Grayscale image: Difference between revisions
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=={{header|FutureBasic}}== |
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There are several ways to handle grayscaling images in FB. Here's a function that accepts any of a variety of color images — JPEG, TIFF, PNG, BMP, GIF, etc. — and converts them to grayscale. The function uses a convenient build-in Core Image filter to generate the optimized grayscale image. This code compiles as a standalone application featuring a window with two image views, one showing the original color image, and the other with the converted grayscale image. The app uses a relatively square color image of flowers. It proportionately resizes the image to fit the left hand image view, and displays the converted image in the right hand view. |
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<lang> |
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include resources "flowers.jpg" |
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_window = 1 |
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begin enum output 1 |
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_imageviewColor |
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_imageviewGray |
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end enum |
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void local fn BuildWindow |
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CGRect r = fn CGRectMake( 0, 0, 580, 300 ) |
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window _window, @"Color to Grayscale", r |
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r = fn CGRectMake( 20, 20, 260, 260 ) |
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imageview _imageviewColor, YES, @"flowers.jpg", r, NSImageScaleAxesIndependently, NSImageAlignCenter, NSImageFramePhoto |
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r = fn CGRectMake( 300, 20, 260, 260 ) |
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imageview _imageviewGray, YES, @"flowers.jpg", r, NSImageScaleAxesIndependently, NSImageAlignCenter, NSImageFramePhoto |
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end fn |
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local fn GrayscaleImage( image as ImageRef ) as ImageRef |
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'~'1 |
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CGSize size = fn ImageSize( image ) |
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CGRect bounds = fn CGRectMake( 0, 0, size.width, size.height ) |
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ImageRef finalImage = fn ImageWithSize( size ) |
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CFDataRef dta = fn ImageTIFFRepresentationUsingCompression( image, NSTIFFCompressionNone, 0.0 ) |
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CIImageRef inputImage = fn CIImageWithData( dta ) |
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ImageLockFocus( finalImage ) |
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CIFilterRef filter = fn CIFilterWithNameAndInputParameters( @"CIPhotoEffectMono", @{kCIInputImageKey:inputImage} ) |
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CIImageRef outputCIImage = fn CIFilterOutputImage( filter ) |
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CIImageDrawAtPoint( outputCIImage, CGPointZero, bounds, NSCompositeCopy, 1.0 ) |
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ImageUnlockFocus( finalImage ) |
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end fn = finalImage |
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fn BuildWindow |
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ImageRef colorFlowers |
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ImageRef grayflowers |
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colorFlowers = fn ImageNamed( @"flowers.jpg" ) |
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grayflowers = fn GrayscaleImage( colorFlowers ) |
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ImageViewSetImage( _imageviewGray, grayFlowers ) |
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HandleEvents |
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</lang> |
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Revision as of 15:34, 7 July 2022
You are encouraged to solve this task according to the task description, using any language you may know.
Many image processing algorithms are defined for grayscale (or else monochromatic) images.
- Task
Extend the data storage type defined on this page to support grayscale images.
Define two operations, one to convert a color image to a grayscale image and one for the backward conversion.
To get luminance of a color use the formula recommended by CIE:
L = 0.2126 × R + 0.7152 × G + 0.0722 × B
When using floating-point arithmetic make sure that rounding errors would not cause run-time problems or else distorted results when calculated luminance is stored as an unsigned integer.
11l
<lang 11l>T Colour
Byte r, g, b
F (r, g, b)
.r = r
.g = g
.b = b
F ==(other)
R .r == other.r & .g == other.g & .b == other.b
V black = Colour(0, 0, 0) V white = Colour(255, 255, 255)
T Bitmap
Int width, height Colour background Colour map
F (width = 40, height = 40, background = white)
assert(width > 0 & height > 0)
.width = width
.height = height
.background = background
.map = (0 .< height).map(h -> (0 .< @width).map(w -> @@background))
F fillrect(x, y, width, height, colour = black)
assert(x >= 0 & y >= 0 & width > 0 & height > 0)
L(h) 0 .< height
L(w) 0 .< width
.map[y + h][x + w] = colour
F set(x, y, colour = black)
.map[y][x] = colour
F get(x, y)
R .map[y][x]
F togreyscale()
L(h) 0 .< .height
L(w) 0 .< .width
V (r, g, b) = .get(w, h)
V l = Int(0.2126 * r + 0.7152 * g + 0.0722 * b)
.set(w, h, Colour(l, l, l))
F writeppmp3()
V magic = "P3\n"
V comment = "# generated from Bitmap.writeppmp3\n"
V s = magic‘’comment‘’("#. #.\n#.\n".format(.width, .height, 255))
L(h) (.height - 1 .< -1).step(-1)
L(w) 0 .< .width
V (r, g, b) = .get(w, h)
s ‘’= ‘ #3 #3 #3’.format(r, g, b)
s ‘’= "\n"
R s
V bitmap = Bitmap(4, 4, white) bitmap.fillrect(1, 0, 1, 2, Colour(127, 0, 63)) bitmap.set(3, 3, Colour(0, 127, 31)) print(‘Colour:’) print(bitmap.writeppmp3()) print(‘Grey:’) bitmap.togreyscale() print(bitmap.writeppmp3())</lang>
- Output:
Colour: P3 # generated from Bitmap.writeppmp3 4 4 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 0 127 31 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 127 0 63 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 127 0 63 255 255 255 255 255 255 Grey: P3 # generated from Bitmap.writeppmp3 4 4 255 254 254 254 254 254 254 254 254 254 93 93 93 254 254 254 254 254 254 254 254 254 254 254 254 254 254 254 31 31 31 254 254 254 254 254 254 254 254 254 31 31 31 254 254 254 254 254 254
Action!
Part of the solution is available in RGB2GRAY.ACT.
<lang Action!>INCLUDE "H6:RGB2GRAY.ACT" ;from task Grayscale image
PROC PrintB3(BYTE x)
IF x<10 THEN
Print(" ")
ELSEIF x<100 THEN
Print(" ")
FI
PrintB(x)
RETURN
PROC PrintRgbImage(RgbImage POINTER img)
BYTE x,y RGB c
FOR y=0 TO img.h-1
DO
FOR x=0 TO img.w-1
DO
GetRgbPixel(img,x,y,c)
Put(32)
PrintB3(c.r) Put(32)
PrintB3(c.g) Put(32)
PrintB3(c.b) Put(32)
OD
PutE()
OD
RETURN
PROC PrintGrayImage(GrayImage POINTER img)
BYTE x,y,c
FOR y=0 TO img.h-1
DO
FOR x=0 TO img.w-1
DO
c=GetGrayPixel(img,x,y)
Put(32)
PrintB3(c)
OD
PutE()
OD
RETURN
PROC Main()
BYTE ARRAY rgbdata=[
0 0 0 0 0 255 0 255 0
255 0 0 0 255 255 255 0 255
255 255 0 255 255 255 31 63 127
63 31 127 127 31 63 127 63 31]
BYTE ARRAY graydata(12)
BYTE width=[3],height=[4],LMARGIN=$52,oldLMARGIN
RgbImage rgbimg
GrayImage grayimg
oldLMARGIN=LMARGIN
LMARGIN=0 ;remove left margin on the screen
Put(125) PutE() ;clear the screen
InitRgbToGray()
InitRgbImage(rgbimg,width,height,rgbdata)
InitGrayImage(grayimg,width,height,graydata)
PrintE("Original RGB image:")
PrintRgbImage(rgbimg) PutE()
RgbToGray(rgbimg,grayimg)
PrintE("RGB to grayscale image:")
PrintGrayImage(grayimg) PutE()
GrayToRgb(grayimg,rgbimg)
PrintE("Grayscale to RGB image:")
PrintRgbImage(rgbimg)
LMARGIN=oldLMARGIN ;restore left margin on the screen
RETURN</lang>
- Output:
Screenshot from Atari 8-bit computer
Original RGB image: 0 0 0 0 0 255 0 255 0 255 0 0 0 255 255 255 0 255 255 255 0 255 255 255 31 63 127 63 31 127 127 31 63 127 63 31 RGB to grayscale image: 0 18 182 54 201 73 237 255 61 45 54 74 Grayscale to RGB image: 0 0 0 18 18 18 182 182 182 54 54 54 201 201 201 73 73 73 237 237 237 255 255 255 61 61 61 45 45 45 54 54 54 74 74 74
Ada
<lang ada>type Grayscale_Image is array (Positive range <>, Positive range <>) of Luminance;</lang> Conversion to a grayscale image: <lang ada>function Grayscale (Picture : Image) return Grayscale_Image is
type Extended_Luminance is range 0..10_000_000; Result : Grayscale_Image (Picture'Range (1), Picture'Range (2)); Color : Pixel;
begin
for I in Picture'Range (1) loop
for J in Picture'Range (2) loop
Color := Picture (I, J);
Result (I, J) :=
Luminance
( ( 2_126 * Extended_Luminance (Color.R)
+ 7_152 * Extended_Luminance (Color.G)
+ 722 * Extended_Luminance (Color.B)
)
/ 10_000
);
end loop;
end loop;
return Result;
end Grayscale;</lang> Conversion to a color image: <lang ada>function Color (Picture : Grayscale_Image) return Image is
Result : Image (Picture'Range (1), Picture'Range (2));
begin
for I in Picture'Range (1) loop
for J in Picture'Range (2) loop
Result (I, J) := (others => Picture (I, J));
end loop;
end loop;
return Result;
end Color;</lang>
BASIC256
<lang BASIC256>w = 143 h = 188 name$ = "Mona_Lisa.jpg" graphsize w,h imgload w/2, h/2, name$ fastgraphics
for x = 0 to w-1
for y = 0 to h-1
p = pixel(x,y)
b = p % 256
p = p \256
g = p % 256
p = p \ 256
r = p % 256
l = 0.2126*r + 0.7152*g + 0.0722*b
color rgb(l,l,l)
plot x,y
next y
refresh
next x
imgsave "Grey_"+name$,"jpg"</lang>
BBC BASIC
This uses the formula for gamma-corrected images, which is more appropriate to this task (see discussion page).
