Define the data structure for a complete Doubly Linked List.

  • The structure should support adding elements to the head, tail and middle of the list.
  • The structure should not allow circular loops
Task
Doubly-linked list/Definition
You are encouraged to solve this task according to the task description, using any language you may know.


See also



Action!

The user must type in the monitor the following command after compilation and before running the program!

SET EndProg=*
CARD EndProg ;required for ALLOCATE.ACT

INCLUDE "D2:ALLOCATE.ACT" ;from the Action! Tool Kit. You must type 'SET EndProg=*' from the monitor after compiling, but before running this program!

DEFINE PTR="CARD"
DEFINE NODE_SIZE="5"
TYPE ListNode=[BYTE data PTR prv,nxt]

ListNode POINTER listBegin,listEnd

PROC AddBegin(BYTE v)
  ListNode POINTER n

  n=Alloc(NODE_SIZE)
  n.data=v
  n.prv=0
  n.nxt=listBegin
  IF listBegin THEN
    listBegin.prv=n
  ELSE
    listEnd=n
  FI
  listBegin=n
RETURN

PROC AddEnd(BYTE v)
  ListNode POINTER n

  n=Alloc(NODE_SIZE)
  n.data=v
  n.prv=listEnd
  n.nxt=0
  IF listEnd THEN
    listEnd.nxt=n
  ELSE
    listBegin=n
  FI
  listEnd=n
RETURN

PROC AddBefore(BYTE v ListNode POINTER node)
  ListNode POINTER n,tmp

  IF node=0 THEN
    PrintE("The node is null!") Break()
  ELSEIF node=listBegin THEN
    AddBegin(v)
  ELSE
    n=Alloc(NODE_SIZE)
    n.data=v
    n.prv=node.prv
    n.nxt=node
    tmp=node.prv
    tmp.nxt=n
    node.prv=n
  FI
RETURN

PROC AddAfter(BYTE v ListNode POINTER node)
  ListNode POINTER n,tmp

  IF node=0 THEN
    PrintE("The node is null!") Break()
  ELSEIF node=listEnd THEN
    AddEnd(v)
  ELSE
    n=Alloc(NODE_SIZE)
    n.data=v
    n.nxt=node.nxt
    n.prv=node
    tmp=node.nxt
    tmp.prv=n
    node.nxt=n
  FI
RETURN

PROC Clear()
  ListNode POINTER n,next

  n=listBegin
  WHILE n
  DO
    next=n.nxt
    Free(n,NODE_SIZE)
    n=next
  OD
  listBegin=0
  listEnd=0
RETURN

PROC PrintList()
  ListNode POINTER n

  n=listBegin
  Print("(")
  WHILE n
  DO
    PrintB(n.data)
    IF n.nxt THEN
      Print(", ")
    FI
    n=n.nxt
  OD
  PrintE(")")
RETURN

PROC TestAddBegin(BYTE v)
  AddBegin(v)
  PrintF("Add %B at the begin:%E",v)
  PrintList()
RETURN

PROC TestAddEnd(BYTE v)
  AddEnd(v)
  PrintF("Add %B at the end:%E",v)
  PrintList()
RETURN

PROC TestAddBefore(BYTE v ListNode POINTER node)
  AddBefore(v,node)
  PrintF("Add %B before %B:%E",v,node.data)
  PrintList()
RETURN

PROC TestAddAfter(BYTE v ListNode POINTER node)
  AddAfter(v,node)
  PrintF("Add %B after %B:%E",v,node.data)
  PrintList()
RETURN

PROC TestClear()
  Clear()
  PrintE("Clear the list:")
  PrintList()
RETURN

PROC Main()
  Put(125) PutE() ;clear screen
  
  AllocInit(0)
  listBegin=0
  listEnd=0

  PrintList()
  TestAddBegin(1)
  TestAddBegin(2)
  TestAddEnd(3)
  TestAddBefore(4,listBegin.nxt)
  TestAddBefore(5,listBegin)
  TestAddAfter(6,listEnd.prv)
  TestAddAfter(7,listEnd)
  TestClear()
RETURN
Output:

Screenshot from Atari 8-bit computer

()
Add 1 at the begin:
(1)
Add 2 at the begin:
(2, 1)
Add 3 at the end:
(2, 1, 3)
Add 4 before 1:
(2, 4, 1, 3)
Add 5 before 2:
(5, 2, 4, 1, 3)
Add 6 after 1:
(5, 2, 4, 1, 6, 3)
Add 7 after 3:
(5, 2, 4, 1, 6, 3, 7)
Clear the list:
()

Ada

Works with: Ada 2005

Examples already in other doubly-linked list tasks: see Doubly-linked list/Element insertion#Ada and Doubly-linked list/Traversal#Ada.

Ada 2005 defines doubly-linked lists in A.18.3 The Package Containers.Doubly_Linked_Lists.

ALGOL 68

Translation of: C
Works with: ALGOL 68 version Revision 1 - one extension to language used - PRAGMA READ - a non standard feature similar to C's #include directive.
Works with: ALGOL 68G version Any - tested with release algol68g-2.7
Works with: ELLA ALGOL 68 version Any (with appropriate job cards) - tested with release 1.8.8d.fc9.i386

File: prelude/Doubly-linked_list_Link.a68

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*- #
COMMENT REQUIRES:
  MODE VALUE = ~;
# For example: #
  MODE VALUE = UNION(INT, REAL, COMPL)
END COMMENT

MODE LINKNEW = STRUCT (
  LINK next, prev,
  VALUE value
);

MODE LINK = REF LINKNEW;

SKIP

File: prelude/Doubly-linked_list_Operator.a68

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*- #
MODE LISTNEW = LINKNEW;
MODE LIST = REF LISTNEW;

OP LISTINIT = (LIST self)LIST: (
  self := (self, self, ~);
  self
);

OP ISEMPTY = (LIST self)BOOL:
  (LIST(prev OF self) :=: LIST(self)) AND (LIST(self) :=: LIST(next OF self));

OP HEAD = (LIST self)LINK: next OF self;

OP TAIL = (LIST self)LINK: prev OF self;

# insert after #
OP +:= = (LINK cursor, LINK link)LINK: (
  next OF link := next OF cursor;
  prev OF link := cursor;
  next OF cursor := link;
  prev OF next OF link := link;
  link
);

# insert before #
OP +=: = (LINK link, LINK cursor)LINK: prev OF cursor +:= link;

# delete current and step forward #
OP -:= = (LIST ignore, LINK link)LINK: (
  next OF prev OF link := next OF link;
  prev OF next OF link := prev OF link;
  next OF link := prev OF link := NIL; # garbage collection hint #
  link
);

# delete current and step backward #
PRIO -=: = 1;
OP -=: = (LIST link, LIST ignore)LINK: (
  ignore -:= link; prev OF link
);

PRIO ISIN = 1; # low priority #

OP ISIN = (LINK link, LIST self)BOOL:
  link ISNT LINK(self);

SKIP

File: test/Doubly-linked_list_Operator_Usage.a68

#!/usr/bin/a68g --script #
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*- #
MODE VALUE = STRING; # user defined data type #
PR READ "prelude/Doubly-linked_list_Link.a68" PR;
PR READ "prelude/Doubly-linked_list_Operator.a68" PR;

main: (

    []VALUE sample = ("Was", "it", "a", "cat", "I", "saw");
    LIST example list := LISTINIT HEAP LISTNEW;
    LINK this;

# Add some data to a list #
    FOR i TO UPB sample DO
        this := HEAP LINKNEW;
        value OF this := sample[i];
        TAIL example list +:= this
    OD;

# Iterate throught the list forward #
    this := HEAD example list;
    print("Iterate forward: ");
    WHILE this ISIN example list DO
        print((value OF this, " "));
        this := next OF this
    OD;
    print(new line);

# Iterate throught the list backward #
    this := TAIL example list;
    print("Iterate backward: ");
    WHILE this ISIN example list DO
        print((value OF this, " "));
        this := prev OF this
    OD;
    print(new line);

# Finally empty the list #
    print("Empty from tail: ");
    WHILE NOT ISEMPTY example list DO
          this := (example list -:= TAIL example list);
          print((value OF this, " "))
    OD;
    print(new line)
)
Output:
Iterate forward: Was it a cat I saw 
Iterate backward: saw I cat a it Was 
Empty from tail: saw I cat a it Was 

ARM Assembly

Works with: as version Raspberry Pi
/* ARM assembly Raspberry PI  */
/*  program defDblList.s   */

/* Constantes    */
.equ STDOUT, 1                           @ Linux output console
.equ EXIT,   1                           @ Linux syscall
.equ READ,   3
.equ WRITE,  4


/*******************************************/
/* Structures                               */
/********************************************/
/* structure Doublylinkedlist*/
    .struct  0
dllist_head:                    @ head node
    .struct  dllist_head + 4
dllist_tail:                    @ tail node
    .struct  dllist_tail  + 4
dllist_fin:
/* structure Node Doublylinked List*/
    .struct  0
NDlist_next:                    @ next element
    .struct  NDlist_next + 4 
NDlist_prev:                    @ previous element
    .struct  NDlist_prev + 4 
NDlist_value:                   @ element value or key
    .struct  NDlist_value + 4 
NDlist_fin:
/* Initialized data */
.data
szMessInitListe:         .asciz "List initialized.\n"
szCarriageReturn:        .asciz "\n"
szMessErreur:            .asciz "Error detected.\n"

/* UnInitialized data */
.bss 
dllist1:              .skip dllist_fin    @ list memory place 

/*  code section */
.text
.global main 
main: 
    ldr r0,iAdrdllist1
    bl newDList                      @ create new list
    ldr r0,iAdrszMessInitListe
    bl affichageMess
    ldr r0,iAdrdllist1               @ list address
    mov r1,#10                       @ value
    bl insertHead                    @ insertion at head
    cmp r0,#-1
    beq 99f
    ldr r0,iAdrdllist1
    mov r1,#20
    bl insertTail                    @ insertion at tail
    cmp r0,#-1
    beq 99f
    ldr r0,iAdrdllist1               @ list address
    mov r1,#10                       @ value to after insered
    mov r2,#15                       @ new value
    bl insertAfter
    cmp r0,#-1
    beq 99f

    b 100f
99:
    ldr r0,iAdrszMessErreur
    bl affichageMess
100:                                    @ standard end of the program
    mov r7, #EXIT                       @ request to exit program
    svc 0                               @ perform system call
iAdrszMessInitListe:       .int szMessInitListe
iAdrszMessErreur:          .int szMessErreur
iAdrszCarriageReturn:      .int szCarriageReturn
iAdrdllist1:               .int dllist1
/******************************************************************/
/*     create new list                         */ 
/******************************************************************/
/* r0 contains the address of the list structure */
newDList:
    push {r1,lr}                         @ save  registers 
    mov r1,#0
    str r1,[r0,#dllist_tail]
    str r1,[r0,#dllist_head]
    pop {r1,lr}                          @ restaur registers
    bx lr                                @ return
/******************************************************************/
/*     list is empty ?                         */ 
/******************************************************************/
/* r0 contains the address of the list structure */
/* r0 return 0 if empty  else return 1 */
isEmpty:
    //push {r1,lr}                         @ save  registers 
    ldr r0,[r0,#dllist_head]
    cmp r0,#0
    movne r0,#1
    //pop {r1,lr}                          @ restaur registers
    bx lr                                @ return
/******************************************************************/
/*     insert value at list head                        */ 
/******************************************************************/
/* r0 contains the address of the list structure */
/* r1 contains value */
insertHead:
    push {r1-r4,lr}                         @ save  registers 
    mov r4,r0                            @ save address
    mov r0,r1                            @ value
    bl createNode
    cmp r0,#-1                           @ allocation error ?
    beq 100f
    ldr r2,[r4,#dllist_head]             @ load address first node
    str r2,[r0,#NDlist_next]             @ store in next pointer on new node
    mov r1,#0
    str r1,[r0,#NDlist_prev]             @ store zero in previous pointer on new node
    str r0,[r4,#dllist_head]             @ store address new node in address head list 
    cmp r2,#0                            @ address first node is null ?
    strne r0,[r2,#NDlist_prev]           @ no store adresse new node in previous pointer
    streq r0,[r4,#dllist_tail]           @ else store new node in tail address
100:
    pop {r1-r4,lr}                       @ restaur registers
    bx lr                                @ return
/******************************************************************/
/*     insert value at list tail                        */ 
/******************************************************************/
/* r0 contains the address of the list structure */
/* r1 contains value */
insertTail:
    push {r1-r4,lr}                         @ save  registers 
    mov r4,r0                            @ save list address
    mov r0,r1                            @ value
    bl createNode                        @ create new node
    cmp r0,#-1
    beq 100f                             @ allocation error
    ldr r2,[r4,#dllist_tail]             @ load address last node
    str r2,[r0,#NDlist_prev]             @ store in previous pointer on new node
    mov r1,#0                            @ store null un next pointer
    str r1,[r0,#NDlist_next]
    str r0,[r4,#dllist_tail]             @ store address new node on list tail
    cmp r2,#0                            @ address last node is null ?
    strne r0,[r2,#NDlist_next]           @ no store address new node in next pointer
    streq r0,[r4,#dllist_head]           @ else store in head list
100:
    pop {r1-r4,lr}                          @ restaur registers
    bx lr                                @ return
/******************************************************************/
/*     insert value after other element                        */ 
/******************************************************************/
/* r0 contains the address of the list structure */
/* r1 contains value to search*/
/* r2 contains value to insert */
insertAfter:
    push {r1-r5,lr}                         @ save  registers 
    mov r4,r0                               @ save list address
    bl searchValue                          @ search this value in r1
    cmp r0,#-1
    beq 100f                                @ not found -> error
    mov r5,r0                               @ save address of node find
    mov r0,r2                               @ new value
    bl createNode                           @ create new node
    cmp r0,#-1
    beq 100f                                @ allocation error
    ldr r2,[r5,#NDlist_next]                @ load pointer next of find node
    str r0,[r5,#NDlist_next]                @ store new node in pointer next
    str r5,[r0,#NDlist_prev]                @ store address find node in previous pointer on new node
    str r2,[r0,#NDlist_next]                @ store pointer next of find node on pointer next on new node
    cmp r2,#0                               @ next pointer is null ?
    strne r0,[r2,#NDlist_prev]              @ no store address new node in previous pointer 
    streq r0,[r4,#dllist_tail]              @ else store in list tail
100:
    pop {r1-r5,lr}                          @ restaur registers
    bx lr                                   @ return
/******************************************************************/
/*     search value                                               */ 
/******************************************************************/
/* r0 contains the address of the list structure */
/* r1 contains the value to search  */
/* r0 return address of node or -1 if not found */
searchValue:
    push {r2,lr}                         @ save  registers 
    ldr r0,[r0,#dllist_head]             @ load first node
1:
    cmp r0,#0                            @ null -> end search not found
    moveq r0,#-1
    beq 100f
    ldr r2,[r0,#NDlist_value]            @ load node value
    cmp r2,r1                            @ equal ?
    beq 100f
    ldr r0,[r0,#NDlist_next]             @ load addresse next node 
    b 1b                                 @ and loop
100:
    pop {r2,lr}                          @ restaur registers
    bx lr                                @ return
/******************************************************************/
/*     Create new node                                            */ 
/******************************************************************/
/* r0 contains the value */
/* r0 return node address or -1 if allocation error*/
createNode:
    push {r1-r7,lr}                         @ save  registers 
    mov r4,r0                            @ save value
    @ allocation place on the heap
    mov r0,#0                                   @ allocation place heap
    mov r7,#0x2D                                @ call system 'brk'
    svc #0
    mov r5,r0                                   @ save address heap for output string
    add r0,#NDlist_fin                            @ reservation place one element
    mov r7,#0x2D                                @ call system 'brk'
    svc #0
    cmp r0,#-1                                  @ allocation error
    beq 100f
    mov r0,r5
    str r4,[r0,#NDlist_value]                   @ store value
    mov r2,#0
    str r2,[r0,#NDlist_next]                    @ store zero to pointer next
    str r2,[r0,#NDlist_prev]                    @ store zero to pointer previous
100:
    pop {r1-r7,lr}                          @ restaur registers
    bx lr                                @ return
/******************************************************************/
/*     display text with size calculation                         */ 
/******************************************************************/
/* r0 contains the address of the message */
affichageMess:
    push {r0,r1,r2,r7,lr}                       @ save  registers 
    mov r2,#0                                   @ counter length */
1:                                              @ loop length calculation
    ldrb r1,[r0,r2]                             @ read octet start position + index 
    cmp r1,#0                                   @ if 0 its over
    addne r2,r2,#1                              @ else add 1 in the length
    bne 1b                                      @ and loop 
                                                @ so here r2 contains the length of the message 
    mov r1,r0                                   @ address message in r1 
    mov r0,#STDOUT                              @ code to write to the standard output Linux
    mov r7, #WRITE                              @ code call system "write" 
    svc #0                                      @ call system
    pop {r0,r1,r2,r7,lr}                        @ restaur registers
    bx lr                                       @ return

ATS

Translation of: Scheme


The example is broken into an interface ("static") file dllist.sats, an implementation ("dynamic") file dllist.dats, and a demonstration program dllist-demo.dats. I broke up the example this way because the abstraction thus introduced is important; the implementation is a linear type, whereas the user sees it as a nonlinear type. The interface file completely hides the linear typing.

