of the program at index 0. Not available in interactive mode
- _G
- the table with the global environment, i.e. all global variables, including itself and the other variables listed here
- _VERSION
- string with the name of the interpreter and the major and minor version, e.g. "Lua 5.2"
To list all global variables:
for n in pairs(_G) do print(n) end
The list will include built-in global functions, whose availability depends on the implementation and compile time configuration.
M2000 Interpreter
There some read only variables. We can use Help dir$ to get help about dir$.
All identifiers can be change to be used as variables, using a dot. For modules/functions in a group we have to define these variables using a dot.
Module Checkit {
Let inkey$="hello", dir$="Something Else"
\\ using a dot we tell to interpreter to skip internal identifiers,
\\ and look for user variables
Print .inkey$="hello", .dir$="Something Else"
Print dir$ ' return current path
do
Print "wait to press space"
Until inkey$=" "
}
Checkit
Module check2 {
Global inkey$="ok"
Print .inkey$="ok"
}
check2
Module Check3 {
Group A {
Module Check3 {
\\ using a dot before the name
.inkey$="ok"
Print .inkey$="ok"
}
}
A.Check3
}
Check3
about$, appdir$, browser$, clipboard$, clipboard.image$, codepage, colors, command$, computer$, control$, dir$, duration, empty, error$, field, fontname$, grabframe$, height, hwnd, inkey$, islet, isnum, key$, lan$, letter$, memory, menu.visible, menu, menuitems, mode, module$, monitor.stack, monitor.stack.size, motion.wx, motion.wy, motion.x, motion.xw, motion.y, motion.yw, mouse, mouse.key, mouse.x, mouse.y, mousea.x, mousea.y, movie.counter, movie.device$, movie.error$, movie.status$, movie, music.counter, now, number, os$, osbit, parameters$, pen, platform$, point, pos, pos.x, pos.y, printername$, properties$, reportlines, rnd, row, scale.x, scale.y, speech, sprite$, stack.size, tab, tempname$, temporary$, this, threads$, tick, timecount, today, twipsx, twipsy, user.name$, volume, width, x.twips, y.twips
Mathematica /Wolfram Language
Grid[Partition[Names["$*"],4]]
->
$Aborted $ActivationGroupID $ActivationKey $ActivationUserRegistered
$AddOnsDirectory $AllowDataUpdates $AllowDocumentationUpdates $AllowInternet
$AssertFunction $Assumptions $BaseDirectory $BatchInput
$BatchOutput $BoxForms $ByteOrdering $Canceled
$CharacterEncoding $CharacterEncodings $CommandLine $CompilationTarget
$ConditionHold $ConfiguredKernels $Context $ContextPath
$ControlActiveSetting $CreationDate $CurrentLink $DateStringFormat
$DefaultFont $DefaultFrontEnd $DefaultImagingDevice $DefaultPath
$Display $DisplayFunction $DistributedContexts $DynamicEvaluation
$Echo $Epilog $ExportFormats $Failed
$FinancialDataSource $FormatType $FrontEnd $FrontEndSession
$GeoLocation $HistoryLength $HomeDirectory $IgnoreEOF
$ImagingDevices $ImportFormats $InitialDirectory $Input
$InputFileName $Inspector $InstallationDate $InstallationDirectory
$InstalledServices $InterfaceEnvironment $InternetProxyRules $IterationLimit
$KernelCount $KernelID $Language $LaunchDirectory
$LibraryPath $LicenseExpirationDate $LicenseID $LicenseProcesses
$LicenseServer $LicenseSubprocesses $LicenseType $Line
$Linked $LinkSupported $LoadedFiles $MachineAddresses
$MachineDomain $MachineDomains $MachineEpsilon $MachineID
$MachineName $MachinePrecision $MachineType $MaxExtraPrecision
$MaxLicenseProcesses $MaxLicenseSubprocesses $MaxMachineNumber $MaxNumber
$MaxPiecewiseCases $MaxPrecision $MaxRootDegree $MessageGroups
$MessageList $MessagePrePrint $Messages $MinMachineNumber
$MinNumber $MinorReleaseNumber $MinPrecision $ModuleNumber
$NetworkLicense $NewMessage $NewSymbol $Notebooks
$NumberMarks $Off $OperatingSystem $Output
$OutputForms $OutputSizeLimit $Packages $PacletSite
$ParentLink $ParentProcessID $PasswordFile $PatchLevelID
$Path $PathnameSeparator $PerformanceGoal $PipeSupported
$Post $Pre $PreferencesDirectory $PrePrint
$PreRead $PrintForms $PrintLiteral $PrintServiceRequest
$PrintServiceResponse $PrintShortErrorMessages $PrintWSDLDebug $ProcessID
$ProcessorCount $ProcessorType $ProductInformation $ProgramName
$RandomState $RecursionLimit $ReleaseNumber $RootDirectory
$ScheduledTask $ScriptCommandLine $SessionID $SetParentLink
$SharedFunctions $SharedVariables $SoundDisplay $SoundDisplayFunction
$SuppressInputFormHeads $SynchronousEvaluation $SyntaxHandler $System
$SystemCharacterEncoding $SystemID $SystemWordLength $TemporaryDirectory
$TemporaryPrefix $TextStyle $TimedOut $TimeUnit
$TimeZone $TopDirectory $TraceOff $TraceOn
$TracePattern $TracePostAction $TracePreAction $Urgent
$UserAddOnsDirectory $UserBaseDirectory $UserBasePacletsDirectory $UserDocumentsDirectory
Maxima
/* There are many special variables in Maxima: more than 250 are used for options, for example */
fpprec; /* precision for big floats */
obase; /* number base for output */
/* Other variables are read-only, and give the list of user-defined variables, functions... */
infolists; /* give the names of all available lists */
[labels, values, functions, macros, arrays, myoptions, props, aliases, rules, gradefs, dependencies, let_rule_packages, structures]
MIPS Assembly
When multiplying two registers, the product is always stored in the $HI and $LO registers. Their contents can be read into your standard registers with the commands mfhi $reg and mflo $reg.
li $t0,0x4500
li $t1,0xFFFF
multu $t0,$t1 ;unsigned multiplication of $t0 and $t1
mfhi $t0 ;load the top 32 bits of the product into $t0
mflo $t1 ;load the bottom 32 bits of the product into $t1
Division is a similar story, except $HI holds the remainder and $LO holds the quotient.