<lang bbcbasic> Width% = 200
Height% = 200
VDU 23,22,Width%;Height%;8,16,16,128
*display c:\lena
FOR y% = 0 TO Height%-1
FOR x% = 0 TO Width%-1
rgb% = FNgetpixel(x%,y%)
r% = rgb% >> 16
g% = (rgb% >> 8) AND &FF
b% = rgb% AND &FF
l% = INT(0.3*r% + 0.59*g% + 0.11*b% + 0.5)
PROCsetpixel(x%,y%,l%,l%,l%)
NEXT
NEXT y%
END
DEF PROCsetpixel(x%,y%,r%,g%,b%)
COLOUR 1,r%,g%,b%
GCOL 1
LINE x%*2,y%*2,x%*2,y%*2
ENDPROC
DEF FNgetpixel(x%,y%)
LOCAL col%
col% = TINT(x%*2,y%*2)
SWAP ?^col%,?(^col%+2)
= col%</lang>
C
Definition/interface for a grayscale image.
<lang c>typedef unsigned char luminance; typedef luminance pixel1[1]; typedef struct {
unsigned int width; unsigned int height; luminance *buf;
} grayimage_t; typedef grayimage_t *grayimage;
grayimage alloc_grayimg(unsigned int, unsigned int); grayimage tograyscale(image); image tocolor(grayimage);</lang>
The same as alloc_img, but for grayscale images.
<lang c>grayimage alloc_grayimg(unsigned int width, unsigned int height) {
grayimage img;
img = malloc(sizeof(grayimage_t));
img->buf = malloc(width*height*sizeof(pixel1));
img->width = width;
img->height = height;
return img;
}</lang>
Convert from color image to grayscale image.
<lang c>grayimage tograyscale(image img) {
unsigned int x, y; grayimage timg; double rc, gc, bc, l; unsigned int ofs;
timg = alloc_grayimg(img->width, img->height);
for(x=0; x < img->width; x++)
{
for(y=0; y < img->height; y++)
{
ofs = (y * img->width) + x;
rc = (double) img->buf[ofs][0];
gc = (double) img->buf[ofs][1];
bc = (double) img->buf[ofs][2];
l = 0.2126*rc + 0.7152*gc + 0.0722*bc;
timg->buf[ofs][0] = (luminance) (l+0.5);
}
}
return timg;
}</lang>
And back from a grayscale image to a color image.
<lang c>image tocolor(grayimage img) {
unsigned int x, y; image timg; luminance l; unsigned int ofs;
timg = alloc_img(img->width, img->height);
for(x=0; x < img->width; x++)
{
for(y=0; y < img->height; y++)
{
ofs = (y * img->width) + x;
l = img->buf[ofs][0];
timg->buf[ofs][0] = l;
timg->buf[ofs][1] = l;
timg->buf[ofs][2] = l;
}
}
return timg;
}</lang>
Notes
- tocolor and tograyscale do not free the previous image, so it must be freed normally calling free_img. With a cast we can use the same function also for grayscale images, or we can define something like
<lang c>#define free_grayimg(IMG) free_img((image)(IMG))</lang>
- Luminance is rounded. Since the C implementation is based on unsigned char (256 possible values per components), L can be at most 255.0 and rounding gives 255, as we expect. Changing the color_component type would only change 256, 255.0 and 255 values here written in something else, the code would work the same.
C#
To convert TO grayscale: <lang csharp> Bitmap tImage = new Bitmap("spectrum.bmp");
for (int x = 0; x < tImage.Width; x++) { for (int y = 0; y < tImage.Height; y++) { Color tCol = tImage.GetPixel(x, y);
// L = 0.2126·R + 0.7152·G + 0.0722·B double L = 0.2126 * tCol.R + 0.7152 * tCol.G + 0.0722 * tCol.B; tImage.SetPixel(x, y, Color.FromArgb(Convert.ToInt32(L), Convert.ToInt32(L), Convert.ToInt32(L))); } }
// Save tImage.Save("spectrum2.bmp"); </lang>
Clojure
<lang clojure> (import '[java.io File]
'[javax.imageio ImageIO]
'[java.awt Color]
'[java.awt.image BufferedImage]))
(defn rgb-to-gray [color-image]
(let [width (.getWidth color-image)]
(partition width
(for [x (range width)
y (range (.getHeight color-image))]
(let [rgb (.getRGB color-image x y)
rgb-object (new Color rgb)
r (.getRed rgb-object)
g (.getGreen rgb-object)
b (.getBlue rgb-object)
a (.getAlpha rgb-object)]
;Compute the grayscale value an return it: L = 0.2126·R + 0.7152·G + 0.0722·B
(+ (* r 0.2126) (* g 0.7152) (* b 0.0722)))))))
(defn write-matrix-to-image [matrix filename]
(ImageIO/write
(let [height (count matrix)
width (count (first matrix))
output-image (new BufferedImage width height BufferedImage/TYPE_BYTE_GRAY)]
(doseq [row-index (range height)
column-index (range width)]
(.setRGB output-image column-index row-index (.intValue (nth (nth matrix row-index) column-index))))
output-image)
"png"
(new File filename)))
(println
(write-matrix-to-image
(rgb-to-gray
(ImageIO/read (new File "test.jpg")))
"test-gray-cloj.png"))
</lang>
Common Lisp
Use the function rgb-to-gray-image to convert a rgb-image as loaded by the function defined Bitmap/Read a PPM file#Common Lisp. The package identifier assumes that you have the package as defined in Basic bitmap storage#Common Lisp. With the function grayscale-image-to-pgm-file it is possible to write out the gray image as pgm file which can then be further processed. <lang lisp> (in-package #:rgb-pixel-buffer)
(defun rgb-to-gray-image (rgb-image)
(flet ((rgb-to-gray (rgb-value)
(round (+ (* 0.2126 (rgb-pixel-red rgb-value)) (* 0.7152 (rgb-pixel-green rgb-value)) (* 0.0722 (rgb-pixel-blue rgb-value))))))
(let ((gray-image (make-array (array-dimensions rgb-image) :element-type '(unsigned-byte 8))))
(dotimes (i (array-total-size rgb-image))
(setf (row-major-aref gray-image i) (rgb-to-gray (row-major-aref rgb-image i))))
gray-image)))
(export 'rgb-to-gray-image)
(defun grayscale-image-to-pgm-file (image file-name &optional (max-value 255))
(with-open-file (p file-name :direction :output
:if-exists :supersede)
(format p "P2 ~&~A ~A ~&~A" (array-dimension image 1) (array-dimension image 0) max-value)
(dotimes (i (array-total-size image))
(print (row-major-aref image i) p))))
(export 'grayscale-image-to-pgm-file)
</lang>
Crystal
Extending Basic_bitmap_storage#Crystal <lang ruby>class RGBColour
def to_grayscale luminosity = (0.2126*@red + 0.7152*@green + 0.0722*@blue).to_i self.class.new(luminosity, luminosity, luminosity) end
end
class Pixmap
def to_grayscale
gray = self.class.new(@width, @height)
@width.times do |x|
@height.times do |y|
gray[x,y] = self[x,y].to_grayscale
end
end
gray
end
end</lang>
D
This example uses the bitmap module defined in the Bitmap Task page.
