Enforced immutability

Demonstrate any means your language has to prevent the modification of values, or to create objects that cannot be modified after they have been created.

Task

11l

Prepend V/var keyword with minus sign to make variable immutable: <lang 11l>-V min_size = 10</lang>

6502 Assembly

Most assemblers allow you to define labels which can refer to constant values for clarity. <lang 6502asm>bit7 equ %10000000 bit6 equ %01000000

lda #$FF AND #bit7

accumulator contains #$80</lang>

When the program is being assembled, the assembler dereferences the labels and replaces them in-line with the labeled constants. They cannot be altered at runtime (except with self-modifying code).

68000 Assembly

Most assemblers allow you to define labels which can refer to constant values for clarity. <lang 68000devpac>bit7 equ %10000000 bit6 equ %01000000

MOVE.B (A0),D0 AND.B #bit7,D0

D0.B contains either $00 or $80</lang>

When the program is being assembled, the assembler dereferences the labels and replaces them in-line with the labeled constants. They cannot be altered at runtime (except with self-modifying code).

Items in 8th are constants if they are declared inside a word (function). Otherwise, they are mutable, unless the "const" word is used: <lang forth> 123 const var, one-two-three </lang> That declares that the number 123 is constant and may not be modified (not that the variable named 'one-two-three' is constant)

ACL2

All variables in ACL2 are constants, with the exception of those accessed using (assign ...) and accessed using (@ ...)

To declare a global constant, use:

<lang Lisp>(defconst *pi-approx* 22/7)</lang>

Subsequent attempts to redefine the constant give an error:

ACL2 Error in ( DEFCONST *PI* ...):  The name *PI* is in use as a constant.
The redefinition feature is currently off.  See :DOC ld-redefinition-
action.

Ada

Ada provides the constant keyword: <lang Ada>Foo : constant := 42; Foo : constant Blahtype := Blahvalue;</lang> Types can be declared as limited: Objects of these types cannot be changed and also not compared nor copied: <lang Ada>type T is limited private; -- inner structure is hidden X, Y: T; B: Boolean; -- The following operations do not exist: X := Y; -- illegal (cannot be compiled B := X = Y; -- illegal </lang>

ALGOL 68

When a name is defined it can be identified as a constant value with an equality, eg pi = 355/113. For a variable an assignment ":=" would be used instead, eg pi := 355/113; <lang ALGOL 68>INT max allowed = 20; REAL pi = 3.1415 9265; # pi is constant that the compiler will enforce # REF REAL var = LOC REAL; # var is a constant pointer to a local REAL address # var := pi # constant pointer var has the REAL value referenced assigned pi #</lang>

AutoHotkey

Works with: AutoHotkey_L

It should be noted that Enforced immutability goes against the nature of AHK. However, it can be achieved using objects: <lang AutoHotkey>MyData := new FinalBox("Immutable data") MsgBox % "MyData.Data = " MyData.Data MyData.Data := "This will fail to set" MsgBox % "MyData.Data = " MyData.Data

Class FinalBox {

  __New(FinalValue) {
     ObjInsert(this, "proxy",{Data:FinalValue})
  }

override the built-in methods

  __Get(k) {
     return, this["proxy",k]
  }
  __Set(p*) {
     return
  }
  Insert(p*) {
     return
  }
  Remove(p*) {
     return
  }

}</lang> You could still use ObjInsert/ObjRemove functions, since they are designed to bypass any custom behaviour implemented by the object. Also, technically you could still use the SetCapacity method to truncate the object, or the GetAddress method to modify the object using memory addresses.

BASIC

Many BASICs support the CONST keyword: <lang qbasic>CONST x = 1</lang>

Some flavors of BASIC support other methods of declaring constants. For example, FreeBASIC supports C-style defines: <lang freebasic>#define x 1</lang>

BBC BASIC

BBC BASIC doesn't have named constants. The closest you can get is to use a function: <lang bbcbasic> DEF FNconst = 2.71828182845905

     PRINT FNconst
     FNconst = 1.234 : REM Reports 'Syntax error'</lang>

Bracmat

All values (expressions) in Bracmat are immutable, except those that contain = operators. <lang bracmat>myVar=immutable (m=mutable) immutable; changed:?(myVar.m); lst$myVar </lang>

Output:

(myVar=
immutable (m=changed) immutable);

C

You can create simple constants using the C preprocessor: <lang c>#define PI 3.14159265358979323

define MINSIZE 10
define MAXSIZE 100</lang>

Alternatively, you can modify parameters and variables with the const keyword to make them immutable: <lang c>const char foo = 'a'; const double pi = 3.14159; const double minsize = 10; const double maxsize = 10;

// On pointers const int * ptrToConst; // The value is constant, but the pointer may change. int const * ptrToConst; // The value is constant, but the pointer may change. (Identical to the above.) int * const constPtr; // The pointer is constant, but the value may change. int const * const constPtrToConst; // Both the pointer and value are constant.

// On parameters int main(const int argc, // note that here, the "const", applied to the integer argument itself,

                           // is kind of pointless, as arguments are passed by value, so 
                           // it does not affect any code outside of the function
        const char** argv)

{

   /* ... */

}</lang>

It is possible to remove the const qualifier of the type a pointer points to through a cast, but doing so will result in undefined behavior.

C#

Fields can be made read-only (a runtime constant) with the readonly keyword. <lang csharp>readonly DateTime now = DateTime.Now;</lang> When used on reference types, it just means the reference cannot be reassigned. It does not make the object itself immutable.
Primitive types can be declared as a compile-time constant with the const keyword. <lang csharp>const int Max = 100;</lang>

Parameters can be made readonly by preceding them with the in keyword. Again, when used on reference types, it just means the reference cannot be reassigned. <lang csharp>public void Method(in int x) {

   x = 5; //Compile error

}</lang>

Local variables of primitive types can be declared as a compile-time constant with the const keyword. <lang csharp>public void Method() {

   const double sqrt5 = 2.236;
   ...

