Call a foreign-language function
You are encouraged to solve this task according to the task description, using any language you may know.
- Task
Show how a foreign language function can be called from the language.
As an example, consider calling functions defined in the C language. Create a string containing "Hello World!" of the string type typical to the language. Pass the string content to C's strdup. The content can be copied if necessary. Get the result from strdup and print it using language means. Do not forget to free the result of strdup (allocated in the heap).
- Notes
- It is not mandated if the C run-time library is to be loaded statically or dynamically. You are free to use either way.
- C++ and C solutions can take some other language to communicate with.
- It is not mandatory to use
strdup, especially if the foreign function interface being demonstrated makes that uninformative.
- See also
8th
\ tell 8th what the function expects:
"ZZ" "strdup" func: strdup
"VZ" "free" func: free
\ call the external funcs
"abc" dup \ now we have two strings "abc" on the stack
strdup .s cr \ after strdup, you'll have the new (but duplicate) string on the stack
\ the ".s" will show both strings and you can see they are different items on the stack
free \ let the c library free the string
68000 Assembly
The Genesis uses a Z80 coprocessor to interface with its sound hardware. The Z80 executes its code from RAM, so before starting this, you have to memcpy the compiled program code from the Genesis cartridge ROM to the shared RAM area at $A00000. Since this task is about calling a function, we'll show the z80 code necessary to do that. Thanks to this tutorial for guidance on how this all works.
(Technically, the 68000 isn't calling the function itself, since it doesn't understand Z80 code at all; rather, it's instructing the Z80 to call and execute the function on its behalf. But this is probably as close as we'll ever get.)
Z80 Code:
org &0000 ;execution resets here after the 68000 resets the Z80 and sends a bus request.
jr start
org &0038 ;in IM 1 mode, we jump here for an IRQ. But this isn't being used for this example, so we'll just silently return.
reti
org &0060
start:
DI
IM 1
LD SP,&2000
main: ;hardware non-maskable interrupt (NMI) jumps here (address &0066)
ld a,(&1F00) ;we'll only allow the 68000 to alter the contents of this memory address.
or a
jr z,main ;just keep looping until it's nonzero.
;by counting the bytes each instruction takes, it can be proven that this label points to &006C.
;The call opcode takes 1 byte and the operand that follows takes two bytes.
smc:
call &0000 ;we'll overwrite the operand at &006D-&006E with whatever function we want to call.
done:
jp done ;loop until next reset
ExampleFunction: ;ADDR: &0072($A00072)
ret ;for simplicity this does nothing but in reality you'd have it do something sound-related here.
Here's the 68000 code that will get the Z80 to call this function:
Z80_Call:
MOVE.W #$100,$A11100 ;write: z80 reset
.wait:
BTST #8,$A11100 ;read: check bit 8 to see if the z80 is busy
BNE .wait ;loop until not busy
;now we write the function address
;z80 is little-endian so we need to reverse the byte order.
;also 68000 cannot safely write words at odd addresses so we need to write as bytes.
MOVE.B #$72,$A0006D
MOVE.B #$00,$A0006E ;this changes the "call &0000" above to "call ExampleFunction"
MOVE.B #$FF,$A01F01 ;unlock the semaphore
MOVE.W #0,$A11100 ;Z80 Bus Request - after this write, the Z80 will start executing code.
Ada
Ada provides standard interfaces to C, C++, Fortran and Cobol. Other language interfaces can be provided as well, but are not mandatory. Usually it is possible to communicate to any language that supports calling conventions standard to the OS (cdecl, stdcall etc).
with Ada.Text_IO; use Ada.Text_IO;
with Interfaces.C; use Interfaces.C;
with Interfaces.C.Strings; use Interfaces.C.Strings;
procedure Test_C_Interface is
function strdup (s1 : Char_Array) return Chars_Ptr;
pragma Import (C, strdup, "_strdup");
S1 : constant String := "Hello World!";
S2 : Chars_Ptr;
begin
S2 := strdup (To_C (S1));
Put_Line (Value (S2));
Free (S2);
end Test_C_Interface;
Aikido
There are two ways to call a native function in Aikido. The first is to write a wrapper function in C++ that is invoked from the Aikido interpreter. In a C++ file:
#include <aikido.h>
extern "C" { // need C linkage
// define the function using a macro defined in aikido.h
AIKIDO_NATIVE(strdup) {
aikido::string *s = paras[0].str;
char *p = strdup (s->c_str());
aikido::string *result = new aikido::string(p);
free (p);
return result;
}
}Then in the Aikido program:
native function strdup(s)
println (strdup ("Hello World!"))The second way is to use a raw native function. These functions must adhere to a defined set of rules and can be called directly from the Aikido interpreter. In the case of strdup we need to play a nasty trick because it returns a pointer that we need to print as a string.
native function strdup (s) // declare native
native function free(p) // also need to free the result
var s = strdup ("hello world\n")
var p = s // this is an integer type
for (;;) {
var ch = peek (p, 1) // read a single character
if (ch == 0) {
break
}
print (cast<char>(ch)) // print as a character
p++
}
free (s) // done with the memory nowALGOL 68
The designers of Algol 68 made it extremely hard to incorporate code written in other languages. To be fair, this was a long time ago when such considerations weren't thought important and one should be careful to apply Hanlon's razor.
The entry below is wildly non-portable, inefficient, violates the spirit of the specification and is just plain sick. However, it gives the correct results with Algol 68 Genie on Linux and, I claim, meets the letter of the spec. It also omits most of the error checking which should be present in production code.
Note that I chose a non-trivial library function because the suggested strdup() doesn't really demonstrate the technique all that well.
BEGIN
MODE PASSWD = STRUCT (STRING name, passwd, INT uid, gid, STRING gecos, dir, shell);
PROC getpwnam = (STRING name) PASSWD :
BEGIN
FILE c source;
create (c source, stand out channel);
putf (c source, ($gl$,
"#include <sys/types.h>",
"#include <pwd.h>",
"#include <stdio.h>",
"main ()",
"{",
" char name[256];",
" scanf (""%s"", name);",
" struct passwd *pass = getpwnam (name);",
" if (pass == (struct passwd *) NULL) {",
" putchar ('\n');",
" } else {",
" printf (""%s\n"", pass->pw_name);",
" printf (""%s\n"", pass->pw_passwd);",
" printf (""%d\n"", pass->pw_uid);",
" printf (""%d\n"", pass->pw_gid);",
" printf (""%s\n"", pass->pw_gecos);",
" printf (""%s\n"", pass->pw_dir);",
" printf (""%s\n"", pass->pw_shell);",
" }",
"}"
));
STRING source name = idf (c source);
STRING bin name = source name + ".bin";
INT child pid = execve child ("/usr/bin/gcc",
("gcc", "-x", "c", source name, "-o", bin name),
"");
wait pid (child pid);
PIPE p = execve child pipe (bin name, "Ding dong, a68g calling", "");
put (write OF p, (name, newline));
STRING line;
PASSWD result;
IF get (read OF p, (line, newline)); line = ""
THEN
result := ("", "", -1, -1, "", "", "")
CO
Return to sender, address unknown.
No such number, no such zone.
CO
ELSE
name OF result := line;
get (read OF p, (passwd OF result, newline));
get (read OF p, (uid OF result, newline));
get (read OF p, (gid OF result, newline));
get (read OF p, (gecos OF result, newline));
get (read OF p, (dir OF result, newline));
get (read OF p, (shell OF result, newline))
FI;
close (write OF p); CO Sundry cleaning up. CO
close (read OF p);
execve child ("/bin/rm", ("rm", "-f", source name, bin name), "");
result
END;
PASSWD mr root = getpwnam ("root");
IF name OF mr root = ""
THEN
print (("Oh dear, we seem to be rootless.", newline))
ELSE
printf (($2(g,":"), 2(g(0),":"), 2(g,":"), gl$, mr root))
FI
END- Output:
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
ARM Assembly
/* ARM assembly Raspberry PI */
/* program forfunction.s */
/* Constantes */
.equ STDOUT, 1 @ Linux output console
.equ EXIT, 1 @ Linux syscall
.equ WRITE, 4 @ Linux syscall
/* Initialized data */
.data
szString: .asciz "Hello word\n"
/* UnInitialized data */
.bss
/* code section */
.text
.global main
main: @ entry of program
push {fp,lr} @ saves registers
ldr r0,iAdrszString @ string address
bl strdup @ call function C
@ return new pointer
bl affichageMess @ display dup string
bl free @ free heap
100: @ standard end of the program */
mov r0, #0 @ return code
pop {fp,lr} @restaur 2 registers
mov r7, #EXIT @ request to exit program
swi 0 @ perform the system call
iAdrszString: .int szString
/******************************************************************/
/* display text with size calculation */
/******************************************************************/
/* r0 contains the address of the message */
affichageMess:
push {r0,r1,r2,r7,lr} @ save registres
mov r2,#0 @ counter length
1: @ loop length calculation
ldrb r1,[r0,r2] @ read octet start position + index
cmp r1,#0 @ if 0 its over
addne r2,r2,#1 @ else add 1 in the length
bne 1b @ and loop
@ so here r2 contains the length of the message
mov r1,r0 @ address message in r1
mov r0,#STDOUT @ code to write to the standard output Linux
mov r7, #WRITE @ code call system "write"
svc #0 @ call systeme
pop {r0,r1,r2,r7,lr} @ restaur des 2 registres */
bx lr @ returnArturo
C Library
// compile with:
// clang -c -w mylib.c
// clang -shared -o libmylib.dylib mylib.o
#include <stdio.h>
void sayHello(char* name){
printf("Hello %s!\n", name);
}
int doubleNum(int num){
return num * 2;
}
Calling from Arturo
; call an external function directly
call.external: "mylib" 'sayHello ["John"]
; map an external function to a native one
doubleNum: function [num][
ensure -> integer? num
call .external: "mylib"
.expect: :integer
'doubleNum @[num]
]
loop 1..3 'x [
print ["The double of" x "is" doubleNum x]
]
- Output:
Hello John! The double of 1 is 2 The double of 2 is 4 The double of 3 is 6
AutoHotkey
from the documentation for dllcall:
; Example: Calls the Windows API function "MessageBox" and report which button the user presses.
WhichButton := DllCall("MessageBox", "int", "0", "str", "Press Yes or No", "str", "Title of box", "int", 4)
MsgBox You pressed button #%WhichButton%.
BBC BASIC
SYS "LoadLibrary", "MSVCRT.DLL" TO msvcrt%
SYS "GetProcAddress", msvcrt%, "_strdup" TO `strdup`
SYS "GetProcAddress", msvcrt%, "free" TO `free`
SYS `strdup`, "Hello World!" TO address%
PRINT $$address%
SYS `free`, address%
C
Assembly via GCC
Assembly code can be embedded and compiled via GCC.
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main(int argc,char** argv) {
int arg1 = atoi(argv[1]), arg2 = atoi(argv[2]), sum, diff, product, quotient, remainder ;
__asm__ ( "addl %%ebx, %%eax;" : "=a" (sum) : "a" (arg1) , "b" (arg2) );
__asm__ ( "subl %%ebx, %%eax;" : "=a" (diff) : "a" (arg1) , "b" (arg2) );
__asm__ ( "imull %%ebx, %%eax;" : "=a" (product) : "a" (arg1) , "b" (arg2) );
__asm__ ( "movl $0x0, %%edx;"
"movl %2, %%eax;"
"movl %3, %%ebx;"
"idivl %%ebx;" : "=a" (quotient), "=d" (remainder) : "g" (arg1), "g" (arg2) );
printf( "%d + %d = %d\n", arg1, arg2, sum );
printf( "%d - %d = %d\n", arg1, arg2, diff );
printf( "%d * %d = %d\n", arg1, arg2, product );
printf( "%d / %d = %d\n", arg1, arg2, quotient );
printf( "%d %% %d = %d\n", arg1, arg2, remainder );
return 0 ;
}
Output:
Abhishek_Ghosh@Azure:~/projects/c$ ./a.out 9 3 9 + 3 = 12 9 - 3 = 6 9 * 3 = 27 9 / 3 = 3 9 % 3 = 0
Python
IMPORTANT : The following implementation has been tested against Python 2.7, this won't work on a system which does not have the relevant files installed. Also pay attention to the compilation flags.
#include <python2.7/Python.h>
int main()
{
Py_Initialize();
PyRun_SimpleString("a = [3*x for x in range(1,11)]");
PyRun_SimpleString("print 'First 10 multiples of 3 : ' + str(a)");
PyRun_SimpleString("print 'Last 5 multiples of 3 : ' + str(a[5:])");
PyRun_SimpleString("print 'First 10 multiples of 3 in reverse order : ' + str(a[::-1])");
Py_Finalize();
return 0;
}
Compilation : Change 2.7 and relevant paths for a different Python version / different install location
$ cc callPython2.c -lpython2.7 -lm -L/usr/lib/python2.7/config
Output :
Abhishek_Ghosh@Azure$ ./a.out First 10 multiples of 3 : [3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30] Last 5 multiples of 3 : [18, 21, 24, 27, 30] First 10 multiples of 3 in reverse order : [30, 27, 24, 21, 18, 15, 12, 9, 6, 3]
C++
While calling C functions from C++ is generally almost trivial, strdup illustrates some fine point in communicating with C libraries. However, to illustrate how to generally use C functions, a C function strdup1 is used, which is assumed to have the same interface and behaviour as strdup, but cannot be found in a standard header.