When using JAL functionName to call a function, the $ra register holds the return address.
ML/I
Input
MCSKIP "WITH" NL
"" Special variables
"" There are four different kinds of variables in ML/I.
"" Permanent (P) variables - these have no special predefined values.
"" Character (C) variables - these have no special predefined values.
"" Temporary (T) variables - a macro has at least three of these, and
"" those have predefined values.
"" System (S) variables - these are for control and status. The number
"" of these is implementation dependent.
MCSKIP MT,<>
MCINS %.
MCDEF TVARDEMO , NL
AS <T-variables are local to the current macro call
T1 is the number of arguments to current macro call - value is %T1.
T2 is the number of macro calls so far - value is %T2.
T3 is the current depth of nesting - value is %T3.
>
TVARDEMO xxx,yyy
MCDEF SVARDEMO WITHS NL
AS <The first nine S-variables are implementation independent
S1 controls startline insertion - value is %S1.
S2 is the current source text line number - value is %S2.
S3 controls error messages related to warning markers - value is %S3.
S4 controls context printout after a <MCNOTE> - value is %S4.
S5 is the count of processing errors - value is %S5.
S6 enables the definition of an atom to be changed - value is %S6.
S7, S8 and S9 are currently unused.
All other S-variables have implementation defined meanings.
>
SVARDEMOOutput
T-variables are local to the current macro call
T1 is the number of arguments to current macro call - value is 2
T2 is the number of macro calls so far - value is 5
T3 is the current depth of nesting - value is 1
The first nine S-variables are implementation independent
S1 controls startline insertion - value is 0
S2 is the current source text line number - value is 32
S3 controls error messages related to warning markers - value is 0
S4 controls context printout after a MCNOTE - value is 0
S5 is the count of processing errors - value is 0
S6 enables the definition of an atom to be changed - value is -1
S7, S8 and S9 are currently unused.
All other S-variables have implementation defined meanings.Nanoquery
Nanoquery has a number of immutable special variables which can be listed by executing the following program:
println dumpstack()- Output:
{{dbsize, 0}, {col, 1}, {workingdir, C:\Users\Will\Programs\Nanoquery}, {false, false}, {interactive, false}, {main, true}, {packages, [, Nanoquery.Objects, Nanoquery.Exceptions]}, {libpath, C:\Users\Will\Programs\Nanoquery\nanoquery-2.3_1866}, {args, [-b, rosetta-code/specialvars.nq]}, {rec, 1}, {filename, }, {null, null}, {__file__, C:\Users\Will\Programs\Nanoquery\rosetta-code\specialvars.nq}, {true, true}, {prompt, [\S | rec\R col\C] % }, {cols, 0}, {lockedfiles, []}, {__calls__, [<global>:1]}}
These variables are:
dbsize: the amount of rows in the currently referenced database object
col: the index of the currently referenced database column
workingdir: the current working directory as a string
false: the boolean value false
interactive: a boolean that represents if this program is being run from the
interpreter interactively
main: boolean that represents if this code is in the global portion
of the current program
packages: list of strings holding the built-in packages that have been imported
libpath: string representing the path where the standard library is expected to be
args: list of string containing the args that the current program was
started with
rec: the index of the currently referenced database row
filename: the path of the currently open database file
null: represents the null object
__file__: absolute path of the current running program
true: the boolean value true
prompt: contains the current interpreter prompt string
cols: the amount of columns in the currently referenced database object
lockedfiles: list of strings containing the paths of files that have been locked
for writing by the 'lock' command
__calls__: stack containing the current Nanoquery call stack
NetRexx
For convenience, NetRexx provides some special names for naming commonly-used concepts within terms. These are only recognized if there is no variable of the same name previously seen in the current scope.
The current set of special names includes:
ask, class, digits, form, length, null, source, sourceline, super, this, trace, version.
/* NetRexx */
options replace format comments java crossref savelog symbols binary
class RCSpecialVariables
method RCSpecialVariables()
x = super.toString
y = this.toString
say '<super>'x'</super>'
say '<this>'y'</this>'
say '<class>'RCSpecialVariables.class'</class>'
say '<digits>'digits'</digits>'
say '<form>'form'</form>'
say '<[1, 2, 3].length>'
say [1, 2, 3].length
say '</[1, 2, 3].length>'
say '<null>'
say null
say '</null>'
say '<source>'source'</source>'
say '<sourceline>'sourceline'</sourceline>'
say '<trace>'trace'</trace>'
say '<version>'version'</version>'
say 'Type an answer:'
say '<ask>'ask'</ask>'
return
method main(args = String[]) public static
RCSpecialVariables()
return
- Output
<super>RCSpecialVariables@3487a5cc</super> <this>RCSpecialVariables@3487a5cc</this> <class>class RCSpecialVariables</class> <digits>9</digits> <form>scientific</form> <[1, 2, 3].length> 3 </[1, 2, 3].length> <null> </null> <source>Java method RCSpecialVariables.nrx</source> <sourceline>21</sourceline> <trace>off</trace> <version>NetRexx 3.00 11 Jun 2011</version> Type an answer: answer <ask>answer</ask>
Nim
In Nim, there is only one special variable, named result. It is implicitly declared in procedure which returns a result and is initialized with binary zeroes. Statement return value is in fact a shortcut for:
result = value
return
There are also variables declared in modules and exported. As some modules are implicitly imported, their exported variables are automatically visible. Modules implicitly imported are: “system” (which imports “iterators”, “assertions”, “dollars”, “io” and “widestr”), “threads” and “channels”, the latter two being activated if option --thread:on is used.
These implicit imports add these variables to the list of visible objects:
- – some hooks and handlers used in system programming:
globalRaiseHook,localRaiseHook,outOfMemHook,unhandledExceptionHook,errorMessageWriter,onUnhandledException; - – a read-only variable,
nimvmwhich is true in Nim VM context and false otherwise; - – the three standard files:
stdin,stdout,stderr.