<lang d>module grayscale_image;
import core.stdc.stdio, std.array, std.algorithm, std.string, std.ascii; public import bitmap;
struct Gray {
ubyte c; enum black = typeof(this)(0); enum white = typeof(this)(255); alias c this;
}
Image!Color loadPGM(Color)(Image!Color img, in string fileName) {
static int readNum(FILE* f) nothrow @nogc {
int n;
while (!fscanf(f, "%d ", &n)) {
if ((n = fgetc(f)) == '#') {
while ((n = fgetc(f)) != '\n')
if (n == EOF)
return 0;
} else
return 0;
}
return n;
}
if (img is null)
img = new Image!Color();
auto fin = fopen(fileName.toStringz(), "rb");
scope(exit) if (fin) fclose(fin);
if (!fin)
throw new Exception("Can't open input file.");
if (fgetc(fin) != 'P' ||
fgetc(fin) != '5' ||
!isWhite(fgetc(fin)))
throw new Exception("Not a PGM (PPM P5) image.");
immutable int nc = readNum(fin);
immutable int nr = readNum(fin);
immutable int maxVal = readNum(fin);
if (nc <= 0 || nr <= 0 || maxVal <= 0)
throw new Exception("Wrong input image sizes.");
img.allocate(nc, nr);
auto pix = new ubyte[img.image.length];
immutable count = fread(pix.ptr, 1, nc * nr, fin);
if (count != nc * nr)
throw new Exception("Wrong number of items read.");
pix.copy(img.image); return img;
}
void savePGM(Color)(in Image!Color img, in string fileName)
in {
assert(img !is null);
assert(!fileName.empty);
assert(img.nx > 0 && img.ny > 0 &&
img.image.length == img.nx * img.ny,
"Wrong image.");
} body {
auto fout = fopen(fileName.toStringz(), "wb");
if (fout == null)
throw new Exception("File can't be opened.");
fprintf(fout, "P5\n%d %d\n255\n", img.nx, img.ny);
auto pix = new ubyte[img.image.length];
foreach (i, ref p; pix)
p = cast(typeof(pix[0]))img.image[i];
immutable count = fwrite(pix.ptr, ubyte.sizeof,
img.nx * img.ny, fout);
if (count != img.nx * img.ny)
new Exception("Wrong number of items written.");
fclose(fout);
}
Gray lumCIE(in RGB c) pure nothrow @nogc {
return Gray(cast(ubyte)(0.2126 * c.r +
0.7152 * c.g +
0.0722 * c.b + 0.5));
}
Gray lumAVG(in RGB c) pure nothrow @nogc {
return Gray(cast(ubyte)(0.3333 * c.r +
0.3333 * c.g +
0.3333 * c.b + 0.5));
}
Image!Gray rgb2grayImage(alias Conv=lumCIE)(in Image!RGB im) nothrow {
auto result = new typeof(return)(im.nx, im.ny);
foreach (immutable i, immutable rgb; im.image)
result.image[i] = Conv(rgb);
return result;
}
Image!RGB gray2rgbImage(in Image!Gray im) nothrow {
auto result = new typeof(return)(im.nx, im.ny);
foreach (immutable i, immutable gr; im.image)
result.image[i] = RGB(gr, gr, gr);
return result;
}
version (grayscale_image_main) {
void main() {
auto im1 = new Image!Gray;
im1.loadPGM("lena.pgm");
gray2rgbImage(im1).savePPM6("lena_rgb.ppm");
auto img2 = new Image!RGB;
img2.loadPPM6("quantum_frog.ppm");
img2.rgb2grayImage.savePGM("quantum_frog_grey.pgm");
}
}</lang>
Delphi
Solution in this page [[1]]
Erlang
The code below extends the erlang module on Bitmap task. This module supports RGB and grayscale modes. RGB colors are specified as {rgb, R, G, B} and saved as bytes into an array. Grayscale colors are likewise specified as {gray, L} where L is luminance.
<lang erlang>-module(ros_bitmap).
-export([new/2, fill/2, set_pixel/3, get_pixel/2, convert/2]).
-record(bitmap, {
mode = rgb,
pixels = nil,
shape = {0, 0}
}).
tuple_to_bytes({rgb, R, G, B}) ->
<<R:8, G:8, B:8>>;
tuple_to_bytes({gray, L}) ->
<<L:8>>.
bytes_to_tuple(rgb, Bytes) ->
<<R:8, G:8, B:8>> = Bytes,
{rgb, R, G, B};
bytes_to_tuple(gray, Bytes) ->
<<L:8>> = Bytes,
{gray, L}.
new(Width, Height) ->
new(Width, Height, {rgb, 0, 0, 0}).
new(Width, Height, rgb) ->
new(Width, Height, {rgb, 0, 0, 0});
new(Width, Height, gray) ->
new(Width, Height, {gray, 0, 0, 0});
new(Width, Height, ColorTuple) when is_tuple(ColorTuple) ->
[Mode|Components] = tuple_to_list(ColorTuple),
Bytes = list_to_binary(Components),
#bitmap{
pixels=array:new(Width * Height, {default, Bytes}),
shape={Width, Height},
mode=Mode}.
fill(#bitmap{shape={Width, Height}, mode=Mode}, ColorTuple)
when element(1, ColorTuple) =:= Mode -> new(Width, Height, ColorTuple).
set_pixel(#bitmap{pixels=Pixels, shape={Width, _Height}, mode=Mode}=Bitmap,
{at, X, Y}, ColorTuple) when element(1, ColorTuple) =:= Mode ->
Index = X + Y * Width,
Bitmap#bitmap{pixels=array:set(Index, tuple_to_bytes(ColorTuple), Pixels)}.
get_pixel(#bitmap{pixels=Pixels, shape={Width, _Height}, mode=Mode},
{at, X, Y}) ->
Index = X + Y * Width,
Bytes = array:get(Index, Pixels),
bytes_to_tuple(Mode, Bytes).
luminance(<<R:8, G:8, B:8>>) ->
<<(trunc(R * 0.2126 + G * 0.7152 + B * 0.0722))>>.
%% convert from rgb to grayscale convert(#bitmap{pixels=Pixels, mode=rgb}=Bitmap, gray) ->
Bitmap#bitmap{
pixels=array:map(fun(_I, Pixel) ->
luminance(Pixel) end, Pixels),
mode=gray};
%% convert from grayscale to rgb convert(#bitmap{pixels=Pixels, mode=gray}=Bitmap, rgb)->
Bitmap#bitmap{
pixels=array:map(fun(_I, <<L:8>>) -> <<L:8, L:8, L:8>> end, Pixels),
mode=rgb};
%% no conversion if the mode is the same with the bitmap. convert(#bitmap{mode=Mode}=Bitmap, Mode) ->
Bitmap.
</lang>
Euler Math Toolbox
<lang> >A=loadrgb("mona.jpg"); >insrgb(A); >function grayscale (A) ... ${r,g,b}=getrgb(A); $c=0.2126*r+0.7152*g+0.0722*b; $return rgb(c,c,c); $endfunction >insrgb(grayscale(A)); >insrgb(A|grayscale(A)); </lang>
Euphoria
<lang euphoria>function to_gray(sequence image)
sequence color
for i = 1 to length(image) do
for j = 1 to length(image[i]) do
color = and_bits(image[i][j], {#FF0000,#FF00,#FF}) /
{#010000,#0100,#01} -- unpack color triple
image[i][j] = floor(0.2126*color[1] + 0.7152*color[2] + 0.0722*color[3])
end for
end for
return image
end function
function to_color(sequence image)
for i = 1 to length(image) do
for j = 1 to length(image[i]) do
image[i][j] = image[i][j]*#010101
end for
end for
return image
end function</lang>
Factor
<lang factor>USING: arrays kernel math math.matrices math.vectors ;
- rgb>gray ( matrix -- new-matrix )
[ { 0.2126 0.7152 0.0722 } vdot >integer ] matrix-map ;
- gray>rgb ( matrix -- new-matrix )
[ dup dup 3array ] matrix-map ;</lang>
FBSL
24-bpp BMP-format P.O.T.-size image solution:
<lang qbasic>DIM colored = ".\LenaClr.bmp", grayscale = ".\LenaGry.bmp" DIM head, tail, r, g, b, l, ptr, blobsize = 54 ' sizeof BMP file headers
FILEGET(FILEOPEN(colored, BINARY), FILELEN(colored)): FILECLOSE(FILEOPEN) ' load buffer head = @FILEGET + blobsize: tail = @FILEGET + FILELEN ' set loop bounds
FOR ptr = head TO tail STEP 3 ' transform color triplets b = PEEK(ptr + 0, 1) ' read Windows colors stored in BGR order g = PEEK(ptr + 1, 1) r = PEEK(ptr + 2, 1) l = 0.2126 * r + 0.7152 * g + 0.0722 * b ' derive luminance SETMEM(FILEGET, RGB(l, l, l), ptr - head + blobsize, 3) ' write grayscale NEXT
FILEPUT(FILEOPEN(grayscale, BINARY_NEW), FILEGET): FILECLOSE(FILEOPEN) ' save buffer</lang>
Forth
<lang forth>\ grayscale bitmap (without word-alignment for scan lines)
\ bdim, bwidth, bdata all work with graymaps
- graymap ( w h -- gmp )
2dup * bdata allocate throw dup >r 2! r> ;
- gxy ( x y gmp -- addr )
dup bwidth rot * rot + swap bdata + ;
- g@ ( x y gmp -- c ) gxy c@ ;
- g! ( c x y bmp -- ) gxy c! ;
- gfill ( c gmp -- )
dup bdata swap bdim * rot fill ;
- gshow ( gmp -- )
dup bdim
0 do cr
dup 0 do
over i j rot g@ if [char] * emit else space then
loop
loop
2drop ;
\ RGB <-> Grayscale
- lum>rgb ( 0..255 -- pixel )
dup 8 lshift or dup 8 lshift or ;
- pixel>rgb ( pixel -- r g b )
256 /mod 256 /mod ;
- rgb>lum ( pixel -- 0..255 )
pixel>rgb 722 * swap 7152 * + swap 2126 * + 10000 / ;
- bitmap>graymap ( bmp -- gmp )
dup bdim graymap
dup bdim nip 0 do
dup bwidth 0 do
over i j rot b@ rgb>lum
over i j rot g!
loop
loop nip ;
- graymap>bitmap ( gmp -- bmp )
dup bdim bitmap
dup bdim nip 0 do
dup bwidth 0 do
over i j rot g@ lum>rgb
over i j rot b!
loop
loop nip ;</lang>
Fortran
(These fragments should be added to RCImageBasic module, see Basic bitmap storage)
First let's define a new type; the sc stands for Single Channel, which can be luminance (as it is here).
<lang fortran>type scimage
integer, dimension(:,:), pointer :: channel integer :: width, height
end type scimage</lang>
In order to allow proper overloading, the following subroutines of the storage should be renamed appending the _rgb suffix: valid_image, inside_image, alloc_img, free_img, fill_img, get_pixel, put_pixel, init_img. The single channel version would be named with the _sc suffix, then we should define the proper interfaces to use the already written code as before. Here there are only the interfaces and subroutines needed for the task.