In addition, this code demonstrates a call to a FORTRAN function defined as
FUNCTION MULTIPLY(X, Y)
DOUBLE PRECISION MULTIPLY, X, Y
Note that the calling convention of FORTRAN depends on the system and the used FORTRAN compiler, and sometimes even on the command line options used for the compiler; here, GNU Fortran with no options is assumed.
#include <cstdlib> // for C memory management
#include <string> // for C++ strings
#include <iostream> // for output
// C functions must be defined extern "C"
extern "C" char* strdup1(char const*);
// Fortran functions must also be defined extern "C" to prevent name
// mangling; in addition, all fortran names are converted to lowercase
// and get an undescore appended. Fortran takes all arguments by
// reference, which translates to pointers in C and C++ (C++
// references generally work, too, but that may depend on the C++
// compiler)
extern "C" double multiply_(double* x, double* y);
// to simplify the use and reduce the probability of errors, a simple
// inline forwarder like this can be used:
inline double multiply(double x, double y)
{
return multiply_(&x, &y);
}
int main()
{
std::string msg = "The product of 3 and 5 is ";
// call to C function (note that this should not be assigned
// directly to a C++ string, because strdup1 allocates memory, and
// we would leak the memory if we wouldn't save the pointer itself
char* msg2 = strdup1(msg.c_str());
// C strings can be directly output to std::cout, so we don't need
// to put it back into a string to output it.
std::cout << msg2;
// call the FORTRAN function (through the wrapper):
std::cout << multiply(3, 5) << std::endl;
// since strdup1 allocates with malloc, it must be deallocated with
// free, not delete, nor delete[], nor operator delete
std::free(msg2);
}
Clojure
Since Clojure is hosted on the JVM, you can follow the same approach as the Java solution and invoke your Java class from Clojure:
(JNIDemo/callStrdup "Hello World!")
Alternatively, to avoid having to create a library in native code you could use JNA and the clojure-jna library for convenience. Here's how you can invoke strcmp from the libc shared library:
(require '[net.n01se.clojure-jna :as jna])
(jna/invoke Integer c/strcmp "apple" "banana" ) ; returns -1
(jna/invoke Integer c/strcmp "banana" "apple" ) ; returns 1
(jna/invoke Integer c/strcmp "banana" "banana" ) ; returns 0
CMake
This code uses a deprecated feature of CMake. In 2014, CMake 3.0 deprecated load_command(). CMake 3.0 can run this code but shows a deprecation warning. When a future version of CMake removes load_command(), this code will stop working, and there will be no way to call C functions from CMake.
In old versions of CMake, we can write custom commands for CMake in C. This example defines CMake command div() to call C function div(). Only works in a project, not in a cmake -P script. Uses more than 20 lines of CMake and 50 lines of C. There are 3 files: CMakeLists.txt in the top directory, and div/CMakeLists.txt and div/div-command.c in a subdirectory. Run it with the command cmake . in the top directory.
CMakeLists.txt
cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 2.6)
project("outer project" C)
# Compile cmDIV.
try_compile(
compiled_div # result variable
${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/div # bindir
${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/div # srcDir
div) # projectName
if(NOT compiled_div)
message(FATAL_ERROR "Failed to compile cmDIV")
endif()
# Load cmDIV.
load_command(DIV ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/div)
if(NOT CMAKE_LOADED_COMMAND_DIV)
message(FATAL_ERROR "Failed to load cmDIV")
endif()
# Try div() command.
div(quot rem 2012 500)
message("
2012 / 500 = ${quot}
2012 % 500 = ${rem}
")
div/CMakeLists.txt
cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 2.6)
project(div C)
# Find cmCPluginAPI.h
include_directories(${CMAKE_ROOT}/include)
# Compile cmDIV from div-command.c
add_library(cmDIV MODULE div-command.c)
div/div-command.c
#include <cmCPluginAPI.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
static cmCAPI *api;
/*
* Respond to DIV(quotient remainder numerator denominator).
*/
static int
initial_pass(void *info, void *mf, int argc, char *argv[])
{
div_t answer;
int count, i, j, n[2];
char buf[512], c;
if (argc != 4) {
api->SetError(info, "Wrong number of arguments");
return 0; /* failure */
}
/* Parse numerator and denominator. */
for(i = 2, j = 0; i < 4; i++, j++) {
count = sscanf(argv[i], "%d%1s", &n[j], &c);
if (count != 1) {
snprintf(buf, sizeof buf,
"Not an integer: %s", argv[i]);
api->SetError(info, buf);
return 0; /* failure */
}
}
/* Call div(). */
if (n[1] == 0) {
api->SetError(info, "Division by zero");
return 0; /* failure */
}
answer = div(n[0], n[1]);
/* Set variables to answer. */
snprintf(buf, sizeof buf, "%d", answer.quot);
api->AddDefinition(mf, argv[0], buf);
snprintf(buf, sizeof buf, "%d", answer.rem);
api->AddDefinition(mf, argv[1], buf);
return 1; /* success */
}
CM_PLUGIN_EXPORT void
DIVInit(cmLoadedCommandInfo *info)
{
info->Name = "DIV";
info->InitialPass = initial_pass;
api = info->CAPI;
}
COBOL
Tested with GnuCOBOL
identification division.
program-id. foreign.
data division.
working-storage section.
01 hello.
05 value z"Hello, world".
01 duplicate usage pointer.
01 buffer pic x(16) based.
01 storage pic x(16).
procedure division.
call "strdup" using hello returning duplicate
on exception
display "error calling strdup" upon syserr
end-call
if duplicate equal null then
display "strdup returned null" upon syserr
else
set address of buffer to duplicate
string buffer delimited by low-value into storage
display function trim(storage)
call "free" using by value duplicate
on exception
display "error calling free" upon syserr
end-if
goback.
- Output:
prompt$ cobc -x foreign.cob prompt$ ./foreign Hello, world
Common Lisp
CL-USER> (let* ((string "Hello World!")
(c-string (cffi:foreign-funcall "strdup" :string string :pointer)))
(unwind-protect (write-line (cffi:foreign-string-to-lisp c-string))
(cffi:foreign-funcall "free" :pointer c-string :void))
(values))
Hello World!
; No value
Crystal
Crystal allows to easily interface with C functions, both from object files and shared libraries.
@[Link("c")] # name of library that is passed to linker. Not needed as libc is linked by stdlib.
lib LibC
fun free(ptr : Void*) : Void
fun strdup(ptr : Char*) : Char*
end
s1 = "Hello World!"
p = LibC.strdup(s1) # returns Char* allocated by LibC
s2 = String.new(p)
LibC.free p # pointer can be freed as String.new(Char*) makes a copy of data
puts s2
D
import std.stdio: writeln;
import std.string: toStringz;
import std.conv: to;
extern(C) {
char* strdup(in char* s1);
void free(void* ptr);
}
void main() {
// We could use char* here (as in D string literals are
// null-terminated) but we want to comply with the "of the
// string type typical to the language" part.
// Note: D supports 0-values inside a string, C doesn't.
auto input = "Hello World!";
// Method 1 (preferred):
// toStringz converts D strings to null-terminated C strings.
char* str1 = strdup(toStringz(input));
// Method 2:
// D strings are not null-terminated, so we append '\0'.
// .ptr returns a pointer to the 1st element of the array,
// just as &array[0]
// This has to be done because D dynamic arrays are
// represented with: { size_t length; T* pointer; }
char* str2 = strdup((input ~ '\0').ptr);
// We could have just used printf here, but the task asks to
// "print it using language means":
writeln("str1: ", to!string(str1));
writeln("str2: ", to!string(str2));
free(str1);
free(str2);
}
- Output:
str1: Hello World! str2: Hello World!
Delphi
If you have the function to be called available as a shared library you just do an import of that function using the means as shown for calling a function from a shared library.
Object Files
There is limited support for linking a function using an object file. For this to work the object file has to be in Borland Linker compatible format. Trying to use a GCC-created object file doesn't work.
The file first has to be bound to your unit:
{$O myhello.obj}
The next step is to do an external declaration for the function:
procedure Hello(S: PChar); stdcall; external;
Afterwards usage of the function is just as with any other function.
Ecstasy
Ecstasy was designed around software containers and a strong security model. As such, Ecstasy does not have an FFI, and Ecstasy code cannot direcly access operating system or other foreign functions. More specifically, code running within an Ecstasy container cannot call foreign functions; any such required capabilities must be implemented outside of Ecstasy and then injected into an Ecstasy container.
Factor
If you declare a parameter as c-string, Factor automatically converts NULL-terminated C strings to Factor strings and back. In this case we additionally have to free the returned string, so we have to do the conversion explicitly; else the reference to the pointer would be dropped behind the scenes.
libc is already loaded, it is used by Factor elsewhere.
FUNCTION: char* strdup ( c-string s ) ;
: my-strdup ( str -- str' )
strdup [ utf8 alien>string ] [ (free) ] bi ;
( scratchpad ) "abc" my-strdup . "abc"
FBSL
Alongside its interpretative BASIC-style layer, FBSL also hosts built-in Intel-style Dynamic Assembler JIT and ANSI-C Dynamic C JIT compiler layers. BASIC, DynAsm and DynC procedures can be mixed freely to best suit the host script's intended purposes. The procedures follow their own respective syntaxes but are called in the host script in exactly the same way:
#APPTYPE CONSOLE
PRINT BasFoo(1), " ", AsmFoo(2), " ", CeeFoo(3)
PAUSE
FUNCTION BasFoo(parm AS INTEGER) AS INTEGER
- RETURN parm
END FUNCTION
DYNASM AsmFoo(parm AS INTEGER) AS INTEGER
- ENTER 0, 0
- MOV EAX, parm
- LEAVE
- RET
END DYNASM
DYNC CeeFoo(parm AS INTEGER) AS INTEGER
- int main(int parm)
- {
- return parm;
- }
END DYNC
Output:
1 2 3
Press any key to continue...
FBSL has been specifically designed to cooperate with dynamic-link libraries. Such Windows system libraries as Kernel32.dll, User32.dll, and Gdi32.dll (also msvcrt.dll for the Dynamic C layer) are mapped into the process memory at app start so that over 2,300 functions of their API are always ready for use in an FBSL script as if they were native to FBSL's own namespace.
Other DLL's can be mapped into the script namespace either on a per-function basis (BASIC only) or entirely in one swoop, e.g.:
' all BASIC names are case-insensitive
#DLLDECLARE Gdiplus(GdiplusStartup AS SpawnIt, GdipLoadImageFromFile, GdiplusShutdown AS KillIt)
#DLLIMPORTS OpenGL32
; all DynAsm names are case-insensitive
INCLUDELIB OpenGL32
// DLL names in DynC are case-insensitive
#pragma comment(lib, "OpenGL32")
whereby you may start to use the three GDI+ function names (either directly or through arbitrary aliases as shown above), as well as the entire namespace of OpenGL functions, in your script.
Alternatively, a dynamic call to a DLL function can be made in FBSL's BASIC regardless of whether the DLL is already loaded or not:
APICALL(szFooName, szDllName[, parameters...])
Lastly, there are at least two methods in FBSL's BASIC to call in-memory machine code routines given their entry points:
CALLABSOLUTE(varByteBuffer[, parm1[, parm2[, parm3[, parm4]]]]) ' varByteBuffer stores machine code bytes
FUNCALL(varEntryPoint[, parameters...]) ' varEntryPoint stores function call address
All FBSL function calls support Integer, Quad, Single, Double and String parameters and returns. FBSL supports natively ASCIIZ strings only. Unicode strings in FBSL's BASIC require explicit ANSITOWIDE()/WIDETOANSI() transforms.
FBSL features a built-in stack balancing mechanism which eliminates stack corruption regardless of whether the API calls are using STDCALL or CDECL calling conventions. Please note that FBSL's BASIC and DynAsm do not make use of forward function declarations or header files.
Forth
Every version of GNU Forth has experimented with a different means to do C foreign function calls. The current implementation resolves various incompatibilities which had plagued earlier mechanisms by parsing C header files and using the host's native toolchain (i.e. gcc and ld) to generate thunks.
c-library cstrings
\c #include <string.h>
c-function strdup strdup a -- a ( c-string -- duped string )
c-function strlen strlen a -- n ( c-string -- length )
end-c-library
\ convenience function (not used here)
: c-string ( addr u -- addr' )
tuck pad swap move pad + 0 swap c! pad ;
create test s" testing" mem, 0 c,
test strdup value duped
test .
test 7 type \ testing
cr
duped . \ different address
duped dup strlen type \ testing
duped free throw \ gforth ALLOCATE and FREE map directly to C's malloc() and free()
Fortran
Since Fortran 2003, the standard provides the ISO_C_BINDING module to help interface with C programs. Before this, compiler vendors often provided nonstandard extensions to do this. Even with this new facility, some features, such as calling a STDCALL function on Windows, need some nonstandard extension.
For instance, with GNU Fortran one would write "!GNU$ ATTRIBUTES STDCALL :: f" to declare f as a STDCALL function. This can be used in a function body, for instance a DLL export that will be used by a program that expects a STDCALL function (say, a VBA program). Or it can be used in an interface block to make bindings to Windows API from Fortran.
For other languages, it may happen that one needs an intermediate wrapper to be able to call a foreign function. However, anything that can be called from C could likely be called from Fortran using ISO_C_BINDING.