OASYS
The only special variable is player (of type object) which specifies which object the player invokes methods on by default.
OASYS Assembler
The only special variable is %@ which specifies which object the player invokes methods on by default.
OCaml
Some predefined variables from the Sys module:
val argv : string array
(** The command line arguments given to the process.
The first element is the command name used to invoke the program.
The following elements are the command-line arguments
given to the program. *)
val executable_name : string
(** The name of the file containing the executable currently running. *)
val interactive : bool ref
(** This reference is initially set to [false] in standalone
programs and to [true] if the code is being executed under
the interactive toplevel system [ocaml]. *)
val os_type : string
(** Operating system currently executing the Caml program. One of
- ["Unix"] (for all Unix versions, including Linux and Mac OS X),
- ["Win32"] (for MS-Windows, OCaml compiled with MSVC++ or Mingw),
- ["Cygwin"] (for MS-Windows, OCaml compiled with Cygwin). *)
val word_size : int
(** Size of one word on the machine currently executing the Caml
program, in bits: 32 or 64. *)
val max_string_length : int
(** Maximum length of a string. *)
val max_array_length : int
(** Maximum length of a normal array. The maximum length of a float
array is [max_array_length/2] on 32-bit machines and
[max_array_length] on 64-bit machines. *)
val ocaml_version : string
(** [ocaml_version] is the version of Objective Caml.
It is a string of the form ["major.minor[.patchlevel][+additional-info]"],
where [major], [minor], and [patchlevel] are integers, and
[additional-info] is an arbitrary string. The [[.patchlevel]] and
[[+additional-info]] parts may be absent. *)
Some predefined variables from the Pervasives module:
val max_int : int
(** The greatest representable integer. *)
val min_int : int
(** The smallest representable integer. *)
val max_float : float
(** The largest positive finite value of type [float]. *)
val min_float : float
(** The smallest positive, non-zero, non-denormalized value of type [float]. *)
val epsilon_float : float
(** The difference between [1.0] and the smallest exactly representable
floating-point number greater than [1.0]. *)
Oforth
Oforth special variables are read-only :
- Output:
true false null System.Out System.In System.Err System.Console System.Args Systel.NbCores System.CELLSIZE System.VERSION SYstem.MAXTHREADS System.ASSERTMODE System.ISWIN System.ISLUNIX
Pascal
Pascal does not have any predefined special variables. However, two identifiers can become “special”: If you list in the program parameter list the identifiers of the spelling input and/or output, they will identify text variables referring to an implementation-defined input and output facility.
program foo(input, output);
begin
{ In this program, `input` and `output` have special meaning. }
end.
Neverthless, these identifiers are in no way reserved.
program foo(output);
var
input: integer;
begin
{ In this program only `output` has special meaning. }
end.
Note that some run-time libraries of compilers usually ship a variety of predefined variables, but these are not part of the programming language itself.
PascalABC.NET
Result is a special variable for the result of a function
function Add(a,b: integer): integer;
begin
Result := a + b
end;
Self is a special variable defined in every non-static method of a class. It is a reference to the current object
type A = class
n: integer;
constructor (n: integer);
begin
Self.n := n
end;
end;
value is a special variable defined in setter of a property. This is a value which is assigned in a right part of an assignment
type A = class
n: integer;
property pn: integer write n := value;
end;
PARI/GP
There are three special variables in GP: Pi (3.14...), Euler (Euler's gamma), and I (the imaginary unit).
PARI has many special variables. Probably the most important is avma, the current stack pointer, and the related top and bot; see section 4.3 of the User's Guide to the PARI Library.
Other important special variables are:
- Universal objects
gen_0,gen_1,gen_2,gen_m1,gen_m2,ghalf, andgnil. (The manual erroneously omits the last on this list.) These can be identified withis_universal_constant(). Note thatgen_Iis not a universal object but a function. - Defaults:
DEBUGLEVELandDEBUGMEM - Prime-related variables
_maxprime(traditionally accessed viamaxprime()) anddiffptr - Others:
precdl,overflow,hiremainder, ...
The PARI developer's guide lists two more:
PARI_SIGINT_block: When this is nonzero, SIGINT is blocked.PARI_SIGINT_pending: When this is nonzero, a SIGINT has been blocked but not yet handled.
Perl
A selection of the variables with special meaning to Perl. If you find it hard to remember the 'punctuation' names, longer 'English' names are available via a core module.
use English; # enables use of long variable names $. $INPUT_LINE_NUMBER # sequence number $, $OUTPUT_FIELD_SEPARATOR # output field separator $; $SUBSCRIPT_SEPARATOR # subscript separator for multidimensional array emulation $_ $ARG # topic/current/default variable $" $LIST_SEPARATOR # alternative output field separator $+ $LAST_PAREN_MATCH # last substring matched to a regular expression subpattern $0 $PROGRAM_NAME # name of the program being executed $! $ERRNO # error number from host operating system $@ $EVAL_ERROR # error from the last "eval" operator $/ $INPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR # input record separator $\ $OUTPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR # output record separator for 'print' $| $OUTPUT_AUTOFLUSH # controls output buffering $& $MATCH # string matched by last regular expression $' $POSTMATCH # substring following last matched regular expression $` $PREMATCH # substring preceding last matched regular expression @ARGV # array containing the command line parameters @F # array of fields of each line read in when auto-split is on @INC # array of library search paths %ENV # associative container holding the environment variables %SIG # associative container holding signal handlers
Phix
Phix has no special variables.
PicoLisp
PicoLisp has no special variables, but some naming conventions concerning the "meaning" of a variable's (i.e. symbol's) value:
- Global variables start with an asterisk '*' - Functions and other global symbols start with a lower case letter - Locally bound symbols start with an upper case letter - Local functions start with an underscore '_' - Classes start with a plus-sign '+', where the first letter - is in lower case for abstract classes - and in upper case for normal classes - Methods end with a right arrow '>' - Class variables may be indicated by an upper case letter
For historical reasons, the global constant symbols 'T' and 'NIL' do not obey these rules, and are written in upper case.