}</lang>

To make a type immutable, the programmer must write it in such a way that mutation is not possible. One important way to this is to use readonly properties. By not providing a setter, the property can only be assigned within the constructor. <lang csharp>public string Key { get; }</lang> On value types (which usually should be immutable from a design perspective), immutability can be enforced by applying the readonly modifier on the type. It will fail to compile if it contains any members that are not read-only. <lang csharp>public readonly struct Point {

   public Point(int x, int y) => (X, Y) = (x, y);

   public int X { get; }
   public int Y { get; }

}</lang> On a struct that is not made readonly, individual methods or properties can be made readonly by applying the readonly modifier on that member. <lang csharp>public struct Vector {

   public readonly int Length => 3;

}</lang>

C++

In addition to the examples shown in C, you can create a class whose instances contain instance-specific const members, by initializing them in the class's constructor. <lang cpp>#include <iostream>

class MyOtherClass { public:

 const int m_x;
 MyOtherClass(const int initX = 0) : m_x(initX) { }

};

int main() {

 MyOtherClass mocA, mocB(7);

 std::cout << mocA.m_x << std::endl; // displays 0, the default value given for MyOtherClass's constructor.
 std::cout << mocB.m_x << std::endl; // displays 7, the value we provided for the constructor for mocB.

 // Uncomment this, and the compile will fail; m_x is a const member.
 // mocB.m_x = 99;

 return 0;

}</lang>

You can also use the const keyword on methods to indicate that they can be applied to immutable objects: <lang cpp>class MyClass { private:

   int x;

public:

   int getX() const
   {
       return x;
   }

};</lang>

Clojure

Everything in Clojure except for Java interop are immutable.

<lang Clojure>user> (def d [1 2 3 4 5]) ; immutable vector

'user/d

user> (assoc d 3 7) [1 2 3 7 5] user> d [1 2 3 4 5]</lang>

COBOL

Constants in COBOL are not stored in memory, but are closer to C's macros, by associating a literal with a name. Prior to COBOL 2002, you could define figurative literals for characters only: <lang cobol>ENVIRONMENT DIVISION. CONFIGURATION SECTION. SPECIAL-NAMES.

   SYMBOLIC CHARACTERS NUL IS 0, TAB IS 9.</lang>

A new syntax was introduced in COBOL 2002 which allowed defining constants for other types. <lang cobol>01 Foo CONSTANT AS "Foo".</lang>

Prior to COBOL 2002, there were non-standard extensions available that also implemented constants. One extension was the the 78 level-number: <lang cobol>78 Foo VALUE "Foo".</lang> Another was the CONSTANT SECTION: <lang cobol>CONSTANT SECTION. 01 Foo VALUE "Foo".</lang>

D

<lang d>import std.random;

// enum allows to define manifest (compile-time) constants: int sqr(int x) { return x ^^ 2; } enum int x = 5; enum y = sqr(5); // Forces Compile-Time Function Evaluation (CTFE).

// enums are compile-time constants: enum MyEnum { A, B, C }

// immutable defines values that can't change: immutable double pi = 3.1415;

// A module-level immutable storage class variable that's not // explicitly initialized can be initialized by its constructor, // otherwise its value is the default initializer during its life-time.

immutable int z;

static this() {

   z = uniform(0, 100); // Run-time initialization.

}

class Test1 {

   immutable int w;

   this() {
       w = uniform(0, 100); // Run-time initialization.
   }

}

// The items array can't be immutable here. // "in" is short for "const scope": void foo(const scope int[] items) {

   // items is constant here.
   // items[0] = 100; // Cannot modify const expression.

}

struct Test2 {

   int x_; // Mutable.
   @property int x() { return this.x_; }

}

// Unlike C++, D const and immutable are transitive. // And there is also "inout". See D docs.

void main() {

   int[] data = [10, 20, 30];
   foo(data);
   data[0] = 100; // But data is mutable here.

   // Currently manifest constants like arrays and associative arrays
   // are copied in-place every time they are used:
   enum array = [1, 2, 3];
   foo(array);

   auto t = Test2(100);
   auto x2 = t.x; // Reading x is allowed.
   assert(x2 == 100);

   // Not allowed, the setter property is missing:
   // t.x = 10; // Error: not a property t.x

}</lang>

Delphi

Typed constants can be assigned to using the {$WRITABLECONST ON} or {J+} compiler directives (off by default). <lang Delphi>const

 STR1 = 'abc';         // regular constant
 STR2: string = 'def'; // typed constant</lang>

Dyalect

Dyalect supports creation of constants using "const" keyword:

<lang dyalect>let pi = 3.14 let helloWorld = "Hello, world!"</lang>

A constant can contain a value of any type:

<lang dyalect>let sequence = [1,2,3,4,5]</lang>

E

Whether an object can be modified is entirely up to whether the object provides methods for mutation — objects cannot be affected except by using their methods. It is conventional in E to provide immutable objects when it is natural to do so (e.g. immutable and mutable collections).

Variables are immutable unless declared with the 'var' keyword.

<lang e>def x := 1

x := 2 # this is an error</lang>

Below the surface, each variable name is bound to a Slot object, which can be thought of as a one-element collection. If the var keyword is used, then the slot object is mutable; else, immutable. It is never possible to change the slot a name is bound to.

Any object which is immutable and contains no immutable parts has the property DeepFrozen.