The reason for this complication is that, in ATS, a linear object can be treated as "mutable", without resorting to embedded C code. One cost of this is that an object of a linear type has to be freed explicitly. However, if it is cast to an "ordinary" (nonlinear) type, a garbage collector to handle freeing the object. Such casting is what I have done.

In the following, the doubly linked list and its nodes are not distinct types. The nodes form a circle, but they do not form a circular list, because one of the nodes is a "root" node that holds no value, cannot be deleted, and is marked as special.

Here is dllist.sats.

(********************************************************************)
(* The public interface                                             *)

abstype dllist_t (t : t@ype+, is_root : bool) (* An abstract type. *)
typedef dllist_t (t : t@ype+) = [b : bool] dllist_t (t, b)

(* Make a new dllist_t, consisting of a root node. *)
fun {t : t@ype}
dllist_t_make () : dllist_t (t, true)

(* Is this the root node, with no element stored? *)
fun {t : t@ype}
dllist_t_is_root
          {is_root : bool}
          (dl : dllist_t (t, is_root)) :
    [b : bool | b == is_root]
    bool b

(* Is this a non-root node, with an element stored? *)
fun {t : t@ype}
dllist_t_isnot_root
          {is_root : bool}
          (dl : dllist_t (t, is_root)) :
    [b : bool | b == ~is_root]
    bool b

(* Return the root node of the list. *)
fun {t : t@ype}
dllist_t_root (dl : dllist_t t) : dllist_t (t, true)

(* Return the previous node. *)
fun {t : t@ype}
dllist_t_previous (dl : dllist_t t) : dllist_t t

(* Return the next node. *)
fun {t : t@ype}
dllist_t_next (dl : dllist_t t) : dllist_t t

(* Insert an element before the given node. *)
fun {t : t@ype}
dllist_t_insert_before (dl : dllist_t t, elem : t) : void

(* Insert an element after the given node. *)
fun {t : t@ype}
dllist_t_insert_after (dl : dllist_t t, elem : t) : void

(* Remove the given node. It is an error to call this on the root
   node. *)
fun {t : t@ype}
dllist_t_remove (dl : dllist_t t) : void

(* Return a copy of the stored element. It is an error to call this on
   the root node. *)
fun {t : t@ype}
dllist_t_element (dl: dllist_t t) : t

fun {t : t@ype}
dllist_t_make_generator (dl: dllist_t t, direction : int) :
    () -<cloref1> Option t

fun {t : t@ype}
dllist_t_to_list
          (dl : dllist_t t) : [n : nat] list (t, n)

fun {t : t@ype}
list_to_dllist_t
          {n : int}
          (dl : list (t, n)) : dllist_t t

(********************************************************************)


Here is dllist.dats.

#define ATS_DYNLOADFLAG 0

#include "share/atspre_staload.hats"

staload "dllist.sats"
staload UN = "prelude/SATS/unsafe.sats"

(********************************************************************)
(* The implementation in terms of linear types.                     *)

absprop NODEPTR (t : t@ype+, is_root : bool, p : addr)

vtypedef nodeptr_vt (t : t@ype+, is_root : bool, p : addr) =
  @(NODEPTR (t, is_root, p) | ptr p)
vtypedef nodeptr_vt (t : t@ype+, p : addr) =
  [is_root : bool] nodeptr_vt (t, is_root, p)
vtypedef nodeptr_vt (t : t@ype+, is_root : bool) =
  [p : addr] nodeptr_vt (t, is_root, p)
vtypedef nodeptr_vt (t : t@ype+) =
  [is_root : bool] [p : addr] nodeptr_vt (t, is_root, p)

datavtype node_vt (t : t@ype+, is_root : bool) =
| node_vt_object (t, is_root) of
    (bool is_root,              (* Is it the root node? *)
     nodeptr_vt t,              (* previous*)
     nodeptr_vt t,              (* next *)
     t)                         (* element *)
vtypedef node_vt (t : t@ype+) =
  [is_root : bool] node_vt (t, is_root)

extern castfn
node2nodeptr_consuming :
  {t : t@ype}
  {is_root : bool}
  node_vt (t, is_root) -<> nodeptr_vt (t, is_root)

extern castfn
nodeptr2node_consuming :
  {t : t@ype}
  {is_root : bool}
  nodeptr_vt (t, is_root) -<> node_vt (t, is_root)

extern castfn
node2nodeptr_preserving :
  {t : t@ype}
  {is_root : bool}
  (!node_vt (t, is_root) >> _) -<> nodeptr_vt (t, is_root)

extern castfn
nodeptr2node_preserving :
  {t : t@ype}
  {is_root : bool}
  (!nodeptr_vt (t, is_root) >> _) -<> node_vt (t, is_root)

fn {t : t@ype}
node_refcopy {is_root : bool}
             (node    : !node_vt (t, is_root)) :
    node_vt (t, is_root) =
  nodeptr2node_preserving (node2nodeptr_preserving node)

fn {t : t@ype}
make_root () : node_vt (t, true) =
  (* Create a node that is marked as a root, points to itself, and has
     no actual element stored in it. *)
  let
    var fake_elem : t?
    prval _ = $UN.castview2void_at{t} (view@ fake_elem)

    val node = node_vt_object (true,
                               $UN.castvwtp0 the_null_ptr,
                               $UN.castvwtp0 the_null_ptr,
                               fake_elem)

    val prev_val = node2nodeptr_preserving node
    val next_val = node2nodeptr_preserving node

    val+ @ node_vt_object (_, prev, next, _) = node
    val _ = prev := prev_val
    val _ = next := next_val
    prval _ = fold@ node
  in
    node
  end

fn {t : t@ype}
is_root {is_root : bool}
        (node : !node_vt (t, is_root)) :
    [b : bool | b == is_root] bool b =
  case+ node of
  | node_vt_object (is_root, _, _, _) => is_root

fn {t : t@ype}
isnot_root {is_root : bool}
           (node : !node_vt (t, is_root)) :
    [b : bool | b == ~is_root] bool b =
  ~is_root<t> node

fn {t : t@ype}
find_root (node : !node_vt t) : node_vt (t, true) =
  let
    fun
    loop (node : !node_vt t) : node_vt (t, true) =
      case+ node of
      | node_vt_object (true, _, _, _) => node_refcopy node
      | node_vt_object (false, prev, _, _) =>
        let
          val prev_node = nodeptr2node_preserving prev
          val retval = loop prev_node
          val _ = $UN.castvwtp0{void} prev_node
        in
          retval
        end
  in
    loop node
  end

fn {t : t@ype}
get_prev (node : !node_vt t) : node_vt t =
  let
    val+ @ node_vt_object (_, prev, _, _) = node
    val prev_node = nodeptr2node_preserving prev
    prval _ = fold@ node
  in
    prev_node
  end

fn {t : t@ype}
get_next (node : !node_vt t) : node_vt t =
  let
    val+ @ node_vt_object (_, _, next, _) = node
    val next_node = nodeptr2node_preserving next
    prval _ = fold@ node
  in
    next_node
  end

fn {t : t@ype}
set_prev (node : !node_vt t, prev_val : !node_vt t) : void =
  {
    val+ @ node_vt_object (_, prev, _, _) = node
    val _ = prev := node2nodeptr_preserving prev_val
    prval _ = fold@ node
  }

fn {t : t@ype}
set_next (node : !node_vt t, next_val : !node_vt t) : void =
  {
    val+ @ node_vt_object (_, _, next, _) = node
    val _ = next := node2nodeptr_preserving next_val
    prval _ = fold@ node
  }

fn {t : t@ype}
insert_before (node : !node_vt t, elem : t) : void =
  {
    val prev_node = get_prev<t> node
    val new_node =
      node_vt_object (false, node2nodeptr_preserving prev_node,
                      node2nodeptr_preserving node, elem)
    val _ = set_next<t> (prev_node, new_node)
    val _ = set_prev<t> (node, new_node)
    val _ = $UN.castvwtp0{void} prev_node
    val _ = $UN.castvwtp0{void} new_node
  }

fn {t : t@ype}
insert_after (node : !node_vt t, elem : t) : void =
  {
    val next_node = get_next<t> node
    val new_node =
      node_vt_object (false, node2nodeptr_preserving node,
                      node2nodeptr_preserving next_node, elem)
    val _ = set_next<t> (node, new_node)
    val _ = set_prev<t> (next_node, new_node)
    val _ = $UN.castvwtp0{void} next_node
    val _ = $UN.castvwtp0{void} new_node
  }

fn {t : t@ype}
remove (node : !node_vt t) : void =
  {
    val _ = assertloc (isnot_root<t> node)
    val prev_node = get_prev<t> node
    val next_node = get_next<t> node
    val _ = set_next<t> (prev_node, next_node)
    val _ = set_prev<t> (next_node, prev_node)
    val _ = $UN.castvwtp0{void} prev_node
    val _ = $UN.castvwtp0{void} next_node
  }

fn {t : t@ype}
get_element (node : !node_vt t) : t =
  case+ node of
  | node_vt_object (is_root, _, _, elem) =>
    begin
      assertloc (~is_root);
      elem
    end

(********************************************************************)
(* Implementation of the public interface.                          *)

(* The public interface is "nonlinear"; that is, its types are
   "ordinary", and will have to be managed by a garbage collector, if
   you do not want them to leak freely. The need to free the linear
   types is bypassed by these interface template functions.

   A garbage collector, of course, is necessary for a great many
   programming languages, and with more of them all the time. So it is
   nothing extraordinary.

   The usual garbage collector to use with ATS2 (Postiats) is Boehm
   GC. *)

assume dllist_t (t, is_root) = ptr

implement {t}
dllist_t_make () =
  $UN.castvwtp0 (make_root<t> ())

implement {t}
dllist_t_is_root {is_root} dl =
  let
    val node = $UN.castvwtp0{node_vt (t, is_root)} dl
    val retval = is_root<t> node
    val _ = $UN.castvwtp0{void} node
  in
    retval
  end

implement {t}
dllist_t_isnot_root {is_root} dl =
  let
    val node = $UN.castvwtp0{node_vt (t, is_root)} dl
    val retval = isnot_root<t> node
    val _ = $UN.castvwtp0{void} node
  in
    retval
  end

implement {t}
dllist_t_root dl =
  let
    val node = $UN.castvwtp0{node_vt t} dl
    val root = find_root<t> node
    val _ = $UN.castvwtp0{void} node
  in
    $UN.castvwtp0 root
  end

implement {t}
dllist_t_previous dl =
  let
    val node = $UN.castvwtp0{node_vt t} dl
    val prev = get_prev<t> node
    val _ = $UN.castvwtp0{void} node
  in
    $UN.castvwtp0 prev
  end

implement {t}
dllist_t_next dl =
  let
    val node = $UN.castvwtp0{node_vt t} dl
    val next = get_next<t> node
    val _ = $UN.castvwtp0{void} node
  in
    $UN.castvwtp0 next
  end

implement {t}
dllist_t_insert_before (dl, elem) =
  let
    val node = $UN.castvwtp0{node_vt t} dl
    val next = insert_before<t> (node, elem)
    val _ = $UN.castvwtp0{void} node
  in
  end

implement {t}
dllist_t_insert_after (dl, elem) =
  let
    val node = $UN.castvwtp0{node_vt t} dl
    val next = insert_after<t> (node, elem)
    val _ = $UN.castvwtp0{void} node
  in
  end

implement {t}
dllist_t_remove dl =
  let
    val node = $UN.castvwtp0{node_vt t} dl
    val next = remove<t> node
    val _ = $UN.castvwtp0{void} node
  in
  end

implement {t}
dllist_t_element dl =
  let
    val node = $UN.castvwtp0{node_vt t} dl
    val elem = get_element<t> node
    val _ = $UN.castvwtp0{void} node
  in
    elem
  end

implement {t}
dllist_t_make_generator (dl, direction) =
  if isltz direction then
    let
      val node_ref = ref (dllist_t_previous<t> (dllist_t_root<t> dl))
      val p_node = $UN.castvwtp0{ptr} node_ref
    in
      lam () =>
        let
          val node_ref = $UN.castvwtp0{ref (dllist_t t)} p_node
          val node = !node_ref
        in
          if dllist_t_is_root<t> node then
            None ()
          else
            let
              val elem = dllist_t_element<t> node
            in
              !node_ref := dllist_t_previous<t> node;
              Some elem
            end
        end
    end
  else
    let
      val node_ref = ref (dllist_t_next<t> (dllist_t_root<t> dl))
      val p_node = $UN.castvwtp0{ptr} node_ref
    in
      lam () =>
        let
          val node_ref = $UN.castvwtp0{ref (dllist_t t)} p_node
          val node = !node_ref
        in
          if dllist_t_is_root<t> node then
            None ()
          else
            let
              val elem = dllist_t_element<t> node
            in
              !node_ref := dllist_t_next<t> node;
              Some elem
            end
        end
    end

implement {t}
dllist_t_to_list dl =
  let
    var lst : List0 t = list_nil ()
    var xopt : Option t
    val gen = dllist_t_make_generator<t> (dl, ~1)
  in
    for (xopt := gen (); option_is_some xopt; xopt := gen ())
      case+ xopt of
      | Some x => lst := list_cons (x, lst);
    lst
  end

implement {t}
list_to_dllist_t lst =
  let
    val root = dllist_t_make<t> ()
    var dl : dllist_t t = root
    var p : List t
  in
    for (p := lst; isneqz p; p := list_tail p)
      begin
        dllist_t_insert_after<t> (dl, list_head p);
        dl := dllist_t_next<t> dl
      end;
    root
  end

(********************************************************************)


And here is dllist-demo.dats.

#include "share/atspre_staload.hats"

staload "dllist.sats"
staload _ = "dllist.dats"

(* Using macdefs as follows, rather than implementing compiled
   functions in terms of the templates, means the templates will be
   expanded each time you call the macro. You may or may not wish
   this. You *might* get big code that optimizes well. *)

typedef dl_t = dllist_t int

macdef dlmake = dllist_t_make<int>

macdef insert_before = dllist_t_insert_before<int>
macdef insert_after = dllist_t_insert_after<int>
macdef remove = dllist_t_remove<int>

macdef get_root = dllist_t_root<int>
macdef get_prev = dllist_t_previous<int>
macdef get_next = dllist_t_next<int>

macdef is_root = dllist_t_is_root<int>
macdef isnot_root = dllist_t_isnot_root<int>

macdef get_element = dllist_t_element<int>

macdef make_generator = dllist_t_make_generator<int>
macdef dl2list = dllist_t_to_list<int>
macdef list2dl = list_to_dllist_t<int>

fn
print_forwards (dl : dl_t) =
  let
    val gen = make_generator (dl, 1)
    var xopt : Option int
    var separator : string = ""
  in
    for (xopt := gen (); option_is_some xopt; xopt := gen ())
      case+ xopt of
      | Some x =>
        begin
          print! separator;
          print! x;
          separator := " "
        end
  end

fn
print_backwards (dl : dl_t) =
  let
    val gen = make_generator (dl, ~1)
    var xopt : Option int
    var separator : string = ""
  in
    for (xopt := gen (); option_is_some xopt; xopt := gen ())
      case+ xopt of
      | Some x =>
        begin
          print! separator;
          print! x;
          separator := " "
        end
  end

implement
main0 () =
  {
    val dl = list2dl ($list{int} (10, 20, 30, 40, 50))
    val _ = print! ("doubly linked list: ")
    val _ = print_forwards dl
    val _ = println! ()

    val _ = print! ("conversion to a regular list: ")
    val _ = println! (dl2list dl)

    val _ = print! ("traversal backwards: ")
    val _ = print_backwards dl
    val _ = println! ()

    val _ = print! ("traversal forwards, given a non-root node: ")
    val _ = print_forwards (get_prev (get_prev dl))
    val _ = println! ()

    val _ = print! ("traversal backwards, given a non-root node: ")
    val _ = print_backwards (get_prev (get_prev dl))
    val _ = println! ()

    val _ = print! ("insertion after the root: ")
    val _ = insert_after (dl, 5)
    val _ = print_forwards dl
    val _ = println! ()

    val _ = print! ("insertion before the root: ")
    val _ = insert_before (dl, 55)
    val _ = print_forwards dl
    val _ = println! ()

    val _ = print! ("insertion after the second element: ")
    val _ = insert_after (get_next (get_next dl), 15)
    val _ = print_forwards dl
    val _ = println! ()

    val _ = print! ("insertion before the second from last element: ")
    val _ = insert_before (get_prev (get_prev dl), 45)
    val _ = print_forwards dl
    val _ = println! ()

    val _ = print! ("removal of the element 30: ")
    val _ =
      let
        var p : dl_t
      in
        for (p := get_next dl; get_element p <> 30; p := get_next p)
          ();
        remove p
      end
    val _ = print_forwards dl
    val _ = println! ()
  }


Output:
$ patscc -O2 -DATS_MEMALLOC_GCBDW dllist-demo.dats dllist.dats dllist.sats -lgc && ./a.out
doubly linked list: 10 20 30 40 50
conversion to a regular list: 10, 20, 30, 40, 50
traversal backwards: 50 40 30 20 10
traversal forwards, given a non-root node: 10 20 30 40 50
traversal backwards, given a non-root node: 50 40 30 20 10
insertion after the root: 5 10 20 30 40 50
insertion before the root: 5 10 20 30 40 50 55
insertion after the second element: 5 10 15 20 30 40 50 55
insertion before the second from last element: 5 10 15 20 30 40 45 50 55
removal of the element 30: 5 10 15 20 40 45 50 55

Aside: This is a form of doubly linked list I first implemented in Fortran 2018 for a mark-and-sweep garbage collector. I used the list to store the mutator roots.