PL/I
Special variables in PL/I are termed "Pseudo-variables".
They are used only on the LHS of an assignment statement.
They include:
REAL to assign the real part of a COMPLEX variable;
IMAG to assign the imaginary part of a COMPLEX variable;
SUBSTR is used to assign part of a string (used on the LHS of an assignment);
STRING when used on the left-hand of an assignment;
UNSPEC used to assign a bit pattern to a variable;
ENTRYADDR is used to assign an address to an ENTRY variable that is
to be invoked;
ONCHAR resets the current value of the CHAR built-in function (when
a data conversion error occurs, and it is desired to re-attempt
the conversion);
ONSOURCE assigns a new value to the ONSOURCE built-in function
(may be used when a data conversion error occurs,
and a re-try of the conversion is to be attempted with modified data);
ONGSOURCE assigns a new value to the ONGSOURCE built-in function
(may be used when a data conversion error occurs,
and may be used when a re-try of the conversion is to be
attempted with modified data).PowerShell
This is the list:
<#
$$
$?
$^
$_
$Args
$ConsoleFileName
$Error
$Event
$EventSubscriber
$ExecutionContext
$False
$ForEach
$Home
$Host
$Input
$LastExitCode
$Matches
$MyInvocation
$NestedPromptLevel
$NULL
$PID
$Profile
$PSBoundParameters
$PsCmdlet
$PsCulture
$PSDebugContext
$PsHome
$PSitem
$PSScriptRoot
$PsUICulture
$PsVersionTable
$Pwd
$Sender
$ShellID
$SourceArgs
$SourceEventArgs
$This
$True
#>
For descriptions:
help about_automatic_variables
PureBasic
PureBasic has no 'special variables'. It does define constants that reflect compiler settings that can be tested and used as a part of compiling. All other non-explicitly declared values that vary during runtime are returned by functions.
Python
By default, Python starts execution in a namespace which has direct access to names defined in the globals() dict and the __builtins__ dict. The members of which can be found by the following code:
names = sorted((set(globals().keys()) | set(__builtins__.__dict__.keys())) - set('_ names i'.split()))
print( '\n'.join(' '.join(names[i:i+8]) for i in range(0, len(names), 8)) )
- Output
ArithmeticError AssertionError AttributeError BaseException BufferError BytesWarning DeprecationWarning EOFError Ellipsis EnvironmentError Exception False FloatingPointError FutureWarning GeneratorExit IOError ImportError ImportWarning IndentationError IndexError KeyError KeyboardInterrupt LookupError MemoryError NameError None NotImplemented NotImplementedError OSError OverflowError PendingDeprecationWarning ReferenceError ResourceWarning RuntimeError RuntimeWarning StopIteration SyntaxError SyntaxWarning SystemError SystemExit TabError True TypeError UnboundLocalError UnicodeDecodeError UnicodeEncodeError UnicodeError UnicodeTranslateError UnicodeWarning UserWarning ValueError Warning WindowsError ZeroDivisionError __build_class__ __builtins__ __debug__ __doc__ __import__ __name__ __package__ abs all any ascii bin bool bytearray bytes callable chr classmethod compile complex copyright credits delattr dict dir divmod enumerate eval exec exit filter float format frozenset getattr globals hasattr hash help hex id input int isinstance issubclass iter len license list locals map max memoryview min next object oct open ord pow print property quit range repr reversed round set setattr slice sorted staticmethod str sum super tuple type vars zip
Quackery
The trite answer would be that Quackery has no variables.
It does, however, have Ancillary Stacks which stand in for variables, in that they are places where values can reside. Their behaviour is to place a pointer to themselves on the stack (the stack refers to the Quackery Data Stack, the place from which words take arguments and return results), so that they can have values moved to and from them.
Ancillary Stacks might also, arguably, be considered slightly outside the language proper. To use a metaphor, if Quackery is a workshop, and Quackery words are tools for working on data, then the stack is the workbench that data resides on while it is being worked upon, and Ancillary Stacks are the storage spaces where one can put things to keep the workbench tidy. If asked to list the tools in a workshop, would you necessarily list shelves and cupboards as tools?
If predefined system constants are to be included, (i.e. words that take no arguments and always return the same value, a category which includes Ancillary Stacks) then there are several, including but not limited to space which returns 32, carriage which returns 13 (and is taken to mean whatever the host system regards as a carriage return/line feed), [], which returns the empty nest [ ], true which returns 1 and false which returns 0.
However, I suspect the most useful answer is "those things which need to be taken into consideration whilst coding in Quackery, because they give words side-effects rather than the words being purely functional in their behaviour."
With this definition there is only one word that requires mention; base. base is a system ancillary stack that holds the current base for numerical i/o and converting numerical strings to and from numbers and so forth. It has a default value of 10 — i.e. Quackery regards numbers as decimal unless that assumption is overridden by putting a different value on the top of the ancillary stack called base.
Racket
Racket does not have special variables in the usual sense. In fact, being a language that specializes in making up langugaes it has no special anything hard-wired in.
But it does have "parameters" -- a kind of mutable values that can be set for a specific dynamic runtime extent: either around some piece of code, or globally, or in some thread. These parameters are used to configure many aspects of the runtime system, for example "current-directory" has the obvious meaning. (But again, the names that are bound to these parameters are not special, and can be changed or hidden.)
Raku
(formerly Perl 6)
It is probably useful to briefly explain normal variables in Raku before tackling special variables.
Variables in Raku have a prefix sigil to distinguish them from named subroutines, functions, classes, and so on. There is a system of sigils to mark the fundamental structural type of the variable:
$foo scalar (object)
@foo ordered array
%foo unordered hash (associative array)
&foo code/rule/token/regex
::foo package/module/class/role/subset/enum/type/grammar
Sigils indicate overall interface, not the exact type of the bound object. Different sigils imply different minimal abilities. Ordinary sigils indicate normally scoped variables, either lexical or package scoped. Oddly scoped variables include a secondary sigil (a twigil) that indicates what kind of strange scoping the variable is subject to:
$foo # ordinary scoping
$.foo # object attribute public accessor
$^foo # self-declared formal positional parameter
$:foo # self-declared formal named parameter
$*foo # dynamically overridable global variable
$?foo # compiler hint variable
$=foo # POD variable
$<foo> # match variable, short for $/{'foo'}
$!foo # object attribute private storage
$~foo # the foo sublanguage seen by the parser at this lexical spot
A selection (not comprehensive) of Raku's automatically set and/or pre-defined compile-time and run-time variables.