<lang fortran>interface alloc_img
module procedure alloc_img_rgb, alloc_img_sc
end interface
interface free_img
module procedure free_img_rgb, free_img_sc
end interface</lang>
Now we can define useful interfaces and subroutines more task-related:
<lang fortran>interface assignment(=)
module procedure rgbtosc, sctorgb
end interface</lang>
<lang fortran>subroutine alloc_img_sc(img, w, h)
type(scimage) :: img integer, intent(in) :: w, h
allocate(img%channel(w, h)) img%width = w img%height = h
end subroutine alloc_img_sc
subroutine free_img_sc(img)
type(scimage) :: img
if ( associated(img%channel) ) deallocate(img%channel)
end subroutine free_img_sc
subroutine rgbtosc(sc, colored)
type(rgbimage), intent(in) :: colored type(scimage), intent(inout) :: sc
if ( ( .not. valid_image(sc) ) .and. valid_image(colored) ) then
call alloc_img(sc, colored%width, colored%height)
end if
if ( valid_image(sc) .and. valid_image(colored) ) then
sc%channel = floor(0.2126*colored%red + 0.7152*colored%green + &
0.0722*colored%blue)
end if
end subroutine rgbtosc
subroutine sctorgb(colored, sc)
type(scimage), intent(in) :: sc type(rgbimage), intent(inout) :: colored
if ( ( .not. valid_image(colored) ) .and. valid_image(sc) ) then
call alloc_img_rgb(colored, sc%width, sc%height)
end if
if ( valid_image(sc) .and. valid_image(colored) ) then
colored%red = sc%channel
colored%green = sc%channel
colored%blue = sc%channel
end if
end subroutine sctorgb</lang>
Usage example (fragment) which can be used to convert from rgb image to grayscale image and back (since we only can output the rgb kind):
<lang fortran>type(scimage) :: gray type(rgbimage) :: animage
! ... here we "load" or create animage ! while gray must be created or initialized to null ! or errors can arise... call init_img(gray) gray = animage animage = gray call output_ppm(an_unit, animage)</lang>
Fōrmulæ
Fōrmulæ programs are not textual, visualization/edition of programs is done showing/manipulating structures but not text. Moreover, there can be multiple visual representations of the same program. Even though it is possible to have textual representation —i.e. XML, JSON— they are intended for storage and transfer purposes more than visualization and edition.
Programs in Fōrmulæ are created/edited online in its website, However they run on execution servers. By default remote servers are used, but they are limited in memory and processing power, since they are intended for demonstration and casual use. A local server can be downloaded and installed, it has no limitations (it runs in your own computer). Because of that, example programs can be fully visualized and edited, but some of them will not run if they require a moderate or heavy computation/memory resources, and no local server is being used.
In this page you can see the program(s) related to this task and their results.
FreeBASIC
<lang freebasic>Dim As Integer ancho = 143, alto = 188, x, y, p, red, green, blue, luminancia Dim As String imagen = "Mona_Lisa.bmp" Screenres ancho,alto,32 Bload imagen
For x = 0 To ancho-1
For y = 0 To alto-1
p = Point(x,y)
red = p Mod 256
p = p \ 256
green = p Mod 256
p = p \ 256
blue = p Mod 256
luminancia = 0.2126*red + 0.7152*green + 0.0722*blue
Pset(x,y), Rgb(luminancia,luminancia,luminancia)
Next y
Next x
Bsave "Grey_"+imagen+".bmp",0 Sleep</lang>
- Output:
Igual que la entrada de BASIC256
FutureBasic
There are several ways to handle grayscaling images in FB. Here's a function that accepts any of a variety of color images — JPEG, TIFF, PNG, BMP, GIF, etc. — and converts them to grayscale. The function uses a convenient build-in Core Image filter to generate the optimized grayscale image. This code compiles as a standalone application featuring a window with two image views, one showing the original color image, and the other with the converted grayscale image. The app uses a relatively square color image of flowers. It proportionately resizes the image to fit the left hand image view, and displays the converted image in the right hand view. <lang> include resources "flowers.jpg"
_window = 1 begin enum output 1 _imageviewColor _imageviewGray end enum
void local fn BuildWindow
CGRect r = fn CGRectMake( 0, 0, 580, 300 ) window _window, @"Color to Grayscale", r
r = fn CGRectMake( 20, 20, 260, 260 ) imageview _imageviewColor, YES, @"flowers.jpg", r, NSImageScaleAxesIndependently, NSImageAlignCenter, NSImageFramePhoto
r = fn CGRectMake( 300, 20, 260, 260 ) imageview _imageviewGray, YES, @"flowers.jpg", r, NSImageScaleAxesIndependently, NSImageAlignCenter, NSImageFramePhoto end fn
local fn GrayscaleImage( image as ImageRef ) as ImageRef '~'1 CGSize size = fn ImageSize( image ) CGRect bounds = fn CGRectMake( 0, 0, size.width, size.height ) ImageRef finalImage = fn ImageWithSize( size ) CFDataRef dta = fn ImageTIFFRepresentationUsingCompression( image, NSTIFFCompressionNone, 0.0 ) CIImageRef inputImage = fn CIImageWithData( dta )
ImageLockFocus( finalImage ) CIFilterRef filter = fn CIFilterWithNameAndInputParameters( @"CIPhotoEffectMono", @{kCIInputImageKey:inputImage} ) CIImageRef outputCIImage = fn CIFilterOutputImage( filter ) CIImageDrawAtPoint( outputCIImage, CGPointZero, bounds, NSCompositeCopy, 1.0 ) ImageUnlockFocus( finalImage ) end fn = finalImage
fn BuildWindow
ImageRef colorFlowers ImageRef grayflowers
colorFlowers = fn ImageNamed( @"flowers.jpg" ) grayflowers = fn GrayscaleImage( colorFlowers ) ImageViewSetImage( _imageviewGray, grayFlowers )
HandleEvents </lang>
Go
<lang go>package raster
import (
"math" "math/rand"
)
// Grmap parallels Bitmap, but with an element type of uint16 // in place of Pixel. type Grmap struct {
Comments []string rows, cols int px []uint16 pxRow [][]uint16
}
// NewGrmap constructor. func NewGrmap(x, y int) (b *Grmap) {
g := &Grmap{
Comments: []string{creator}, // creator a const in bitmap source file
rows: y,
cols: x,
px: make([]uint16, x*y),
pxRow: make([][]uint16, y),
}
x0, x1 := 0, x
for i := range g.pxRow {
g.pxRow[i] = g.px[x0:x1]
x0, x1 = x1, x1+x
}
return g
}
func (b *Grmap) Extent() (cols, rows int) {
return b.cols, b.rows
}
func (g *Grmap) Fill(c uint16) {
for i := range g.px {
g.px[i] = c
}
}
func (g *Grmap) SetPx(x, y int, c uint16) bool {
defer func() { recover() }()
g.pxRow[y][x] = c
return true
}
func (g *Grmap) GetPx(x, y int) (uint16, bool) {
defer func() { recover() }()
return g.pxRow[y][x], true
}
// Grmap method of Bitmap, converts (color) Bitmap to (grayscale) Grmap func (b *Bitmap) Grmap() *Grmap {
g := NewGrmap(b.cols, b.rows)
g.Comments = append([]string{}, b.Comments...)
for i, p := range b.px {
g.px[i] = uint16((int64(p.R)*2126 + int64(p.G)*7152 + int64(p.B)*722) *
math.MaxUint16 / (math.MaxUint8 * 10000))
}
return g
}
// Bitmap method Grmap, converts Grmap to Bitmap. All pixels in the resulting // color Bitmap will be (very nearly) shades of gray. func (g *Grmap) Bitmap() *Bitmap {
b := NewBitmap(g.cols, g.rows)
b.Comments = append([]string{}, g.Comments...)
for i, p := range g.px {
roundedSum := int(p) * 3 * math.MaxUint8 / math.MaxUint16
rounded := uint8(roundedSum / 3)
remainder := roundedSum % 3
b.px[i].R = rounded
b.px[i].G = rounded
b.px[i].B = rounded
if remainder > 0 {
odd := rand.Intn(3)
switch odd + (remainder * 3) {
case 3:
b.px[i].R++
case 4:
b.px[i].G++
case 5:
b.px[i].B++
case 6:
b.px[i].G++
b.px[i].B++
case 7:
b.px[i].R++
b.px[i].B++
case 8:
b.px[i].R++
b.px[i].G++
}
}
}
return b
}</lang> For demonstration program see task Bitmap/Read a PPM file.
Haskell
<lang haskell>module Bitmap.Gray(module Bitmap.Gray) where
import Bitmap import Control.Monad.ST
newtype Gray = Gray Int deriving (Eq, Ord)
instance Color Gray where
luminance (Gray x) = x black = Gray 0 white = Gray 255 toNetpbm = map $ toEnum . luminance fromNetpbm = map $ Gray . fromEnum netpbmMagicNumber _ = "P5" netpbmMaxval _ = "255"
toGrayImage :: Color c => Image s c -> ST s (Image s Gray) toGrayImage = mapImage $ Gray . luminance</lang>
A Gray image can be converted to an RGB image with Bitmap.RGB.toRGBImage, defined here.
J
Color bitmap structure and basic functions for manipulations with it are described here.
Grayscale image is stored as two-dimensional array of luminance values. Allowed luminance scale is the same as for the color bitmap; the functions below are neutral to scale.