Here is an example using the ISO_C_BINDING standard module to link against the C API functions strdup, free and puts. The program will print two copies of the string "Hello, World!" using the puts function. One copy is obtained from strdup, then released with free. The C bindings are placed in an interface module to simplify reuse. The addresses of the two copies are also printed.
module c_api
use iso_c_binding
implicit none
interface
function strdup(ptr) bind(C)
import c_ptr
type(c_ptr), value :: ptr
type(c_ptr) :: strdup
end function
end interface
interface
subroutine free(ptr) bind(C)
import c_ptr
type(c_ptr), value :: ptr
end subroutine
end interface
interface
function puts(ptr) bind(C)
import c_ptr, c_int
type(c_ptr), value :: ptr
integer(c_int) :: puts
end function
end interface
end module
program c_example
use c_api
implicit none
character(20), target :: str = "Hello, World!" // c_null_char
type(c_ptr) :: ptr
integer(c_int) :: res
ptr = strdup(c_loc(str))
res = puts(c_loc(str))
res = puts(ptr)
print *, transfer(c_loc(str), 0_c_intptr_t), &
transfer(ptr, 0_c_intptr_t)
call free(ptr)
end program
FreeBASIC
Normally it's an easy matter to call a function in the C Standard Library, statically, from FreeBASIC. However, 'strdup' isn't in the Standard Library so instead we will call the version in the Windows Shell, dynamically. As this uses LocalAlloc in kernel32.dll internally to allocate memory for the duplicated string, we need to call LocalFree to free this memory using the pointer returned by strdup.
' FB 1.05.0 Win64
'Using StrDup function in Shlwapi.dll
Dim As Any Ptr library = DyLibLoad("Shlwapi")
Dim strdup As Function (ByVal As Const ZString Ptr) As ZString Ptr
strdup = DyLibSymbol(library, "StrDupA")
'Using LocalFree function in kernel32.dll
Dim As Any Ptr library2 = DyLibLoad("kernel32")
Dim localfree As Function (ByVal As Any Ptr) As Any Ptr
localfree = DyLibSymbol(library2, "LocalFree")
Dim As ZString * 10 z = "duplicate" '' 10 characters including final zero byte
Dim As Zstring Ptr pcz = strdup(@z) '' pointer to the duplicate string
Print *pcz '' print duplicate string by dereferencing pointer
localfree(pcz) '' free the memory which StrDup allocated internally
pcz = 0 '' set pointer to null
DyLibFree(library) '' unload first dll
DyLibFree(library2) '' unload second fll
End
- Output:
duplicate
FutureBasic
The C Standary Library doesn't include the strdup() function. In the code below, strdup has been declared, written and executed in C. FB allows users to pass-through and compile C code, while it treating its execution as if it's native FB. That's what been chosen for this example.
include "NSLog.incl"
BeginCDeclaration
char *strdup(const char *src);
EndC
BeginCFunction
char *strdup(const char *src) {
char *dst = malloc(strlen (src) + 1); // Space for length plus null
if (dst == NULL) return NULL; // No memory
strcpy(dst, src); // Copy the characters
return dst; // Return the new string
}
EndC
BeginCCode
NSLog( @"%s", strdup( "Hello, World!" ) );
EndC
HandleEvents- Output:
Hello, World!
Go
Using cgo, part of the standard Go command set.
package main
// #include <string.h>
// #include <stdlib.h>
import "C"
import (
"fmt"
"unsafe"
)
func main() {
// a go string
go1 := "hello C"
// allocate in C and convert from Go representation to C representation
c1 := C.CString(go1)
// go string can now be garbage collected
go1 = ""
// strdup, per task. this calls the function in the C library.
c2 := C.strdup(c1)
// free the source C string. again, this is free() in the C library.
C.free(unsafe.Pointer(c1))
// create a new Go string from the C copy
go2 := C.GoString(c2)
// free the C copy
C.free(unsafe.Pointer(c2))
// demonstrate we have string contents intact
fmt.Println(go2)
}
Output:
hello C
Hare
// hare run -lc ffi.ha
use fmt;
use strings;
@symbol("strdup") fn cstrdup(_: *const char) *char;
@symbol("free") fn cfree(_: nullable *void) void;
export fn main() void = {
let s = strings::to_c("Hello, World!");
defer free(s);
let dup = cstrdup(s);
fmt::printfln("{}", strings::fromc(dup))!;
cfree(dup);
};Haskell
{-# LANGUAGE ForeignFunctionInterface #-}
import Foreign (free)
import Foreign.C.String (CString, withCString, peekCString)
-- import the strdup function itself
-- the "unsafe" means "assume this foreign function never calls back into Haskell and avoid extra bookkeeping accordingly"
foreign import ccall unsafe "string.h strdup" strdup :: CString -> IO CString
testC = withCString "Hello World!" -- marshall the Haskell string "Hello World!" into a C string...
(\s -> -- ... and name it s
do s2 <- strdup s
s2_hs <- peekCString s2 -- marshall the C string called s2 into a Haskell string named s2_hs
putStrLn s2_hs
free s2) -- s is automatically freed by withCString once done
Icon and Unicon
(This probably also works for Icon, but only tested on Unicon, and on Linux.)
The first step is to create a shared library, to wrap the target C functions and do type conversions on the input and returned values. The arguments to the wrapper functions form a list, and this list must be unpacked to retrieve the arguments to send to the target function. To get at strdup and strcat we would have:
#include <string.h>
#include "icall.h" // a header routine from the Unicon sources - provides helpful type-conversion macros
int strdup_wrapper (int argc, descriptor *argv)
{
ArgString (1); // check that the first argument is a string
RetString (strdup (StringVal(argv[1]))); // call strdup, convert and return result
}
// and strcat, for a result that does not equal the input
int strcat_wrapper (int argc, descriptor *argv)
{
ArgString (1);
ArgString (2);
char * result = strcat (StringVal(argv[1]), StringVal(argv[2]));
RetString (result);
}
Then the Unicon program must 'access' the function in the shared library: the important step is 'loadfunc' which accesses the named function in the shared library. After that, the C function can be called from within a program:
$define LIB "libstrdup-wrapper.so"
# the unicon wrapper to access the C function
procedure strdup (str)
static f
initial {
f := loadfunc (LIB, "strdup_wrapper") // pick out the wrapped function from the shared library
}
return f(str) // call the wrapped function
end
procedure strcat (str1, str2)
static f
initial {
f := loadfunc (LIB, "strcat_wrapper")
}
return f(str1, str2)
end
procedure main ()
write (strdup ("abc"))
write (strcat ("abc", "def"))
end
Output:
$ ./str-test abc abcdef
J
Here is a windows specific implementation (for relatively recent versions of windows):
require 'dll'
strdup=: 'msvcrt.dll _strdup >x *' cd <
free=: 'msvcrt.dll free n x' cd <
getstr=: free ] memr@,&0 _1
With these definitions:
getstr@strdup 'Hello World!'
Hello World!
Portability is possible, but often irrelevant for a task of this sort. To make this work with a different OS, you would need to use the appropriate file name for libc for the os in question. For example, on linux, replace msvcrt.dll with /lib/libc.so.6 (or whichever version of libc you are using).
See also: J's documentation
Java
Java uses JNI to call other languages directly. Because it is a managed language, a "shim" layer needs to be created when dealing with things outside of the managed environment.
First, we start with the java source code:
JNIDemo.java
public class JNIDemo
{
static
{ System.loadLibrary("JNIDemo"); }
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println(callStrdup("Hello World!"));
}
private static native String callStrdup(String s);
}
Two things to note: First, the "native" stub which will be linked with a native library, and second, the call to System.loadLibrary to actually do the linking at runtime. The class must then be compiled without the native library.
Next, a C-style ".h" file needs to be created from the class. This can be done by running javah on our compiled class:
javah -jni JNIDemo
The generated file, JNIDemo.h:
/* DO NOT EDIT THIS FILE - it is machine generated */
#include <jni.h>
/* Header for class JNIDemo */
#ifndef _Included_JNIDemo
#define _Included_JNIDemo
#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C" {
#endif
/*
* Class: JNIDemo
* Method: callStrdup
* Signature: (Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/String;
*/
JNIEXPORT jstring JNICALL Java_JNIDemo_callStrdup
(JNIEnv *, jclass, jstring);
#ifdef __cplusplus
}
#endif
#endif
Next, the C code which utilizes JNI to bridge between the managed and unmanaged environments. It should include the "h" file, and implement the exported function declared in that file. The specifics of writing JNI code are beyond the scope of this task.
JNIDemo.c
#include "string.h"
#include "JNIDemo.h"
void throwByName(JNIEnv* env, const char* className, const char* msg)
{
jclass exceptionClass = (*env)->FindClass(env, className);
if (exceptionClass != NULL)
{
(*env)->ThrowNew(env, exceptionClass, msg);
(*env)->DeleteLocalRef(env, exceptionClass);
}
return;
}
JNIEXPORT jstring JNICALL Java_JNIDemo_callStrdup(JNIEnv *env, jclass cls, jstring s)
{
const jbyte* utf8String;
char* dupe;
jstring dupeString;
if (s == NULL)
{
throwByName(env, "java/lang/NullPointerException", "String is null");
return NULL;
}
// Convert from UTF-16 to UTF-8 (C-style)
utf8String = (*env)->GetStringUTFChars(env, s, NULL);
// Duplicate
dupe = strdup(utf8String);
// Free the UTF-8 string back to the JVM
(*env)->ReleaseStringUTFChars(env, s, utf8String);
// Convert the duplicate string from strdup to a Java String
dupeString = (*env)->NewStringUTF(env, dupe);
// Free the duplicate c-string back to the C runtime heap
free(dupe);
return dupeString;
}
In a Windows environment, a dll by the same name should be created ("JNIDemo.dll"). In a Linux environment, a shared object marked executable and with a name preceded by "lib" should be created (in this case, "libJNIDemo.so"). Your compiler will need to know the location of "jni.h", which is in the "include" directory of the JDK. Linux may also need includes that are in the "include/linux" directory. Linux example using gcc:
gcc -shared -fPIC -I/usr/jdk/include -I/usr/jdk/include/linux -o libJNIDemo.so JNIDemo.c
And finally, to run the program, the library must be in the runtime's library path. If the directory in which the library resides is not in this path, it can be explicitly specified using the "-D" option (e.g. "-Djava.library.path=." would specify the current directory as the library path).
java -Djava.library.path=. JNIDemo Hello World!
JavaScript
Node.js
Node.js provides the node-api tool to help you create native C or C++ addons. This example will implement openssl's MD5 function in C++, and create Node.js bindings for it.
md5sum.cc
#include <napi.h>
#include <openssl/md5.h>
#include <iomanip>
#include <iostream>
#include <sstream>
#include <string>
using namespace Napi;
Napi::Value md5sum(const Napi::CallbackInfo& info) {
std::string input = info[0].ToString();
unsigned char result[MD5_DIGEST_LENGTH];
MD5((unsigned char*)input.c_str(), input.size(), result);
std::stringstream md5string;
md5string << std::hex << std::setfill('0');
for (const auto& byte : result) md5string << std::setw(2) << (int)byte;
return String::New(info.Env(), md5string.str().c_str());
}
Napi::Object Init(Napi::Env env, Napi::Object exports) {
exports.Set(Napi::String::New(env, "md5sum"),
Napi::Function::New(env, md5sum));
return exports;
}
NODE_API_MODULE(addon, Init)
Then compile the file with node-gyp.
node-gyp build
Once it has compiled, create the JavaScript bindings.
binding.js
const addon = require('../build/Release/md5sum-native');
module.exports = addon.md5sum;
Then, you're able to call the function from any Node.js JavaScript file.
Using Require:
const md5sum = require('../lib/binding.js');
console.log(md5sum('hello'));
- Output:
5d41402abc4b2a76b9719d911017c592
Using Import:
If you wish to use the ESM import syntax, you need to modify your binding.js file.
binding.js
import { createRequire } from 'module';
const require = createRequire(import.meta.url);
const addon = require('../build/Release/md5sum-native');
export default addon.md5sum;
And call the function as follows:
import md5sum from '../lib/binding.js';
console.log(md5sum('hello'));
- Output:
5d41402abc4b2a76b9719d911017c592
Learn more on the Node.js docs.
Julia
Julia has a built-in keyword ccall to call external C-like functions. For example:
p = ccall(:strdup, Ptr{Cuchar}, (Ptr{Cuchar},), "Hello world")
@show unsafe_string(p) # "Hello world"
ccall(:free, Void, (Ptr{Cuchar},), p)
PyCall, source:
using PyCall
@pyimport math
@show math.cos(1) # 0.5403023058681398
Kotlin
// Kotlin Native v0.2
import kotlinx.cinterop.*
import string.*
fun main(args: Array<String>) {
val hw = strdup ("Hello World!")!!.toKString()
println(hw)
}
- Output:
Hello World!
LabVIEW
Use Connectivity >> Libraries & Executables >> Call Library Function Node to call an external .dll file. This example uses the WinAPI's MessageBoxA function.
This image is a VI Snippet, an executable image of LabVIEW code. The LabVIEW version is shown on the top-right hand corner. You can download it, then drag-and-drop it onto the LabVIEW block diagram from a file browser, and it will appear as runnable, editable code.
Lisaac
Use backtick notation (`...`) for referencing foreign language (C) features.