AutoHotkey

see Doubly-linked list/AutoHotkey

C

/* double linked list */
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

struct List {
   struct MNode *head;
   struct MNode *tail;
   struct MNode *tail_pred;
};

struct MNode {
   struct MNode *succ;
   struct MNode *pred;
};

typedef struct MNode *NODE;
typedef struct List *LIST;

/*
** LIST l = newList()
** create (alloc space for) and initialize a list
*/
LIST newList(void);

/*
** int isEmpty(LIST l)
** test if a list is empty
*/
int isEmpty(LIST);

/*
** NODE n = getTail(LIST l)
** get the tail node of the list, without removing it
*/
NODE getTail(LIST);

/*
** NODE n = getHead(LIST l)
** get the head node of the list, without removing it
*/
NODE getHead(LIST);

/*
** NODE rn = addTail(LIST l, NODE n)
** add the node n to the tail of the list l, and return it (rn==n)
*/
NODE addTail(LIST, NODE);

/*
** NODE rn = addHead(LIST l, NODE n)
** add the node n to the head of the list l, and return it (rn==n)
*/
NODE addHead(LIST, NODE);

/*
** NODE n = remHead(LIST l)
** remove the head node of the list and return it
*/
NODE remHead(LIST);

/*
** NODE n = remTail(LIST l)
** remove the tail node of the list and return it
*/
NODE remTail(LIST);

/*
** NODE rn = insertAfter(LIST l, NODE r, NODE n)
** insert the node n after the node r, in the list l; return n (rn==n)
*/
NODE insertAfter(LIST, NODE, NODE);

/*
** NODE rn = removeNode(LIST l, NODE n)
** remove the node n (that must be in the list l) from the list and return it (rn==n)
*/
NODE removeNode(LIST, NODE);


LIST newList(void)
{
    LIST tl = malloc(sizeof(struct List));
    if ( tl != NULL )
    {
       tl->tail_pred = (NODE)&tl->head;
       tl->tail = NULL;
       tl->head = (NODE)&tl->tail;
       return tl;
    }
    return NULL;
}

int isEmpty(LIST l)
{
   return (l->head->succ == 0);
}

NODE getHead(LIST l)
{
  return l->head;
}

NODE getTail(LIST l)
{
  return l->tail_pred;
}


NODE addTail(LIST l, NODE n)
{
    n->succ = (NODE)&l->tail;
    n->pred = l->tail_pred;
    l->tail_pred->succ = n;
    l->tail_pred = n;
    return n;
}

NODE addHead(LIST l, NODE n)
{
    n->succ = l->head;
    n->pred = (NODE)&l->head;
    l->head->pred = n;
    l->head = n;
    return n;
}

NODE remHead(LIST l)
{
   NODE h;
   h = l->head;
   l->head = l->head->succ;
   l->head->pred = (NODE)&l->head;
   return h;
}

NODE remTail(LIST l)
{
   NODE t;
   t = l->tail_pred;
   l->tail_pred = l->tail_pred->pred;
   l->tail_pred->succ = (NODE)&l->tail;
   return t;
}

NODE insertAfter(LIST l, NODE r, NODE n)
{
   n->pred = r; n->succ = r->succ;
   n->succ->pred = n; r->succ = n;
   return n;
}

NODE removeNode(LIST l, NODE n)
{
   n->pred->succ = n->succ;
   n->succ->pred = n->pred;
   return n;
}

Simple test:

/* basic test */

struct IntNode {
  struct MNode node;
  int data;
};

int main()
{
    int i;
    LIST lista;
    struct IntNode *m;
    NODE n;
    
    lista = newList();
    if ( lista != NULL )
    {
      for(i=0; i < 5; i++)
      {
          m = malloc(sizeof(struct IntNode));
          if ( m != NULL )
          {
             m->data = rand()%64;
             addTail(lista, (NODE)m);
          }
      }
      while( !isEmpty(lista) )
      {
            m = (struct IntNode *)remTail(lista);
            printf("%d\n", m->data);
            free(m);
      }
      free(lista);
    }
}

C#

The .NET framework provides the LinkedListNode<T> class, which represents an individual node of a linked list, and the LinkedList<T> class, which provides abstractions to read and modify a list as if it were a single object. The LinkedListNode<T>.Next and LinkedListNode<T>.Previous properties is read-only, ensuring that all lists must be created using LinkedList<T> and that each list can only be mutated using the methods of its LinkedList<T> instance (the appropriate .NET accessibility modifiers are used to hide these implementation details).

One node instance is forbidden to be in multiple lists; this is enforced using the LinkedListNode<T>.List property, which is set accordingly when a node is added to a LinkedList<T> and set to null when it is removed. This also has the effect of preventing cycles.

Though mutating the structure of a list can only be done through the LinkedList<T> class, mutating the values contained by the nodes of a list is done through its individual LinkedListNode<T> instances, as the LinkedListNode<T>.Next.Value property is settable.

using System.Collections.Generic;

class Program
{
    static void Main(string[] args)
    {
        LinkedList<string> list = new LinkedList<string>();
        list.AddFirst(".AddFirst() adds at the head.");
        list.AddLast(".AddLast() adds at the tail.");
        LinkedListNode<string> head = list.Find(".AddFirst() adds at the head.");
        list.AddAfter(head, ".AddAfter() adds after a specified node.");
        LinkedListNode<string> tail = list.Find(".AddLast() adds at the tail.");
        list.AddBefore(tail, "Betcha can't guess what .AddBefore() does.");

        System.Console.WriteLine("Forward:");
        foreach (string nodeValue in list) { System.Console.WriteLine(nodeValue); }

        System.Console.WriteLine("\nBackward:");
        LinkedListNode<string> current = tail;
        while (current != null)
        {
            System.Console.WriteLine(current.Value);
            current = current.Previous;
        }
    }
}
Output:
Forward:
.AddFirst() adds at the head.
.AddAfter() adds after a specified node.
Betcha can't guess what .AddBefore() does.
.AddLast() adds at the tail.

Backward:
.AddLast() adds at the tail.
Betcha can't guess what .AddBefore() does.
.AddAfter() adds after a specified node.
.AddFirst() adds at the head.

C++

Works with: C++11
#include <iostream>
#include <list>

int main ()
{
    std::list<int> numbers {1, 5, 7, 0, 3, 2};
    numbers.insert(numbers.begin(), 9); //Insert at the beginning
    numbers.insert(numbers.end(), 4); //Insert at the end
    auto it = std::next(numbers.begin(), numbers.size() / 2); //Iterator to the middle of the list
    numbers.insert(it, 6); //Insert in the middle
    for(const auto& i: numbers)
        std::cout << i << ' ';
    std::cout << '\n';
}
Output:
9 1 5 7 6 0 3 2 4 

Clojure

(ns double-list)

(defprotocol PDoubleList
  (get-head [this])
  (add-head [this x])
  (get-tail [this])
  (add-tail [this x])
  (remove-node [this node])
  (add-before [this node x])
  (add-after [this node x])
  (get-nth [this n]))

(defrecord Node [prev next data])

(defn make-node
  "Create an internal or finalized node"
  ([prev next data] (Node. prev next data))
  ([m key] (when-let [node (get m key)]
            (assoc node :m m :key key))))

(defn get-next [node] (make-node (:m node) (:next node)))
(defn get-prev [node] (make-node (:m node) (:prev node)))

(defn- seq* [m start next]
  (seq
   (for [x (iterate #(get m (next %)) (get m start))
         :while x]
     (:data x))))

(defmacro when->
  ([x pred form] `(let [x# ~x] (if ~pred (-> x# ~form) x#)))
  ([x pred form & more] `(when-> (when-> ~x ~pred ~form) ~@more)))

(declare get-nth-key)

(deftype DoubleList [m head tail]
  Object
    (equals [this x]
      (and (instance? DoubleList x)
           (= m (.m ^DoubleList x))))
    (hashCode [this] (hash (or this ())))
  clojure.lang.Sequential
  clojure.lang.Counted
    (count [_] (count m))
  clojure.lang.Seqable
    (seq [_] (seq* m head :next))
  clojure.lang.Reversible
    (rseq [_] (seq* m tail :prev))
  clojure.lang.IPersistentCollection
    (empty [_] (DoubleList. (empty m) nil nil))
    (equiv [this x]
      (and (sequential? x)
           (= (seq x) (seq this))))
    (cons [this x] (.add-tail this x))
  PDoubleList
    (get-head [_] (make-node m head))
    (add-head [this x]
      (let [new-key (Object.)
            m (when-> (assoc m new-key (make-node nil head x))
                head (assoc-in [head :prev] new-key))
            tail (if tail tail new-key)]
        (DoubleList. m new-key tail)))
    (get-tail [_] (make-node m tail))
    (add-tail [this x]
      (if-let [tail (.get-tail this)]
        (.add-after this tail x)
        (.add-head this x)))
    (remove-node [this node]
      (if (get m (:key node))
        (let [{:keys [prev next key]} node
              head (if prev head next)
              tail (if next tail prev)
              m (when-> (dissoc m key)
                  prev (assoc-in [prev :next] next)
                  next (assoc-in [next :prev] prev))]
          (DoubleList. m head tail))
        this))
    (add-after [this node x]
      (if (get m (:key node))
        (let [{:keys [prev next key]} node
              new-key (Object.)
              m (when-> (-> (assoc m new-key  (make-node key next x))
                            (assoc-in , [key :next] new-key))
                  next (assoc-in [next :prev] new-key))
              tail (if next tail new-key)]
          (DoubleList. m head tail))
        this))
    (add-before [this node x]
      (if (:prev node)
        (.add-after this (get-prev node) x)
        (.add-head this x)))
    (get-nth [this n] (make-node m (get-nth-key this n))))

(defn get-nth-key [^DoubleList this n]
  (if (< -1 n (.count this))
    (let [[start next n] (if (< n (/ (.count this) 2))
                           [(.head this) :next n]
                           [(.tail this) :prev (- (.count this) n 1)])]
      (nth (iterate #(get-in (.m this) [% next]) start) n))
    (throw (IndexOutOfBoundsException.))))

(defn double-list
  ([] (DoubleList. nil nil nil))
  ([coll] (into (double-list) coll)))

(defmethod print-method DoubleList [dl w]
  (print-method (interpose '<-> (seq dl)) w))

(defmethod print-method Node [n w]
  (print-method (symbol "#:double_list.Node") w)
  (print-method (into {} (dissoc n :m)) w))

Usage:

(use 'double-list)
;=> nil
(def dl (double-list (range 10)))
;=> #'user/dl
dl
;=> (0 <-> 1 <-> 2 <-> 3 <-> 4 <-> 5 <-> 6 <-> 7 <-> 8 <-> 9)
(remove-node dl (get-tail dl))
;=> (0 <-> 1 <-> 2 <-> 3 <-> 4 <-> 5 <-> 6 <-> 7 <-> 8)
dl
;=> (0 <-> 1 <-> 2 <-> 3 <-> 4 <-> 5 <-> 6 <-> 7 <-> 8 <-> 9)
((juxt seq rseq) dl)
;=> [(0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9) (9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0)]
(remove-node dl (get-nth dl 5))
;=> (0 <-> 1 <-> 2 <-> 3 <-> 4 <-> 6 <-> 7 <-> 8 <-> 9)
(add-after *1 (get-nth *1 4) 10)
;=> (0 <-> 1 <-> 2 <-> 3 <-> 4 <-> 10 <-> 6 <-> 7 <-> 8 <-> 9)
(get-head *1)
;=> #:double_list.Node{:prev nil, :next #<Object ...>, :data 0, :key <Object ...>}
(get-next *1)
;=> #:double_list.Node{:prev #<Object ...>, :next #<Object ...>, :data 1, :key #<Object ...>}
(get-prev *1)
;=> #:double_list.Node{:prev #<Object ...>, :next #<Object ...>, :data 1, :key #<Object ...>}

Common Lisp

(defstruct dlist head tail)
(defstruct dlink content prev next)

(defun insert-between (dlist before after data)
  "Insert a fresh link containing DATA after existing link BEFORE if not nil and before existing link AFTER if not nil"
  (let ((new-link (make-dlink :content data :prev before :next after)))
    (if (null before)
        (setf (dlist-head dlist) new-link)
        (setf (dlink-next before) new-link))
    (if (null after)
        (setf (dlist-tail dlist) new-link)
        (setf (dlink-prev after) new-link))
    new-link))

(defun insert-before (dlist dlink data)
  "Insert a fresh link containing DATA before existing link DLINK"
  (insert-between dlist (dlink-prev dlink) dlink data))

(defun insert-after (dlist dlink data)
  "Insert a fresh link containing DATA after existing link DLINK"
  (insert-between dlist dlink (dlink-next dlink) data))

(defun insert-head (dlist data)
  "Insert a fresh link containing DATA at the head of DLIST"
  (insert-between dlist nil (dlist-head dlist) data))

(defun insert-tail (dlist data)
  "Insert a fresh link containing DATA at the tail of DLIST"
  (insert-between dlist (dlist-tail dlist) nil data))

(defun remove-link (dlist dlink)
  "Remove link DLINK from DLIST and return its content"
  (let ((before (dlink-prev dlink))
        (after (dlink-next dlink)))
    (if (null before)
        (setf (dlist-head dlist) after)
        (setf (dlink-next before) after))
    (if (null after)
        (setf (dlist-tail dlist) before)
        (setf (dlink-prev after) before))))

(defun dlist-elements (dlist)
  "Returns the elements of DLIST as a list"
  (labels ((extract-values (dlink acc)
             (if (null dlink)
                 acc
                 (extract-values (dlink-next dlink) (cons (dlink-content dlink) acc)))))
    (reverse (extract-values (dlist-head dlist) nil))))

The following produces (1 2 3 4).