<lang j>NB. converts the image to grayscale according to formula NB. L = 0.2126*R + 0.7152*G + 0.0722*B toGray=: [: <. +/ .*"1&0.2126 0.7152 0.0722
NB. converts grayscale image to the color image, with all channels equal toColor=: 3 & $"0</lang>
Example:
<lang j>viewRGB toColor toGray myimg</lang>
Java
<lang java>void convertToGrayscale(final BufferedImage image){
for(int i=0; i<image.getWidth(); i++){
for(int j=0; j<image.getHeight(); j++){
int color = image.getRGB(i,j);
int alpha = (color >> 24) & 255;
int red = (color >> 16) & 255;
int green = (color >> 8) & 255;
int blue = (color) & 255;
final int lum = (int)(0.2126 * red + 0.7152 * green + 0.0722 * blue);
alpha = (alpha << 24);
red = (lum << 16);
green = (lum << 8);
blue = lum;
color = alpha + red + green + blue;
image.setRGB(i,j,color);
}
}
} </lang>
JavaScript
HTML 5 Demonstration: https://repl.it/repls/NiceFaroffRockrat <lang JavaScript> function toGray(img) {
let cnv = document.getElementById("canvas");
let ctx = cnv.getContext('2d');
let imgW = img.width;
let imgH = img.height;
cnv.width = imgW;
cnv.height = imgH;
ctx.drawImage(img, 0, 0);
let pixels = ctx.getImageData(0, 0, imgW, imgH);
for (let y = 0; y < pixels.height; y ++) {
for (let x = 0; x < pixels.width; x ++) {
let i = (y * 4) * pixels.width + x * 4;
let avg = (pixels.data[i] + pixels.data[i + 1] + pixels.data[i + 2]) / 3;
pixels.data[i] = avg;
pixels.data[i + 1] = avg;
pixels.data[i + 2] = avg;
}
}
ctx.putImageData(pixels, 0, 0, 0, 0, pixels.width, pixels.height);
return cnv.toDataURL();
} </lang>
Julia
Adhering to the Task Description <lang Julia> using Color, Images, FixedPointNumbers
const M_RGB_Y = reshape(Color.M_RGB_XYZ[2,:], 3)
function rgb2gray(img::Image)
g = red(img)*M_RGB_Y[1] + green(img)*M_RGB_Y[2] + blue(img)*M_RGB_Y[3] g = clamp(g, 0.0, 1.0) return grayim(g)
end
function gray2rgb(img::Image)
colorspace(img) == "Gray" || return img
g = map((x)->RGB{Ufixed8}(x, x, x), img.data)
return Image(g, spatialorder=spatialorder(img))
end
ima = imread("grayscale_image_color.png")
imb = rgb2gray(ima)
imc = gray2rgb(imb)
imwrite(imc, "grayscale_image_rc.png")
</lang>
Rounding errors are unlikely to be an issue for rgb2gray. The calculation of g promotes it to the literal float type (typically Float64).
A More Idiomatic Approach <lang Julia> using Color, Images, FixedPointNumbers
ima = imread("grayscale_image_color.png") imb = convert(Image{Gray{Ufixed8}}, ima) imwrite(imb, "grayscale_image_julia.png") </lang>
- Output:
I didn't find a colorful image that I was comfortable modifying and sharing, so I'm omitting the image files from my solution to this task. Try out these images for something to work with. Although these images are intended for image processing testing and development and are said to be available for unrestricted use, I could find no clear and definitive statement of their usage rights.
The results of the two approaches (according to task, rc, and idiomatic, julia) are indistinguishable except perhaps by close examination. The julia file is native grayscale, and the rc file is RGB that shows only grays.
The task description is silent on the issue of companded sRGB versus linear RGB. Most images are actually sRGB, and strictly speaking, the transformation to get Y from RGB is applicable to linear RGB. I imagine that, unlike the rc version, the julia version reverses compansion prior to applying the CIE transformation to extract luminance from RGB.
Kotlin
This just converts a colored image to grayscale.
As it's not possible to recover the original colored image (because different combinations of RGB values could have produced the same luminance), I have not bothered with the reverse operation. <lang scala>// version 1.2.10
import java.io.File import java.awt.image.BufferedImage import javax.imageio.ImageIO
fun BufferedImage.toGrayScale() {
for (x in 0 until width) {
for (y in 0 until height) {
var argb = getRGB(x, y)
val alpha = (argb shr 24) and 0xFF
val red = (argb shr 16) and 0xFF
val green = (argb shr 8) and 0xFF
val blue = argb and 0xFF
val lumin = (0.2126 * red + 0.7152 * green + 0.0722 * blue).toInt()
argb = (alpha shl 24) or (lumin shl 16) or (lumin shl 8) or lumin
setRGB(x, y, argb)
}
}
}
fun main(args: Array<String>) {
val image = ImageIO.read(File("bbc.jpg")) // using BBC BASIC image
image.toGrayScale()
val grayFile = File("bbc_gray.jpg")
ImageIO.write(image, "jpg", grayFile)
}</lang>
- Output:
Images same as BBC BASIC entry
Liberty BASIC
<lang lb> nomainwin WindowWidth = 400 WindowHeight = 400 open "Bitmap" for graphics_nf_nsb as #1 h=hwnd(#1) calldll #user32, "GetDC", h as ulong, DC as ulong
- 1 "trapclose [q]"
loadbmp "clr","MLcolor.bmp"
- 1 "drawbmp clr 1 1;flush"
for x = 1 to 150
for y = 1 to 200
calldll #gdi32, "GetPixel", DC as ulong, x as long, y as long, PX as ulong
B = int(PX/(256*256))
G = int((PX-B*256*256) / 256)
R = int(PX-B*256*256-G*256)
L = 0.2126*R+0.7152*G+0.0722*B
#1 "down;color ";L;" ";L;" ";L;";set ";x;" ";y
next y
next x wait [q] unloadbmp "clr":close #1:end </lang>
Lingo
<lang lingo>on rgbToGrayscaleImageFast (img)
res = image(img.width, img.height, 8) res.paletteRef = #grayScale res.copyPixels(img, img.rect, img.rect) return res
end
on rgbToGrayscaleImageCustom (img)
res = image(img.width, img.height, 8)
res.paletteRef = #grayScale
repeat with x = 0 to img.width-1
repeat with y = 0 to img.height-1
c = img.getPixel(x,y)
n = c.red*0.2126 + c.green*0.7152 + c.blue*0.0722
res.setPixel(x,y, color(256-n))
end repeat
end repeat
return res
end</lang>
Lua
<lang lua>function ConvertToGrayscaleImage( bitmap )
local size_x, size_y = #bitmap, #bitmap[1]
local gray_im = {}
for i = 1, size_x do
gray_im[i] = {}
for j = 1, size_y do
gray_im[i][j] = math.floor( 0.2126*bitmap[i][j][1] + 0.7152*bitmap[i][j][2] + 0.0722*bitmap[i][j][3] )
end
end
return gray_im
end
function ConvertToColorImage( gray_im )
local size_x, size_y = #gray_im, #gray_im[1] local bitmap = Allocate_Bitmap( size_x, size_y ) -- this function is defined at http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Basic_bitmap_storage#Lua
for i = 1, size_x do
for j = 1, size_y do
bitmap[i][j] = { gray_im[i][j], gray_im[i][j], gray_im[i][j] }
end
end
return bitmap
end</lang>
Maple
Maple has builtin command for conversion from RGB to Grayscale image: ImageTools:-ToGrayScale, which uses gray = 0.30 red + 0.59 green + 0.11 blue, the following implementation uses the CIE formula. Note that the conversion back from GrayScale to RGB uses Maple's builtin command: ImageTools:-ToRGB. <lang Maple>with(ImageTools):
- conversion forward
dimensions:=[upperbound(img)]; gray := Matrix(dimensions[1], dimensions[2]); for i from 1 to dimensions[1] do for j from 1 to dimensions[2] do gray[i,j] := 0.2126 * img[i,j,1] + 0.7152*img[i,j,2] + 0.0722*img[i,j,3]: end do: end do:
- display the result
Embed(Create(gray)):
- conversion backward
x:=Create(gray); ToRGB(x);
- display the result
Embed(x);</lang>
Mathematica / Wolfram Language
Mathematica has a built-in grayscale conversion function called "ColorConvert". This example does not use it since it appears the luminance calculation is different from the CIE spec. Grayscale to RGB "conversion" just changes the single channel grayscale image to a triple channel image. <lang Mathematica>toGrayscale[rgb_Image] := ImageApply[#.{0.2126, 0.7152, 0.0722}&, rgb] toFakeRGB[L_Image] := ImageApply[{#, #, #}&, L] </lang>
MATLAB
Built in colour to grayscale converter uses the following forumula: 0.2989*R + 0.5870*G + 0.1140*B <lang Matlab>function [grayImage] = colortograyscale(inputImage)
grayImage = rgb2gray(inputImage);</lang>
Nim
The right way to proceed would have been to add the case of gray scale images to our Image type (using a “variant object” with a discriminator). But we didn’t want to change the Image type, so we have created a GrayImage type and duplicated most procedures.