<lang e>var y := 1

def things :DeepFrozen := [&x, 2, 3] # This is OK

def funnyThings :DeepFrozen := [&y, 2, 3] # Error: y's slot is not immutable</lang>

(The unary & operator gets the slot of a variable, and can be thought of almost exactly like C's &.)

Ela

Normally there is no need to enforce immutability in Ela - everything is immutable by default. Ela doesn't support mutable variables like imperative languages. All built-in data structures are immutable as well. The only way to create a mutable data structure is to use an unsafe module "cell", that implements reference cells in Ocaml style:

<lang ela>open unsafe.cell r = ref 0</lang>

Function mutate can be used to mutate a reference cell:

<lang ela>mutate r 1</lang>

In order to unwrap a value from a cell one can use a valueof function:

<lang ela>valueof r</lang>

Elixir

Elixir data is immutable.
Elixir allows variables to be rebound via static single assignment:

iex(1)> x = 10          # bind
10
iex(2)> 10 = x          # Pattern matching
10
iex(3)> x = 20          # rebound
20
iex(4)> ^x = 10         # pin operator ^
** (MatchError) no match of right hand side value: 10

Erlang

Erlang variables are immutable by nature. The following would be an error: <lang erlang>X = 10, X = 20.</lang>

However, since = actually performs pattern matching, the following is permissible: <lang erlang>X = 10, X = 10.</lang>

Euphoria

<lang euphoria>constant n = 1 constant s = {1,2,3} constant str = "immutable string"</lang>

F#

As a functional language, everything in F# is immutable by default. Interestingly, const is a reserved word but is non-functional. <lang fsharp>let hello = "Hello!"</lang>

Factor

Tuple slots may be declared read-only. For example, the range tuple declares its slots read-only: <lang factor>TUPLE: range

   { from read-only } { length read-only } { step read-only } ;</lang>

Note that the CONSTANT: word does nothing to enforce immutability on the object it places on the stack, as it is functionally equivalent to a standard word definition with stack effect ( -- obj ).

Forth

Forth has constant, 2constant and fconstant for creating named constants. This can only be done for global scoped objects, not for function parameters. <lang Forth> 256 constant one-hex-dollar s" Hello world" 2constant hello \ "hello" holds the address and length of an anonymous string. 355 119 2constant ratio-pi \ 2constant can also define ratios (e.g. pi) 3.14159265e fconstant pi </lang>

Fortran

Works with: Fortran version 90 and later

In type declaration statements a PARAMETER attribute can be specified turning the data object into a named constant. <lang fortran>real, parameter :: pi = 3.141593</lang> Dummy arguments of procedures can be given an INTENT attribute. An argument with INTENT(IN) cannot be changed by the procedure <lang Fortran>subroutine sub1(n)

 real, intent(in) :: n</lang>

FreeBASIC

<lang freebasic>#define IMMUT1 32767 'constants can be created in the preprocessor dim as const uinteger IMMUT2 = 2222 'or explicitly declared as constants </lang>

Go

Strings in Go are immutable. Attempts to modify them fail to compile: <lang go>package main

func main() {

   s := "immutable"
   s[0] = 'a'

}</lang>

test.go:5: cannot assign to s[0]

Go has const declarations, but they concern compile-time expression evaluation, and not run-time immutability.

Haskell

Since Haskell is purely functional everything is immutable by default. <lang haskell>pi = 3.14159 msg = "Hello World"</lang>

Icon and Unicon

In Icon and Unicon pretty much everything can be changed. There really isn't an easy way to protect a variable from being changed. There are compile time constants created by $define (as shown); although, they can be explicitly undefined. String values themselves are immutable; however, manipulating them creates new string values. The effect is that the value assigned to a variable will change even though the value itself won't. For more see Mutable and Immutable Types.

<lang Icon>$define "1234"</lang>

J

In J's values are immutable. Values external to J may be mutable - this is sometimes significant since J can have references to external values, which we use here with for C. The trick is that when a J variable name refers to an external resource, that association is necessarily tied to the name.

The values associated with a J name can be modified, but that is a modification of the association, and the original value remains.

Note that J has a rich language for defining numeric constants. For example, 2*pi represented as a floating point number would be 2p1.

<lang j> B=: A=: 'this is a test'

 A=: '*' 2 3 5 7} A
  A

th** *s*a test

this is a test</lang>

Names can also be made constant (that is, have their referent fixed), so that name, value, and association between name and value are immutable:<lang j> C=: 'this is a test'

  1 readonly_jmf_ 'C'

  C =: 'some new value'

|read-only data | C =:'some new value'

this is a test</lang>

Java

Variables in Java can be made immutable by using the final modifier (works on any type, primitive or reference): <lang java>final int immutableInt = 4; int mutableInt = 4; mutableInt = 6; //this is fine immutableInt = 6; //this is an error</lang>

Using final on a reference type means the reference cannot be reassigned, but does not necessarily mean that the object that it points to can't be changed: <lang java>final String immutableString = "test"; immutableString = new String("anotherTest"); //this is an error final StringBuffer immutableBuffer = new StringBuffer(); immutableBuffer.append("a"); //this is fine and it changes the state of the object immutableBuffer = new StringBuffer("a"); //this is an error</lang>

Whether an object can be modified is entirely up to whether the object provides either methods or non-final public/protected fields for mutation. Objects can be made immutable (in a sense that is more appropriate for this task) by making all fields final or private, and making sure that no methods modify the fields: <lang java>public class Immute{

   private final int num;
   private final String word;
   private final StringBuffer buff; //still mutable inside this class, but there is no access outside this class

   public Immute(int num){
       this.num = num;
       word = num + "";
       buff = new StringBuffer("test" + word);
   }

   public int getNum(){
       return num;
   }

   public String getWord(){
       return word; //String objects are immutable so passing the object back directly won't harm anything
   }

   public StringBuffer getBuff(){
       return new StringBuffer(buff);
       //using "return buff" here compromises immutability, but copying the object via the constructor makes it ok
   }
   //no "set" methods are given

}</lang> In the Immute class above, the object pointed to by "buff" is still technically mutable, since its internal values can still be changed. The private modifier ensures that no other classes can access that variable. Some trickery needed to be done to ensure that no pointers to the actual mutable objects are passed out. Programmers should be aware of which objects that they use are mutable (usually noted in javadocs).