(let ((dlist (make-dlist)))
  (insert-head dlist 1)
  (insert-tail dlist 4)
  (insert-after dlist (dlist-head dlist) 2)
  (let* ((next-to-last (insert-before dlist (dlist-tail dlist) 3))
         (bad-link (insert-before dlist next-to-last 42)))
    (remove-link dlist bad-link))
  (print (dlist-elements dlist)))

D

import std.stdio;

class LinkedList(T)
{
 Node!(T) head, tail;

 /** Iterate in the forward direction. */
 int opApply (int delegate(uint, Node!(T)) dg)
 {
  uint i = 0;
  auto link = head;
  int result = 0;
  while (link)
  {
   result = dg (i, link);
   if (result) return result;
   i++;
   link = link.next;
  }
  return result;
 }

 static LinkedList!(T) fromArray (T[] array)
 {
  Node!(T) link = null;
  auto head = link;
  auto self = new LinkedList!(T);
  foreach (elem; array)
  {
   link = new Node!(T)(null, link, elem, self);
   if (!head)
    head = link;
  }
  return self;
 }
}

class Node(T)
{
 Node!(T) next;
 Node!(T) previous;
 LinkedList!(T) parent;
 T value;

 this (Node!(T) next, Node!(T) previous, T value, LinkedList!(T) parent)
 in
 {
  assert (parent !is null);
 }
 body
 {
  this.next = next;
  if (next)
   next.previous = this;
  if (previous)
   previous.next = this;
  this.previous = previous;
  this.value = value;
  this.parent = parent;

  if (parent.head == next)
   parent.head = this;
  if (parent.tail == previous)
   parent.tail = this;
 }

 /** Insert an element after this one. */
 void insertAfter (T value)
 {
  new Node!(T)(next, this, value, parent);
 }

 /** Insert an element before this one. */
 void insertBefore (T value)
 {
  new Node!(T)(this, previous, value, parent);
 }

 /** Remove the current node from the list. */
 void remove ()
 {
  if (next)
   next.previous = previous;
  if (previous)
   previous.next = next;
  if (parent.tail == this)
   parent.tail = previous;
  if (parent.head == this)
   parent.head = next;
 }
}

void main ()
{
 string[] sample = ["was", "it", "a", "cat", "I", "saw"];
 auto list = LinkedList!string.fromArray (sample);
 for (auto elem = list.head; elem; elem = elem.next)
 {
  writef ("%s ", elem.value);
  if (elem.value == "it") elem.insertAfter("really");
 }
 writeln;
 for (auto elem = list.tail; elem; elem = elem.previous)
 {
  writef ("%s ", elem.value);
 }
 writeln;
}
Output:
Iterate forward: Was it really a cat I saw 
Iterate backward: saw I cat a really it Was 
Empty from tail: saw I cat a really it Was 

Delphi

[[1]]

Translation of: C#
program Doubly_linked;

{$APPTYPE CONSOLE}

uses
  System.SysUtils,
  boost.LinkedList;

var
  List: TLinkedList<string>;
  Head, Tail,Current: TLinkedListNode<string>;
  Value:string;

begin
  List := TLinkedList<string>.Create;

  List.AddFirst('.AddFirst() adds at the head.');
  List.AddLast('.AddLast() adds at the tail.');
  Head := List.Find('.AddFirst() adds at the head.');
  List.AddAfter(Head, '.AddAfter() adds after a specified node.');
  Tail := List.Find('.AddLast() adds at the tail.');
  List.AddBefore(Tail, 'Betcha can''t guess what .AddBefore() does.');

  Writeln('Forward:');
  for value in List do
    Writeln(value);

  Writeln(#10'Backward:');

  Current:= Tail;
  while Assigned(Current) do
  begin
    Writeln(Current.Value);
    Current:= Current.Prev;
  end;

  List.Free;
  Readln;
end.

E

def makeDLList() {
    def firstINode
    def lastINode
    
    def makeNode(var value, var prevI, var nextI) {
        # To meet the requirement that the client cannot create a loop, the 
        # inter-node refs are protected: clients only get the external facet 
        # with invariant-preserving operations.
        def iNode
        
        def node { # external facet
            
            to get() { return value }
            to put(new) { value := new }
            
            /** Return the value of the element of the list at the specified offset
                from this element. */
            to get(index :int) {
                if (index > 0 && node.hasNext()) {
                    return nextI.node().get(index - 1)
                } else if (index < 0 && node.hasPrev()) {
                    return prevI.node().get(index + 1)
                } else if (index <=> 0) {
                    return value
                } else {
                    throw("index out of range in dlList")
                }
            }
            to hasPrev() {
                return prevI != firstINode && prevI != null
            }
            to prev() {
                if (!node.hasPrev()) {
                    throw("there is no previous node")
                }
                return prevI.node()
            }
            to hasNext() {
                return nextI != lastINode && nextI != null
            }
            to next() {
                if (!node.hasNext()) {
                    throw("there is no next node")
                }
                return nextI.node()
            }
            to remove() {
                if (prevI == null || nextI == null) { return }
                prevI.setNextI(nextI)
                nextI.setPrevI(prevI)
                prevI := null
                nextI := null
            }
            to insertAfter(newValue) {
                def newI := makeNode(newValue, iNode, nextI)
                nextI.setPrevI(newI)
                nextI := newI
            }
            to insertBefore(newValue) {
                prevI.node().insertAfter(newValue)
            }
        }
        
        bind iNode { # internal facet
            to node() { return node }
            to nextI() { return nextI }
            to prevI() { return prevI }
            to setNextI(new) { nextI := new }
            to setPrevI(new) { prevI := new }
        }
        
        return iNode
    } # end makeNode

    bind firstINode := makeNode(null, Ref.broken("no first prev"), lastINode)
    bind lastINode := makeNode(null, firstINode, Ref.broken("no last next"))

    def dlList {
        to __printOn(out) {
            out.print("<")
            var sep := ""
            for x in dlList {
                out.print(sep)
                out.quote(x)
                sep := ", "
            }
            out.print(">")
        }
        to iterate(f) {
            var n := firstINode
            while (n.node().hasNext()) {
                n := n.nextI()
                f(n.node(), n.node()[])
            }
        }
        to atFirst() { return firstINode.nextI().node() }
        to atLast() { return lastINode.prevI().node() }
        to insertFirst(new) { return firstINode.node().insertAfter(new) }
        to push(new) { return lastINode.node().insertBefore(new) }
        
        /** Return the node which has the specified value */
        to nodeOf(value) {
            for node => v ? (v == value) in dlList { return node }
        }
    }
    return dlList
}
? def list := makeDLList()
# value: <>

? list.push(1)
? list
# value: <1>

? list.push(10)
? list.push(100)
? list
# value: <1, 10, 100>

? list.atFirst().insertAfter(5)
? list
# value: <1, 5, 10, 100>

? list.insertFirst(0)
? list
# value: <0, 1, 5, 10, 100>

? list.atLast().prev().remove()
? list
# value: <0, 1, 5, 100>

? list.atLast()[] := 10
? list
# value: <0, 1, 5, 10>

? for x in 11..20 { list.push(x) }
? list
# value: <0, 1, 5, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20>

Erlang

As with Singly-linked_list/Element_insertion a process is used to get mutability in Erlang's single assignment world.

-module( doubly_linked_list ).

-export( [append/2, foreach_next/2, foreach_previous/2, free/1, insert/3, new/1, task/0] ).

append( New, Start ) -> Start ! {append, New}.

foreach_next( Fun, Start ) -> Start ! {foreach_next, Fun}.

foreach_previous( Fun, Start ) -> Start ! {foreach_previous, Fun}.

free( Element ) -> Element ! {free}.

insert( New, After, Start ) -> Start ! {insert, New, After}.

new( Data ) -> erlang:spawn( fun() -> loop( Data, noprevious, nonext ) end ).

task() ->
    A = new( a ),
    B = new( b ),
    append( B, A ),
    C = new( c ),
    insert( C, A, A ),
    foreach_next( fun(Data) -> io:fwrite("foreach_next ~p~n", [Data]) end, A ),
    timer:sleep( 100 ),
    foreach_previous( fun(Data) -> io:fwrite("foreach_previous ~p~n", [Data]) end, B ).



loop( Data, Previous, Next ) ->
      My_pid = erlang:self(),
      receive
      {append, New} ->
             New_next = loop_append( New, Next, My_pid ),
             loop( Data, Previous, New_next );
      {foreach_next, Fun} ->
                catch Fun( Data ),
                loop_foreach_next( Fun, Next ),
                loop( Data, Previous, Next );
      {foreach_previous, Fun} ->
                catch Fun( Data ),
                loop_foreach_previous( Fun, Previous ),
                loop( Data, Previous, Next );
      {free} ->
             ok;
      {insert, New, My_pid} ->
	     New ! {previous, My_pid},
             loop_append( Next, New, My_pid ),
             loop( Data, Previous, New );
      {insert, New, After} ->
             Next ! {insert, New, After},
             loop( Data, Previous, Next );
      {previous, New_previous} ->
             loop( Data, New_previous, Next )
        end.

loop_append( New, nonext, My_pid ) ->
        New ! {previous, My_pid},
        New;
loop_append( New, Next, _My_pid ) ->
        Next ! {append, New},
        Next.

loop_foreach_next( _Fun, nonext ) -> ok;
loop_foreach_next( Fun, Next ) -> Next ! {foreach_next, Fun}.

loop_foreach_previous( _Fun, noprevious ) -> ok;
loop_foreach_previous( Fun, Next ) -> Next ! {foreach_previous, Fun}.

F#

type DListAux<'T> = {mutable prev: DListAux<'T> option; data: 'T; mutable next: DListAux<'T> option}
type DList<'T> = {mutable front: DListAux<'T> option; mutable back: DListAux<'T> option} //'

let empty() = {front=None; back=None}

let addFront dlist elt =
  match dlist.front with
  | None ->
      let e = Some {prev=None; data=elt; next=None}
      dlist.front <- e
      dlist.back <- e
  | Some e2 ->
      let e1 = Some {prev=None; data=elt; next=Some e2}
      e2.prev <- e1
      dlist.front <- e1

let addBack dlist elt =
  match dlist.back with
  | None -> addFront dlist elt
  | Some e2 ->
      let e1 = Some {prev=Some e2; data=elt; next=None}
      e2.next <- e1
      dlist.back <- e1

let addAfter dlist link elt =
  if link.next = dlist.back then addBack dlist elt else
    let e = Some {prev=Some link; data=elt; next=link.next}
    link.next <- e

Fortran

Tested with g95 and gfortran v. 4.6.

module dlist
  implicit none
  type node
     type(node), pointer :: next => null()
     type(node), pointer :: prev => null()
     integer :: data
  end type node

  type dll
     type(node), pointer :: head => null()
     type(node), pointer :: tail => null()
     integer :: num_nodes = 0
  end type dll

  public  :: node, dll, append, prepend, insert, dump, reverse_dump, tidy
  private :: init

contains
  ! Create a new doubly-linked list
  elemental type(dll) function new_dll()
    new_dll = dll(null(),null(),0)
    return
  end function new_dll

  ! Append an element to the end of the list
  elemental subroutine append(dl2, value)
    type(dll), intent(inout) :: dl2
    integer, intent(in)      :: value

    type(node), pointer :: np

    ! If the list is empty
    if (dl2%num_nodes == 0) then
       call init(dl2, value)
       return
    end if

    ! Add new element to the end
    dl2%num_nodes = dl2%num_nodes + 1
    np => dl2%tail
    allocate(dl2%tail)
    dl2%tail%data = value
    dl2%tail%prev => np
    dl2%tail%prev%next => dl2%tail
  end subroutine append

  ! Prepend an element to the beginning of the list
  elemental subroutine prepend(dl2, value)
    type(dll), intent(inout) :: dl2
    integer, intent(in)      :: value

    type(node), pointer :: np

    if (dl2%num_nodes == 0) then
       call init(dl2, value)
       return
    end if

    dl2%num_nodes = dl2%num_nodes + 1
    np => dl2%head
    allocate(dl2%head)
    dl2%head%data = value
    dl2%head%next => np
    dl2%head%next%prev => dl2%head
  end subroutine prepend

  ! Insert immediately before the given index
  elemental subroutine insert(dl2, index, value)
    type(dll), intent(inout) :: dl2
    integer, intent(in)      :: index
    integer, intent(in)      :: value

    type(node), pointer :: element
    type(node), pointer :: np1, np2
    integer             :: i

    if (dl2%num_nodes == 0) then
       call init(dl2, value)
       return
    end if

    ! If index is beyond the end then append
    if (index > dl2%num_nodes) then
       call append(dl2, value)
       return
    end if

    ! If index is less than 1 then prepend
    if (index <= 1) then
       call prepend(dl2, value)
       return
    end if

    ! Find the node at position 'index' counting from 1
    np1 => dl2%head
    do i=1, index-2
       np1 => np1%next
    end do
    np2 => np1%next

    ! Create the new node
    allocate(element)
    element%data = value

    ! Connect it up
    element%prev => np1
    element%next => np2
    np1%next => element
    np2%prev => element
    dl2%num_nodes = dl2%num_nodes + 1
  end subroutine insert

  subroutine dump(dl2)
    type(dll), intent(in) :: dl2
    type(node), pointer :: current
    integer :: i

    write(*,fmt='(a,i0,a)',advance='no') 'Doubly-linked list has ',dl2%num_nodes,' element - fwd = '
    current => dl2%head
    i = 1
    write(*,fmt='(i0,a)',advance='no') current%data,', '
    do
       current => current%next
       if (.not. associated(current)) then
          exit
       end if
       i = i + 1
       if (i == dl2%num_nodes) then
          write(*,'(i0)') current%data
       else
          write(*,fmt='(i0,a)',advance='no') current%data,', '
       end if
    end do
  end subroutine dump

  subroutine reverse_dump(dl2)
    type(dll), intent(in) :: dl2
    type(node), pointer :: current
    integer :: i

    write(*,fmt='(a,i0,a)',advance='no') 'Doubly-linked list has ',dl2%num_nodes,' element - bwd = '
    current => dl2%tail
    write(*,fmt='(i0,a)',advance='no') current%data,', '
    i = 1
    do
       current => current%prev
       if (.not. associated(current)) then
          exit
       end if
       i = i + 1
       if (i == dl2%num_nodes) then
          write(*,'(i0)') current%data
       else
          write(*,fmt='(i0,a)',advance='no') current%data,', '
       end if
    end do
  end subroutine reverse_dump

  ! Deallocate all allocated memory
  elemental subroutine tidy(dl2)
    type(dll), intent(inout) :: dl2
    type(node), pointer :: current, last

    current => dl2%head
    do
       last => current
       current => current%next
       if (associated(last)) then
          deallocate(last)
       end if
       if (associated(current, dl2%tail)) then
          deallocate(current)
          exit
       end if
    end do
  end subroutine tidy

  elemental subroutine init(dl2, value)
    type(dll), intent(inout) :: dl2
    integer, intent(in)      :: value
    allocate(dl2%head)
    dl2%tail => dl2%head
    dl2%tail%data = value
    dl2%num_nodes = 1
    return
  end subroutine init

end module dlist

program dl
  use dlist
  implicit none

  type(dll) :: mydll

  mydll = new_dll()
  call append(mydll, 5)
  call append(mydll, 7)
  call prepend(mydll, 3)
  call prepend(mydll, 1)
  call insert(mydll, 3, 4)
  call dump(mydll)

  call reverse_dump(mydll)

  call tidy(mydll)
end program dl
Output:
Doubly-linked list has 5 element - fwd = 1, 3, 4, 5, 7
Doubly-linked list has 5 element - bwd = 7, 5, 4, 3, 1

FreeBASIC

Sub InsertaElto(lista() As String, posic As Integer = 1)
    For i As Integer = Lbound(lista) To Ubound(lista)
        If i = posic Then Swap lista(i), lista(Ubound(lista))
    Next i
End Sub

Sub mostrarLista(lista() As String, titulo As String)
    'display all elements from list of strings
    Print !"\n"; titulo;
    For i As Integer = Lbound(lista) To Ubound(lista)
        Print lista(i); " ";
    Next i
    Print ""
End Sub

Dim As String arr()  'create a new list of strings
Dim As String elto   'items to add to the list
Dim As Integer j, c = 0

Restore datos
Do
    Read elto : c += 1
    If elto <> "EndOfData" Then Redim Preserve arr(c) : arr(c) = elto
Loop Until elto = "EndOfData"

Dim As Integer lb = Lbound(arr), ub = Ubound(arr)
Dim As String arrTMP(ub)
For j = lb To ub : arrTMP(ub-j) = arr(j)
Next j
For j = lb To ub : Swap arr(j), arrTMP(j)
Next j
mostrarLista(arr(),"Insertion at Head: ")

Erase arr
Restore datos
c = 0
Do
    Read elto : c += 1
    If elto <> "EndOfData" Then Redim Preserve arr(c) : arr(c) = elto
Loop Until elto = "EndOfData"
mostrarLista(arr(),"Insertion at Tail:")

Erase arr
Restore datos
c = 0
Do
    Read elto : c += 1
    If elto <> "EndOfData" Then Redim Preserve arr(c) : arr(c) = elto
Loop Until elto = "EndOfData"
InsertaElto(arr(), 3)
mostrarLista(arr(),"Insertion in Middle:")

Sleep

'the list of datos that will be added to the list
datos:
Data "One", "Two", "Three", "Four", "Five", "Six", "EndOfData"
Output:
Insertion at Head: Six Five Four Three Two One
Insertion at Tail: One Two Three Four Five Six
Insertion in Middle: One Two Six Four Five Three