# Lexical variables
$_ # implicit variable lexically scoped to the current block
$! # current Exception object
$/ # last match
$0, $1, $2... # captured values from match: $/[0], $/[1], $/[2] ...
# Compile-time variables
$?PACKAGE # current package
$?CLASS # current class
$?MODULE # current module
$?ROLE # current role
$?DISTRIBUTION # which OS distribution am I compiling under
$?FILE # current filename of source file
$?LINE # current line number in source file
&?ROUTINE # current sub or method (itself)
&?BLOCK # current block (itself)
# Dynamic variables
$*USAGE # value of the auto-generated USAGE message
$*PROGRAM-NAME # path to the current executable
$*PROGRAM # location (in the form of an IO::Path object) of the Raku program being executed
@*ARGS # command-line arguments
$*ARGFILES # the magic command-line input handle
$*CWD # current working directory
$*DISTRO # which OS distribution am I running under
%*ENV # system environment variables
$*ERR # standard error handle
$*EXECUTABLE-NAME # name of the Raku executable that is currently running
$*EXECUTABLE # IO::Path absolute path of the Raku executable that is currently running
$*IN # standard input handle; is an IO object
$*KERNEL # operating system running under
$*OUT # standard output handle
$*RAKU # Raku version running under
$*PID # system process id
$*TZ # local time zone
$*USER # system user id
# Run-time variables
$*COLLATION # object that can be used to configure Unicode collation levels
$*TOLERANCE # used by the =~= operator to decide if two values are approximately equal
$*DEFAULT-READ-ELEMS # affects the number of bytes read by default by IO::Handle.read
Also, not really a variable but...
* # A standalone term that has no fixed value, instead it captures the notion of "Whatever",
# the meaning of which is decided lazily by whatever it is an argument to.
# See the docs on Whatever: https://docs.raku.org/type/Whatever
REXX
version 1
The REXX language has three special variables:
- RC [the return code from commands issued to the host]
- RESULT [the result RETURNed from a subroutine or function]
- SIGL [the source line number that did the transfer of control]
Each of the above may be used as a regular REXX variable; they aren't reserved keywords or reserved variable names.
Because REXX may define (or re-define) any of these variables during execution of the REXX program, its recommended that they be not be used as regular REXX variables.
Initially, the above three special variables aren't defined (until the appropriate action for their use has been performed).
- If no commands have been issued to the host, then the RC special variable isn't defined.
- If no subroutines have been invoked, then the RESULT special variable isn't defined.
- If no SIGNAL or CALL (or subroutine invocation) has been used, then the SIGL special variable isn't defined.
- (This excludes the use of:
- SIGNAL ON ααα
- SIGNAL OFF ααα
- which don't actually transfer control.)
- (This excludes the use of:
In each case, the three special variable names (RC, RESULT, and SIGL) may be in lower/upper/mixed case.
The scope of the special variables is LOCAL.
/*REXX program demonstrates REXX special variables: RC, RESULT, SIGL */
/*line two. */
/*line three.*/ say copies('═',79)
rc=1/3 /*line four. */
signal youWho /*line five. */
myLoo='this got skipped' /*line six. */
youwho: /*line seven.*/
sep=copies('─', 9) /*line eight.*/
say sep 'SIGL=' sigl /*line nine. */
say sep 'REXX source statement' SIGL '=' sourceline(sigl)
say copies('═',79)
g=44
call halve g
say sep 'rc=' rc
say sep 'result=' result
say copies('═',79)
h=66
hh=halve(h)
say sep 'rc=' rc
say sep 'result=' result
say sep 'hh=' hh
say copies('═',79)
'DIR /ad /b' /*display the directories (Bare).*/
say sep 'rc=' rc
say sep 'result=' result
say copies('═',79)
exit /*stick a fork in it, we're done.*/
/*──────────────────────────────────HALVE subroutine────────────────────*/
halve: return arg(1) / 2 /*a simple halving function. */
output using:
- Regina REXX
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════ ───────── SIGL= 5 ───────── REXX source statement 5 = signal youWho /*line five. */ ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════ ───────── rc= 0.333333333 ───────── result= 22 ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════ ───────── rc= 0.333333333 ───────── result= 22 ───────── hh= 33 ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════ Documents and Settings Program Files Recycled System Volume Information TEMP WINDOWS ───────── rc= 0 ───────── result= 22 ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
output using:
- PC/REXX
- Personal REXX
- R4 REXX
- ROO
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════ ───────── SIGL= 5 ───────── REXX source statement 5 = signal youWho /*line five. */ ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════ ───────── rc= 0.333333333 ───────── result= 22 ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════ ───────── rc= 0.333333333 ───────── result= 33 ───────── hh= 33 ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════ Documents and Settings Program Files Recycled System Volume Information TEMP WINDOWS ───────── rc= 0 ───────── result= 33 ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
version 2
The REXX language has three special variables:
RC is set upon return from a command
RESULT is set or dropped after a CALL to a subroutine: It is assigned the value given in the RETURN statement or it is dropped when there was a RETURN without expression. (some REXX implementations set RESULT also upon return from a function invocation - see version 1 and the Discussion)
SIGL is set when control is tranferred within the REXX program. (i.e. when a subroutine is called, a function is invoked, or a SIGNAL instruction was used explicitly or as a result of a raised condition) Note that RETURN transfers control but does not set SIGL.