The Collections class also has methods that will create "unmodifiable" Collections out of existing Collections instances.

JavaScript

You can create constants with the Mozilla-specific extension const. This is not supported by IE and it only works on simple scalars and not on arrays, objects, or parameters.

Update: const is now a standard part of ES6 JavaScript, and works with all data types, including arrays, objects, and parameters. It is not, however, included in the ES5 standard. <lang javascript>const pi = 3.1415; const msg = "Hello World";</lang>

jq

All values in jq are immutable. Sometimes the syntax may make it appear as though a value is being altered, but that is never the case. For example, consider the following pipeline:<lang jq> ["a", "b"] as $a | $a[0] = 1 as $b | $a</lang>

Here, the result is ["a", "b"].

Julia

Works with: Julia version 0.6

<lang julia>const x = 1 x = π # ERROR: invalid ridefinition of constant x</lang>

Kotlin

Properties and local variables in Kotlin can be made read-only by declaring them with the 'val' keyword rather than the 'var' keyword.

Parameters to functions are always read-only. If you want to change them you need to assign them to a local 'var' variable.

Apart from primitive (Int, Double, Char etc.) or String types, being read-only doesn't necessarily mean that the object to which the variable/property/parameter refers is itself immutable - it only means that the reference to that object cannot be re-assigned. Whether or not the object itself is immutable depends on how it is defined i.e. whether it is possible to mutate or override its properties.

Top level or object properties can also be marked as compile-time constants provided they are declared with the 'const val' modifier, are of primitive or string type and are initialized accordingly. These, of course, are truly immutable.

A distinction is made in Kotlin's standard library between mutable and immutable collections. The size and content of the latter cannot be changed once initialized though, if an immutable collection contains reference types, this doesn't necessarily mean that such objects are immutable for the reasons described earlier.

Here are some examples: <lang scala>// version 1.1.0

// constant top level property const val N = 5

// read-only top level property val letters = listOf('A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E') // 'listOf' creates here a List<Char) which is immutable

class MyClass { // MyClass is effectively immutable because it's only property is read-only

                // and it is not 'open' so cannot be sub-classed
   // read-only class property
   val myInt = 3

   fun myFunc(p: Int) {  // parameter 'p' is read-only
       var pp = p        // local variable 'pp' is mutable
       while (pp < N) {  // compiler will change 'N' to 5
           print(letters[pp++])
       }
       println()
   }

}

fun main(args: Array<String>) {

   val mc = MyClass()   // 'mc' cannot be re-assigned a different object
   println(mc.myInt)
   mc.myFunc(0)

}</lang>

Output:

3
ABCDE

Logtalk

Logtalk supports both static and dynamic objects. Static objects are usually defined in source files. Object predicates are static by default. These objects can be defined locked against runtime modifications. For simplicity, the following example uses a prototype: <lang logtalk>

- object(immutable).

   % forbid using (complementing) categories for adding to or
   % modifying (aka hot patching) the object
   :- set_logtalk_flag(complements, deny).
   % forbid dynamically adding new predicates at runtime
   :- set_logtalk_flag(dynamic_declarations, deny).

   :- public(foo/1).
   foo(1).       % static predicate by default

   :- private(bar/2)
   bar(2, 3).    % static predicate by default

- end_object.

</lang>

Lua

Works with: lua version 5.4

<lang lua>local pi <const> = 3.14159265359</lang>

Mathematica / Wolfram Language

<lang Mathematica>Tau = 2*Pi;Protect[Tau] {"Tau"}

Tau = 2 ->Set::wrsym: Symbol Tau is Protected. </lang>

MBS

<lang mbs>CONSTANT INT foo=640;</lang>

Nemerle

Everything is immutable by default. <lang Nemerle>def foo = 42; // immutable by default mutable bar = "O'Malleys"; // mutable because you asked it to be</lang>

Nim

<lang nim>var x = "mutablefoo" # Mutable variable let y = "immutablefoo" # Immutable variable, at runtime const z = "constantfoo" # Immutable constant, at compile time

x[0] = 'M' y[0] = 'I' # Compile error: 'y[0]' cannot be assigned to z[0] = 'C' # Compile error: 'z[0]' cannot be assigned to</lang>

OCaml

By default integers, floats, characters, booleans are immutable. Tuples, lists and variants are also immutable as long as they only contain immutable elements. Records are immutable as long as none of its elements are declared with the keyword "mutable" and also as long as none of its fields contain a mutable element (an array or a string for example).

Objects are immutable as long as none of its variables are declared with the keyword "mutable" or is a mutable type (an array or a string for example).

Arrays and strings are mutable.

In order to use immutable strings or immutable arrays, we would create new modules and aliasing the functions for creating and access, but not those for modifying. Here is below an example of this.