Go

Go has nothing like an enforced invariant. Responsibility for preventing circular loops must be shared by all code that modifies the list. Given that, the following declaration enables code to do that efficiently.

type dlNode struct {
    int
    next, prev *dlNode
}

// Field 'members' allows loops to be prevented.  All nodes
// inserted should be added to members.  Code that operates
// on the list can check any pointer against members to
// find out if the pointer is already in the list.
type dlList struct {
    members map[*dlNode]int
    head, tail **dlNode
}

Or, just use the container/list package:

package main

import "fmt"
import "container/list"

func main() {
        // Create a new list and put some values in it.
        l := list.New()
        e4 := l.PushBack(4)
        e1 := l.PushFront(1)
        l.InsertBefore(3, e4)
        l.InsertAfter("two", e1)
        
        // Iterate through list and print its contents.
        for e := l.Front(); e != nil; e = e.Next() {
            fmt.Println(e.Value)
        }
}

Haskell

For an efficient implementation, see the Data.FDList module provided by liboleg. But before using doubly linked lists at all, see this discussion on Stack Overflow.

import qualified Data.Map as M

type NodeID = Maybe Rational
data Node a = Node
   {vNode :: a,
    pNode, nNode :: NodeID}
type DLList a = M.Map Rational (Node a)

empty = M.empty

singleton a = M.singleton 0 $ Node a Nothing Nothing

fcons :: a -> DLList a -> DLList a
fcons a list | M.null list = singleton a
             | otherwise   = M.insert newid new $
                             M.insert firstid changed list
  where (firstid, Node firstval _ secondid) = M.findMin list
        newid = firstid - 1
        new     = Node a        Nothing      (Just firstid)
        changed = Node firstval (Just newid) secondid

rcons :: a -> DLList a -> DLList a
rcons a list | M.null list = singleton a
             | otherwise   = M.insert lastid changed $
                             M.insert newid new list
  where (lastid, Node lastval penultimateid _) = M.findMax list
        newid = lastid + 1
        changed = Node lastval penultimateid (Just newid)
        new     = Node a       (Just lastid) Nothing

mcons :: a -> Node a -> Node a -> DLList a -> DLList a
mcons a n1 n2 = M.insert n1id left .
    M.insert midid mid . M.insert n2id right
  where Node n1val farleftid   (Just n2id) = n1
        Node n2val (Just n1id) farrightid  = n2
        midid = (n1id + n2id) / 2   -- Hence the use of Rationals.
        mid = Node a (Just n1id) (Just n2id)
        left  = Node n1val farleftid    (Just midid)
        right = Node n2val (Just midid) farrightid

firstNode :: DLList a -> Node a
firstNode = snd . M.findMin

lastNode :: DLList a -> Node a
lastNode = snd . M.findMax

nextNode :: DLList a -> Node a -> Maybe (Node a)
nextNode l n = nNode n >>= flip M.lookup l

prevNode :: DLList a -> Node a -> Maybe (Node a)
prevNode l n = pNode n >>= flip M.lookup l

fromList = foldr fcons empty

toList = map vNode . M.elems

An example of use:

main = putStrLn $ toList l
  where l = mcons 'M' n1 n2 x
        x = rcons 'Z' $ fcons 'a' $ fcons 'q' $ singleton 'w'
        n1 = firstNode x
        Just n2 = nextNode x n1

Icon and Unicon

Uses Unicon's classes.

The DoubleList is made from elements of DoubleLink. Doubly-Linked List (element)#Icon_and_Unicon, Doubly-Linked List (element insertion)#Icon_and_Unicon and Doubly-Linked List (traversal)#Icon_and_Unicon

class DoubleList (item)

  method head ()
    node := item
    every (node := node.traverse_backwards ()) # move to start of list
    return node
  end

  method tail ()
    node := item
    every (node := node.traverse_forwards ()) # move to end of list
    return node
  end
  
  method insert_at_head (value)
    head().insert_before (DoubleLink(value))
  end

  method insert_at_tail (value)
    tail().insert_after (DoubleLink (value))
  end  

  # insert a node for new_value after that for target_value, 
  # i.e. in the middle of the list
  method insert_after (target_value, new_value)
    node := head ()
    every node := head().traverse_forwards () do 
      if (node.value = target_value) 
        then { 
          node.insert_after (DoubleLink (new_value))
         break 
        }
  end

  # constructor initiates a list making a node from given value
  initially (value)
    self.item := DoubleLink (value)
end

An insert_before method was added to the DoubleLink class:

  # insert given node before this one, losing its existing connections
  method insert_before (node)
    if (\prev_link) then prev_link.next_link := node
    node.prev_link := prev_link
    node.next_link := self
    self.prev_link := node
  end

To test the double-linked list:

procedure main ()
  dlist := DoubleList (5)
  every i := 4 to 1 by -1 do 
    dlist.insert_at_head (i)
  every i := 6 to 10 do
    dlist.insert_at_tail (i)

  dlist.insert_after (3, 11)

  every node := dlist.head().traverse_forwards () do
    write (node.value)
end
Output:
1
2
3
11
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

J

Doubly linked lists are antithetical to J.

First, J already has a built in list data type which is heavily optimized, and micromanaging issues like list traversal bypasses all of that design and architecture.

Second, an implementation of "doubly linked" conflicts with the "once and only once" character of many good implementations. In a doubly linked list order must be specified redundantly and that redundancy creates maintenance costs which are justified only in rare cases.

So, first, here is a native J list:

  list=: 2 3 5 7 11

To implement a doubly linked list, one could create a list of successor indices and another list of predecessor indices.

First, let us define a different order for our list element, so we can easily show that our doubly linked list is logically distinct from the built in list. If we use "alphabeted order by names of numbers" we would have the list 11 5 7 3 2

  data=:11 5 7 3 2
3 is followed by 2
5 is followed by 7
7 is followed by 3
11 is followed by 5

and

2 is preceded by 3
3 is preceded by 7
5 is preceded by 11
7 is preceded by 5

To represent this in J, we can define additional lists with the successor index and predecessor index for each node:

  successors=:   _ 0 3 1 2
  predecessors=: 1 3 4 2 __

Note that the successor for the end of the list is _ and the successor for the beginning of the list is __

To check for loops, look for repeated indices in either of these ordering lists. To add an element to the doubly linked list, you would add an element to the data list, and then update the successor and predecessor list by appending to the end the index of the item designated as the successor/predecessor of the new item and replacing the previous holder of that value with the newly valid index.

Finally, note that we can remove elements from the doubly linked list without removing them from the data list. We might wish to chain removed elements together to facilitate re-use of their positions. If we want to do this, we will need a place to start:

  garbage=: __

When we delete an item we place the old garbage value as its successor index and we define the garbage variable to be the index we just deleted. And when adding to the list we first check if garbage has a valid index and if so we take over that position in the structure and update garbage with the previous value of the successor.

Needless to say, this approach is expensive and inefficient. (But, granted, there will be cases where the cost is worth the expense.)

That said, note also that while the native J lists do not support cycles or loops, this high-cost substitute is general enough to support them.

Java

The LinkedList<T> class is the Doubly-linked list implementation in Java. There are a large number of methods supporting the list. An example is shown below.

import java.util.LinkedList;

public class DoublyLinkedList {
   
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        LinkedList<String> list = new LinkedList<String>();
        list.addFirst("Add First");
        list.addLast("Add Last 1");
        list.addLast("Add Last 2");
        list.addLast("Add Last 1");
        traverseList(list);
        
        list.removeFirstOccurrence("Add Last 1");
        traverseList(list);
    }
    
    private static void traverseList(LinkedList<String> list) {
        System.out.println("Traverse List:");
        for ( int i = 0 ; i < list.size() ; i++ ) {
            System.out.printf("Element number %d - Element value = '%s'%n", i, list.get(i));
        }
        System.out.println();
    }
    
}
Output:
Traverse List:
Element number 0 - Element value = 'Add First'
Element number 1 - Element value = 'Add Last 1'
Element number 2 - Element value = 'Add Last 2'
Element number 3 - Element value = 'Add Last 1'

Traverse List:
Element number 0 - Element value = 'Add First'
Element number 1 - Element value = 'Add Last 2'
Element number 2 - Element value = 'Add Last 1'

JavaScript

See Doubly-Linked List (element)#JavaScript, Doubly-Linked List (element insertion)#JavaScript and Doubly-Linked List (traversal)#JavaScript

Julia

Regarding the avoidance or circular loops part of this task, a call to

show(DLNode)

reveals that Julia considers all of the nodes of doubly linked lists of this kind to contain circular references to their adjacent nodes.

mutable struct DLNode{T}
    value::T
    pred::Union{DLNode{T}, Nothing}
    succ::Union{DLNode{T}, Nothing}
    DLNode(v) = new{typeof(v)}(v, nothing, nothing)
end

function insertpost(prevnode, node)
    succ = prevnode.succ
    prevnode.succ = node
    node.pred = prevnode
    node.succ = succ
    if succ != nothing
        succ.pred =  node
    end
    node
end

function insertpre(postnode, node)
    pred = postnode.pred
    postnode.pred = node
    node.succ = postnode
    node.pred = pred
    if pred != nothing
        pred.succ = node
    end
    node
end

function delete(nd)
    if nd != nothing
        pred = nd.pred
        succ = nd.succ
        if pred != nothing pred.succ = succ end
        if succ != nothing succ.pred = pred end
    end
    nothing
end

first(nd) = (while nd.pred != nothing nd = nd.prev end; nd)
last(nd) = (while nd.succ != nothing nd = nd.succ end; nd)

function printconnected(nd; fromtail = false)
    if fromtail
        nd = last(nd)
        print(nd.value)
        while nd.pred != nothing 
            nd = nd.pred
            print(" -> $(nd.value)")
        end
    else
        nd = first(nd)
        print(nd.value)
        while nd.succ != nothing
            nd = nd.succ
            print(" -> $(nd.value)")
        end
    end
    println()
end

node1 = DLNode(1)
node2 = DLNode(2)
node3 = DLNode(3)
node4 = DLNode(4)
insertpost(node1, node2)
insertpre(node2, node4)
insertpost(node2, node3)
println("First value is ", first(node1).value, " and last value is ", last(node1).value)
print("From beginning to end: "); printconnected(node1)
delete(node4)
print("From end to beginning post deletion: "); printconnected(node1, fromtail = true)
Output:

First value is 1 and last value is 3 From beginning to end: 1 -> 4 -> 2 -> 3 From end to beginning post deletion: 3 -> 2 -> 1

Kotlin

Rather than use the java.util.LinkedList<E> class, we will write our own simple LinkedList<E> class for this task:

// version 1.1.2

class LinkedList<E> {
    class Node<E>(var data: E, var prev: Node<E>? = null, var next: Node<E>? = null) {
        override fun toString(): String {
            val sb = StringBuilder(this.data.toString())
            var node = this.next
            while (node != null) {
                sb.append(" -> ", node.data.toString())
                node = node.next
            }
            return sb.toString()
        }
    }

    var first: Node<E>? = null
    var last:  Node<E>? = null

    fun addFirst(value: E) {
        if (first == null) {
            first = Node(value)
            last =  first
        }
        else {
            val node = first!!
            first = Node(value, null, node)
            node.prev = first
        }
    }

    fun addLast(value: E) {
        if (last == null) {
            last = Node(value)
            first = last
        }
        else {
            val node = last!!
            last = Node(value, node, null)
            node.next = last
        }
    }

    fun insert(after: Node<E>?, value: E) {
        if (after == null)
            addFirst(value)
        else if (after == last)
            addLast(value)
        else {
            val next = after.next
            val new = Node(value, after, next)
            after.next = new
            if (next != null) next.prev = new
        }
    }

    override fun toString() = first.toString()
}

fun main(args: Array<String>) {
    val ll = LinkedList<Int>()
    ll.addFirst(1)
    ll.addLast(4)
    ll.insert(ll.first, 2)
    ll.insert(ll.last!!.prev, 3)
    println(ll)
}
Output:
1 -> 2 -> 3 -> 4

Lua

-- Doubly Linked List in Lua 6/15/2020 db
-------------------
-- IMPLEMENTATION:
-------------------

local function Node(data)
  return { data=data } --implied: return { data=data, prev=nil, next=nil }
end

local List = {
  head = nil,
  tail = nil,
  insertHead = function(self, data)
    local node = Node(data)
    if (self.head) then
      self.head.prev = node
      node.next = self.head
      self.head = node
    else
      self.head = node
      self.tail = node
    end
    return node
  end,
  insertTail = function(self, data)
    local node = Node(data)
    if self.tail then
      self.tail.next = node
      node.prev = self.tail
      self.tail = node
    else
      self.head = node
      self.tail = node
    end
    return node
  end,
  insertBefore = function(self,mark,data)
    if (mark) then
      local node = Node(data)
      if (mark == self.head) then
        self.head.next = node
        node.next = self.head
        self.head = node
      else
        mark.prev.next = node
        node.prev = mark.prev
        mark.prev = node
        node.next = mark
      end
      return node
    else
      -- if no mark given, then insertBefore()==insertHead()
      return self:insertHead(data)
    end
  end,
  insertAfter = function(self,mark,data)
    if (mark) then
      local node = Node(data)
      if (mark == self.tail) then
        self.tail.next = node
        node.prev = self.tail
        self.tail = node
      else
        mark.next.prev = node
        node.next = mark.next
        mark.next = node
        node.prev = mark
      end
      return node
    else
      -- if no mark given, then insertAfter()==insertTail()
      return self:insertTail(data)
    end
  end,
  values = function(self)
    local result, node = {}, self.head
    while (node) do result[#result+1], node = node.data, node.next end
    return result
  end,
}
List.__index = List
setmetatable(List, {__call=function(self) return setmetatable({},self) end })

---------
-- TEST:
---------
local function validate(list, expected)
  local values = list:values()
  local actual = table.concat(values, ",")
  print(actual==expected, actual)
end
local list = List()                      validate(list, "")
local n1   = list:insertTail(1)          validate(list, "1")
local n2   = list:insertTail(2)          validate(list, "1,2")
local n3   = list:insertTail(3)          validate(list, "1,2,3")
local n4   = list:insertTail(4)          validate(list, "1,2,3,4")
local n33  = list:insertAfter(n3, 33)    validate(list, "1,2,3,33,4")
local n22  = list:insertAfter(n2, 22)    validate(list, "1,2,22,3,33,4")
local n11  = list:insertAfter(n1, 11)    validate(list, "1,11,2,22,3,33,4")
local n44  = list:insertAfter(n4, 44)    validate(list, "1,11,2,22,3,33,4,44")
local n5   = list:insertTail(5)          validate(list, "1,11,2,22,3,33,4,44,5")
local n444 = list:insertBefore(n5, 444)  validate(list, "1,11,2,22,3,33,4,44,444,5")
local n55  = list:insertAfter(nil, 55)   validate(list, "1,11,2,22,3,33,4,44,444,5,55")
local n0   = list:insertHead(0)          validate(list, "0,1,11,2,22,3,33,4,44,444,5,55")
local nm1  = list:insertBefore(nil, -1)  validate(list, "-1,0,1,11,2,22,3,33,4,44,444,5,55")
local n111 = list:insertBefore(n2, 111)  validate(list, "-1,0,1,11,111,2,22,3,33,4,44,444,5,55")
local n222 = list:insertAfter(n22, 222)  validate(list, "-1,0,1,11,111,2,22,222,3,33,4,44,444,5,55")
local n333 = list:insertBefore(n4, 333)  validate(list, "-1,0,1,11,111,2,22,222,3,33,333,4,44,444,5,55")
local n555 = list:insertAfter(n55, 555)  validate(list, "-1,0,1,11,111,2,22,222,3,33,333,4,44,444,5,55,555")
Output:
true
true    1
true    1,2
true    1,2,3
true    1,2,3,4
true    1,2,3,33,4
true    1,2,22,3,33,4
true    1,11,2,22,3,33,4
true    1,11,2,22,3,33,4,44
true    1,11,2,22,3,33,4,44,5
true    1,11,2,22,3,33,4,44,444,5
true    1,11,2,22,3,33,4,44,444,5,55
true    0,1,11,2,22,3,33,4,44,444,5,55
true    -1,0,1,11,2,22,3,33,4,44,444,5,55
true    -1,0,1,11,111,2,22,3,33,4,44,444,5,55
true    -1,0,1,11,111,2,22,222,3,33,4,44,444,5,55
true    -1,0,1,11,111,2,22,222,3,33,333,4,44,444,5,55
true    -1,0,1,11,111,2,22,222,3,33,333,4,44,444,5,55,555

M2000 Interpreter

M2000 from 9th version has pointers for groups. Also there is IS operator to check if two pointers are the same. There is no Null pointer except ->0 for groups which decrement object reference counter. So here we use a Null class to define an empty group and then we make a global pointer Null to hold that and compare it with Is operator later.