'dir a2.txt'
Say 'rc='rc
'dir 33.*'
Say 'rc='rc
Call square 5
Say 'RESULT='result
Say 'SIGL='sigl
x2=square(3) /* just a simle example */
Say '3**2='||x2
Signal On Novalue
x=y /* y was not yet assigned a value */
Exit
square: Procedure Expose sigl
Say 'square was invoked from line' sigl':' sourceline(sigl)
Return arg(1)**2
Novalue:
Say 'NOVALUE encountered in line' sigl':' sourceline(sigl)
Exit
- Output:
Datentr„ger in Laufwerk E: ist E_DESKTOP
Volumeseriennummer: 66C1-0469
Verzeichnis von E:\
28.07.2014 11:53 19.219 A2.txt
1 Datei(en), 19.219 Bytes
0 Verzeichnis(se), 198.658.433.024 Bytes frei
rc=0
Datentr„ger in Laufwerk E: ist E_DESKTOP
Volumeseriennummer: 66C1-0469
Verzeichnis von E:\
rc=1
square was invoked from line 6: Call square 5
RESULT=25
SIGL=6
square was invoked from line 10: x2=square(3) /* just a simle example */
3**2=9
NOVALUE encountered in line 14: x=y /* y was not yet assigned a value */
Ruby
A list and description of Ruby's Special Variables
Scala
Scala has only a few special variables. Inside an object there is this, a reference that points to the object itself (like 127.0.0.1 in networking) and are used to qualify member access. There is also super that does the same for the base class (actually "the next class in the inheritance tree").
Depending on the context, underscore has the following meaning:
import scala._ // Wild card -- all of scala is imported
import scala.{ Predef => _, _ } // Exception, everything except Predef
def f[M[_]] // Higher kinded type parameter
def f(m: M[_]) // Existential type
_ + _ // Anonymous function placeholder parameter
m _ // Eta expansion of method into method value
m(_) // Partial function application
_ => 5 // Discarded parameter
case _ => // Wild card pattern -- matches anything
val (a, _) = (1, 2) // same thing
for (_ <- 1 to 10) // same thing
f(xs: _*) // Sequence xs is passed as multiple parameters to f(ys: T*)
case Seq(xs @ _*) // Identifier xs is bound to the whole matched sequence
var i: Int = _ // Initialization to the default value
def abc_<>! // An underscore must separate alphanumerics from symbols on identifiers
t._2 // Part of a method name, such as tuple getters
var i: Int = _ // Initialization with a default value
for (_ <- 1 to 10) doIt() // Discarded val
def f: T; def f_=(t: T) // Combo for creating mutable f member.
Smalltalk
Talking about special (reserved) names, there are:
- self - the current method's receiver
- super - ditto, but different message send lookup
- thisContext - the current stackframe/aka active continuation
Everything else is found via the lexical scope ending in bindings in a namespace. The global default namespace is called "Smalltalk" and contains (beside bindings for all classes by name) the singletons:
- true
- false
- nil
Technically, these could be redefined, but the system would not work if any of them was. Therefore most compilers refuse code which obviously attempts to do so, and we can think of them as being reserved names as well.
Global binding names are returned by
Smalltalk keys
Things like the shell environment, command line argument, version numbers etc. are usually not exposed via globals, but instead held in private class variables (static variables), which can be accessed via getter messages (which, by the way, makes it easier to insert a dialect compatibility layer). An example for this would be:
Float precision
or
Smalltalk version
Name conventions:
- class names - upperCase first
- class variables (statics) - ditto
- shared pool variables - ditto
- all other variables (incl. instance variables) - lowercase first
- method names - lowercase first; except for constant/parameter getters, which are sometimes uc-first
Tcl
There are three major categories of special variables in Tcl: global variables special to the Tcl language, global variables set by Tcl-based interpreters, and local variables with special interpretations.
Language Globals
These variables are defined by the standard implementation of Tcl, and are present in all Tcl interpreters by default.
- env
- This global array is Tcl's interface to the process's environment variables.
- errorCode
- This global scalar holds a machine-readable description of the last error to occur. (Note that prior to Tcl 8.6, internally-generated exceptions often used NONE for this value.)
- errorInfo
- This global scalar holds a stack trace from the last error to occur.
- tcl_library
- This global scalar holds the location of Tcl's own internal library.
- tcl_version, tcl_patchLevel
- This global scalar holds the version of Tcl in use. From Tcl 8.5 onwards, these hold the same (detailed) value.
- tcl_pkgPath
- This global scalar holds a Tcl list of directories where Tcl looks for packages by default. This is used to initialize the auto_path global variable.
- auto_path
- This global scalar holds a Tcl list of directories where Tcl looks for packages (and auto-loaded scripts, though this facility is deprecated).
- tcl_platform
- This global array holds a description of the platform on which Tcl is executing.
- tcl_precision
- This global scalar holds the number of significant figures to use when converting a floating-point value to a string by default. From Tcl 8.5 onwards it should not be changed. (If you are thinking of using this, consider using the
formatcommand instead.) - tcl_rcFileName
- This global scalar holds the name of a file to
sourcewhen the interpreter starts in interactive mode. - tcl_rcRsrcName
- This global scalar is only used on classic Mac OS (now deprecated); consult the documentation for more information.
- tcl_traceCompile
- If enabled at library configuration time, this global scalar allows tracing of the compilation of bytecode in the interpreter.
- tcl_traceExec
- If enabled at library configuration time, this global scalar allows tracing of the execution of bytecode in the interpreter.
- tcl_wordchars, tcl_nonwordchars
- These global scalars hold regular expression fragments that describe the current platform's interpretation of what is and isn't a word.
Interpreter Globals
These global variables are only features of the most common Tcl-based shells, tclsh and wish.
- argc
- This global scalar holds the number of arguments (after the script) passed to the Tcl interpreter.
- argv
- This global scalar holds a Tcl list of the arguments (after the script) passed to the Tcl interpreter.
- argv0
- This global scalar holds the name of the main script to execute that was passed to the Tcl interpreter, or the name of the interpreter itself in interactive mode.
- tcl_interactive
- This global scalar holds whether this interpreter is working in interactive mode (i.e., needs to print command prompts, run a REPL, etc.)
- tcl_prompt1, tcl_prompt2
- These global scalars allow customization of the prompt strings in interactive mode.