Section Header
+ name := TEST_C_INTERFACE;
// this will be inserted in front of the program
- external := `#include <string.h>`;
Section Public
- main <- (
+ s : STRING_CONSTANT;
+ p : NATIVE_ARRAY[CHARACTER];
s := "Hello World!";
p := s.to_external;
// this will be inserted in-place
// use `expr`:type to tell Lisaac what's the type of the external expression
p := `strdup(@p)` : NATIVE_ARRAY[CHARACTER];
s.print;
'='.print;
p.println;
// this will also be inserted in-place, expression type disregarded
`free(@p)`;
);Locomotive Basic
WinAPE has a built-in Z80 assembler that can copy the assembled program into the Amstrad CPC's memory. Whatever address your org directive was at can be CALLed in BASIC.
org &1000
ld a,'A'
call &bb5a
ret
- Output:
call &1000 A Ready
Lua
Using the FFI library available in LuaJIT:
local ffi = require("ffi")
ffi.cdef[[
char * strndup(const char * s, size_t n);
int strlen(const char *s);
]]
local s1 = "Hello, world!"
print("Original: " .. s1)
local s_s1 = ffi.C.strlen(s1)
print("strlen: " .. s_s1)
local s2 = ffi.string(ffi.C.strndup(s1, s_s1), s_s1)
print("Copy: " .. s2)
print("strlen: " .. ffi.C.strlen(s2))
Luck
Luck supports interfacing with most C libraries out of the box:
import "stdio.h";;
import "string.h";;
let s1:string = "Hello World!";;
let s2:char* = strdup(cstring(s1));;
puts(s2);;
free(s2 as void*)M2000 Interpreter
Call C Functions from Dll
There is a difference between Windows and Wine implementation of _strdump and swprintf. Value of a has to hold chars to read from sBuf$ as returned from msvcrt.swprintf, but this can't work in Ubuntu using Wine and in Windows as expected, so we can use LeftPart$(string, string as delimiter sign not included as result)
Module CheckCCall {
mybuf$=string$(chr$(0), 1000)
a$="Hello There 12345"+Chr$(0)
Print Len(a$)
Buffer Clear Mem as Byte*Len(a$)
\\ copy to Mem the converted a$ (from Utf-16Le to ANSI)
Return Mem, 0:=str$(a$)
Declare MyStrDup Lib C "msvcrt._strdup" { Long Ptr}
Declare MyFree Lib C "msvcrt.free" { Long Ptr}
\\ see & means by reference
\\ ... means any number of arguments
Declare MyPrintStr Lib C "msvcrt.swprintf" { &sBuf$, sFmt$, long Z }
\\ Now we use address Mem(0) as pointer (passing by value)
Long Z=MyStrDup(Mem(0))
a=MyPrintStr(&myBuf$, "%s", Z)
Print MyFree(Z), a
Print LeftPart$(chr$(mybuf$), chr$(0))
}
CheckCCallOutput: Hello There
Call VbScript
Module Checkit {
Global a()
mm=10
Module CallFromVb {
\\ Number get first parameter is numeric else error
Print Number
}
Module Global CallFromVbGlobal {
Read X()
X(0)++
a()=X()
Print "ok"
}
Declare Global vs "MSScriptControl.ScriptControl"
Declare Alfa Module
Print Type$(Alfa) \\ name is CallBack2
With vs, "Language","Vbscript", "AllowUI", true, "SitehWnd", hwnd
Method vs, "Reset"
Method vs, "AddObject", "__global__", Alfa, true
Method vs, "AddCode", {
' This is VBScript code
dim M(9), k ' 0 to 9, so 10 items
Sub main()
CallModule "CallFromVb", 1000
M(0)=1000
CallGlobal "CallFromVbGlobal", M
ExecuteStatement "Print a(0)"
k=me.Eval("a(0)")
CallModule "CallFromVb", k
' use Let to assign a number to variable
ExecuteStatement "let mm=12345"
k=me.Eval("mm")
CallModule "CallFromVb", k
CallModule "CallFromVb", M(0)
End Sub
}
Method vs, "run", "main"
Declare vs nothing
If error then print error$
Print Len(a())
Print a()
}
CheckItCall Javascript
Module CheckJavaScript {
Clear
Module ok {
if match("S") then {
read m$
print "ok", m$
} else {
read m
print "ok", m
}
}
Declare vs "MSScriptControl.ScriptControl"
Declare Alfa Module
Print Type$(Alfa)
With vs, "Language","Jscript", "AllowUI", true
Method vs, "Reset"
Print Type$(Alfa)
Method vs, "AddObject", "M2000", Alfa
Inventory alfa1=1,2,3,4:="Ok"
If exist(alfa1,4) then print "Ok..."
Print type$(alfa1)
Method vs, "AddObject", "Inventory", alfa1
A=(1,2,3,4,"Hello")
Method vs, "AddObject", "Arr", A
Method vs, "ExecuteStatement", {
M2000.AddExecCode("Function BB {=1234 **number} : k=2");
M=M2000.ExecuteStatement("Print 1234, BB(k)");
// wait a key
M2000.AddExecCode("aa$=key$");
var m=[10,10+5,20];
M2000.CallModule("ok" , Inventory.count) ;
n=Inventory.Find("4");
Inventory.Value="Not Ok"
M2000.CallModule("ok" ,Inventory.Value) ;
M2000.CallModule("ok" ,Arr.Count)
Arr.item(4)="George"
Arr.item(1)++;
M2000.CallModule("ok" ,Arr.item(4))
}
Print Alfa1$(4) '' Not Ok.
Print Array$(A, 1) ' 3
Print Array$(A, 4) ' George
Modules ?
\\ BB() and K created from javascript
Print BB(k)
Method vs, "eval", {"hello there"} as X$
Print X$
Method vs, "eval", {"hello there too"} as X$
Print X$
List ' print all variables
Declare vs Nothing
}
CheckJavaScript
Call A System Function (Win32)
Declare MessageBox Lib "user32.MessageBoxW" {long alfa, lptext$, lpcaption$, long type}
Print MessageBox(Hwnd, "HELLO THERE", "GEORGE", 2)
Remove "user32"Make, use and remove a C Dll at runtime
H C dll to produce an array of primes. We can
Module checkit {
Static DisplayOnce=0
N=100000
Read ? N
Form 60
Pen 14
Background { Cls 5}
Cls 5
\\ use f1 do unload lib - because only New statemend unload it
FKEY 1,"save ctst1:new:load ctst1"
\\ We use a function as string container, because c code can easy color decorated in M2000.
Function ccode {
long primes(long a[], long b)
{
long k=2;
long k2,d=2, l, i;
k2=k*k;
if (b>2)
{
if (k2<b)
{
do {
for (l=k2; l<=b; l+=k)
a[l]--;
k++;
while (a[k])
k++;
k2=k*k;
} while (k2<=b);
}
for (i=2;i<=b;i++)
{
if (a[i]==0)
{
a[d]=i ; d++ ;
}
}
}
else {
if (b>1)
{
if (b>2)
{
d=2; a[0]=2; a[1]=3 ;
}
else {
d=1; a[0]=2;
}
}
}
a[b+1]=d;
return 0;
}
}
\\ extract code. &functionname() is a string with the code inside "{ }"
\\ a reference to function actual is code of function in m2000
\\ using Document object we have an easy way to drop paragraphs
document code$=Mid$(&ccode(), 2, len(&ccode())-2)
\\ remove 1st line two times \\ one line for an edit information from interpreter
\\ paragraph$(code$, 1) export paragraph 1st,using third parameter -1 means delete after export.
drop$=paragraph$(code$,1,-1)+paragraph$(code$,1,-1)
If DisplayOnce Else {
Report 2, "c code for primes"
Report code$ \\ report stop after 3/4 of screen lines use. Press spacebar or mouse button to continue
DisplayOnce++
}
\\ dos "del c:\MyName.*", 200;
If not exist("c:\MyName.dll") then {
Report 2, "Now we have to make a dll"
Rem : Load Make \\ we can use a Make.gsb in current folder - this is the user folder for now
Module MAKE ( fname$, code$, timeout ) {
if timeout<1000 then timeout=1000
If left$(fname$,2)="My" Else Error "Not proper name - use 'My' as first two letters"
Print "Delete old files"
try { remove "c:\MyName" }
Dos "del c:\"+fname$+".*", timeout;
Print "Save c file"
Open "c:\"+fname$+".c" for output as F \\ use of non unicode output
Print #F, code$
Close #F
\\ use these two lines for opening dos console and return to M2000 command line
rem : Dos "cd c:\ && gcc -c -DBUILD_DLL "+fname$+".c"
rem : Error "Check for errors"
\\ by default we give a time to process dos command and then continue
Print "make object file"
dos "cd c:\ && gcc -c -DBUILD_DLL "+fname$+".c" , timeout;
if exist("c:\"+fname$+".o") then {
Print "make dll"
dos "cd c:\ && gcc -shared -o "+fname$+".dll "+fname$+".o -Wl,--out-implib,libmessage.a", timeout;
} else Error "No object file - Error"
if not exist("c:\"+fname$+".dll") then Error "No dll - Error"
}
Make "MyName", code$, 1000
}
Declare primes lib c "c:\MyName.primes" {long c, long d} \\ c after lib mean CDecl call
\\ So now we can check error
\\ make a Buffer (add two more longs for any purpose)
Buffer Clear A as Long*(N+2) \\ so A(0) is base address, of an array of 100002 long (unsign for M2000).
\\ profiler enable a timecount
profiler
Call primes(A(0), N)
m=timecount
total=Eval(A,N+1)-2
Clear Yes, No
Print "Press Y or N to display or not the primes"
Repeat {
Yes=keypress(89) : No=Keypress(78)
wait 10
} Until Yes or No
If Yes then {
Form 80,50
Refresh
For i=2 to total+1
Print Eval(A,i),
next i
Print
}
Print format$("Compute {0} primes in range 1 to {1}, in msec:{2:3}", total, N, m)
\\ unload dll, we have to use exactly the same name, as we use it in declare except for last chars ".dll"
remove "c:\MyName"
}
checkitMaple
We can call strdup, as requested, in the following way
> strdup := define_external( strdup, s::string, RETURN::string, LIB = "/lib/libc.so.6" ):
> strdup( "foo" );
"foo"However, this doesn't make a lot of sense in Maple, since there can be only one copy of any Maple string in memory. Moreover, I don't see any easy way to free the memory allocated by strdup. A more sensible example for Maple follows. (It might be sensible if you wanted to compare your system library version of sin with the one built-in to Maple, for instance.)
> csin := define_external( sin, s::float[8], RETURN::float[8], LIB = "libm.so" );
csin := proc(s::numeric)
option call_external, define_external(sin, s::float[8],
RETURN::float[8], LIB = "libm.so");
call_external(
Array(1..8, [...], datatype = integer[4], readonly), false,
args)
end proc
> csin( evalf( Pi / 2 ) );
1.Mathematica /Wolfram Language
This works on windows and on linux/mac (through Mono)
Needs["NETLink`"];
externalstrdup = DefineDLLFunction["_strdup", "msvcrt.dll", "string", {"string"}];
Print["Duplicate: ", externalstrdup["Hello world!"]]
output
Duplicate: Hello world!
Also there is ExternalEvaluate that can call many other languages.
Maxima
/* Maxima is written in Lisp and can call Lisp functions.
Use load("funcs.lisp"), or inside Maxima: */
to_lisp();
> (defun $f (a b) (+ a b))
> (to-maxima)
f(5, 6);
11
Mercury
Mercury is designed to interact sensibly with foreign code, even while keeping itself as pure and as safe as is possible in such circumstances. Here is an example of calling C's strdup() function from within Mercury:
:- module test_ffi.
:- interface.
:- import_module io.
:- pred main(io::di, io::uo) is det.
:- implementation.
% The actual FFI code begins here.
:- pragma foreign_decl("C", "#include <string.h>").
:- func strdup(string::in) = (string::out) is det.
:- pragma foreign_proc("C", strdup(S::in) = (SD::out),
[will_not_call_mercury, not_thread_safe, promise_pure],
"SD = strdup(S);").
% The actual FFI code ends here.
main(!IO) :-
io.write_string(strdup("Hello, worlds!\n"), !IO).
:- end_module test_ffi.Only the lines wrapped in comments matter for this. The rest is an application skeleton so this can be compiled and tested.
The first pragma, foreign_decl, inserts C code into the output of the compiler. Here the C function's type is declared. Other things that can be put in this pragma include globally-accessed macros, function declarations, variable declarations, etc.
After this the Mercury strdup/1 function itself is declared. For purposes of exposition it has been declared fully with types and modes. The modes, however, are redundant since by default functions in Mercury have all input parameters and an output return value. Also, the determinism is declared which is again redundant. By default Mercury functions are deterministic. That line could easily have been written thusly instead:
:- func strdup(string) = string.The next block of code is the foreign_proc pragma declaration. In this declaration the language ("C") is declared, the footprint of the function is again provided, this time with variable names and modes but without the determinism, a set of properties is declared and the actual C code to be executed is provided. This last piece is trivial, but the properties themselves are worth looking more closely at.
Flagging appropriate properties to foreign language code is vital to the efficient and safe execution of foreign functions. Here we are saying that the foreign code will not be calling back in to the Mercury runtime (will_not_call_mercury), should not be called in parallel (not_thread_safe) and that the C function is "pure" and has no (visible) side effects (promise_pure). Each of these has implications for efficiency and safety; the Mercury compiler will generate the best code possible within the properties' provided constraints.
Of note is that no separate C source file needs to be provided. The compiler takes care of putting in all the required boilerplate code necessary to conform to the specifications provided. The resulting code can be treated as much a part of the program as any native Mercury code would be: types, modes, determinism, purity, etc. all managed similarly.
Modula-2
The first file (Vga.c) creates the function prototypes.