File ImString.mli containing the interface:

<lang ocaml>type im_string

val create : int -> im_string val make : int -> char -> im_string val of_string : string -> im_string val to_string : im_string -> string val copy : im_string -> im_string val sub : im_string -> int -> int -> im_string val length : im_string -> int val get : im_string -> int -> char val iter : (char -> unit) -> im_string -> unit val escaped : im_string -> im_string val index : im_string -> char -> int val contains : im_string -> char -> bool val print : im_string -> unit</lang>

File ImString.ml containing the "implementation":

<lang ocaml>type im_string = string

let create = String.create let make = String.make let copy = String.copy let sub = String.sub let length = String.length let get = String.get let iter = String.iter let escaped = String.escaped let index = String.index let contains = String.contains

let of_string s = s let to_string s = s let print = print_string</lang>

Here we can see that in the implementation the new type for immutable strings is defined with type im_string = string, and the definition of this type is hidden in the interface with type im_string.

Oforth

Immutability is the default behaviour and Oforth uses immutability to limit side effects.

There is nothing global and mutable like global variables, class attributes, ...

Global objects are :

- Words, which are immutable objects (classes, functions, methods, ...).

- Constants, which values are immutable.

Functions or methods have only access to its parameters, to the data stack and to global immutable objects : they can't update something global used by another function or another task.

Oforth allows mutable objects but they remain local to a task and are not visible by other tasks (there is no need to synchronise tasks). Channels are the only way for tasks to communicate and mutable objects can't be sent into a channel.

For user defined classes, if an attribute is immutable, its value can be set only during initialization and only with an immutable object.

All these rules are checked at runtime and exceptions are raised if a piece of code breaks those immutability rules.

<lang Oforth>Object Class new: MyClass(a, b)

MyClass method: setA(value) value := a ; MyClass method: setB(value) value := b ;

MyClass method: initialize(v, w) self setA(v) self setB(w) ;

MyClass new(1, 2) // OK : An immutable object MyClass new(1, 2) setA(4) // KO : An immutable object can't be updated after initialization MyClass new(ListBuffer new, 12) // KO : Not an immutable value. ListBuffer new Constant new: T // KO : A constant cannot be mutable. Channel new send(ListBuffer new) // KO : A mutable object can't be sent into a channel.</lang>

PARI/GP

GP cannot enforce immutability on its functions or variables. PARI can do so through the usual C methods.

Pascal

See Delphi

Perl

The constant pragma allows you to create subroutines that always return the same value and that cannot be modified: <lang perl>use constant PI => 3.14159; use constant MSG => "Hello World";</lang>

The module Readonly.pm provides a means of enforcing immutablity upon scalars and arrays, however, this imposes a considerable performance penalty:

<lang perl>use Readonly;

Readonly::Scalar my $pi => 3.14159; Readonly::Scalar my $msg => "Hello World";

Readonly::Array my @arr => (1, 2, 3, 4, 5); Readonly::Hash my %hash => (

   "a" => 1,
   "b" => 2,
   "c" => 3

);</lang>

Phix

<lang Phix>constant n = 1 constant s = {1,2,3} constant str = "immutable string"</lang>

PHP

You can create constants using the define function. This only works with scalars. <lang php>define("PI", 3.14159265358); define("MSG", "Hello World");</lang>

Or:

Works with: PHP version 5.3+

<lang php>const PI = 3.14159265358; const MSG = "Hello World";</lang>

http://us.php.net/manual/en/language.constants.syntax.php

PicoLisp

In PicoLisp it is a central design issue that the programmer is in control of everything, and thus can modify any value. Even program parts written in C or assembly can be changed on the fly. The nearest thing would be to define a function, e.g. <lang PicoLisp>: (de pi () 4) -> pi

(pi)

-> 4</lang> but even this could be modified, e.g.: <lang PicoLisp>: (set (cdr pi) 3) -> 3

(pi)

-> 3</lang>

PL/I

PL/I supports Named Constants. This avoids the default data attributes used when writing simple constants (such as 3). <lang pli>*process source attributes xref;

constants: Proc Options(main);
Dcl three Bin Fixed(15) Value(3);
Put Skip List(1/three);
Put Skip List(1/3);
End;</lang>

Output:

    0.33333332
  0.33333333333333

PowerBASIC

Constants are declared by prefacing the variable name with $ for strings and % for numeric variables: <lang powerbasic>$me = "myname" %age = 35</lang>

PureBasic

PureBasic does not natively use immutable variables, only constants. <lang PureBasic>#i_Const1 = 11

i_Const2 = 3.1415
i_Const3 = "A'm a string"</lang>

However using an OO approach, PureBasic allows for creation of new variable classes such as immutable ones. <lang PureBasic>;Enforced immutability Variable-Class

Interface PBVariable ; Interface for any value of this type

 Get()         ; Get the current value
 Set(Value.i)  ; Set (if allowed) a new value in this variable 
 ToString.s()  ; Transferee the value to a string.
 Destroy()     ; Destructor

EndInterface

Structure PBV_Structure ; The *VTable structure

 Get.i
 Set.i
 ToString.i
 Destroy.i

EndStructure

Structure PBVar

 *VirtualTable.PBV_Structure
 Value.i

EndStructure

- Functions for any PBVariable

Procedure immutable_get(*Self.PBVar)

 ProcedureReturn *Self\Value

EndProcedure

Procedure immutable_set(*Self.PBVar, N.i)

 ProcedureReturn #False

EndProcedure

Procedure.s immutable_ToString(*Self.PBVar)

 ProcedureReturn Str(*Self\Value)

EndProcedure

Procedure DestroyImmutabe(*Self.PBVar)

 FreeMemory(*Self)

EndProcedure

- Init an OO-Table

DataSection

 VTable:
 Data.i @immutable_get()
 Data.i @immutable_set()
 Data.i @immutable_ToString()
 Data.i @DestroyImmutabe()

EndDataSection

- Create-Class

Procedure CreateImmutabe(Init.i=0)