- geometry
This global scalar holds the user-supplied preferred dimensions of the initial window. Only used by interpreters that load the Tk library.
Local Special Variables
This is a language feature of procedures.
- args
- This local variable holds the Tcl list of arguments supplied to the current procedure after all the other formal arguments have been satisfied. Note that it needs to be explicitly listed in the formal arguments and be last in the list of formal arguments to have this behavior.
UNIX Shell
The following variables are reserved for special purposes within the Bourne shell:
- $0 the invoked command positional variable
- $1 the first positional variable
- $2 the second positional variable
- $3 the third positional variable
- $4 the fourth positional variable
- $5 the fifth positional variable
- $6 the sixth positional variable
- $7 the seventh positional variable
- $8 the eighth positional variable
- $9 the nineth positional variable
- $* the dollarstar expands to all command line arguments
- $@ the dollarsnail expands to all command line arguments
- $# the dollarhash expands to the number of command line arguments given
- $? the dollarhook expands to the exit status of the last command executed
- $- a list of all options used to invoke the shell
- $$ the pid of the currentprocess
- $! the pid of the last command executed as a background process
- CDPATH Additional locations to be searched by the cd command
- HOME The default working directory of the current user
- HUSHLOGIN
- IFS Internal field separator. This contains space,tab and newline characters
- LANG Determines the default locale in the absence of other locale related environment variables
- LC_ALL High precedence override for locale specific behaviour
- LC_CTYPE Determines locale specific character classification
- LOGNAME The login name of the user
- LS_COLORS
- MAIL The full pathname of the users mail file
- MAILCHECK The time limit that the shell timer uses before checking for new mail
- MAILPATH
- OPTARG
- OPTIND
- PATH The shell search path
- PPID
- PS1 Primary system prompt
- PS2 Secondary system prompt
- PS3 Ternary system prompt
- PS4 Forth system prompt
- PWD Current working directory
- SHACCT
- SHELL The name of the current shell
- SHLVL
- TERM The current terminal type
- TIMEOUT
- TZ The current timezone
- USER The current username
- underscore
Ursa
# contains arguments passed to the ursa
# interpreter on the command line
string<> args
# iodevice that points to the console by default
iodevice console
# contains "\n"
string endl
# represents false
boolean false
# represents true
boolean trueVBA
VBA does not have special variables.
V (Vlang)
"special variables" used in Vlang:
- "_", to ignore returned values or to omit usage of variables in certain cases
- "it", used as a built-in variable for ease of use and to implement the map/filter functional paradigm
- "a" and "b", used in sorting arrays, to provide directional and custom sorting conditions
- some of the predefined constants: max_u32 = u32(4294967295), max_u16 = u16(65535), max_u8 = u8(255)... (can be looked up at modules.vlang.io)
The following illustrates some use cases:
// function that returns multiple values
fn foo() (int, int) {
return 2, 3
}
mut a, mut b := foo()
println("${a} and ${b}")
a, _ = foo() // to ignore particular returned values, use `_`
println(a)- Output:
2 and 3 2
// ignore values, while iterating over keys
m := {
'one': 1
'two': 2
}
for key, _ in m {
println(key)
}- Output:
one two
// "it", used in filter and map
nums := [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
even := nums.filter(it % 2 == 0)
println(even)- Output:
[2, 4, 6]
// "a" and "b" in sorting arrays, used to provide custom sorting conditions
mut numbers := [1, 3, 2]
numbers.sort()
println(numbers)
numbers.sort(a > b) // reverse sort
println(numbers)- Output:
[1, 2, 3] [3, 2, 1]
XLISP
XLISP provides the following built-in variables:
*PACKAGE* *READTABLE* *ERROR-HANDLER* *UNBOUND-HANDLER* *LOAD-PATH* *STANDARD-INPUT* *STANDARD-OUTPUT* *ERROR-OUTPUT* *FIXNUM-FORMAT* *HEXNUM-FORMAT* *FLONUM-FORMAT* *PRINT-CASE* *SOFTWARE-TYPE* T ; bound to #T NIL ; bound to '() OBJECT CLASS
Wren
Wren has two special variables this and super. When used in a constructor or instance method of a class. this refers to the current instance and super refers to a super-class whose constructor or (typically overridden) method you wish to invoke. Here's an example.
class Parent {
construct new(name) {
_name = name
}
name { _name }
}
class Child is Parent {
construct new(name, parentName) {
_name = name
super(parentName) // call parent's constructor
}
name { _name } // overrides Parent's name method
printNames() {
System.print("My name is %(this.name) and my parent's name is %(super.name).")
}
}
var c = Child.new("John", "Fred")
c.printNames()
- Output:
My name is John and my parent's name is Fred.
Z80 Assembly
It's somewhat debatable whether processor registers count as "variables," since they don't have a location in the address space but their contents can change. Excluding those for now, there are a few memory locations that have special meaning:
The following memory locations can be called as functions using the RST instructions. Each appears to take a byte as an operand, but in fact there are only 8 different "operands" and each is hardcoded in, which means that only one byte is needed to describe both the RST and the destination byte. Unfortunately, there is very little room for code in these areas, since each is only 8 bytes long! Most of the time you'll put a jump to the actual routine you want to execute in these areas. The last one, RST 38, may allow more room for code depending on the system.
- &0000 - called with RST 00
- &0008 - called with RST 08
- &0010 - called with RST 10
- &0018 - called with RST 18
- &0020 - called with RST 20
- &0028 - called with RST 28
- &0030 - called with RST 30
- &0038 - called with RST 38
The memory location &0066 is special because it contains the NMI routine. NMI stands for "Non-Maskable Interrupt" and is a hardware interrupt that can't be stopped by a DI command. When an NMI occurs, the CPU will save the program counter on the stack and jump to &0066, and execute from there. The RETN instruction is used to return back to the main program. Usually an ORG directive is the easiest way to guarantee that your code will begin at the correct address for NMI. Since you can't predict exactly what state your program will be in when an NMI happens, it's important that the NMI routine uses either the stack or the exchange commands to preserve the register state at the start and restores it before returning. Otherwise, your NMI could ruin whatever your program was doing at the time.