<lang Nim> import bitmap import lenientops
type
GrayImage* = object w*, h*: Index pixels*: seq[Luminance]
proc newGrayImage*(width, height: int): GrayImage =
## Create a gray image with given width and height. new(result) result.w = width result.h = height result.pixels.setLen(width * height)
iterator indices*(img: GrayImage): Point =
## Yield the pixels coordinates as tuples.
for y in 0 ..< img.h:
for x in 0 ..< img.w:
yield (x, y)
proc `[]`*(img: GrayImage; x, y: int): Luminance =
## Get a pixel luminance value. img.pixels[y * img.w + x]
proc `[]=`*(img: GrayImage; x, y: int; lum: Luminance) =
## Set a pixel luminance to given value. img.pixels[y * img.w + x] = lum
proc fill*(img: GrayImage; lum: Luminance) =
## Set the pixels to a given luminance. for x, y in img.indices: img[x, y] = lum
func toGrayLuminance(color: Color): Luminance =
## Compute the luminance from RGB value. Luminance(0.2126 * color.r + 0.7152 * color.g + 0.0722 * color.b + 0.5)
func toGrayImage*(img: Image): GrayImage =
## result = newGrayImage(img.w, img.h) for pt in img.indices: result[pt.x, pt.y] = img[pt.x, pt.y].toGrayLuminance()
func toImage*(img: GrayImage): Image =
result = newImage(img.w, img.h) for pt in img.indices: let lum = img[pt.x, pt.y] result[pt.x, pt.y] = (lum, lum, lum)
- ———————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————
when isMainModule:
import ppm_write
# Create a RGB image.
var image = newImage(100, 50)
image.fill(color(128, 128, 128))
for row in 10..20:
for col in 0..<image.w:
image[col, row] = color(0, 255, 0)
for row in 30..40:
for col in 0..<image.w:
image[col, row] = color(0, 0, 255)
# Convert it to grayscale. var grayImage = image.toGrayImage()
# Convert it back to RGB in order to save it in PPM format using the available procedure.
var convertedImage = grayImage.toImage()
convertedImage.writePPM("output_gray.ppm")</lang>
OCaml
Conversion to a grayscale image: <lang ocaml>let to_grayscale ~img:(_, r_channel, g_channel, b_channel) =
let width = Bigarray.Array2.dim1 r_channel and height = Bigarray.Array2.dim2 r_channel in
let gray_channel =
let kind = Bigarray.int8_unsigned
and layout = Bigarray.c_layout
in
(Bigarray.Array2.create kind layout width height)
in
for y = 0 to pred height do
for x = 0 to pred width do
let r = r_channel.{x,y}
and g = g_channel.{x,y}
and b = b_channel.{x,y} in
let v = (2_126 * r + 7_152 * g + 722 * b) / 10_000 in
gray_channel.{x,y} <- v;
done;
done;
(gray_channel)</lang>
Conversion to a color image: <lang ocaml>let to_color ~img:gray_channel =
let width = Bigarray.Array2.dim1 gray_channel and height = Bigarray.Array2.dim2 gray_channel in let all_channels = let kind = Bigarray.int8_unsigned and layout = Bigarray.c_layout in Bigarray.Array3.create kind layout 3 width height in let r_channel = Bigarray.Array3.slice_left_2 all_channels 0 and g_channel = Bigarray.Array3.slice_left_2 all_channels 1 and b_channel = Bigarray.Array3.slice_left_2 all_channels 2 in Bigarray.Array2.blit gray_channel r_channel; Bigarray.Array2.blit gray_channel g_channel; Bigarray.Array2.blit gray_channel b_channel; (all_channels, r_channel, g_channel, b_channel)</lang>
and functions to get/set a pixel:
<lang ocaml>let gray_get_pixel_unsafe (gray_channel) =
(fun x y -> gray_channel.{x,y})
let gray_put_pixel_unsafe (gray_channel) v =
(fun x y -> gray_channel.{x,y} <- v)</lang>
Octave
Use package: image
<lang octave>function [grayImage] = colortograyscale(inputImage)
grayImage = rgb2gray(inputImage);</lang>
Differently from MATLAB, the grayscale is computed as mean of the three RGB values. Changing this non-optimal behaviour is a matter of fixing three lines in the rgb2gray.m file; since it's a GPL-ed code, here it is a semplified version (error checking, usage help, argument checking removed)
<lang octave>function gray = rgb2gray (rgb)
switch(class(rgb))
case "double"
gray = luminance(rgb);
case "uint8"
gray = uint8(luminance(rgb));
case "uint16"
gray = uint16(luminance(rgb));
endswitch
endfunction
function lum = luminance(rgb)
lum = 0.2126*rgb(:,:,1) + 0.7152*rgb(:,:,2) + 0.0722*rgb(:,:,3);
endfunction</lang>
Original code of the rgb2gray.m in the image package version 1.0.8 is by Kai Habel (under the GNU General Public License)
Oz
We define a "graymap" as a two-dimensional array of floats. In module "Grayscale.oz", we implement conversion functions from and to bitmaps:
<lang oz>functor import
Array2D
export
ToGraymap FromGraymap
define
fun {ToGraymap bitmap(Arr)}
graymap({Array2D.map Arr Luminance})
end
fun {Luminance Color}
F = {Record.map Color Int.toFloat}
in
0.2126*F.1 + 0.7152*F.2 + 0.0722*F.3
end
fun {FromGraymap graymap(Arr)}
bitmap({Array2D.map Arr ToColor})
end
fun {ToColor Lum}
L = {Float.toInt Lum}
in
color(L L L)
end
end</lang>
Perl
Since we are using Imlib2, this one does not implement really a gray-scale (single channel) storage; it only converts an RGB image to an RGB image with the same three colour components for each pixel (which result in a gray-scale-like image)
<lang perl>#! /usr/bin/perl
use strict; use Image::Imlib2;
sub tograyscale {
my $img = shift;
my $gimg = Image::Imlib2->new($img->width, $img->height);
for ( my $x = 0; $x < $gimg->width; $x++ ) {
for ( my $y = 0; $y < $gimg->height; $y++ ) { my ( $r, $g, $b, $a ) = $img->query_pixel($x, $y); my $gray = int(0.2126 * $r + 0.7152 * $g + 0.0722 * $b); # discard alpha info... $gimg->set_color($gray, $gray, $gray, 255); $gimg->draw_point($x, $y); }
} return $gimg;
}
my $animage = Image::Imlib2->load("Lenna100.jpg"); my $gscale = tograyscale($animage); $gscale->set_quality(80); $gscale->save("Lennagray.jpg");
exit 0;</lang>
Phix
Requires read_ppm() from Read a PPM file and write_ppm() from Write a PPM file. <lang Phix>-- demo\rosetta\Bitmap_Greyscale.exw (runnable version)
function to_grey(sequence image)
integer dimx = length(image),
dimy = length(image[1])
for x=1 to dimx do
for y=1 to dimy do
integer pixel = image[x][y] -- red,green,blue
sequence r_g_b = sq_and_bits(pixel,{#FF0000,#FF00,#FF})
integer {r,g,b} = sq_floor_div(r_g_b,{#010000,#0100,#01})
image[x][y] = floor(0.2126*r + 0.7152*g + 0.0722*b)*#010101
end for
end for
return image
end function
--include ppm.e -- read_ppm(), write_ppm(), to_grey() (as distributed, instead of the above)
sequence img = read_ppm("Lena.ppm") img = to_grey(img) write_ppm("LenaGray.ppm",img)</lang>
PHP
Uses the Bitmap class defined for writing a PPM file <lang PHP>class BitmapGrayscale extends Bitmap {
public function toGrayscale(){
for ($i = 0; $i < $this->h; $i++){
for ($j = 0; $j < $this->w; $j++){
$l = ($this->data[$j][$i][0] * 0.2126)
+ ($this->data[$j][$i][1] * 0.7152)
+ ($this->data[$j][$i][2] * 0.0722);
$l = round($l);
$this->data[$j][$i] = array($l,$l,$l);
}
}
}
}
$b = new BitmapGrayscale(16,16); $b->fill(0,0,null,null, array(255,255,0)); $b->setPixel(0, 15, array(255,0,0)); $b->setPixel(0, 14, array(0,255,0)); $b->setPixel(0, 13, array(0,0,255)); $b->toGrayscale(); $b->writeP6('p6-grayscale.ppm');</lang>
PicoLisp
<lang PicoLisp># Convert color image (PPM) to greyscale image (PGM) (de ppm->pgm (Ppm)
(mapcar
'((Y)
(mapcar
'((C)
(/
(+
(* (car C) 2126) # Red
(* (cadr C) 7152) # Green
(* (caddr C) 722) ) # Blue
10000 ) )
Y ) )
Ppm ) )
- Convert greyscale image (PGM) to color image (PPM)
(de pgm->ppm (Pgm)
(mapcar
'((Y)
(mapcar
'((G) (list G G G))
Y ) )
Pgm ) )</lang>
<lang PicoLisp># Write greyscale image (PGM) to file (de pgmWrite (Pgm File)
(out File
(prinl "P5")
(prinl (length (car Pgm)) " " (length Pgm))
(prinl 255)
(for Y Pgm (apply wr Y)) ) )
- Create an empty image of 120 x 90 pixels
(setq *Ppm (make (do 90 (link (need 120)))))
- Fill background with green color
(ppmFill *Ppm 0 255 0)
- Draw a diagonal line
(for I 80 (ppmSetPixel *Ppm I I 0 0 0))
- Convert to greyscale image (PGM)
(setq *Pgm (ppm->pgm *Ppm))
- Write greyscale image to .pgm file
(pgmWrite *Pgm "img.pgm")
- Convert to color image and write to .ppm file
(ppmWrite (pgm->ppm *Pgm) "img.ppm")</lang>
PL/I
<lang PL/I> do j = 1 to hbound(image,1);
do i = 0 to hbound(image,2);
color = image(i,j);
R = substr(color, 17, 8);
G = substr(color, 9, 8);
B = substr(color, 1, 8);