 Define *p.PBVar
 *p=AllocateMemory(SizeOf(PBVar))
 *p\VirtualTable = ?VTable
 *p\Value = Init
 ProcedureReturn *p

EndProcedure

- **************
- Test the Code

- Initiate two Immutabe variables

v1.PBVariable = CreateImmutabe()
v2.PBVariable = CreateImmutabe(24)

- Present therir content

Debug *v1\ToString() ; = 0 Debug *v2\ToString() ; = 24

- Try to change the variables

v1\Set(314) ; Try to change the value, which is not permitted
v2\Set(7)

Present the values again

Debug Str(*v1\Get()) ; = 0 Debug Str(*v2\Get()) ; = 24

- And clean up

v1\Destroy()
v2\Destroy()</lang>

Python

Some datatypes such as strings are immutable: <lang python>>>> s = "Hello" >>> s[0] = "h"

Traceback (most recent call last):

 File "<pyshell#1>", line 1, in <module>
   s[0] = "h"

TypeError: 'str' object does not support item assignment</lang>

While classes are generally mutable, you can define immutability by overriding __setattr__: <lang python>>>> class Immut(object): def __setattr__(self, *args): raise TypeError( "'Immut' object does not support item assignment")

       __delattr__ = __setattr__

       def __repr__(self):

return str(self.value)

       def __init__(self, value):
               # assign to the un-assignable the hard way.

super(Immut, self).__setattr__("value", value)

>>> im = Immut(123) >>> im 123 >>> im.value = 124

Traceback (most recent call last):

 File "<pyshell#27>", line 1, in <module>
   del a.value
 File "<pyshell#23>", line 4, in __setattr__
   "'Immut' object does not support item assignment")

TypeError: 'Immut' object does not support item assignment >>></lang>

Racket

Racket supports many kinds immutable values:

The default cons cell pairs are immutable.

Many primitive mutable types have an immutable variant. Examples are strings, byte-strings, vectors, hash tables and even boxes. Note that immutable hash-tables are implemented as balanced trees, making it a good representation for a functional dictionary.

In addition, new type definitions using struct are immutable by default: <lang Racket>(struct coordinate (x y)) ; immutable struct</lang> mutable struct definitions need to explicitly use a #:mutable, keyword next to a field to specify it as mutable, or as an option to the whole struct to make all fields mutable.

Raku

(formerly Perl 6) You can create constants in Raku with constant: <lang perl6>constant $pi = 3.14159; constant $msg = "Hello World";

constant @arr = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5);</lang>

Immutability is abstract enough that you can define an infinite constant lazily: <lang perl6>constant fibonacci = 0, 1, *+* ... *;</lang>

Variables are considered mutable by default, but may be marked as readonly after initialization: <lang perl6>my $pi := 3 + rand;</lang> Unlike variables, formal parameters are considered readonly by default even if bound to a mutable container. <lang perl6>sub sum (Num $x, Num $y) { $x += $y; # ERROR }

Explicitly ask for pass-by-reference semantics

sub addto (Num $x is rw, Num $y) {

   $x += $y;  # ok, propagated back to caller

}

Explicitly ask for pass-by-value semantics

sub sum (Num $x is copy, Num $y) {

   $x += $y;  # ok, but NOT propagated back to caller
   $x;

}</lang> A number of built-in types are considered immutable value types, including:

Str         String (finite sequence of Unicode characters)
Int         Integer (allows Inf/NaN, arbitrary precision, etc.)
Num         Number (approximate Real, generally via floating point)
Rat         Rational (exact Real, limited denominator)
FatRat      Rational (unlimited precision in both parts)
Complex     Complex number
Bool        Boolean
Exception   Exception
Block       Executable objects that have lexical scopes
Seq         A list of values (can be generated lazily)
Range       A pair of Ordered endpoints
Set         Unordered collection of values that allows no duplicates
Bag         Unordered collection of values that allows duplicates
Enum        An immutable Pair
Map         A mapping of Enums with no duplicate keys
Signature   Function parameters (left-hand side of a binding)
Capture     Function call arguments (right-hand side of a binding)
Blob        An undifferentiated mass of ints, an immutable Buf
Instant     A point on the continuous atomic timeline
Duration    The difference between two Instants

These values, though objects, can't mutate; they may only be "changed" by modifying a mutable container holding one of them to hold a different value instead. (In the abstract, that is. In the interests of efficiency, a string or list implementation would be allowed to cheat as long as it doesn't get caught cheating.) Some of these types have corresponding "unboxed" native representations, where the container itself must carry the type information since the value can't. In this case, it's still the container that might be considered mutable as an lvalue location, not the value stored in that location.

By default, object attributes are not modifiable from outside a class, though this is usually viewed more as encapsulation than as mutability control.

REXX

Programming note: The REXX language doesn't have immutable variables as such, but the method can be emulated with a simple subroutine. Immutable variables are set via a REXX subroutine which makes a shadow copy of the variable. Later, the same subroutine can be invoked (mutiple times if wanted) to check if any immutable variables have been altered (compromised). Three REXX variables are preempted: immutable., _, and __ (the last two are just used for temporary variables and any unused variable names can be used). <lang rexx>/*REXX program emulates immutable variables (as a post-computational check). */ call immutable '$=1' /* ◄─── assigns an immutable variable. */ call immutable ' pi = 3.14159' /* ◄─── " " " " */ call immutable 'radius= 2*pi/4 ' /* ◄─── " " " " */ call immutable ' r=13/2 ' /* ◄─── " " " " */ call immutable ' d=0002 * r' /* ◄─── " " " " */ call immutable ' f.1 = 12**2 ' /* ◄─── " " " " */