Depending on the hardware, programming the NMI routine may not actually be your responsibility. It's usually only required when programming for a ROM-cartridge game console like the Sega Master System. On home computers, the NMI routine at &0066 is typically built into the firmware by the manufacturer and cannot be changed; however that routine will often contain a jump to another memory location that you can change indirectly using system calls and parameter passing.
org &0066
NMI_HANDLER: ;this label is optional, the CPU doesn't need it to know how to jump here.
retn ;in this example, the NMI routine will immediately return without doing anything.
The I register handles the interrupt operation in IM 2 mode. The Game Boy does not have this register, as it handles interrupts differently.
The r register handles memory refresh. You should not write to this register, as doing so can damage your hardware. But reading from this register is safe. It basically contains a pseudo-random value, and while its randomness isn't sufficient to reliably seed a PRNG, it can be used to add a little "salt" to a random value. (It should be noted that the Game Boy doesn't have this register, so don't bother trying.)
ld a,r ;read from the refresh register.
zkl
__DATE__, __DEBUG__, __FILE__, __LINE__, __NAME__, __TIME__As in the C preprocessor. Some (like __DEBUG__) can be changed, others (like __LINE__, __TIME__) are constants.
ZX Spectrum Basic
The ZX Spectrum does Not make a difference between capital or lower character variable names. A normal variable can be severall letters long, any DEF FN, FOR/NEXT, DIM (STRING or DATA) array name is a single letter variable name. None of these are special variables. for 128k zx spectrum matters that In REVERSED SENSE some variable names are IMposible becouse of the tokenized form in the 48k basic eg 'not' will be NOT !!!! There are a set of system variables held at a fixed memory addresses, which can be accessed via PEEK and POKE functions. The system variables and addresses are:
- 23552 KSTATE - Keyboard state.
- 23560 LAST K - Newly pressed key.
- 23561 REPDEL - Delay (in 50ths of a second) before keyboard starts repeating.
- 23562 REPPER - Delay (in 50ths of a second) between keyboard repetions.
- 23563 DEFADD - Address of arguments for a user defined function.
- 23565 K DATA - Second byte of colour controls sequences from keyboard.
- 23566 TVDATA - Colour and location information for television set.
- 23568 STRMS - Addresses of channels attached to streams.
- 23606 CHARS - 256 less than the address of the current character set
- 23608 RASP - Length of the warning buzz.
- 23609 PIP - Length of the keyboard click.
- 23610 ERR NR One less than the error code and starts at 255 (for -1)
- 23611 FLAGS - Various flags to control the BASIC system.
- 23612 TV FLAG - Flags associated with the television output.
- 23613 ERR SP - Address of item on machine stack to be used as error return.
- 23615 LIST SP - Return address from automatic listing.
- 23617 MODE - Cursor type
- 23618 NEWPPC - Line number to be jumped to.
- 23620 NSPPC - Statement number in line to be jumped to
- 23621 PPC - Line number of statement currently being executed.
- 23623 SUBPPC - Statement number within the line that is currently being executed.
- 23624 BORDCR - Colour of the border (overscan area) and input area (times 8)
- 23625 E PPC - Current line number (for list editing)
- 23627 VARS - Address of the variables.
- 23629 DEST - Address of variable in assignment.
- 23631 CHANS - Address of channel data.
- 23633 CURCHL - Address of information being used for input and output.
- 23635 PROG - Address of the BASIC program.
- 23637 NXTLIN - Address of the next line in the program.
- 23639 DATADD - Address of terminator of the last DATA item.
- 23641 E LINE - Address of command being typed in.
- 23643 K CUR - Address of the cursor.
- 23645 CH ADD - Address of the next character to be interpreted
- 23647 X PTR - Address of the character after the syntax error marker.
- 23649 WORKSP - Address of temporary work space.
- 23651 STKBOT - Address of bottom of calculator stack.
- 23653 STKEND - Address of start of free space.
- 23655 BREG - The B register of the calculator.
- 23656 MEM - Address of area used for calculator memory.
- 23658 FLAGS2 - Miscellaneous flags.
- 23659 DF SZ - The number of lines in the input area.
- 23660 S TOP - The number of the top program line in automatic listings.
- 23662 OLDPPC - Line number to which CONTINUE jumps.
- 23664 OSPPC - Number within line of statement to which CONTINUE jumps.
- 23665 FLAGX - Various flags.
- 23666 STRLEN - Length of string type destination in assignment.
- 23668 T ADDR - Address of next item in the syntax table.
- 23670 SEED - The random number seed.
- 23672 FRAMES - A 3 byte frame counter incremented every 20ms.
- 23675 UDG - Address of the user defined graphics
- 23677 COORDS Coordinates of the last point plotted.
- 23679 P POSN - Column number for the position of the printer carriage.
- 23680 PR CC - Address of next free position in the printer buffer.
- 23682 ECHO E - Column and line number positions in the input buffer.
- 23684 DF CC - Display address for the current print position.
- 23686 DFCCL - Display address in the input area.
- 23688 S POSN - Column and row number of the print position.
- 23690 SPOSNL - Column and row number for the print position in the input area.
- 23692 SCR CT - Scroll counter - Number of lines left before stopping with Scroll?
- 23693 ATTR P - Permanent current colours attributes
- 23694 MASK P - Permanent current colour attribute mask
- 23695 ATTR T - Temporary current colour attributes
- 23696 MASK T - Temporary current colour attribute mask
- 23697 P FLAG - More flags.
- 23698 MEMBOT - Memory area address used by the calculator
- 23728 NMIADD - The address of the users Non Maskable Interrupt service routine.
- 23730 RAMTOP - Address of last byte of BASIC system area.
- 23732 P-RAMT - Address of last byte of physical RAM.
10 PRINT "The border colour is "; PEEK (23624): REM bordcr
20 PRINT "The ramtop address is "; PEEK (23730) + 256 * PEEK (23731): REM ramtop
30 POKE 23609,50: REM set keyboard pip to 50
- Programming Tasks
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