grey = trunc(0.2126*R + 0.7152*G + 0.0722*B);
greybits = grey;
image(i,j) = substr(greybits, length(greybits)-7, 8);
end;
end; </lang>
PureBasic
<lang PureBasic>Procedure ImageGrayout(image)
Protected w, h, x, y, r, g, b, gray, color
w = ImageWidth(image)
h = ImageHeight(image)
StartDrawing(ImageOutput(image))
For x = 0 To w - 1
For y = 0 To h - 1
color = Point(x, y)
r = Red(color)
g = Green(color)
b = Blue(color)
gray = 0.2126*r + 0.7152*g + 0.0722*b
Plot(x, y, RGB(gray, gray, gray)
Next
Next
StopDrawing()
EndProcedure
Procedure ImageToColor(image)
Protected w, h, x, y, v, gray
w = ImageWidth(image)
h = ImageHeight(image)
StartDrawing(ImageOutput(image))
For x = 0 To w - 1
For y = 0 To h - 1
gray = Point(x, y)
v = Red(gray) ;for gray, each of the color's components is the same
;color = RGB(0.2126*v, 0.7152*v, 0.0722*v)
Plot(x, y, RGB(v, v, v))
Next
Next
StopDrawing()
EndProcedure</lang>
Python
Extending the example given here <lang python># String masquerading as ppm file (version P3) import io ppmfileout = io.StringIO()
def togreyscale(self):
for h in range(self.height):
for w in range(self.width):
r, g, b = self.get(w, h)
l = int(0.2126 * r + 0.7152 * g + 0.0722 * b)
self.set(w, h, Colour(l, l, l))
Bitmap.togreyscale = togreyscale
- Draw something simple
bitmap = Bitmap(4, 4, white) bitmap.fillrect(1, 0, 1, 2, Colour(127, 0, 63)) bitmap.set(3, 3, Colour(0, 127, 31)) print('Colour:')
- Write to the open 'file' handle
bitmap.writeppmp3(ppmfileout) print(ppmfileout.getvalue()) print('Grey:') bitmap.togreyscale() ppmfileout = io.StringIO() bitmap.writeppmp3(ppmfileout) print(ppmfileout.getvalue())
The print statement above produces the following output :
Colour: P3
- generated from Bitmap.writeppmp3
4 4 255
255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 0 127 31 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 127 0 63 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 127 0 63 255 255 255 255 255 255
Grey: P3
- generated from Bitmap.writeppmp3
4 4 254
254 254 254 254 254 254 254 254 254 93 93 93 254 254 254 254 254 254 254 254 254 254 254 254 254 254 254 31 31 31 254 254 254 254 254 254 254 254 254 31 31 31 254 254 254 254 254 254
</lang>
R
<lang r># Conversion from Grey to RGB uses the following code setAs("pixmapGrey", "pixmapRGB", function(from, to){
z = new(to, as(from, "pixmap"))
z@red = from@grey
z@green = from@grey
z@blue = from@grey
z@channels = c("red", "green", "blue")
z
})
- Conversion from RGB to grey uses built-in coefficients of 0.3, 0.59, 0.11. To see this, type
getMethods(addChannels)
- We can override this behaviour with
setMethod("addChannels", "pixmapRGB", function(object, coef=NULL){
if(is.null(coef)) coef = c(0.2126, 0.7152, 0.0722)
z = new("pixmapGrey", object)
z@grey = coef[1] * object@red + coef[2] * object@green +
coef[3] * object@blue
z@channels = "grey"
z
})
- Colour image
plot(p1 <- pixmapRGB(c(c(1,0,0,0,0,1), c(0,1,0,0,1,0), c(0,0,1,1,0,0)), nrow=6, ncol=6))
- Convert to grey
plot(p2 <- as(p1, "pixmapGrey"))
- Convert back to "colour"
plot(p3 <- as(p2, "pixmapRGB"))</lang>
Racket
This image shows the output: http://imgur.com/e3Wi8RJ
I gave up on uploading to Rosetta Code.
<lang racket>
- lang racket
(require racket/draw)
(define (gray->color gray-bm)
(define gray-dc (new bitmap-dc% [bitmap gray-bm])) (define-values (w h) (send gray-dc get-size)) (define width (exact-floor w)) (define height (exact-floor h)) (define color-bm (make-bitmap width height)) (define color-dc (new bitmap-dc% [bitmap color-bm])) (define pixels (make-bytes (* 4 width height))) (send gray-dc get-argb-pixels 0 0 width height pixels) (send color-dc set-argb-pixels 0 0 width height pixels) color-bm)
(define (color->gray color-bm)
(define color-dc (new bitmap-dc% [bitmap color-bm])) (define-values (w h) (send color-dc get-size)) (define width (exact-floor w)) (define height (exact-floor h)) (define gray-bm (make-bitmap width height)) (define gray-dc (new bitmap-dc% [bitmap gray-bm])) (define pixels (make-bytes (* 4 width height))) (send color-dc get-argb-pixels 0 0 width height pixels) (for ([i (in-range 0 (* 4 width height) 4)]) (define α (bytes-ref pixels i)) (define r (bytes-ref pixels (+ i 1))) (define g (bytes-ref pixels (+ i 2))) (define b (bytes-ref pixels (+ i 3))) (define l (exact-floor (+ (* 0.2126 r) (* 0.7152 g) (* 0.0722 b)))) (bytes-set! pixels (+ i 1) l) (bytes-set! pixels (+ i 2) l) (bytes-set! pixels (+ i 3) l)) (send gray-dc set-argb-pixels 0 0 width height pixels) gray-bm)
(require images/icons/symbol) (define rosetta (text-icon "Rosetta Code" #:color "red" #:height 80)) rosetta (color->gray rosetta) (gray->color (color->gray rosetta)) </lang>
Raku
(formerly Perl 6)
This script expects to be fed a P6 .ppm file name at the command line. It will convert it to grey scale and save it as a binary portable grey map (P5 .pgm) file. <lang perl6>sub MAIN ($filename = 'default.ppm') {
my $in = open($filename, :r, :enc<iso-8859-1>) or die $in;
my ($type, $dim, $depth) = $in.lines[^3];
my $outfile = $filename.subst('.ppm', '.pgm');
my $out = open($outfile, :w, :enc<iso-8859-1>) or die $out;
$out.say("P5\n$dim\n$depth");
for $in.lines.ords -> $r, $g, $b {
my $gs = $r * 0.2126 + $g * 0.7152 + $b * 0.0722;
$out.print: chr($gs.floor min 255);
}
$in.close; $out.close;
}</lang> Using the .ppm file from the Write a PPM file task:
Original: 
Grey Scale: 
REXX
Note: REXX uses decimal (characters) instead of binary for storing numbers, so there is no rounding (using
characters to store numbers is almost the same as using decimal floating point).
<lang rexx>/*REXX program converts a RGB (red─green─blue) image into a grayscale/greyscale image.*/
blue= '00 00 ff'x /*define the blue color (hexadecimal).*/ @.= blue /*set the entire image to blue color.*/ width= 60 /* width of the image (in pixels). */
height= 100 /*height " " " " " */
do col=1 for width
do row=1 for height /* [↓] C2D convert char ───► decimal*/
r= left(@.col.row, 1) ; r= c2d(r) /*extract the component red & convert.*/
g= substr(@.col.row, 2, 1) ; g= c2d(g) /* " " " green " " */
b= right(@.col.row, 1) ; b= c2d(b) /* " " " blue " " */
_= d2c( (.2126*r + .7152*g + .0722*b) % 1) /*convert RGB number ───► grayscale. */
@.col.row= copies(_, 3) /*redefine old RGB ───► grayscale. */
end /*row*/ /* [↑] D2C convert decimal ───► char*/
end /*col*/ /* [↑] x%1 is the same as TRUNC(x) */
/*stick a fork in it, we're all done. */</lang>
Ruby
Extending Basic_bitmap_storage#Ruby <lang ruby>class RGBColour
def to_grayscale luminosity = Integer(0.2126*@red + 0.7152*@green + 0.0722*@blue) self.class.new(luminosity, luminosity, luminosity) end
end
class Pixmap
def to_grayscale
gray = self.class.new(@width, @height)
@width.times do |x|
@height.times do |y|
gray[x,y] = self[x,y].to_grayscale
end
end
gray
end
end</lang>
Scala
Uses the Scala Basic Bitmap Storage class. <lang scala>object BitmapOps {
def luminosity(c:Color)=(0.2126*c.getRed + 0.7152*c.getGreen + 0.0722*c.getBlue+0.5).toInt
def grayscale(bm:RgbBitmap)={
val image=new RgbBitmap(bm.width, bm.height)
for(x <- 0 until bm.width; y <- 0 until bm.height; l=luminosity(bm.getPixel(x,y)))
image.setPixel(x, y, new Color(l,l,l))
image
}
}</lang>
Sidef
<lang ruby>require('Image::Imlib2')
func tograyscale(img) {
var (width, height) = (img.width, img.height)
var gimg = %s'Image::Imlib2'.new(width, height)
for y,x in (^height ~X ^width) {
var (r, g, b) = img.query_pixel(x, y)
var gray = int(0.2126*r + 0.7152*g + 0.0722*b)
gimg.set_color(gray, gray, gray, 255)
gimg.draw_point(x, y)
}
return gimg
}
var (input='input.png', output='output.png') = ARGV... var image = %s'Image::Imlib2'.load(input) var gscale = tograyscale(image) gscale.set_quality(80) gscale.save(output)</lang>
Tcl
<lang tcl>package require Tk
proc grayscale image {
set w [image width $image]
set h [image height $image]
for {set x 0} {$x<$w} {incr x} {
for {set y 0} {$y<$h} {incr y} {
lassign [$image get $x $y] r g b
set l [expr {int(0.2126*$r + 0.7152*$g + 0.0722*$b)}]
$image put [format "#%02x%02x%02x" $l $l $l] -to $x $y
}
}
}</lang> Photo images are always 8-bits-per-channel RGBA.
Vedit macro language
Conversion to a grayscale image.