say ' $ =' $ /*show the variable, just to be sure. */ say ' pi =' pi /* " " " " " " " */ say ' radius =' radius /* " " " " " " " */ say ' r =' r /* " " " " " " " */ say ' d =' d /* " " " " " " " */

                   do radius=10  to  -10  by -1 /*perform some faux important stuff.   */
                   circum=$*pi*2*radius         /*some kind of impressive calculation. */
                   end   /*k*/                  /* [↑]  that should do it, by gum.     */

call immutable /* ◄═══ see if immutable variables OK. */ exit /*stick a fork in it, we're all done. */ /*──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/ immutable: if symbol('immutable.0')=='LIT' then immutable.0= /*1st time see immutable? */

          if arg()==0 then do                                /* [↓]  chk all immutables*/
                             do __=1  for words(immutable.0); _=word(immutable.0,__)
                             if value(_)==value('IMMUTABLE.!'_)  then iterate   /*same?*/
                             call ser -12, 'immutable variable  ' _ "  compromised."
                             end   /*__*/                  /* [↑]  Error?  ERRmsg, exit*/
                           return 0                        /*return and indicate  A-OK.*/
                           end                             /* [↓] immutable must have =*/
          if pos('=',arg(1))==0  then call ser -4, "no equal sign in assignment:"  arg(1)
          parse arg _ '=' __;         upper _;    _=space(_)    /*purify variable name.*/
          if symbol("_")=='BAD'  then call ser -8,_ "isn't a valid variable symbol."
          immutable.0=immutable.0 _                        /*add immutable var to list.*/
          interpret '__='__;     call value _,__           /*assign value to a variable*/
          call value 'IMMUTABLE.!'_,__                     /*assign value to bkup var. */
          return words(immutable.0)                        /*return number immutables. */

/*──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/ ser: say; say '***error***' arg(2); say; exit arg(1) /*error msg.*/</lang> output

       $ = 1
      pi = 3.14159
  radius = 1.570795
       r = 6.5
       d = 13.0

***error*** immutable variable   RADIUS   compromised.

Ring

Project : Enforced immutability

x = 10 assert( x = 10) assert( x = 100 ) </lang> Output:

Line 8 Assertion Failed!

Ruby

You can make things immutable at run-time with Ruby using the built-in Object#freeze method: <lang ruby>msg = "Hello World" msg << "!" puts msg #=> Hello World!

puts msg.frozen? #=> false msg.freeze puts msg.frozen? #=> true begin

 msg << "!"

rescue => e

 p e                   #=> #<RuntimeError: can't modify frozen String>

end

puts msg #=> Hello World! msg2 = msg

The object is frozen, not the variable.

msg = "hello world" # A new object was assigned to the variable.

puts msg.frozen? #=> false puts msg2.frozen? #=> true</lang> Since Ruby version 2.1 freezing strings can give a performance boost. There is no way to unfreeze a frozen object. The freeze can not be canceled but the object of approximately the same contents not to freeze up can be gotten if using Object#dup. <lang ruby># There are two methods in the copy of the object. msg = "Hello World!".freeze msg2 = msg.clone # Copies the frozen and tainted state of obj. msg3 = msg.dup # It doesn't copy the status (frozen, tainted) of obj. puts msg2 #=> Hello World! puts msg3 #=> Hello World! puts msg2.frozen? #=> true puts msg3.frozen? #=> false</lang>

Rust

Rust let bindings are immutable by default. This will raise a compiler error:

You must declare a variable mutable explicitly:

<lang rust>let mut x = 3;</lang> Similarly, references are immutable by default e.g. <lang rust>let mut x = 4; let y = &x;

y += 2 // Raises compiler error. Even though x is mutable, y is an immutable reference.

let y = &mut x;

y += 2// Works

// Note that though y is now a mutable reference, y itself is still immutable e.g. let mut z = 5; let y = &mut z; // Raises compiler error because y is already assigned to '&mut x'</lang>

Scala

<lang scala>val pi = 3.14159 val msg = "Hello World"</lang>

Scheme

The easiest way of enforcing immutability is simply not importing mutative procedures (helpfully prefixed with !) when importing the main libraries. It helps that imported variables are immutable by standard. However, you might want to prevent yourself from accidentally calling set! on local variables for whatever reason. Below is a syntax-case macro that uses variable transformers to disable set! calls on the given token, with a descriptive error message. It can also be adapted to work with other mutative procedures. The value itself is neatly tucked behind a hygienically mangled identifier that is impossible to directly reach.

This R6RS macro can be effortlessly ported to Racket by replacing make-variable-transformer with make-set!-transformer and (raise (syntax-violation ...)) with (raise-syntax-error ...). <lang scheme>(define-syntax define-constant

 (syntax-rules ()
   ((_ id v)
    (begin
      (define _id v)
      (define-syntax id
        (make-variable-transformer
         (lambda (stx)
           (syntax-case stx (set!)
             ((set! id _)
              (raise
               (syntax-violation
                'set! "Cannot redefine constant" stx #'id)))
             ((id . args) #'(_id . args))
             (id #'_id)))))))))</lang>

Example use case: <lang scheme>(define-constant fnord 23)

fnord

(+ fnord 5)

(set! fnord 42)

=> Syntax error

set!: Cannot redefine constant in subform fnord of (set! fnord 42)</lang>

It works with procedures as well: <lang scheme>(define-constant square (lambda (n) (* n n)))

square

(square 5)

(set! square (lambda (n) (* n n n)))

=> Syntax error

set!: Cannot redefine constant in subform square of (set! square (lambda (n) (* n n n)))</lang>