To check that all works we have to use deconstructor ( Remove {}) which call with Clear statement if only one reference exist. So when we remove from list nodes we check it if destroyed, visually.

We can use ? as print.

There is no garbage collector for pointers for groups, except the reference counter. We can use groups without pointers and we place them in containers, and use indexes or keys for those containers as pointers. Using groups with no pointers make each group unique, so there is no circular dependency between two groups. Containers have garbage collector.

Using pointers inside groups make harder to program.

Groups are two kinds in M2000. The named group (or static in a way) and the float group (unnamed). Pointers for groups are also two types, internal, but we handle it as one type. If we get a pointer to a named group, actually we get a weak reference. If this named grouped erased then weak pointer can't work, we get error. If we get a pointer from an expression we get a real pointer (with counting reference). To get a real pointer from a named group is not possible. We can use A->(namedGroup) to get a pointer of a copy of namedGroup. Then we can use namedGroup=Group(A) to merge a copy of A to namedGroup (same members get new values, new members added, unique members of namedGroup stay as is).


Module Checkit {
      Form 80, 50
      Class Null {}
      Global Null->Null()
      Class Node {
            group pred, succ
            dat=0
            Remove {
                  Print "destroyed", .dat
            }
            class: 
            module Node {
                  .pred->Null
                  .succ->Null
                  if match("N") Then Read .dat
            }
      }
      Class LList {
            Group Head, Tail
            Module PushTail(k as pointer) {
                  if .Tail is Null then {
                        .Head<=k
                        .Tail<=k
                  } else {
                        n=.Tail
                        .Tail<=k
                        k=>pred=n=>pred
                        n=>pred=k
                        k=>succ=n
                  }
            }
            Function RemoveTail {
                  n=.Tail
                  if n is .Head then {
                        .Head->Null
                        .Tail->Null
                  } Else { 
                        .Tail<=n=>succ
                        .Tail=>pred=n=>pred
                        n=>pred->Null
                  }
                  for n {
                        .succ->Null
                        .pred->Null
                  }
                  =n
            }
            Module PushHead(k as pointer) {
                  if .head is Null then {
                        .Head<=k
                        .Tail<=k
                  } else {
                        n=.head
                        .head<=k
                        k=>succ=n=>succ
                        n=>succ=k
                        k=>pred=n
                  }
            }
            Function RemoveHead {
                  n=.Head
                  if n is .Tail then {
                        .Head->Null
                        .Tail->Null
                  } Else { 
                      .Head<=n=>pred
                      .Head=>succ=n=>succ
                       n=>succ->Null    
                   }
                  for n {
                        .succ->Null
                        .pred->Null
                  }
                  =n
            }
            Module RemoveNode(k as pointer) {
                  pred=k=>pred
                  succ=k=>succ
                  if pred is succ then {
                        if .head is k else Error "Can't remove this node"
                        k=.RemoveHead()
                        clear k
                  } else {
                       pred=>succ=succ
                       succ=>pred=pred 
                  }
            }
            Module InsertAfter(k as pointer, n as pointer) {
                  pred=k=>pred
                  n=>pred=pred
                  n=>succ=k
                  pred=>succ=n
                  k=>pred=n
            }
            Function IsEmpty {
                  = .Head is null or .tail is null
            }
      class:
            Module LList {
                  .Head->Null
                  .Tail->Null
            }
      }
      m->Node(100)
      
      L=LList()
      L.PushTail m
      If not L.Head is Null then Print L.Head=>dat=100
      for i=101 to 103 {
            m->Node(i)
            L.PushTail m
            Print "ok....", i
      }
      for i=104 to 106 {
            m->Node(i)
            L.PushHead m
            Print "ok....", i
      }
      
      Print "Use Head to display from last to first"
      m=L.Head
      do {
            Print m=>dat
            m=m=>pred
      } Until m is null
      Print "ok, now find 3rd and remove it"
      m1=L.Head
      i=1 
      Index=3
      While i<Index {
            if m1 is null then exit
            m1=m1=>pred
            i++
      }
      If i<>Index then {
            Print "List has less than "; Index;" Items"
      } Else {
            Print "First add one new node"
                  newNode->Node(1000)
                  L.InsertAfter m1, newNode
                  L.RemoveNode m1
                  clear m1  ' last time m1 used here
                  newNode=Null
            Print "ok.............."
      }
      Print "Use Tail to display from first to last"
      m=L.Tail
      do {
            Print m=>dat
            m=m=>succ
      } Until m is null
      
      
      useother=True
      While not L.IsEmpty(){
            For This {
                  \\ we have to use a temporary variable name, here A
                         A=If(useother->L.RemoveTail(),L.RemoveHead())
                         ? A=>dat
                        useother~
                        \\ now we can try to perform removing
                        clear A
             }
      }
      Print "list is empty:"; L.IsEmpty()    
}
Checkit

Mathematica / Wolfram Language

ds = CreateDataStructure["DoublyLinkedList"];
ds["Append", #] & /@ {1, 5, 7, 0, 3, 2};
ds["Prepend", 9];
ds["Append", 4];
(* This is adding at the end and then swap to insert in to the middle: *)
ds["Append", 14]; ds["SwapPart", Round[ds["Length"]/2], ds["Length"]];
ds["Elements"]
Output:
{9, 1, 5, 14, 0, 3, 2, 4, 7}

Nim

Nim has a doubly linked list already in the lists module of the standard library.

type
  List[T] = object
    head, tail: Node[T]

  Node[T] = ref TNode[T]

  TNode[T] = object
    next, prev: Node[T]
    data: T

proc initList[T](): List[T] = discard

proc newNode[T](data: T): Node[T] =
  new(result)
  result.data = data

proc prepend[T](l: var List[T], n: Node[T]) =
  n.next = l.head
  if l.head != nil: l.head.prev = n
  l.head = n
  if l.tail == nil: l.tail = n

proc append[T](l: var List[T], n: Node[T]) =
  n.next = nil
  n.prev = l.tail
  if l.tail != nil:
    l.tail.next = n
  l.tail = n
  if l.head == nil:
    l.head = n

proc insertAfter[T](l: var List[T], r, n: Node[T]) =
  n.prev = r
  n.next = r.next
  n.next.prev = n
  r.next = n
  if r == l.tail: l.tail = n

proc remove[T](l: var List[T], n: Node[T]) =
  if n == l.tail: l.tail = n.prev
  if n == l.head: l.head = n.next
  if n.next != nil: n.next.prev = n.prev
  if n.prev != nil: n.prev.next = n.next

proc `$`[T](l: var List[T]): string =
  result = ""
  var n = l.head
  while n != nil:
    if result.len > 0: result.add(" -> ")
    result.add($n.data)
    n = n.next

var l = initList[int]()
var n = newNode(12)
var m = newNode(13)
var i = newNode(14)
var j = newNode(15)
l.append(n)
l.prepend(m)
l.insertAfter(m, i)
l.prepend(j)
l.remove(m)
echo l

var l2 = initList[string]()
l2.prepend newNode("hello")
l2.append newNode("world")
echo l2
Output:
15 -> 14 -> 12
hello -> world

Oberon-2

IMPORT Basic;
TYPE
	Node* = POINTER TO NodeDesc;
	NodeDesc* = (* ABSTRACT *) RECORD
		prev-,next-: Node;
	END;

	DLList* = POINTER TO DLListDesc;
	DLListDesc* = RECORD
		first-,last-: Node;
		size-: INTEGER;
	END;

Objeck

use Collection;

class Program {
  function : Main(args : String[]) ~ Nil {
    list := List->New();
    list->AddFront("first");
    list->AddBack("last");
    list->Insert("middle");

    list->Forward();
    do {
      list->Get()->As(String)->PrintLine();
      list->Previous();
    }
    while(list->Get() <> Nil);
  }
}

Oforth

Object Class new: DNode(value, mutable prev, mutable next)
 
DNode method: initialize  := next := prev := value ;
DNode method: value  @value ;
DNode method: prev  @prev ;
DNode method: next  @next ;
DNode method: setPrev := prev ;
DNode method: setNext  := next ;
DNode method: <<  @value << ;
 
DNode method: insertAfter(node)
   node setPrev(self)
   node setNext(@next)
   @next ifNotNull: [ @next setPrev(node) ]
   node := next ;
 
// Double linked list definition 
Collection Class new: DList(mutable head, mutable tail)
DList method: head  @head ;
DList method: tail  @tail ;
 
DList method: insertFront(v) 
| p |
   @head ->p
   DNode new(v, null, p) := head
   p ifNotNull: [ p setPrev(@head) ]
   @tail ifNull: [ @head := tail ] ;
 
DList method: insertBack(v) 
| n |
   @tail ->n
   DNode new(v, n, null) := tail 
   n ifNotNull: [ n setNext(@tail) ]
   @head ifNull: [ @tail := head ] ;
 
DList method: forEachNext
   dup ifNull: [ drop @head ifNull: [ false ] else: [ @head @head true] return ]
   next dup ifNull: [ drop false ] else: [ dup true ] ;
 
DList method: forEachPrev
   dup ifNull: [ drop @tail ifNull: [ false ] else: [ @tail @tail true] return ]
   prev dup ifNull: [ drop false ] else: [ dup true ] ;
 
: test      // ( -- aDList )
| dl dn |
   DList new ->dl
   dl insertFront("A") 
   dl insertBack("B")
   dl head insertAfter(DNode new("C", null , null))
   dl ;
Output:
>test .s
[1] (DList) [A, C, B]

PascalABC.NET

type Node<T> = auto class
  data: T;
  prev,next: Node<T>;
end;

type 
  MyLinkedList<T> = class
    first, last: Node<T>;
    procedure AddFirst(x: T);
    begin
      if first = nil then
      begin
        first := new Node<T>(x,nil,nil);
        last := first
      end
      else 
      begin
        var p := new Node<T>(x,nil,first);
        first.prev := p;
        first := p;
      end;
    end;
    procedure AddLast(x: T);
    begin
      if first = nil then
      begin
        first := new Node<T>(x,nil,nil);
        last := first
      end
      else 
      begin
        var p := new Node<T>(x,last,nil);
        last.next := p;
        last := p;
      end;
    end;
    procedure AddAfter(p: Node<T>; x: T);
    begin
      if last = p then
        AddLast(x)
      else begin
        var pp := new Node<T>(x,p,p.next);
        p.next := pp;
        pp.next.prev := pp;
      end  
    end;
    procedure PrintList();
    begin
      var p := first;
      while p<>nil do
      begin
        Print(p.data);
        p := p.next;
      end;
    end;
    procedure PrintBack();
    begin
      var p := last;
      while p<>nil do
      begin
        Print(p.data);
        p := p.prev;
      end;
    end;
  end;

begin
  var lst := new MyLinkedList<integer>;
  lst.AddFirst(2); lst.AddFirst(3);
  lst.AddLast(5);
  lst.AddAfter(lst.first,555);
  lst.PrintList;
  Println;
  lst.PrintBack;
end.
Output:
3 555 2 5 
5 2 555 3 

Phix

See Doubly-linked_list/Traversal for a complete example.

PicoLisp

For the list of double-cell structures described in Doubly-linked list/Element definition#PicoLisp, we define a header structure, containing one pointer to the start and one to the end of the list.

           +------------> start
           |
        +--+--+-----+
        |  |  |  ---+---> end
        +-----+-----+
# Build a doubly-linked list
(de 2list @
   (let Prev NIL
      (let L
         (make
            (while (args)
               (setq Prev (chain (list (next) Prev))) ) )
         (cons L Prev) ) ) )

(setq *DLst (2list 'was 'it 'a 'cat 'I 'saw))

For output of the example data, see Doubly-linked list/Traversal#PicoLisp.

PL/I

define structure
   1 Node,
      2 value        fixed decimal,
      2 back_pointer handle(Node),
      2 fwd_pointer  handle(Node);

PowerShell

Create and populate the list:

$list = New-Object -TypeName 'Collections.Generic.LinkedList[PSCustomObject]'

for($i=1; $i -lt 10; $i++)
{
   $list.AddLast([PSCustomObject]@{ID=$i; X=100+$i;Y=200+$i}) | Out-Null
}

$list
Output:
ID   X   Y
--   -   -
 1 101 201
 2 102 202
 3 103 203
 4 104 204
 5 105 205
 6 106 206
 7 107 207
 8 108 208
 9 109 209

Insert a value at the head:

$list.AddFirst([PSCustomObject]@{ID=123; X=123;Y=123}) | Out-Null

$list
Output:
 ID   X   Y
 --   -   -
123 123 123
  1 101 201
  2 102 202
  3 103 203
  4 104 204
  5 105 205
  6 106 206
  7 107 207
  8 108 208
  9 109 209

Insert a value in the middle:

$current = $list.First

while(-not ($current -eq $null))
{
   If($current.Value.X -eq 105)
   {
       $list.AddAfter($current, [PSCustomObject]@{ID=345;X=345;Y=345}) | Out-Null
       break
   }

   $current = $current.Next
}

$list
Output:
 ID   X   Y
 --   -   -
123 123 123
  1 101 201
  2 102 202
  3 103 203
  4 104 204
  5 105 205
345 345 345
  6 106 206
  7 107 207
  8 108 208
  9 109 209

Insert a value at the end:

$list.AddLast([PSCustomObject]@{ID=789; X=789;Y=789}) | Out-Null

$list
Output:
 ID   X   Y
 --   -   -
123 123 123
  1 101 201
  2 102 202
  3 103 203
  4 104 204
  5 105 205
345 345 345
  6 106 206
  7 107 207
  8 108 208
  9 109 209
789 789 789

PureBasic

DataSection
  ;the list of words that will be added to the list
  words:
  Data.s "One", "Two", "Three", "Four", "Five", "Six", "EndOfData"
EndDataSection


Procedure displayList(List x.s(), title$)
  ;display all elements from list of strings
  Print(title$)  
  ForEach x()
    Print(x() + " ")
  Next
  PrintN("")
EndProcedure


OpenConsole()

NewList a.s() ;create a new list of strings
 
;add words to the head of list
Restore words
Repeat
  Read.s a$
  If a$ <> "EndOfData"
    ResetList(a()) ;Move to head of list
    AddElement(a()) 
    a() = a$
  EndIf
Until a$ = "EndOfData"
displayList(a(),"Insertion at Head: ")  


ClearList(a())
;add words to the tail of list
Restore words
LastElement(a()) ;Move to the tail of the list
Repeat
  Read.s a$
  If a$ <> "EndOfData"
    AddElement(a()) ;after insertion the new position is still at the tail 
    a() = a$
  EndIf
Until a$ = "EndOfData"
displayList(a(),"Insertion at Tail: ")  


ClearList(a())
;add words to the middle of list
Restore words
ResetList(a()) ;Move to the tail of the list
Repeat
  Read.s a$
  If a$ <> "EndOfData"
    c = CountList(a())
    If c > 1
      SelectElement(a(),Random(c - 2)) ;insert after a random element but before tail
    Else
      FirstElement(a())
    EndIf 
    AddElement(a())
    a() = a$
  EndIf
Until a$ = "EndOfData"
displayList(a(),"Insertion in Middle: ") 

Repeat: Until Inkey() <> ""
Output:
Insertion at Head: Six Five Four Three Two One
Insertion at Tail: One Two Three Four Five Six
Insertion at Middle: One Five Six Three Four Two

Python

In the high level language Python, its list native datatype might be able to be used used. It automatically preserves the integrity of the list w.r.t. loops and allows insertion at any point using list.insert() via an integer index into the list rather than a machine-code level pointer to a list element.But if you need a DLL then you need it!

collections.deque

If, as you would expect from a doubly-linked list, you need to efficiently append items to the start of an ordered collection, use Python’s built-in collections.deque datatype. See TimeComplexity.

from collections import deque

some_list = deque(["a", "b", "c"])
print(some_list)

some_list.appendleft("Z")
print(some_list)

for value in reversed(some_list):
    print(value)
Output:
$ python deque_example.py 
deque(['a', 'b', 'c'])
deque(['Z', 'a', 'b', 'c'])
c
b
a
Z

Alternative

Although a deque is preferable in most cases, this implementation gives you the option to access nodes and slice "views" from a DoublyLinkedList. Things that collections.deque does not do.