#include <vga.h>
int Initialize (void)
{
if ( vga_init () == 0 )
return 1;
else
return 0;
}
void SetMode (int newmode)
{
vga_setmode (newmode);
}
int GetMode (void)
{
return vga_getcurrentmode ();
}
int MaxWidth (void)
{
return vga_getxdim ();
}
int MaxHeight (void)
{
return vga_getydim ();
}
void Clear (void)
{
vga_clear ();
}
void SetColour (int colour)
{
vga_setcolor (colour);
}
void SetEGAcolour (int colour)
{
vga_setegacolor (colour);
}
void SetRGB (int red, int green, int blue)
{
vga_setrgbcolor (red, green, blue);
}
void DrawLine (int x0, int y0, int dx, int dy)
{
vga_drawline (x0, y0, x0 + dx, y0 + dy);
}
void Plot (int x, int y)
{
vga_drawpixel (x, y);
}
int ThisColour (int x, int y)
{
return vga_getpixel (x, y);
}
void GetKey (char *ch)
{
*ch = vga_getkey ();
}
The next file is the definition module, but in this context it is called a FOREIGN MODULE.
FOREIGN MODULE Vga;
TYPE EGAcolour = (black, blue, green, cyan, red, pink, brown, white,
GREY, BLUE, GREEN, CYAN, RED, MAGENTA, YELLOW, WHITE);
PROCEDURE Initialize () : BOOLEAN;
PROCEDURE MaxWidth () : CARDINAL;
PROCEDURE MaxHeight () : CARDINAL;
PROCEDURE Clear;
PROCEDURE SetColour (colour : CARDINAL);
PROCEDURE SetEGAcolour (colour : CARDINAL);
PROCEDURE SetRGB (red, green, blue : CARDINAL);
PROCEDURE DrawLine (x0, y0, dx, dy : CARDINAL);
PROCEDURE Plot (x, y : CARDINAL);
PROCEDURE ThisColour (x, y : CARDINAL) : CARDINAL;
PROCEDURE SetMode (newmode : CARDINAL);
PROCEDURE GetMode () : CARDINAL;
PROCEDURE GetKey (VAR ch : CHAR);
END Vga.
The third file is an example program.
MODULE svg01;
FROM InOut IMPORT Read, Write, WriteBf, WriteString;
IMPORT Vga;
VAR OldMode, x, y : CARDINAL;
ch : CHAR;
BEGIN
IF Vga.Initialize () = FALSE THEN
WriteString ('Could not start SVGAlib libraries. Aborting...');
WriteBf;
HALT
END;
OldMode := Vga.GetMode ();
Vga.SetMode (4);
Vga.SetColour (14);
Vga.Clear ();
Vga.SetColour (10);
FOR y := 125 TO 175 DO
FOR x := 100 TO 500 DO
Vga.Plot (x, y)
END
END;
LOOP
Read (ch);
IF ch = 'X' THEN EXIT END
END;
Vga.SetMode (OldMode);
Write (ch);
WriteBf;
END svg01.
Modula-3
Modula-3 provides many predefined interfaces to C files. Here we use Cstring which uses C string functions. Note we have to convert strings of type TEXT into C strings (NULL terminated character arrays). Also note the code requires the UNSAFE keyword because it interfaces with C (which is unsafe).
UNSAFE MODULE Foreign EXPORTS Main;
IMPORT IO, Ctypes, Cstring, M3toC;
VAR string1, string2: Ctypes.const_char_star;
BEGIN
string1 := M3toC.CopyTtoS("Foobar");
string2 := M3toC.CopyTtoS("Foobar2");
IF Cstring.strcmp(string1, string2) = 0 THEN
IO.Put("string1 = string2\n");
ELSE
IO.Put("string1 # string2\n");
END;
M3toC.FreeCopiedS(string1);
M3toC.FreeCopiedS(string2);
END Foreign.
Output:
string1 # string2
Mosaic
import clib
importdll msvcrt =
clang function "_strdup" (ref char)ref char
end
proc start=
[]char str:=z"hello strdup"
ref char str2
str2:=_strdup(&.str)
println str2
endNever
Never includes libffi for access to foreign functions, but currently only supports very basic types, int, float, string. strdup will work, but the voidness of free is not yet supported. This solution uses some of the Math functions in libm instead.
extern "libm.so.6" func sinhf(x : float) -> float
extern "libm.so.6" func coshf(x : float) -> float
extern "libm.so.6" func powf(base : float, exp : float) -> float
extern "libm.so.6" func atanf(x : float) -> float
func main() -> int
{
var v1 = sinhf(1.0);
var v2 = coshf(1.0);
var v3 = powf(10.0, 2.0);
var pi = 4.0 * atanf(1.0);
printf(v1);
printf(v2);
printf(v3);
printf(pi);
printf(sinhf(1.0));
0
}
- Output:
prompt$ never -f callffi.nev 1.18 1.54 100.00 3.14 1.18
NewLISP
newLISP has two FFI APIs. The simple API needs no type specifiers but is limited to integers and pointers. The extended API can specify types for return values and parameters and can also be used for floats and structs.
; simple FFI interface on Mac OSX
(import "libc.dylib" "strdup")
(println (get-string (strdup "hello world")))
; or extended FFI interface on Mac OSX
(import "libc.dylib" "strdup" "char*" "char*")
(println (strdup "hello world"))
Nim
Since Nim compiles to C by default, this task is easily done:
proc strcmp(a, b: cstring): cint {.importc: "strcmp", nodecl.}
echo strcmp("abc", "def")
echo strcmp("hello", "hello")
proc printf(formatstr: cstring) {.header: "<stdio.h>", varargs.}
var x = "foo"
printf("Hello %d %s!\n", 12, x)
OCaml
Outline of what is linked against
For the hypothetical C library that contains functions described by a header file with this in:
void myfunc_a();
float myfunc_b(int, float);
char *myfunc_c(int *, int);
The header file is named "mylib.h", and linked against the library with -lmylib and compiled with -I/usr/include/mylib.
Required files
Here are provided all the files, including a Makefile.
file "mylib.ml":
external myfunc_a: unit -> unit = "caml_myfunc_a"
external myfunc_b: int -> float -> float = "caml_myfunc_b"
external myfunc_c: int array -> string = "caml_myfunc_c"
file "wrap_mylib.c":
#include <caml/mlvalues.h>
#include <caml/alloc.h>
#include <mylib.h>
CAMLprim value
caml_myfunc_a(value unit) {
myfunc_a();
return Val_unit;
}
CAMLprim value
caml_myfunc_b(value a, value b) {
float c = myfunc_b(Int_val(a), Double_val(b));
return caml_copy_double(c);
}
CAMLprim value
caml_myfunc_c(value ml_array) {
int i, len;
int *arr;
char *s;
len = Wosize_val(ml_array);
arr = malloc(len * sizeof(int));
for (i=0; i < len; i++) {
arr[i] = Int_val(Field(ml_array, i));
}
s = myfunc_c(arr, len);
free(arr);
return caml_copy_string(s);
}
the Makefile:
(replace spaces by tabs)
wrap_mylib.o: wrap_mylib.c
ocamlc -c -ccopt -I/usr/include/mylib $<
dllmylib_stubs.so: wrap_mylib.o
ocamlmklib -o mylib_stubs $< -lmylib
mylib.mli: mylib.ml
ocamlc -i $< > $@
mylib.cmi: mylib.mli
ocamlc -c $<
mylib.cmo: mylib.ml mylib.cmi
ocamlc -c $<
mylib.cma: mylib.cmo dllmylib_stubs.so
ocamlc -a -o $@ $< -dllib -lmylib_stubs -cclib -lmylib
mylib.cmx: mylib.ml mylib.cmi
ocamlopt -c $<
mylib.cmxa: mylib.cmx dllmylib_stubs.so
ocamlopt -a -o $@ $< -cclib -lmylib_stubs -cclib -lmylib
clean:
rm -f *.[oa] *.so *.cm[ixoa] *.cmxa
the file mylib.cma is used for the interpreted and bytecode modes, and mylib.cmxa is for the native mode.
Using ocaml-ctypes
There is another solution for calling C functions from a C library which is to use ocaml-ctypes. We can then define bindings by writing only OCaml code without any C stubs. The equivalent for wrapping the previous hypothetical C library will be:
open Ctypes
open Foreign
let myfunc_a = foreign "myfunc_a" (void @-> returning void)
let myfunc_b = foreign "myfunc_b" (int @-> float @-> returning float)
let myfunc_c = foreign "myfunc_c" (ptr void @-> int @-> returning string)
let myfunc_c lst =
let arr = CArray.of_list int lst in
myfunc_c (to_voidp (CArray.start arr)) (CArray.length arr)
;;
Ol
(import (otus ffi))
(define self (load-dynamic-library #f))
(define strdup (self type-string "strdup" type-string))
(print (strdup "Hello World!"))
Windows has no a "strdup" function, so windows version should look like this.
(import (otus ffi))
(if (not (has? *features* 'Windows))
(print "The host platform is not a Windows!"))
(define self (load-dynamic-library "shlwapi.dll"))
(define strdup (self type-string "StrDupA" type-string))
(print (strdup "Hello World!"))
Note: this simplest way is not freeing allocated by "strdup" function string.
Ol provides a way to call ol functions directly from native code (means callbacks).
; The sample usage of GTK3+ library
(import (otus ffi)
(lib glib-2)
(lib gtk-3))
(define print_hello (vm:pin (cons
(list GtkWidget* gpointer)
(lambda (widget userdata)
(print "hello")
TRUE
))))
(define activate (vm:pin (cons
(list GtkApplication* gpointer)
(lambda (app userdata)
(define window (gtk_application_window_new app))
(print "window: " window)
(gtk_window_set_title window "Window")
(gtk_window_set_default_size window 200 200)
(define button_box (gtk_button_box_new GTK_ORIENTATION_HORIZONTAL))
(gtk_container_add window button_box)
(define button (gtk_button_new_with_label "Hello World"))
(g_signal_connect button "clicked" (G_CALLBACK print_hello) NULL)
(gtk_container_add button_box button)
(gtk_widget_show_all window)
))))
(define app (gtk_application_new (c-string "org.gtk.example") G_APPLICATION_FLAGS_NONE))
(g_signal_connect app (c-string "activate") (G_CALLBACK activate) NULL)
(g_application_run app 0 #false)
Odin
package main
import "core:fmt"
foreign import libc "system:c"
@(default_calling_convention="c")
foreign libc {
@(link_name="strdup") cstrdup :: proc(_: cstring) -> cstring ---
@(link_name="free") cfree :: proc(_: rawptr) ---
}
main :: proc() {
s1 : cstring = "hello"
s2 := cstrdup(s1)
fmt.printf("{}\n", s2)
cfree(rawptr(s2))
Oz
First we need to create a so-called "native functor" that converts the arguments and describes the C functions:
#include "mozart.h"
#include <string.h>
OZ_BI_define(c_strdup,1,1)
{
OZ_declareVirtualString(0, s1);
char* s2 = strdup(s1);
OZ_Term s3 = OZ_string(s2);
free( s2 );
OZ_RETURN( s3 );
}
OZ_BI_end
OZ_C_proc_interface * oz_init_module(void)
{
static OZ_C_proc_interface table[] = {
{"strdup",1,1,c_strdup},
{0,0,0,0}
};
return table;
}
Save this file as "strdup.cc". To automate compiling and linking, we need a makefile for ozmake, the Oz build tool. Save this file as "makefile.oz":
makefile(
lib : [
'strdup.o' 'strdup.so'
]
rules:o('strdup.so':ld('strdup.o'))
)Call ozmake in the same directory.
Now we can write some code that uses the wrapped C function (make sure Emacs' working directory is set to the same directory):
declare
[Strdup] = {Module.link ['strdup.so{native}']}
in
{System.showInfo {Strdup.strdup "hello"}}PARI/GP
Of course it is trivial to include C functions in PARI, and not uncommon. C++ functions are similar, as PARI is written in a C++-friendly style. The system and install commands allow foreign-language functions to be called from within gp.
Pascal
See Delphi
Perl
Perl code calls a C function c_dup() passing a string 'Hello' as an argument, which gets transparently converted to a C string, the c_dup() function makes a copy of that string using strdup() function, stores pointer to the copy in the copy variable and returns it. The returned char pointer gets converted transparently to a Perl string value and gets returned to the calling Perl code which prints it. Then the Perl code calls a C function c_free() to free the allocated memory. Both of the C functions are defined inline in the Perl program and are automatically compiled (only once, unless they change) and linked at runtime. Here is the entire program:
use Inline C => q{
char *copy;
char * c_dup(char *orig) {
return copy = strdup(orig);
}
void c_free() {
free(copy);
}
};
print c_dup('Hello'), "\n";
c_free();
Another example, instead of returning the copy to Perl code it prints it using C printf:
use Inline C => q{
void c_hello (char *text) {
char *copy = strdup(text);
printf("Hello, %s!\n", copy);
free(copy);
}
};
c_hello 'world';
Phix
The foreign language functions must be compiled to .dll (or .so) form.
Using standard winapi routines to demonstrate the mechanism, this stuff is normally done once in
a library component which can be re-used in different applications.
See also builtins/cffi.e, a text-based C interface that handles C-style structs, unions, and function declarations directly.
without js -- not from a browser, mate! constant shlwapi = open_dll("shlwapi.dll"), kernel32 = open_dll("kernel32.dll") constant xStrDup = define_c_func(shlwapi,"StrDupA",{C_PTR},C_PTR), xLocalFree = define_c_func(kernel32,"LocalFree",{C_PTR},C_PTR) constant HelloWorld = "Hello World!" atom pMem = c_func(xStrDup,{HelloWorld}) ?peek_string(pMem) assert(c_func(xLocalFree,{pMem})==NULL)
- Output:
"Hello World!"