Seed7

Seed7 provides const definitons. Constants can have any type: <lang seed7>const integer: foo is 42; const string: bar is "bar"; const blahtype: blah is blahvalue;</lang> Constants can be initialized with expressions: <lang seed7>const integer: foobar is 2 * length(bar) * (foo - 35);</lang> Any function, even user defined functions can be used to initialize a constant: <lang seed7>const func float: deg2rad (in float: degree) is # User defined function

 return degree * PI / 180.0;

const float: rightAngle is deg2rad(90.0);</lang> The initialisation expression is evaluated at compile-time. It is possible to initialize a constant with data from the file system: <lang seed7>const string: fileData is getf("some_file.txt");</lang> The compiler can even get initialisation data from the internet: <lang seed7>const string: unixDict is getHttp("www.puzzlers.org/pub/wordlists/unixdict.txt");</lang> Types are also defined as constants (in other languages this is called a typedef): <lang seed7>const type: blahtype is integer;</lang> Function definitions (see above for the definition of deg2rad) have also the form of a const definition.

Sidef

<lang ruby>define PI = 3.14159; # compile-time defined constant const MSG = "Hello world!"; # run-time defined constant</lang>

SuperCollider

<lang SuperCollider>// you can freeze any object. b = [1, 2, 3]; b[1] = 100; // returns [1, 100, 3] b.freeze; // make b immutable b[1] = 2; // throws an error ("Attempted write to immutable object.")</lang>

Swift

Swift has a notion of immutable values built into the language. <lang swift>let a = 1 a = 1 // error: a is immutable var b = 1 b = 1</lang>

It also extends this to higher level data structures. For example Swift has a notion of value types vs reference types.

<lang swift>/// Value types are denoted by `struct`s struct Point {

 var x: Int
 var y: Int

}

let p = Point(x: 1, y: 1) p.x = 2 // error, because Point is a value type with an immutable variable

/// Reference types are denoted by `class`s class ClassPoint {

 var x: Int
 var y: Int

 init(x: Int, y: Int) { 
   self.x = x
   self.y = y
 }

}

let pClass = ClassPoint(x: 1, y: 1) pClass.x = 2 // Fine because reference types can be mutated, as long as you are not replacing the reference</lang>

Value types are always passed by value. This applies to collections in Swift.

<lang swift> // A common Swift beginner trap func addToArray(_ arr: [Int]) {

 var arr = arr // Trying to modify arr directly is an error, parameters are immutable
 arr.append(2)

}

let array = [1] addToArray(array) print(array) // [1], because value types are pass by copy, array is immutable</lang>

Tcl

Although there is no built-in support for constants, it is trivial to construct on top of Tcl's variable tracing facility: <lang tcl>proc constant {varName {value ""}} {

   upvar 1 $varName var
   # Allow application of immutability to an existing variable, e.g., a procedure argument
   if {[llength [info frame 0]] == 2} {set value $var} else {set var $value}
   trace add variable var write [list apply {{val v1 v2 op} {
       upvar 1 $v1 var
       set var $val; # Restore to what it should be
       return -code error "immutable"
   }} $value]

}</lang> Interactive demonstration: <lang tcl>% constant pi 3.14159 % puts "pi=$pi" pi=3.14159 % set pi 3; # Only in Indiana :-) can't set "pi": immutable % puts "pi is still $pi" pi is still 3.14159</lang>

UNIX Shell

The Unix shell does not support constants, but variables can be marked as readonly for the same effect.

Works with: Bourne Shell

<lang sh>PIE=APPLE readonly PIE</lang>

C Shell

<lang csh>set -r PIE = APPLE</lang>

XPL0

<lang XPL0>define Pi=3.14; Pi:= 3.15; \causes a compile error: statement starting with a constant </lang>

Wren

In Wren, instance and static fields of a class are always private and cannot be mutated unless you provide 'setter' methods for that purpose.

In addition instances of the built-in Num, Bool, String, Range and Null classes are always immutable.

Other than this, there is no way to create immutable values (nor constants for that matter) in Wren.

The following example shows a simple class A which has a single field _f. Access to this field is controlled by getter and setter methods 'f' and 'f='. Without the setter, instances of A would be effectively immutable.

Note though that if fields are reference types (lists, maps, user-defined classes etc.) even a 'getter' method may enable their internal state to be mutated unless you copy them first. <lang ecmascript>class A {

   construct new(f) {
       _f  = f  // sets field _f to the argument f
   }

   // getter property to allow access to _f
   f { _f }

   // setter property to allow _f to be mutated
   f=(other) { _f = other }

}

var a = A.new(6) System.print(a.f) a.f = 8 System.print(a.f)</lang>

Output:

6
8

Z80 Assembly

The Z80 itself has no way of enforcing immutability. Code and/or data are only immutable if they exist in ROM (read-only memory.) Typically, Z80-based computers will copy the contents of a floppy disk or CD-ROM to internal RAM and execute it there, whereas ROM cartridges are directly mapped into the Z80's address space and executed in ROM. As a result, there is no special syntax for enforcing immutability, as it relies entirely on where the code/data is located and what medium it is executed from.

Side note: Trying to write to ROM at runtime will simply have no effect, and will not raise any kind of hardware exception or segfault.

<lang z80>List: byte 2,3,4,5,6 ;this could be either mutable or immutable, it depends on the hardware.</lang>

zkl

Mutability is up to each object. Strings, numbers are immutable. Lists can be either. Dictionaries can switch. <lang zkl>List(1,2,3).del(0) //--> L(2,3) ROList(1,2,3).del(0) //-->SyntaxError : Can't find del, which means you can't call it d:=Dictionary(); d.add("one",1) D(one:1) d.makeReadOnly(); d.add("2",2) //-->AccessError(This Dictionary is read only)</lang>