Retrieving an item by it’s index returns the node’s value. Similarly, iterating a DoublyLinkedList yields a sequence of values, not a sequence of nodes. The return value of a slice is a DoublyLinkedListView, which shares common nodes with the original list.

Note that, without a concrete use case, the decision as to which of the special methods should return a node’s value or a DoublyLinkedListView is somewhat arbitrary. One might also choose to do away with DoublyLinkedListView and return a new DoublyLinkedList, accepting that update operations on a derived list could break links between nodes in other lists.

"""A doubly-linked list. Requires Python >=3.7"""
from __future__ import annotations

import math

from abc import ABC

from collections.abc import MutableSequence
from collections.abc import Sequence
from dataclasses import dataclass
from dataclasses import field

from typing import Any
from typing import Iterable
from typing import Iterator
from typing import Optional
from typing import Union


@dataclass
class Node:
    value: Any
    prev: Optional[Node] = field(default=None)
    next: Optional[Node] = field(default=None)


class BaseDoublyLinkedList(ABC):
    def __len__(self):
        return self.size

    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[Any]:
        node = self.head
        cnt = 1
        while node is not None and cnt <= self.size:
            yield node.value
            node = node.next
            cnt += 1

    def __reversed__(self) -> Iterator[Any]:
        node = self.tail
        while node is not None:
            yield node.value
            node = node.prev

    def __getitem__(self, key: Union[int, slice]) -> Optional[Any]:
        if isinstance(key, int):
            node = self._find_node(key)
            return node.value

        if key.step not in (None, 1):
            raise IndexError("can't step more than 1")

        start = key.start or 0
        node = self._find_node(start)
        return DoublyLinkedListView(node, key.stop - start - 1)

    def _find_node(self, index) -> Node:
        if index > self.size - 1 or index < -self.size:
            raise IndexError("list index out of range")

        if index >= 0:
            node = self.head
            for _ in range(index):
                node = node.next
        else:
            node = self.tail
            for _ in range(self.size - 1, self.size - abs(index), -1):
                node = node.prev

        return node


class DoublyLinkedListView(BaseDoublyLinkedList, Sequence):
    def __init__(self, node, stop=math.inf):
        self.head = node

        # Find the tail
        cnt = 1
        while node is not None and cnt <= stop:
            node = node.next
            cnt += 1

        self.tail = node
        self.size = cnt

    def __repr__(self):
        return f"DoublyLinkedListView([{', '.join(repr(v) for v in self)}])"

    def __str__(self):
        return repr(self)


class DoublyLinkedList(BaseDoublyLinkedList, MutableSequence):
    def __init__(self, iterable: Iterable):
        it = iter(iterable)

        # Possibly empty iterable
        try:
            self.head = Node(value=next(it))
            self.tail = self.head
            self.size = 1
        except StopIteration:
            self.head = None
            self.tail = None
            self.size = 0

        node = self.head

        for val in it:
            self.tail = Node(value=val, prev=node)
            node.next = self.tail
            node = self.tail
            self.size += 1

    def __repr__(self):
        return f"DoublyLinkedList([{', '.join(repr(v) for v in self)}])"

    def __str__(self):
        return repr(self)

    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
        node = self._find_node(key)
        node.value = value

    def __delitem__(self, key) -> None:
        node = self._find_node(key)
        node.prev.next = node.next
        node.next.prev = node.prev
        self.size -= 1

    def insert(self, index: int, value: Any) -> None:
        node = self._find_node(index)
        new_node = Node(value=value, prev=node.prev, next=node)

        node.prev.next = new_node
        node.prev = node

        self.size += 1

    def append(self, value: Any) -> None:
        tail = self.tail
        node = Node(value=value, prev=tail)
        tail.next = node

        self.tail = node
        self.size += 1

    def appendleft(self, value: Any) -> None:
        head = self.head
        node = Node(value=value, next=head)
        head.prev = node

        self.head = node
        self.size += 1

    def pop(self) -> Any:
        value = self.tail.value
        self.tail = self.tail.prev
        self.tail.next = None
        self.size -= 1
        return value

    def popleft(self) -> Any:
        value = self.head.value
        self.head = self.head.next
        self.head.prev = None
        self.size -= 1
        return value

Racket

The following is a port of the Common Lisp solution. The ouput is '(1 2 3 4).

#lang racket
(define-struct dlist (head tail) #:mutable #:transparent)
(define-struct dlink (content prev next) #:mutable #:transparent)
 
(define (insert-between dlist before after data)
  ; Insert a fresh link containing DATA after existing link 
  ; BEFORE if not nil and before existing link AFTER if not nil
  (define new-link (make-dlink data before after))
  (if before
      (set-dlink-next! before new-link)
      (set-dlist-head! dlist new-link))
  (if after
      (set-dlink-prev! after new-link)
      (set-dlist-tail! dlist new-link))
    new-link)
 
(define (insert-before dlist dlink data)
  ; Insert a fresh link containing DATA before existing link DLINK
  (insert-between dlist (dlink-prev dlink) dlink data))
 
(define (insert-after dlist dlink data)
  ; Insert a fresh link containing DATA after existing link DLINK
  (insert-between dlist dlink (dlink-next dlink) data))
 
(define (insert-head dlist data)
  ; Insert a fresh link containing DATA at the head of DLIST
  (insert-between dlist #f (dlist-head dlist) data))
 
(define (insert-tail dlist data)
  ; Insert a fresh link containing DATA at the tail of DLIST
  (insert-between dlist (dlist-tail dlist) #f data))
 
(define (remove-link dlist dlink)
  ; Remove link DLINK from DLIST and return its content
  (let ((before (dlink-prev dlink))
        (after (dlink-next dlink)))
    (if before
        (set-dlink-next! before after)
        (set-dlist-head! dlist after))
    (if after
        (set-dlink-prev! after before)
        (set-dlist-tail! dlist before))))
 
(define (dlist-elements dlist)
  ; Returns the elements of DLIST as a list
  (define (extract-values dlink acc)
    (if dlink
        (extract-values (dlink-next dlink) (cons (dlink-content dlink) acc))
        acc))
  (reverse (extract-values (dlist-head dlist) '())))

(let ((dlist (make-dlist #f #f)))
  (insert-head dlist 1)
  (insert-tail dlist 4)
  (insert-after dlist (dlist-head dlist) 2)
  (let* ((next-to-last (insert-before dlist (dlist-tail dlist) 3))
         (bad-link (insert-before dlist next-to-last 42)))
    (remove-link dlist bad-link))
  (dlist-elements dlist))

Raku

(formerly Perl 6) This shows a complete example. (Other entries in the section focus on aspects of this solution.)

role DLElem[::T] {
    has DLElem[T] $.prev is rw;
    has DLElem[T] $.next is rw;
    has T $.payload = T;

    method pre-insert(T $payload) {
	die "Can't insert before beginning" unless $!prev;
	my $elem = ::?CLASS.new(:$payload);
	$!prev.next = $elem;
	$elem.prev = $!prev;
	$elem.next = self;
	$!prev = $elem;
	$elem;
    }

    method post-insert(T $payload) {
	die "Can't insert after end" unless $!next;
	my $elem = ::?CLASS.new(:$payload);
	$!next.prev = $elem;
	$elem.next = $!next;
	$elem.prev = self;
	$!next = $elem;
	$elem;
    }

    method delete {
	die "Can't delete a sentinel" unless $!prev and $!next;
	$!next.prev = $!prev;
	$!prev.next = $!next;	# conveniently returns next element
    }
}

role DLList[::DLE] {
    has DLE $.first;
    has DLE $.last;

    submethod BUILD {
	$!first = DLE.new;
	$!last = DLE.new;
	$!first.next = $!last;
	$!last.prev = $!first;
    }

    method list { ($!first.next, *.next ...^ !*.next).map: *.payload }
    method reverse { ($!last.prev, *.prev ...^ !*.prev).map: *.payload }
}

class DLElem_Int does DLElem[Int] {}
class DLList_Int does DLList[DLElem_Int] {}

my $dll = DLList_Int.new;

$dll.first.post-insert(1).post-insert(2).post-insert(3);
$dll.first.post-insert(0);

$dll.last.pre-insert(41).pre-insert(40).prev.delete;  # (deletes 3)
$dll.last.pre-insert(42);

say $dll.list;     # 0 1 2 40 41 42
say $dll.reverse;  # 42 41 40 2 1 0
Output:
0 1 2 40 41 42
42 41 40 2 1 0

REXX

        ╔═════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
        ║        ☼☼☼☼☼☼☼☼☼☼☼ Functions of the  List Manager ☼☼☼☼☼☼☼☼☼☼☼           ║
        ║   @init      ─── initializes the List.                                  ║
        ║                                                                         ║
        ║   @size      ─── returns the size of the List  [could be a  0  (zero)]. ║
        ║                                                                         ║
        ║   @show      ─── shows (displays) the complete List.                    ║
        ║   @show k,1  ─── shows (displays) the  Kth  item.                       ║
        ║   @show k,m  ─── shows (displays)  M  items,  starting with  Kth  item. ║
        ║   @show ,,─1 ─── shows (displays) the complete List backwards.          ║
        ║                                                                         ║
        ║   @get  k    ─── returns the  Kth  item.                                ║
        ║   @get  k,m  ─── returns the  M  items  starting with the  Kth  item.   ║
        ║                                                                         ║
        ║   @put  x    ─── adds the  X  items to the  end  (tail) of the List.    ║
        ║   @put  x,0  ─── adds the  X  items to the start (head) of the List.    ║
        ║   @put  x,k  ─── adds the  X  items to before of the  Kth  item.        ║
        ║                                                                         ║
        ║   @del  k    ─── deletes the item  K.                                   ║
        ║   @del  k,m  ─── deletes the   M  items  starting with item  K.         ║
        ╚═════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝

REXX doesn't have linked lists, as there are no pointers (or handles).
However, linked lists can be simulated with lists in REXX.

/*REXX program implements various List Manager functions  (see the documentation above).*/
call sy 'initializing the list.'            ;  call @init
call sy 'building list: Was it a cat I saw' ;  call @put "Was it a cat I saw"
call sy 'displaying list size.'             ;  say  "list size="@size()
call sy 'forward list'                      ;  call @show
call sy 'backward list'                     ;  call @show ,,-1
call sy 'showing 4th item'                  ;  call @show 4,1
call sy 'showing 5th & 6th items'           ;  call @show 5,2
call sy 'adding item before item 4: black'  ;  call @put "black",4
call sy 'showing list'                      ;  call @show
call sy 'adding to tail: there, in the ...' ;  call @put "there, in the shadows, stalking its prey (and next meal)."
call sy 'showing list'                      ;  call @show
call sy 'adding to head: Oy!'               ;  call @put  "Oy!",0
call sy 'showing list'                      ;  call @show
exit                                             /*stick a fork in it,  we're all done. */
/*──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
p:       return word(arg(1), 1)                  /*pick the first word out of many items*/
sy:      say;   say left('', 30) "───" arg(1) '───';              return
@init:   $.@=;    @adjust: $.@=space($.@);   $.#=words($.@);      return
@hasopt: arg o;                                                   return pos(o, opt)\==0
@size:   return $.#
/*──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
@del:    procedure expose $.;     arg k,m;          call @parms 'km'
         _=subword($.@, k, k-1)   subword($.@, k+m)
         $.@=_;                   call @adjust;                                return
/*──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
@get:    procedure expose $.;     arg k,m,dir,_
         call @parms 'kmd'
                                  do j=k  for m  by dir  while  j>0  &  j<=$.#
                                  _=_ subword($.@, j, 1)
                                  end   /*j*/
         return strip(_)
/*──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
@parms:  arg opt                                 /*define a variable based on an option.*/
         if @hasopt('k')  then k=min($.#+1, max(1, p(k 1)))
         if @hasopt('m')  then m=p(m 1)
         if @hasopt('d')  then dir=p(dir 1);                                   return
/*──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
@put:    procedure expose $.;     parse arg x,k;        k=p(k $.#+1);      call @parms 'k'
         $.@=subword($.@, 1, max(0, k-1))   x   subword($.@, k);           call @adjust
         return
/*──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
@show:   procedure expose $.;     parse arg k,m,dir;    if dir==-1  &  k==''   then k=$.#
         m=p(m $.#);              call @parms 'kmd';    say @get(k,m, dir);    return

output

                               ─── initializing the list. ───

                               ─── building list: Was it a cat I saw ───

                               ─── displaying list size. ───
list size=6

                               ─── forward list ───
Was it a cat I saw

                               ─── backward list ───
saw I cat a it Was

                               ─── showing 4th item ───
cat

                               ─── showing 5th & 6th items ───
I saw

                               ─── adding item before item 4: black ───

                               ─── showing list ───
Was it a black cat I saw

                               ─── adding to tail: there, in the ... ───

                               ─── showing list ───
Was it a black cat I saw there, in the shadows, stalking its prey (and next meal).

                               ─── adding to head: Oy! ───

                               ─── showing list ───
Oy! Was it a black cat I saw there, in the shadows, stalking its prey (and next meal). 

Ring

# Project : Doubly-linked list/Definition

test = [1, 5, 7, 0, 3, 2]
insert(test, 0, 9)
insert(test, len(test), 4)
item = len(test)/2
insert(test, item, 6)
showarray(test)

func showarray(vect)
        svect = ""
        for n = 1 to len(vect)
              svect = svect + vect[n] + " "
        next
        svect = left(svect, len(svect) - 1)
        see svect

Output:

9 1 5 7 6 0 3 2 4

Ruby

See Doubly-Linked List (element)#Ruby, Doubly-Linked List (element insertion)#Ruby and Doubly-Linked List (traversal)#Ruby

Scheme

Works with: R7RS


See also ATS.


(cond-expand
  (r7rs)
  (chicken (import r7rs)))

(import (scheme base))
(import (scheme write))
(import (scheme case-lambda))
(import (scheme process-context))

;; A doubly-linked list will be represented by a reference to any of
;; its nodes. This is possible because the "root node" is marked as
;; such.
(define-record-type <dllist>
  (%dllist root? prev next element)
  dllist?
  (root? dllist-root?)
  (prev dllist-prev %dllist-set-prev!)
  (next dllist-next %dllist-set-next!)
  (element %dllist-element))

(define (dllist-element node)
  ;; Get the element in a node. It is an error if the node is the
  ;; root.
  (when (dllist-root? node)
    (display "dllist-element of a root node\n" (current-error-port))
    (exit 1))
  (%dllist-element node))

(define (dllist . elements)
  ;; Make a doubly-linked list from the given elements.
  (list->dllist elements))

(define (make-dllist)
  ;; Return a node marked as being a root, and which points to itself.
  (let ((root (%dllist #t #f #f #f)))
    (%dllist-set-prev! root root)
    (%dllist-set-next! root root)
    root))

(define (dllist-root node)
  ;; Given a reference to any node of a <dllist>, return a reference
  ;; to the list's root node.
  (if (dllist-root? node)
      node
      (dllist-root (dllist-prev node))))

(define (dllist-insert-after! node element)
  ;; Insert an element after the given node, which may be either the
  ;; root or some other node.
  (let* ((next-node (dllist-next node))
         (new-node (%dllist #f node next-node element)))
    (%dllist-set-next! node new-node)
    (%dllist-set-prev! next-node new-node)))

(define (dllist-insert-before! node element)
  ;; Insert an element before the given node, which may be either the
  ;; root or some other node.
  (let* ((prev-node (dllist-prev node))
         (new-node (%dllist #f prev-node node element)))
    (%dllist-set-next! prev-node new-node)
    (%dllist-set-prev! node new-node)))

(define (dllist-remove! node)
  ;; Remove a node from a <dllist>. It is an error if the node is the
  ;; root.
  (when (dllist-root? node)
    (display "dllist-remove! of a root node\n" (current-error-port))
    (exit 1))
  (let ((prev (dllist-prev node))
        (next (dllist-next node)))
    (%dllist-set-next! prev next)
    (%dllist-set-prev! next prev)))

(define dllist-make-generator
  ;; Make a thunk that returns the elements of the list, starting at
  ;; the root and going in either direction.
  (case-lambda
    ((node) (dllist-make-generator node 1))
    ((node direction)
     (if (negative? direction)
         (let ((p (dllist-prev (dllist-root node))))
           (lambda ()
             (and (not (dllist-root? p))
                  (let ((element (dllist-element p)))
                    (set! p (dllist-prev p))
                    element))))
         (let ((p (dllist-next (dllist-root node))))
           (lambda ()
             (and (not (dllist-root? p))
                  (let ((element (dllist-element p)))
                    (set! p (dllist-next p))
                    element))))))))