<lang vedit>// Convert RGB image to grayscale (8 bit/pixel)
// #10 = buffer that contains image data
// On return:
// #20 = buffer for the new grayscale image
- RGB_TO_GRAYSCALE:
File_Open("|(VEDIT_TEMP)\gray.data", OVERWRITE+NOEVENT+NOMSG)
- 20 = Buf_Num
BOF Del_Char(ALL) Buf_Switch(#10) Repeat(File_Size/3) {
#9 = Cur_Char() * 2126 #9 += Cur_Char(1) * 7152 #9 += Cur_Char(2) * 722 Char(3) Buf_Switch(#20) Ins_Char(#9 / 10000) Buf_Switch(#10)
} Return</lang>
Conversion to a color image.
<lang vedit>// Convert grayscale image (8 bits/pixel) into RGB (24 bits/pixel)
// #20 = buffer that contains image data
// On return:
// #10 = buffer for the new RGB image
- GRAYSCALE_TO_RGB:
File_Open("|(VEDIT_TEMP)\RGB.data", OVERWRITE+NOEVENT+NOMSG)
- 10 = Buf_Num
BOF Del_Char(ALL) Buf_Switch(#20) // input image (grayscale) BOF Repeat(File_Size) {
#9 = Cur_Char() Char Buf_Switch(#10) // output image (RGB) Ins_Char(#9, COUNT, 3) Buf_Switch(#20)
} Return</lang>
Visual Basic
<lang vb>Option Explicit
Private Type BITMAP
bmType As Long bmWidth As Long bmHeight As Long bmWidthBytes As Long bmPlanes As Integer bmBitsPixel As Integer bmBits As Long
End Type
Private Type RGB
Red As Byte Green As Byte Blue As Byte Alpha As Byte
End Type
Private Type RGBColor
Color As Long
End Type
Public Declare Function CreateCompatibleDC Lib "gdi32.dll" (ByVal hdc As Long) As Long Public Declare Function GetObjectA Lib "gdi32.dll" (ByVal hObject As Long, ByVal nCount As Long, ByRef lpObject As Any) As Long Public Declare Function SelectObject Lib "gdi32.dll" (ByVal hdc As Long, ByVal hObject As Long) As Long Public Declare Function GetPixel Lib "gdi32.dll" (ByVal hdc As Long, ByVal x As Long, ByVal y As Long) As Long Public Declare Function SetPixel Lib "gdi32.dll" (ByVal hdc As Long, ByVal x As Long, ByVal y As Long, ByVal crColor As Long) As Long Public Declare Function DeleteDC Lib "gdi32.dll" (ByVal hdc As Long) As Long
Sub Main()
Dim p As stdole.IPictureDisp
Dim hdc As Long
Dim bmp As BITMAP
Dim i As Long, x As Long, y As Long
Dim tRGB As RGB, cRGB As RGBColor
Set p = VB.LoadPicture("T:\TestData\Input_Colored.bmp") GetObjectA p.Handle, Len(bmp), bmp
hdc = CreateCompatibleDC(0) SelectObject hdc, p.Handle
For x = 0 To bmp.bmWidth - 1
For y = 0 To bmp.bmHeight - 1 cRGB.Color = GetPixel(hdc, x, y) LSet tRGB = cRGB i = (0.2126 * tRGB.Red + 0.7152 * tRGB.Green + 0.0722 * tRGB.Blue) SetPixel hdc, x, y, RGB(i, i, i) Next y
Next x
VB.SavePicture p, "T:\TestData\Output_GrayScale.bmp" DeleteDC hdc
End Sub</lang>
Visual Basic .NET
Convert a Bitmap to Grayscale.
<lang vbnet> Imports System.Drawing.Imaging
Public Function Grayscale(ByVal Map As Bitmap) As Bitmap
Dim oData() As Integer = GetData(Map) Dim oReturn As New Bitmap(Map.Width, Map.Height, Map.PixelFormat) Dim a As Integer = 0 Dim r As Integer = 0 Dim g As Integer = 0 Dim b As Integer = 0 Dim l As Integer = 0
For i As Integer = 0 To oData.GetUpperBound(0)
a = (oData(i) >> 24)
r = (oData(i) >> 16) And 255
g = (oData(i) >> 8) And 255
b = oData(i) And 255
l = CInt(r * 0.2126F + g * 0.7152F + b * 0.0722F)
oData(i) = (a << 24) Or (l << 16) Or (l << 8) Or l Next
SetData(oReturn, oData)
Return oReturn
End Function
Private Function GetData(ByVal Map As Bitmap) As Integer()
Dim oBMPData As BitmapData = Nothing Dim oData() As Integer = Nothing
oBMPData = Map.LockBits(New Rectangle(0, 0, Map.Width, Map.Height), ImageLockMode.ReadOnly, PixelFormat.Format32bppArgb)
Array.Resize(oData, Map.Width * Map.Height)
Runtime.InteropServices.Marshal.Copy(oBMPData.Scan0, oData, 0, oData.Length)
Map.UnlockBits(oBMPData)
Return oData
End Function
Private Sub SetData(ByVal Map As Bitmap, ByVal Data As Integer())
Dim oBMPData As BitmapData = Nothing
oBMPData = Map.LockBits(New Rectangle(0, 0, Map.Width, Map.Height), ImageLockMode.WriteOnly, PixelFormat.Format32bppArgb)
Runtime.InteropServices.Marshal.Copy(Data, 0, oBMPData.Scan0, Data.Length)
Map.UnlockBits(oBMPData)
End Sub</lang>
Wren
This script converts the image Lenna100.jpg to grayscale and then displays the two images side by side. <lang ecmascript>import "graphics" for Canvas, Color, ImageData import "dome" for Window
class PercentageDifference {
construct new(width, height, image1, image2) {
Window.title = "Grayscale Image"
Window.resize(width, height)
Canvas.resize(width, height)
_image1 = image1
_image2 = image2
_img1 = ImageData.loadFromFile(image1)
_img2 = ImageData.create(image2, _img1.width, _img1.height)
}
init() {
toGrayScale()
// display images side by side
_img1.draw(0, 0)
_img2.draw(550, 0)
Canvas.print(_image1, 200, 525, Color.white)
Canvas.print(_image2, 750, 525, Color.white)
}
toGrayScale() {
for (x in 0..._img1.width) {
for (y in 0..._img1.height) {
var c1 = _img1.pget(x, y)
var lumin = (0.2126 * c1.r + 0.7152 * c1.g + 0.0722 * c1.b).floor
var c2 = Color.rgb(lumin, lumin,lumin, c1.a)
_img2.pset(x, y, c2)
}
}
}
update() {}
draw(alpha) {}
}
var Game = PercentageDifference.new(1100, 550, "Lenna100.jpg", "Lenna-grayscale.jpg")</lang>
Yabasic
"image" is a library created by Hermang Mansilla for import and show .BMP files. http://www.oocities.org/sunsetstrip/palms/1624/yabasic/libs/IMAGE.TXT <lang Yabasic>import image
open window 600,600
GetImage(1, "House.bmp") DisplayImage(1, 0, 0)
For x = 1 to 300
For y = 1 to 300
z$ = getbit$(x,y,x,y) r = dec(mid$(z$,9,2)) g = dec(mid$(z$,11,2)) b = dec(mid$(z$,13,2)) r3=(r+g+b)/3 g3=(r+g+b)/3 b3=(r+g+b)/3 color r3,g3,b3 dot x+300,y+300
next y
next x</lang>
zkl
Does an in-place conversion from a color PPM image to a gray scale PPM image (ie rgb is down sampled but remains rgb vs one byte color). If you wish to write a bit map (or some other format), check out Bitmap/PPM conversion through a pipe#zkl
Uses the PPM class from http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Bitmap/Bresenham%27s_line_algorithm#zkl
<lang zkl>fcn toGrayScale(img){ // in-place conversion
foreach x,y in (img.w,img.h){
r,g,b:=img[x,y].toBigEndian(3);
lum:=(0.2126*r + 0.7152*g + 0.0722*b).toInt();
img[x,y]=((lum*256) + lum)*256 + lum;
}
}</lang> <lang zkl>img:=PPM.readPPMFile("lena.ppm"); toGrayScale(img); img.write(File("foo.ppm","wb"));</lang>
- Output:
- Programming Tasks
- Image processing
- 11l
- Action!
- Action! Bitmap tools
- Action! Tool Kit
- Ada
- BASIC256
- Batch File/Omit
- BBC BASIC
- C
- C sharp
- Clojure
- Common Lisp
- Crystal
- D
- Delphi
- Erlang
- Euler Math Toolbox
- Euphoria
- Factor
- FBSL
- Forth
- Fortran
- Fōrmulæ
- FreeBASIC
- FutureBasic
- Go
- Haskell
- J
- Java
- JavaScript
- Julia
- Kotlin
- Liberty BASIC
- Lingo
- Lua
- Maple
- Mathematica
- Wolfram Language
- MATLAB
- Nim
- OCaml
- Octave
- Oz
- Perl
- Imlib2
- Phix
- PHP
- PicoLisp
- PL/I
- PureBasic
- Python
- R
- Pixmap
- Racket
- Raku
- REXX
- Ruby
- Scala
- Sidef
- Tcl
- Tk
- Vedit macro language
- Visual Basic
- Win32
- Visual Basic .NET
- Wren
- DOME
- Yabasic
- Zkl
- AWK/Omit
- Lotus 123 Macro Scripting/Omit
- ML/I/Omit
- PARI/GP/Omit
- TI-83 BASIC/Omit
- TI-89 BASIC/Omit