PHP
PHP 7.4+ has as support to call external C-like functions using extension . See this Windows example:
$ffi = FFI::cdef("char *_strdup(const char *strSource);", "msvcrt.dll");
$cstr = $ffi->_strdup("success");
$str = FFI::string($cstr);
echo $str;
FFI::free($cstr);
PicoLisp
The easiest is to inline the C code. Another possibility would be to write it into a separate shared object file (see "Call a function in a shared library").
There are differences between the 32-bit and 64-bit versions. While the 64-bit version can interface directly to C functions, requires the 32-bit function some glue code.
32-bit version
(load "@lib/gcc.l")
(gcc "str" NIL # The 'gcc' function passes all text
'duptest ) # until /**/ to the C compiler
any duptest(any ex) {
any x = evSym(cdr(ex)); // Accept a symbol (string)
char str[bufSize(x)]; // Create a buffer to unpack the name
char *s;
bufString(x, str); // Upack the string
s = strdup(str); // Make a duplicate
x = mkStr(s); // Build a new Lisp string
free(s); // Dispose the duplicate
return x;
}
/**/
(println 'Duplicate (duptest "Hello world!"))64-bit version
/*
How to create the shared lib/so file:
gcc -c -Wall -Werror -fPIC duptest.c
gcc -shared -o duptest.so duptest.o -Wno-undef
*/
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
extern char * duptest(char * str);
char * duptest(char * str) {
static char * s;
free(s); // We simply dispose the result of the last call
return s = strdup(str);
}
int main() {
}
(prinl "Calling custom so/dll library...")
(set 'A NIL)
(set 'A (native "./duptest.so" "duptest" 'S "abc"))
(prinl "A=" A)
(when (not (= A NIL)) (prinl "Success!"))<out>
Calling custom so/dll library... A=abc Success!
</out>
PL/I
declare strdup entry (character (30) varyingz) options (fastcall16);
put (strdup('hello world') );
Prolog
In SWI-Prolog we need to do two things. First we need to declare a mapping from a Prolog file to a C implementation:
:- module(plffi, [strdup/2]).
:- use_foreign_library(plffi).
This declares a module "plffi" that exports the predicate (not function!) "strdup/2". This predicate has two arguments: the first being the atom being strduped, the second being the duped atom. (You can think of these as an in parameter and an out parameter and be about 2/3 right.)
Then we need to write a C file that gives us the interface to the underlying C function (strdup in this case), mapping the predicate' call to a C function call:
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <SWI-Prolog.h>
static foreign_t pl_strdup(term_t string0, term_t string1)
{
char *input_string, *output_string;
if (PL_get_atom_chars(string0, &input_string))
{
output_string = strdup(input_string);
return PL_unify_atom_chars(string1, output_string);
}
PL_fail;
}
install_t install_plffi()
{
PL_register_foreign("strdup", 2, pl_strdup, 0);
}
This C code provides us with two things. The function install_plffi() is provided to register the name "strdup" and to map it to its C implementation pl_strdup(). Here we're saying that "strdup" has an arity of 2, is implemented by pl_strdup and has no special flags.
The function pl_strdup() is where the action is. First we extract the input string from the first parameter (the in parameter for a slightly inaccurate way of looking at it). If that succeeds, we call C's strdup() function for the output string. We then unify this with the second parameter (the out parameter for that same slightly inaccurate way of thinking).
We compile this very easily:
$ swipl-ld -o plffi -shared plffi.c
Then, from within the SWI-Prolog interactor:
?- [plffi].
% plffi compiled into plffi 0.04 sec, 1,477 clauses
true.
?- strdup('Booger!', X).
X = 'Booger!'.
?- strdup(booger, X).
X = booger.
?- strdup(booger, booger).
true.
?- X = booger, strdup(booger, X).
X = booger.
PureBasic
Here we will use Fasm (flat assembler) to create an object file and then import the function strucase(t.s) As "_strucase@4". The object file is statically linked within the resulting executable. PureBasic supports {Windows, Linux, MacOS}.
; Call_a_foreign_language_function.fasm -> Call_a_foreign_language_function.obj
; the assembler code...
; format COFF or
; format COFF64 classic (DJGPP) variants of COFF file
; format MS COFF or
; format MS COFF64 Microsoft's variants of COFF file
format MS COFF
include "Win32A.Inc"
section ".text" executable readable code
proc strucase stdcall str:dword
xor eax,eax
mov ebx,[str]
strucase_loop:
mov al,byte[ebx]
cmp al,0
jz strucase_is_null_byte
cmp al,'a'
jb strucase_skip
cmp al,'z'
ja strucase_skip
and al,11011111b
strucase_skip:
; mov byte[ebx],al
xchg al,byte[ebx]
inc ebx
jmp strucase_loop
strucase_is_null_byte:
xor eax,eax
mov eax,[str]
ret
endp
public strucase as "_strucase@4"
; the PureBasic code...
Import "Call_a_foreign_language_function.obj"
strucase(t.s) As "_strucase@4"
EndImport
t.s="hElLo WoRld!!"
*r=StrUcase(t.s) ; PureBasic is case-insensitive
; cw(peeks(*r))
Debug peeks(*r)
Sample Output
HELLO WORLD!!
Python
import ctypes
libc = ctypes.CDLL("/lib/libc.so.6")
libc.strcmp("abc", "def") # -1
libc.strcmp("hello", "hello") # 0
Racket
#lang racket/base
(require ffi/unsafe)
(provide strdup)
;; Helper: create a Racket string from a C string pointer.
(define make-byte-string
(get-ffi-obj "scheme_make_byte_string" #f (_fun _pointer -> _scheme)))
;; Take special care not to allow NULL (#f) to be passed as an input,
;; as that will crash strdup.
(define _string/no-null
(make-ctype _pointer
(lambda (x)
(unless (string? x)
(raise-argument-error '_string/no-null "string" x))
(string->bytes/utf-8 x))
;; We don't use _string/no-null as an output type, so don't care:
(lambda (x) x)))
; Make a Scheme string from the C string, and free immediately.
(define _string/free
(make-ctype _pointer
;; We don't use this as an input type, so we don't care.
(lambda (x) x)
(lambda (x)
(cond
[x
(define s (bytes->string/utf-8 (make-byte-string x)))
(free x)
s]
[else
;; We should never get null from strdup unless we're out of
;; memory:
(error 'string/free "Out of memory")]))))
(define strdup
(get-ffi-obj "strdup" #f (_fun _string/no-null -> _string/free)))
;; Let's try it:
(strdup "Hello World!")
Raku
(formerly Perl 6)
use NativeCall;
sub strdup(Str $s --> Pointer) is native {*}
sub puts(Pointer $p --> int32) is native {*}
sub free(Pointer $p --> int32) is native {*}
my $p = strdup("Success!");
say 'puts returns ', puts($p);
say 'free returns ', free($p);
- Output:
Success! puts returns 9 free returns 0
REALbasic
Declare Function CreateFileW Lib "Kernel32" (FileName As WString, DesiredAccess As Integer, ShareMode As Integer, SecurityAttributes As Integer, _
CreateDisposition As Integer, Flags As Integer, Template As Integer) As Integer
Declare Function WriteFile Lib "Kernel32" (fHandle As Integer, writeData As Ptr, numOfBytes As Integer, ByRef numOfBytesWritten As Integer, _
overlapped As Ptr) As Boolean
Declare Function GetLastError Lib "Kernel32" () As Integer
Declare Function CloseHandle Lib "kernel32" (hObject As Integer) As Boolean
Const FILE_SHARE_READ = &h00000001
Const FILE_SHARE_WRITE = &h00000002
Const OPEN_EXISTING = 3
Dim fHandle As Integer = CreateFileW("C:\foo.txt", 0, FILE_SHARE_READ Or FILE_SHARE_WRITE, 0, OPEN_EXISTING, 0, 0)
If fHandle > 0 Then
Dim mb As MemoryBlock = "Hello, World!"
Dim bytesWritten As Integer
If Not WriteFile(fHandle, mb, mb.Size, bytesWritten, Nil) Then
MsgBox("Error Number: " + Str(GetLastError))
End If
Call CloseHandle(fHandle)
Else
MsgBox("Error Number: " + Str(GetLastError))
End If
REXX
The use of the address statement isn't normally required, but it's shown here as an illustrative example.
/*REXX program calls (invoke) a "foreign" (non-REXX) language routine/program. */
cmd = "MODE" /*define the command that is to be used*/
opts= 'CON: CP /status' /*define the options to be used for cmd*/
address 'SYSTEM' cmd opts /*invoke a cmd via the SYSTEM interface*/
/*stick a fork in it, we're all done. */
- output when executing under a Microsoft Windows system in the USA, code pages vary upon the country:
Status for device CON:
----------------------
Code page: 437
Ruby
There are three or four different approaches one can take.
C extension
The most common approach is to write a C extension. It is compiled on installation. It has to be recompiled when the underlying library changes, and sometimes when the Ruby version changes. C extensions are for MRI, and might not work with other Ruby interpreters.
Put rc_strdup.c and extconf.rb in an empty directory. Run ruby extconf.rb then make to build the extension. Put demo.rb in the same directory, then run ruby -I. demo.rb to see if it works. (The -I. finds the extension in the current directory.)
/* rc_strdup.c */
#include <stdlib.h> /* free() */
#include <string.h> /* strdup() */
#include <ruby.h>
static VALUE
rc_strdup(VALUE obj, VALUE str_in)
{
VALUE str_out;
char *c, *d;
/*
* Convert Ruby value to C string. May raise TypeError if the
* value isn't a string, or ArgumentError if it contains '\0'.
*/
c = StringValueCStr(str_in);
/* Call strdup() and perhaps raise Errno::ENOMEM. */
d = strdup(c);
if (d == NULL)
rb_sys_fail(NULL);
/* Convert C string to Ruby string. */
str_out = rb_str_new_cstr(d);
free(d);
return str_out;
}
void
Init_rc_strdup(void)
{
VALUE mRosettaCode = rb_define_module("RosettaCode");
rb_define_module_function(mRosettaCode, "strdup", rc_strdup, 1);
}
# extconf.rb
require 'mkmf'
create_makefile('rc_strdup')
# demo.rb
require 'rc_strdup'
puts RosettaCode.strdup('This string gets duplicated.')
FFI
A recent effort to make it easier to write libraries, portable across platforms and interpreters, led to the creation of a libffi binding simply called ffi for completely dynamic calls.
require 'ffi'
module LibC
extend FFI::Library
ffi_lib FFI::Platform::LIBC
attach_function :strdup, [:string], :pointer
attach_function :free, [:pointer], :void
end
string = "Hello, World!"
duplicate = LibC.strdup(string)
puts duplicate.get_string(0)
LibC.free(duplicate)
Fiddle
Fiddle is part of Ruby's standard library, and is another wrapper for libffi (different from the above FFI module). Fiddle replaces DL in the standard library. DL passed all C values as pointer-size integers, so it didn't work on some platforms. Fiddle uses libffi to pass C values as correct types. Ruby 1.9.2 added Fiddle to the standard library, but scripts needed to mix DL and Fiddle. Ruby 2.0 made Fiddle independent of DL. Ruby 2.2 removed DL, so old scripts don't work now.
require 'fiddle'
# Find strdup(). It takes a pointer and returns a pointer.
strdup = Fiddle::Function
.new(Fiddle::Handle['strdup'],
[Fiddle::TYPE_VOIDP], Fiddle::TYPE_VOIDP)
# Call strdup().
# - It converts our Ruby string to a C string.
# - It returns a Fiddle::Pointer.
duplicate = strdup.call("This is a string!")
puts duplicate.to_s # Convert the C string to a Ruby string.
Fiddle.free duplicate # free() the memory that strdup() allocated.
Fiddle::Importer is also part of Ruby's standard library.
require 'fiddle'
require 'fiddle/import'
module C
extend Fiddle::Importer
dlload Fiddle::Handle::DEFAULT
extern 'char *strdup(char *)'
end
duplicate = C.strdup("This is a string!")
puts duplicate.to_s
Fiddle.free duplicate
RubyInline
Using
package RubyInline, which compiles the inlined code on demand during runtime.
require 'rubygems'
require 'inline'
class InlineTester
def factorial_ruby(n)
(1..n).inject(1, :*)
end
inline do |builder|
builder.c <<-'END_C'
long factorial_c(int max) {
long result = 1;
int i;
for (i = 1; i <= max; ++i)
result *= i;
return result;
}
END_C
end
inline do |builder|
builder.include %q("math.h")
builder.c <<-'END_C'
int my_ilogb(double value) {
return ilogb(value);
}
END_C
end
end
t = InlineTester.new
11.upto(14) {|n| p [n, t.factorial_ruby(n), t.factorial_c(n)]}
p t.my_ilogb(1000)
outputs (note Ruby's implicit use of Bignum past 12!, while C is stuck with a long int):
[11, 39916800, 39916800] [12, 479001600, 479001600] [13, 6227020800, 1932053504] [14, 87178291200, 1278945280] 9
Rust
extern crate libc;
//c function that returns the sum of two integers
extern {
fn add_input(in1: libc::c_int, in2: libc::c_int) -> libc::c_int;
}
fn main() {
let (in1, in2) = (5, 4);
let output = unsafe {
add_input(in1, in2) };
assert!( (output == (in1 + in2) ),"Error in sum calculation") ;
}
Scala
object JNIDemo {
try System.loadLibrary("JNIDemo")
private def callStrdup(s: String)
println(callStrdup("Hello World!"))
}
Smalltalk
The way external functions are declared is different among Smalltalk dialects. However, there are not many situations where you'd need them (and especially not for simple things like strdup).
Object subclass:'CallDemo'!
!CallDemo class methods!
strdup:arg
<cdecl: mustFree char* 'strdup' (char*) module:'libc'>
! !
Transcript showCR:( CallDemo strdup:'Hello' )
Standard ML
local
val libc = Foreign.loadLibrary "libc.so.6"
val sym = Foreign.getSymbol libc "strdup"
in
val strdup = Foreign.buildCall1(sym, (Foreign.cString), Foreign.cString)
end
- Output:
> strdup "test string"; val it = "test string": string >
Stata
Here are examples showing how to build and call from Stata a plugin written in C or Java. See also the entries 29 to 32 in the Programming an estimation command in Stata series by David M. Drukker, on Stata Blog.
Calling C
It's possible to call a C program from Stata using a plugin. A plugin is a C program that is compiled to a DLL, then used as any other command in Stata after being loaded.
As an example let's build a Hilbert matrix in C.
#include <stdlib.h>
#include "stplugin.h"
STDLL stata_call(int argc, char *argv[]) {
int i, j, n = strtol(argv[1], NULL, 0);
for (i = 1; i <= n; i++) {
for (j = 1; j <= n; j++) {
// Don't forget array indices are 1-based in Stata.
SF_mat_store(argv[0], i, j, 1.0/(double)(i+j-1));
}
}
return 0;
}
The DLL can be built from Visual Studio, or in the console with cl /LD hilbertmat.c stplugin.c. With MinGW, compile with gcc -shared stplugin.c hilbertmatrix.c -o hilbertmat.plugin. With Pelles C, compile with cc /Tx64-coff /Ze stplugin.c hilbertmat.c /DLL /OUT:hilbertmat.plugin. The DLL must be renamed with the .plugin extension, and put in a directory visible in adopath.
Declare also an ADO file to call the plugin:
program hilbert
matrix define `1'=J(`2',`2',0)
plugin call hilbertmat, `1' `2'
end
program hilbertmat, plugin
Then, you may call
. hilbert mymat 4
. matrix list mymat
symmetric mymat[4,4]
c1 c2 c3 c4
r1 1
r2 .5 .33333333
r3 .33333333 .25 .2
r4 .25 .2 .16666667 .14285714
Notice the program as is has minimal protection against invalid arguments. Production code should be more careful.
Calling Java
It's possible to call a Java program from Stata using the javacall command. Using the Stata Java API, one can access the current dataset, matrices, macros...
As an example let's build a Hilbert matrix in Java.
import com.stata.sfi.*;
public class HilbertMatrix {
public static int run(String[] args) {
int n, i, j;
n = Integer.parseInt(args[1]);
Matrix.createMatrix(args[0], n, n, 0.0);
for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
for (j = 0; j < n; j++) {
// Unlike Stata and the C API, indices are 0-based in the Java API.
Matrix.storeMatrixAt(args[0], i, j, 1.0/(double)(i+j+1));
}
}
return 0;
}
}
Compile with javac -cp %STATA%\utilities\jar\sfi-api.jar HilbertMatrix.java, assuming %STATA% is the path to the Stata install directory.
In Stata, assuming HilbertMatrix.class resides in K:\java:
. javacall HilbertMatrix run, classpath(K:\java) args(mymat 4)
. matrix list mymat
symmetric mymat[4,4]
c1 c2 c3 c4
r1 1
r2 .5 .33333333
r3 .33333333 .25 .2
r4 .25 .2 .16666667 .14285714
Notice that Mata has the builtin function Hilbert to do the same:
. mata: Hilbert(4)
[symmetric]
1 2 3 4
+---------------------------------------------------------+
1 | 1 |
2 | .5 .3333333333 |
3 | .3333333333 .25 .2 |
4 | .25 .2 .1666666667 .1428571429 |
+---------------------------------------------------------+
Swift
Because Swift uses the Objective-C runtime it is trivial to call C/Objective-C functions directly in Swift.
import Foundation
let hello = "Hello, World!"
let fromC = strdup(hello)
let backToSwiftString = String.fromCString(fromC)Tcl
In this solution, we wrap up the ilogb function from C's math library with critcl so that it becomes one of Tcl's normal functions (assuming Tcl 8.5):
package require critcl
critcl::code {
#include <math.h>
}
critcl::cproc tcl::mathfunc::ilogb {double value} int {
return ilogb(value);
}
package provide ilogb 1.0Note that we do not show strdup here because Tcl manages the memory for strings in complex ways and does not guarantee to preserve string pointers from one call into the C API to the next (e.g., if it has to apply an encoding transformation behind the scenes).
TXR
This is the TXR Lisp interactive listener of TXR 176.
Use the :quit command or type Ctrl-D on empty line to exit.
1> (with-dyn-lib nil
(deffi strdup "strdup" str-d (str)))
#:lib-0177
2> (strdup "hello, world!")
"hello, world!"
The requirement to free the memory is taken care of the semantics of the str-d ("dynamic") variant of the str type. The semantics denotes the passage of ownership of malloc-ed memory across the interface.
When the C-to-Lisp value conversion takes place on the return value, FFI releases the memory, knowing that it has received ownership of it from the function, which entails that responsibility. If the str type were used by mistake, a memory leak would result.
There is no way to use the str family of types, yet do manual memory management; FFI manages automatically. Code that wants to manually manage a foreign resource referenced by pointer should use cptr or carray, depending on required semantics.
V (Vlang)
Note: Vlang also has a C2V transpiler.
#include "stdlib.h"
#include "string.h"
// Declare C functions that will be used.
fn C.strdup(txt &char) &char
fn C.strcat(dest &char, src &char) &char
fn main() {
txt_1 := "Hello World!"
txt_2 := " Let's Wish for Peace!"
// Memory-unsafe operations must be marked as such (unsafe {...}), or won't compile.
unsafe {
dup := C.strdup(txt_1.str)
println('${cstring_to_vstring(dup)}')
addto := C.strcat(dup, txt_2.str)
println('${cstring_to_vstring(addto)}')
// Must manually free memory or program can hang because unsafe.
free(dup)
free(addto)
}
exit(0)
}- Output:
Hello World! Hello World! Let's Wish for Peace!
Wren
Although RC task solutions are usually written for execution by Wren CLI, the language's main purpose is for embedding and the embedding API is written in C. It is therefore a relative easy matter to call a C function from Wren after first embedding the latter in a suitable C program.
/* Call_a_foreign-language_function.wren */
class C {
foreign static strdup(s)
}
var s = "Hello World!"
System.print(C.strdup(s))which we embed in the following C program and run it.
Note that it's safe to free the pointer returned by strdup after passing it to Wren because wrenSetSlotString copies the C string to a new String object managed by Wren’s garbage collector.
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include "wren.h"
void C_strdup(WrenVM* vm) {
const char *s = wrenGetSlotString(vm, 1);
char *t = strdup(s);
wrenSetSlotString(vm, 0, t);
free(t);
}
WrenForeignMethodFn bindForeignMethod(
WrenVM* vm,
const char* module,
const char* className,
bool isStatic,
const char* signature) {
if (strcmp(module, "main") == 0) {
if (strcmp(className, "C") == 0) {
if (isStatic && strcmp(signature, "strdup(_)") == 0) {
return C_strdup;
}
}
}
return NULL;
}
static void writeFn(WrenVM* vm, const char* text) {
printf("%s", text);
}
void errorFn(WrenVM* vm, WrenErrorType errorType, const char* module, const int line, const char* msg) {
switch (errorType) {
case WREN_ERROR_COMPILE:
printf("[%s line %d] [Error] %s\n", module, line, msg);
break;
case WREN_ERROR_STACK_TRACE:
printf("[%s line %d] in %s\n", module, line, msg);
break;
case WREN_ERROR_RUNTIME:
printf("[Runtime Error] %s\n", msg);
break;
}
}
char *readFile(const char *fileName) {
FILE *f = fopen(fileName, "r");
fseek(f, 0, SEEK_END);
long fsize = ftell(f);
rewind(f);
char *script = malloc(fsize + 1);
fread(script, 1, fsize, f);
fclose(f);
script[fsize] = 0;
return script;
}
int main() {
WrenConfiguration config;
wrenInitConfiguration(&config);
config.writeFn = &writeFn;
config.errorFn = &errorFn;
config.bindForeignMethodFn = &bindForeignMethod;
WrenVM* vm = wrenNewVM(&config);
const char* module = "main";
const char* fileName = "Call_a_foreign-language_function.wren";
char *script = readFile(fileName);
WrenInterpretResult result = wrenInterpret(vm, module, script);
switch (result) {
case WREN_RESULT_COMPILE_ERROR:
printf("Compile Error!\n");
break;
case WREN_RESULT_RUNTIME_ERROR:
printf("Runtime Error!\n");
break;
case WREN_RESULT_SUCCESS:
break;
}
wrenFreeVM(vm);
free(script);
return 0;
}- Output:
Hello World!
X86-64 Assembly
UASM 2.52
Calling C functions in Assembly is trivial at best. It's not anymore complicated than using them in C itself. Strdup for example..
option casemap:none
strdup proto :qword
printf proto :qword, :vararg
exit proto :dword
.data
bstr db "String 1",0
.data?
buff dq ?
.code
main proc
invoke printf, CSTR("Copying %s to buff with strdup using invoke....",10), addr bstr
invoke strdup, addr bstr
mov buff, rax
invoke printf, CSTR("buff now = %s",10), buff
invoke exit, 0
ret
main endp
end
;Now, we could target a specific ABI by assigning the call values to the registers like
;.code
;main proc
; lea rdi, bstr
; call strdup
; mov buff, rax
;main endp
;endLua
Using the liblua that comes with Lua 5.2(?). Assembling is the same as always, Link with a -llua using clang or gcc.
option casemap:none
windows64 equ 1
linux64 equ 3
ifndef __LUA_CLASS__
__LUA_CLASS__ equ 1
LUA_OK equ 0
LUA_YEILD equ 1
LUA_ERRRUN equ 2
LUA_ERRSYNTAX equ 3
LUA_ERRMEM equ 4
;; Lua variable types - defined in lua.h
LUA_TNONE equ -1
LUA_TNIL equ 0
LUA_TBOOL equ 1
LUA_TNUMB equ 3
LUA_TSTRING equ 4
LUA_TFUNC equ 6
LUA_MULTRET equ -1
;; to pop or not to pop, that is the question..
DO_POP equ 1
NO_POP equ 0
if @Platform eq windows64
option dllimport:<kernel32>
GetProcessHeap proto
ExitProcess proto :dword
HeapAlloc proto :qword, :dword, :qword
HeapFree proto :qword, :dword, :qword
option dllimport:none
exit equ ExitProcess
elseif @Platform eq linux64
malloc proto SYSTEMV :qword
free proto SYSTEMV :qword
endif
printf proto :qword, :vararg
exit proto :dword
;; Lua.h funcs
luaL_newstate proto ;; lua_State *luaL_newstate();
lua_gettop proto :qword ;; int lua_getopt(lua_State *L);
lua_close proto :qword ;; void lua_close(lua_State *L);
luaL_openlibs proto :qword ;; int luaL_openlibs(lua_State *L);
lua_pushnil proto :qword ;; void lua_pushnil(lua_State *L);
lua_pushinteger proto :qword, :qword ;; void lua_pushinteger(lua_State *L, lua_Integer arg);
lua_settop proto :qword, :dword ;; int lua_setopt(lua_State *L, int idx);
lua_setglobal proto :qword, :qword ;; void lua_setglobal(lua_State *L, const char *var);
lua_getglobal proto :qword, :qword ;; int lua_getglobal(lua_State *L, const char *gn);
luaL_loadstring proto :qword, :qword ;; int to_loadstring(lua_state *L, const char *string);
lua_pushstring proto :qword, :qword ;; const char *pushstring(lua_State *L, const char *var);
lua_pushboolean proto :qword, :dword ;; void lua_pushboolean(lua_State *L, int b)
lua_isinteger proto :qword, :dword ;; lua_Integer lua_isinteger(lua_State *L, int idx);
lua_tointegerx proto :qword, :dword,:dword ;; lua_Integer lua_tointeger(lua_State *L, int n);
luaL_loadfilex proto :qword, :qword,:dword ;; int luaL_loadfile(lua_State *L, const char *fn, const char *m)
;; void lua_pushcclosure(lua_State *L, lua_CFunction f, int n);
lua_pushccloure proto :qword, :qword, :dword
;; int lua_pcallk(lua_State *L, int argcnt, int results, int errfunc, int context, lua_CFunction k);
lua_pcallk proto :qword, :dword, :dword, :dword, :dword, :dword
CLASS lua_class
CMETHOD run
CMETHOD loadstring
CMETHOD loadfile
CMETHOD setglobal
CMETHOD getglobal
CMETHOD getstate
ENDMETHODS
lua_state qword 0
ENDCLASS
METHOD lua_class, Init, <VOIDARG>, <>
mov rbx, thisPtr
assume rbx:ptr lua_class
invoke luaL_newstate
mov [rbx].lua_state, rax
invoke luaL_openlibs, [rbx].lua_state
.if rax != LUA_OK
invoke printf, CSTR("---> Lua failed to open libs",10)
jmp _ext
.endif
_ext:
mov rax, rbx
assume rbx:nothing
ret
ENDMETHOD
;; dopop = pop off the virtual stack.
METHOD lua_class, run, <VOIDARG>, <>, narg:dword, nret:dword, dopop:word
mov rbx, thisPtr
assume rbx:ptr lua_class
invoke lua_pcallk, [rbx].lua_state, narg, nret, 0, 0, 0
.if rax != LUA_OK
invoke printf, CSTR("--> lua_pcallk failed with %i",10), rax
.else
;; In some cases, we want to pop the top off the stack. But not always
;; so, DO_POP or NO_POP depending..
.if dopop == DO_POP
invoke lua_gettop, [rbx].lua_state
not eax
invoke lua_settop, [rbx].lua_state, eax
.endif
.endif
assume rbx:nothing
ret
ENDMETHOD
METHOD lua_class, loadstring, <VOIDARG>, <>, s:qword
invoke luaL_loadstring, [thisPtr].lua_class.lua_state, s
ret
ENDMETHOD
METHOD lua_class, loadfile, <VOIDARG>, <>, fn:qword
mov rbx, thisPtr
assume rbx:ptr lua_class
invoke luaL_loadfilex, [rbx].lua_class.lua_state, fn, 0
invoke lua_pcallk, [rbx].lua_state, 0, LUA_MULTRET, 0, 0, 0
.if rax == LUA_OK
invoke lua_gettop, [rbx].lua_state
not eax
invoke lua_settop, [rbx].lua_state, eax
.endif
mov rax, 0
assume rbx:nothing
ret
ENDMETHOD
;; lua_class.setglobals(qword ArumentVar, qword ArgumentReferenceName, dword LUA_TTYPE)
;; arg = String(char *) or boolean or integer.
;; an = argument reference name - The name used to reference arg1 from Lua code.
;; t = defined type of argument used.
METHOD lua_class, setglobal, <VOIDARG>, <>, arg:qword, an:qword, t:dword
local targ:qword
local ttype:dword
local tan:qword
mov rbx, thisPtr
assume rbx:ptr lua_class
mov targ, arg
mov ttype, t
mov tan, an
.if ttype == LUA_TNIL
invoke lua_pushnil, [rbx].lua_state
.elseif ttype == LUA_TBOOL
mov rax, targ
invoke lua_pushboolean, [rbx].lua_state, eax
.elseif ttype == LUA_TSTRING
invoke lua_pushstring, [rbx].lua_state, targ
.elseif ttype == LUA_TFUNC
;; Used for a lua function call.. But I'm lazy so, check the
;; Lua docs for info about that...
.else
;; Assumes it's an Integer type. Lua's integers are int or long sized(set in luaconfig.h).
;; so qword sized variable to be safe.
invoke lua_pushinteger, [rbx].lua_state, targ
.endif
invoke lua_setglobal, [rbx].lua_state, tan
assume rbx:nothing
ret
ENDMETHOD
METHOD lua_class, getglobal, <VOIDARG>, <>, gn:qword
invoke lua_getglobal, [thisPtr].lua_class.lua_state, gn
ret
ENDMETHOD
METHOD lua_class, getstate, <VOIDARG>, <>
mov rax, [thisPtr].lua_class.lua_state
ret
ENDMETHOD
METHOD lua_class, Destroy, <VOIDARG>, <>
mov rbx, thisPtr
assume rbx:ptr lua_class
.if [rbx].lua_state != 0
invoke lua_close, [rbx].lua_state
.endif
assume rbx:nothing
ret
ENDMETHOD
endif ;; __LUA_CLASS__
.data
d1 dq 1342
d2 dq 1551
pFile db "addition.lua",0
.code
main proc
local lvm:ptr lua_class
local state:qword
invoke printf, CSTR("-> Attempting to init Lua...",10)
mov lvm, _NEW(lua_class)
lvm->getstate()
mov state, rax
invoke printf, CSTR("-> LVM started, Using loadstring..",10)
lvm->loadstring(CSTR("print('---> Goodbye, world from Lua..')"))
lvm->run(0,0, DO_POP)
lvm->setglobal(CSTR("A string that's global"), CSTR("teststr"), LUA_TSTRING)
lvm->setglobal(12, CSTR("numb"), LUA_TNONE)
lvm->loadstring(CSTR("print('---> Global str: ' .. teststr .. '\n---> Global int: ' .. numb)"))
lvm->run(0, 0, DO_POP)
invoke printf, CSTR("-> Loading lua file...",10)
lea rax, pFile
lvm->loadfile(rax)
.if rax != LUA_OK
invoke printf, CSTR("-> Failed loadfile, returned with: %i",10), rax
jmp _ext
.endif
lvm->getglobal(CSTR("addition"))
.if rax != LUA_TFUNC
invoke printf, CSTR("-> Global wasn't a function",10,"-> Type retruned is: %d",10), rax
jmp _ext
.endif
;; We're just pushing the ints onto the Virtual stack for arguments
invoke lua_pushinteger, state, d1
invoke lua_pushinteger, state, d2
lvm->run(2,1,NO_POP)
.if rax == LUA_OK
invoke lua_isinteger, state, -1
.if rax != 1
invoke printf, CSTR("-> Value is NOT an integer..",10)
jmp _ext
.endif
invoke lua_tointegerx, state, -1, 0
push rax
;; Set the top of the virtual stack to our return value..
invoke lua_settop, state, 1
pop rax
invoke printf, CSTR("-> Return from lua func: %i",10), eax
.else
invoke printf, CSTR("-> lvm->run() failed to call func returned: %i",10), rax
.endif
_ext:
_DELETE(lvm)
mov rax, 0
invoke exit, 0
main endp
endAddition.lua
function addition(a, b)
print('---> Lua calc: ' .. a .. ' + ' .. b .. ' = ' .. a+b)
return a + b
end- Output:
-> Attempting to init Lua... -> LVM started, Using loadstring.. ---> Goodbye, world from Lua.. ---> Global str: A string that's global ---> Global int: 12 -> Loading lua file... ---> Lua calc: 1342 + 1551 = 2893 -> Return from lua func: 2893
NASM
So yeah. This inits Wrens VM in Assembly to call strdup in C. Now PIE(Position independent executable) compliant.
;; libc stuff..
extern printf
extern exit
extern malloc
extern free
extern fopen
extern fclose
extern fread
extern fseek
extern ftell
extern rewind
;; Wren stuff..
extern wrenNewVM
extern wrenInterpret
extern wrenFreeVM
extern wrenGetSlotString
extern wrenSetSlotString
extern wrenInitConfiguration
%define WREN_RESULT_SUCCESS 0
%define WREN_RESULT_COMPILE_ERROR 1
%define WREN_RESULT_RUNTIME_ERROR 2
;; Stuff...
extern C_strdup
;; time saver 'macros' for PIC(mmm, PIE..)
;; These Macros basically end up being exactly what they look
;; like in code, there's very little preprocessing in NASM,
;; unlike M/UASM's macro systems.(Still more than Gas doe..)
%macro xlea 2
lea %1, [rel %2]
%endmacro
%macro xcall 1
call [rel %1 wrt ..got]
%endmacro
section .bss
wrenConfig resb 84
wrenVM resq 1
section .rodata
szmsg db "--> Starting and configuring WrenVM",10,0
sznoargs db "--> ! No args passed. Supply a filename.",10,0
sznofile db "--> ! Invaild file passed.",10,0
szothererr db "--> ! Wren Error, check script...",10,0
szmod db "main",0
pfmt db "%s",0
szread db "r",0 ;; Why does this have to be a string? Seriously.
;; Let this freakshow begin..
section .text
global main
main:
push rbp
mov rbp, rsp
sub rsp, 16
cmp edi, 1 ;; argc
jle _main_noargs ;; if(argc <= 1)
mov rax, qword [rsi+1*8] ;; argv[1] - dun dun dunnnn
mov qword [rbp-8], rax
xlea rdi, szmsg
xcall printf
xlea rdi, wrenConfig
xcall wrenInitConfiguration
xlea rax, wrenConfig
xlea rbx, bindfn
mov qword [rax+24], rbx ;; wrenconfig.WrenBindForeignFn
xlea rbx, writefn
mov qword [rax+40], rbx ;; wrenconfig.WrenWriteFn
xlea rbx, errfn
mov qword [rax+48], rbx ;; wrenconfig.WrenErrorFn
xlea rdi, wrenConfig
xcall wrenNewVM
mov [rel wrenVM], rax
mov rdi, qword [rbp-8]
call srcread
mov qword [rbp-16], rax ;; char *wrenScript;
mov rdx, qword [rbp-16]
xlea rsi, szmod
mov esi, 0
mov rdi, [rel wrenVM]
xcall wrenInterpret
cmp rax, WREN_RESULT_SUCCESS
jg _main_noargs
jmp _main_exit ;; Let's gtfo of dodge.
_main_noargs:
xlea rdi, sznoargs
xcall printf
;; At this point we should free the mem but
;; the program ends so who gives a ....
_main_exit:
add rsp, 16
pop rbp
xor rdi, rdi
xcall exit
ret
;; We only care about the file name once, So.. No keepy keepy.
srcread:
push rbp
mov rbp, rsp
sub rsp, 32
xlea rsi,szread
xcall fopen
cmp rax, 0
jle _srcread_nofile
mov qword [rbp-8], rax ;; file handle.
mov edx, 2 ;; SEEK_END
mov esi, 0
mov rdi, qword [rbp-8]
xcall fseek
mov rdi, qword [rbp-8]
xcall ftell
mov qword [rbp-16], rax
mov rdi, qword [rbp-8]
xcall rewind
mov rax, qword [rbp-16]
add rax, 1
mov rdi, rax
xcall malloc
mov qword [rbp-24], rax
mov rcx, qword [rbp-8] ;; file handle
mov rdx, qword [rbp-16] ;; size
mov esi, 1
mov rdi, qword [rbp-24] ;; buffer
xcall fread
mov rdi, qword [rbp-8]
xcall fclose
mov rcx, qword [rbp-16]
mov rax, qword [rbp-24]
add rax, rcx
mov byte [rax], 0
jmp _srcread_exit
_srcread_nofile:
xlea rdi, sznofile
xcall printf
_srcread_exit:
mov rax, qword [rbp-24]
add rsp, 32
pop rbp
ret
;; Just prints whatever's given to it's one argument.
writefn:
push rbp
mov rbp, rsp
xlea rdi, pfmt
xcall printf
pop rbp
ret
errfn:
push rbp
mov rbp, rsp
xlea rdi, szothererr
xcall printf
pop rbp
ret
;; Still to lazy to do those if checks... -.-
;; I'll do it properly one day, I promise. :]
bindfn:
push rbp
mov rbp, rsp
xlea rax, C_strdup
pop rbp
retstrdup.wren
class C {
foreign static strdup(s)
}
var s = "Goodbye, World!"
System.print(C.strdup(s))strdup.c
void free( void* ptr );
char * strdup( const char *str1 );
typedef struct WrenVM WrenVM;
const char* wrenGetSlotString(WrenVM* vm, int slot);
void wrenSetSlotString(WrenVM* vm, int slot, const char* text);
void C_strdup(WrenVM* vm) {
const char *s = wrenGetSlotString(vm, 1);
char *t = strdup(s);
wrenSetSlotString(vm, 0, t);
free(t);
}- Output:
--> Starting and configuring WrenVM Goodbye, World!
Zig
const std = @import("std");
const c = @cImport({
@cInclude("stdlib.h"); // `free`
@cInclude("string.h"); // `strdup`
});
pub fn main() !void {
const string = "Hello World!";
var copy = c.strdup(string);
try std.io.getStdOut().writer().print("{s}\n", .{copy});
c.free(copy);
}zkl
In my opinion, FFIs are very problematic and it is better, if you really need external functionality, to spend the effort to write a glue library. Certainly a lot more work. And it only works for C or C++.
For this example, I'll use strlen, nice and simple. strdup doesn't make a lot of sense in the zkl world but would illustrate hooking externally malloc()d space into the garbage collector (easy, one call). This example leaves out the huge amount of code that is usually needed to wrap big chunks of functionality into "proper" garbage collected classes but there are several extension libraries that can be copied.
flf.c:
//-*-c-*-
// flf.c, Call a foreign-language function
// export zklRoot=/home/ZKL
// clang -O -fPIC -I $zklRoot/VM -c -o flf.o flf.c
// clang flf.o -L$zklRoot/Lib -lzkl -shared -Wl,-soname,flf.so -o flf.so
#include <string.h>
#include "zklObject.h"
#include "zklMethod.h"
#include "zklString.h"
#include "zklImports.h"
// strlen(str)
static Instance *zkl_strlen(Instance *_,pArglist arglist,pVM vm)
{
Instance *s = arglistGetString(arglist,0,"strlen",vm);
size_t sz = strlen(stringText(s));
return intCreate(sz,vm);
}
static int one;
DllExport void *construct(void *vm)
{
if (!vm) return (void *)ZKLX_PROTOCOL; // handshake
// If this is reloaded, nothing happens except
// construct() is called again so don't reinitialize
if (!one) // static items are zero
{
// do some one time initialization
one = 1;
}
return methodCreate(Void,0,zkl_strlen,vm);
}In use on Linux:
- Output:
$ clang -O -fPIC -I $zklRoot/VM -c -o flf.o flf.c
$ clang flf.o -L$zklRoot/Lib -lzkl -shared -Wl,-soname,flf.so -o flf.so
$ zkl
zkl 1.12.3, released 2016-11-01
zkl: var strlen=Import("./flf.so")
Method(Void.???)
zkl: strlen("this is a test")
14
zkl: strlen(123)
3
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