(define (list->dllist lst)
  ;; Make a doubly-linked list from the elements of an ordinary list.
  (let loop ((node (make-dllist))
             (lst lst))
    (if (null? lst)
        (dllist-next node)
        (begin
          (dllist-insert-after! node (car lst))
          (loop (dllist-next node) (cdr lst))))))

(define (dllist->list node)
  ;; Make an ordinary list from the elements of a doubly-linked list.
  (let loop ((lst '())
             (node (dllist-prev (dllist-root node))))
    (if (dllist-root? node)
        lst
        (loop (cons (dllist-element node) lst) (dllist-prev node)))))

;;;
;;; Some demonstration.
;;;

(define (print-it node)
  (let ((gen (dllist-make-generator node)))
    (do ((x (gen) (gen)))
        ((not x))
      (display " ")
      (write x))
    (newline)))

(define dl (dllist 10 20 30 40 50))

(let ((gen (dllist-make-generator dl)))
  (display "forwards generator: ")
  (do ((x (gen) (gen)))
      ((not x))
    (display " ")
    (write x))
  (newline))

(let ((gen (dllist-make-generator dl -1)))
  (display "backwards generator:")
  (do ((x (gen) (gen)))
      ((not x))
    (display " ")
    (write x))
  (newline))

(display "insertion after the root: ")
(dllist-insert-after! dl 5)
(print-it dl)

(display "insertion before the root:")
(dllist-insert-before! dl 55)
(print-it dl)

(display "insertion after the second element:")
(dllist-insert-after! (dllist-next (dllist-next dl)) 15)
(print-it dl)

(display "insertion before the second from last element:")
(dllist-insert-before! (dllist-prev (dllist-prev dl)) 45)
(print-it dl)

(display "removal of the element 30:")
(let ((node (let loop ((node (dllist-next dl)))
              (if (= (dllist-element node) 30)
                  node
                  (loop (dllist-next node))))))
  (dllist-remove! node))
(print-it dl)

(display "any node can be used for the generator:")
(print-it (dllist-next (dllist-next (dllist-next dl))))

(display "conversion to a list: ")
(display (dllist->list dl))
(newline)

(display "conversion from a list:")
(print-it (list->dllist (list "a" "b" "c")))
Output:
$ chibi dllist.scm
forwards generator:  10 20 30 40 50
backwards generator: 50 40 30 20 10
insertion after the root:  5 10 20 30 40 50
insertion before the root: 5 10 20 30 40 50 55
insertion after the second element: 5 10 15 20 30 40 50 55
insertion before the second from last element: 5 10 15 20 30 40 45 50 55
removal of the element 30: 5 10 15 20 40 45 50 55
any node can be used for the generator: 5 10 15 20 40 45 50 55
conversion to a list: (5 10 15 20 40 45 50 55)
conversion from a list: "a" "b" "c"

Swift

typealias NodePtr<T> = UnsafeMutablePointer<Node<T>>

class Node<T> {
  var value: T
  fileprivate var prev: NodePtr<T>?
  fileprivate var next: NodePtr<T>?

  init(value: T, prev: NodePtr<T>? = nil, next: NodePtr<T>? = nil) {
    self.value = value
    self.prev = prev
    self.next = next
  }
}

struct DoublyLinkedList<T> {
  fileprivate var head: NodePtr<T>?
  fileprivate var tail: NodePtr<T>?

  @discardableResult
  mutating func insert(_ val: T, at: InsertLoc<T> = .last) -> Node<T> {
    let node = NodePtr<T>.allocate(capacity: 1)

    node.initialize(to: Node(value: val))

    if head == nil && tail == nil {
      head = node
      tail = node

      return node.pointee
    }

    switch at {
    case .first:
      node.pointee.next = head
      head?.pointee.prev = node
      head = node
    case .last:
      node.pointee.prev = tail
      tail?.pointee.next = node
      tail = node
    case let .after(insertNode):
      var n = head

      while n != nil {
        if n!.pointee !== insertNode {
          n = n?.pointee.next

          continue
        }

        node.pointee.prev = n
        node.pointee.next = n!.pointee.next
        n!.pointee.next = node

        if n == tail {
          tail = node
        }

        break
      }
    }

    return node.pointee
  }

  @discardableResult
  mutating func remove(_ node: Node<T>) -> T? {
    var n = head

    while n != nil {
      if n!.pointee !== node {
        n = n?.pointee.next

        continue
      }

      if n == head {
        n?.pointee.next?.pointee.prev = nil
        head = n?.pointee.next
      } else if n == tail {
        n?.pointee.prev?.pointee.next = nil
        tail = n?.pointee.prev
      } else {
        n?.pointee.prev?.pointee.next = n?.pointee.next
        n?.pointee.next?.pointee.prev = n?.pointee.prev
      }

      break
    }

    if n == nil {
      return nil
    }

    defer {
      n?.deinitialize(count: 1)
      n?.deallocate()
    }

    return n?.pointee.value
  }

  enum InsertLoc<T> {
    case first
    case last
    case after(Node<T>)
  }
}

extension DoublyLinkedList: CustomStringConvertible {
  var description: String {
    var res = "["
    var node = head

    while node != nil {
      res += "\(node!.pointee.value), "
      node = node?.pointee.next
    }

    return (res.count > 1 ? String(res.dropLast(2)) : res) + "]"
  }
}

var list = DoublyLinkedList<Int>()
var node: Node<Int>!

for i in 0..<10 {
  let insertedNode = list.insert(i)

  if i == 5 {
    node = insertedNode
  }
}

print(list)

list.insert(100, at: .after(node!))

print(list)

list.remove(node!)

print(list)
Output:
[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 100, 6, 7, 8, 9]
[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 100, 6, 7, 8, 9]
Works with: Swift version 5.8

This version uses classes instead of structs and unsafe pointers. It thus obviates the need for explicit memory management and i, I think, a little cleaner.

Loops are avoided by handling the management of all links within the class itself.

public class DoublyLinkedList<Element>
{
	public class Entry
	{
		// Each entry owns the next entry
		public fileprivate(set) weak var prev: Entry?
		public fileprivate(set) var next: Entry?
		public let item: Element

		init(prev: Entry? = nil, next: Entry? = nil, item: Element)
		{
			self.prev = prev
			self.next = next
			self.item = item
		}
	}

	public init(){}

	public private(set) var headEntry: Entry? = nil
	public private(set) var tailEntry: Entry? = nil

	public var head: Element? { headEntry?.item }
	public var tail: Element? { tailEntry?.item }

	public func append(item: Element)
	{
		let newEntry = Entry(prev: tailEntry, item: item)
		if let tailEntry
		{
			tailEntry.next = newEntry
		}
		else
		{
			headEntry = newEntry
		}
		tailEntry = newEntry
	}

	public func prepend(item: Element)
	{
		let newEntry = Entry(next: headEntry, item: item)
		if let headEntry
		{
			headEntry.prev = newEntry
		}
		else
		{
			tailEntry = newEntry
		}
		headEntry = newEntry
	}

	public func insert(item: Element, before: Entry)
	{
		let newEntry = Entry(next: before, item: item)
		if let previous = before.prev
		{
			newEntry.prev = previous
			previous.next = newEntry
		}
		else
		{
			headEntry = newEntry
		}
		newEntry.next = before
	}

	public func insert(item: Element, after: Entry)
	{
		let newEntry = Entry(prev: after, item: item)
		if let next = after.next
		{
			newEntry.next = next
			next.prev = newEntry
		}
		else
		{
			tailEntry = newEntry
		}
		after.next = newEntry
	}

	@discardableResult public func remove(entry: Entry) -> Element
	{
		if let prevEntry = entry.prev
		{
			prevEntry.next = entry.next
		}
		else
		{
			headEntry = entry.next
		}
		if let nextEntry = entry.next
		{
			nextEntry.prev = entry.prev
		}
		else
		{
			tailEntry = entry.prev
		}
		entry.prev = nil
		entry.next = nil
		return entry.item
	}
}

extension DoublyLinkedList: CustomStringConvertible where Element: CustomStringConvertible
{
	public var description: String
	{
		var array: [Element] = []
		var currentEntry = headEntry
		while let thisEntry = currentEntry
		{
			array.append(thisEntry.item)
			currentEntry = thisEntry.next
		}
		return "[" + array.map({ $0.description }).joined(separator: ", ") + "]"
	}
}

let list = DoublyLinkedList<Int>()
for i in 0 ... 5
{
	list.append(item: i)
}
for i in 10 ... 15
{
	list.prepend(item: i)
}

if let insertPoint = list.headEntry?.next?.next
{
	list.insert(item: 99, after: insertPoint)
}
print("\(list)")
if let removePoint = list.headEntry?.next?.next?.next
{
	let item = list.remove(entry: removePoint)
}
print("\(list)")
Output:
[15, 14, 13, 99, 12, 11, 10, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
[15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

Tcl

This task was earlier marked as unfeasible for Tcl. Tcl lists are compact arrays of pointers to values. However, on very long lists, insertions and deletions (if not at end) may require copying a large amount of data. In such cases, the implementation below may be helpful. It provides a single dl command, which is called with the name of a DList, a method name, and possibly more arguments as required. The testcases below should give a good idea. The asList and asList2 methods demonstrate forward and backward traversal.

See also Doubly-Linked List (element) for a TclOO-based version.

package require Tcl 8.4 
proc dl {_name cmd {where error} {value ""}} {
    upvar 1 $_name N
    switch -- $cmd {
        insert {
            if ![info exists N()] {set N() {"" "" 0}}
            set id [lindex $N() 2]
            lset N() 2 [incr id]
            switch -- $where {
                head {
                    set prev {}
                    set next [lindex $N() 0]
                    lset N() 0 $id
                }
                end {
                    set prev [lindex $N() 1]
                    set next {}
                    lset N() 1 $id
                }
                default {
                    set prev $where
                    set next [lindex $N($where) 1]
                    lset N($where) 1 $id
                }
            }
            if {$prev ne ""} {lset N($prev) 1 $id}
            if {$next ne ""} {lset N($next) 0 $id}
            if {[lindex $N() 1] eq ""} {lset N() 1 $id}
            set N($id) [list $prev $next $value]
            return $id
        }
        delete {
            set i $where
            if {$where eq "head"} {set i [dl N head]}
            if {$where eq "end"}  {set i [dl N end]}
            foreach {prev next} $N($i) break
            if {$prev ne ""} {lset N($prev) 1 $next}
            if {$next ne ""} {lset N($next) 0 $prev}
            if {[dl N head] == $i} {lset N() 0 $next} 
            if {[dl N end] == $i}  {lset N() 1 $prev}
            unset N($i)
        }
        findfrom {
            if {$where eq "head"} {set where [dl N head]}
            for {set i $where} {$i ne ""} {set i [dl N next $i]} {
                if {[dl N get $i] eq $value} {return $i}
            }
        } 
        get    {lindex $N($where) 2}
        set    {lset   N($where) 2 $value; set value}
        head   {lindex $N() 0}
        end    {lindex $N() 1}
        next   {lindex $N($where) 1}
        prev   {lindex $N($where) 0}
        length {expr {[array size N]-1}}
        asList {
            set res {}
            for {set i [dl N head]} {$i ne ""} {set i [dl N next $i]} {
                lappend res [dl N get $i]
            }
            return $res
        } 
        asList2 {
            set res {}
            for {set i [dl N end]} {$i ne ""} {set i [dl N prev $i]} {
                lappend res [dl N get $i]
            }
            return $res
        } 
    }
}
# Testing code
set testcases [split {
    dl D insert head foo
    dl D insert end  bar
    dl D insert head hello
    dl D set [dl D head] hi
    dl D insert end  grill
    set i [dl D findfrom head bar]
    dl D set    $i BAR
    dl D insert $i and
    dl D length
    dl D asList2
    dl D delete $i
    dl D findfrom head nix
    dl D delete head
    dl D delete end
    dl D delete end
    dl D delete head
    dl D length
} \n]
foreach case $testcases {
    if {[string trim $case] ne ""} {
        puts " $case -> [eval $case] : [dl D asList]"
        if {[lsearch $argv -p] >= 0} {parray D}
    }
}

Visual Basic .NET

Public Class DoubleLinkList(Of T)
   Private m_Head As Node(Of T)
   Private m_Tail As Node(Of T)

   Public Sub AddHead(ByVal value As T)
       Dim node As New Node(Of T)(Me, value)

       If m_Head Is Nothing Then
           m_Head = Node
           m_Tail = m_Head
       Else
           node.Next = m_Head
           m_Head = node
       End If

   End Sub

   Public Sub AddTail(ByVal value As T)
       Dim node As New Node(Of T)(Me, value)

       If m_Tail Is Nothing Then
           m_Head = node
           m_Tail = m_Head
       Else
           node.Previous = m_Tail
           m_Tail = node
       End If
   End Sub

   Public ReadOnly Property Head() As Node(Of T)
       Get
           Return m_Head
       End Get
   End Property

   Public ReadOnly Property Tail() As Node(Of T)
       Get
           Return m_Tail
       End Get
   End Property

   Public Sub RemoveTail()
       If m_Tail Is Nothing Then Return

       If m_Tail.Previous Is Nothing Then 'empty
           m_Head = Nothing
           m_Tail = Nothing
       Else
           m_Tail = m_Tail.Previous
           m_Tail.Next = Nothing
       End If
   End Sub

   Public Sub RemoveHead()
       If m_Head Is Nothing Then Return

       If m_Head.Next Is Nothing Then 'empty
           m_Head = Nothing
           m_Tail = Nothing
       Else
           m_Head = m_Head.Next
           m_Head.Previous = Nothing
       End If
   End Sub

End Class

Public Class Node(Of T)
   Private ReadOnly m_Value As T
   Private m_Next As Node(Of T)
   Private m_Previous As Node(Of T)
   Private ReadOnly m_Parent As DoubleLinkList(Of T)

   Public Sub New(ByVal parent As DoubleLinkList(Of T), ByVal value As T)
       m_Parent = parent
       m_Value = value
   End Sub

   Public Property [Next]() As Node(Of T)
       Get
           Return m_Next
       End Get
       Friend Set(ByVal value As Node(Of T))
           m_Next = value
       End Set
   End Property

   Public Property Previous() As Node(Of T)
       Get
           Return m_Previous
       End Get
       Friend Set(ByVal value As Node(Of T))
           m_Previous = value
       End Set
   End Property

   Public ReadOnly Property Value() As T
       Get
           Return m_Value
       End Get
   End Property

   Public Sub InsertAfter(ByVal value As T)
       If m_Next Is Nothing Then
           m_Parent.AddTail(value)
       ElseIf m_Previous Is Nothing Then
           m_Parent.AddHead(value)
       Else
           Dim node As New Node(Of T)(m_Parent, value)
           node.Previous = Me
           node.Next = Me.Next
           Me.Next.Previous = node
           Me.Next = node
       End If
   End Sub

   Public Sub Remove()
       If m_Next Is Nothing Then
           m_Parent.RemoveTail()
       ElseIf m_Previous Is Nothing Then
           m_Parent.RemoveHead()
       Else
           m_Previous.Next = Me.Next
           m_Next.Previous = Me.Previous
       End If
   End Sub

End Class

Wren

Library: Wren-llist

The DLinkedList class in the above module is a generic doubly-linked list and is implemented in such a way that circular loops are not possible. We therefore use it here.

import "./llist" for DLinkedList

var dll = DLinkedList.new()
for (i in 1..3) dll.add(i)
System.print(dll)
for (i in 1..3) dll.remove(i)
System.print(dll)
Output:
[1 <-> 2 <-> 3]
[]

XPL0

def \Node\ Prev, Data, Next;    \Element (Node) definition
int Head(3), Tail(3);           \Doubly linked list definition
[Head(Next):= Tail;
 Tail(Prev):= Head;
]

zkl

class Node{
   fcn init(_value,_prev=Void,_next=Void)
      { var value=_value, prev=_prev, next=_next; }
   fcn toString{ value.toString() }
   fcn append(value){  // loops not allowed: create a new Node
      b,c := Node(value,self,next),next;
      next=b;
      if(c) c.prev=b;
      b
   }
   fcn delete{ 
      if(prev) prev.next=next;
      if(next) next.prev=prev; 
      self 
   }
   fcn last  { n,p := self,self; while(n){ p,n = n,n.next } p }
   fcn first { n,p := self,self; while(n){ p,n = n,n.prev } p }
   fcn walker(forward=True){
      dir:=forward and "next" or "prev";
      Walker(fcn(rn,dir){ 
         if(not (n:=rn.value)) return(Void.Stop);
	 rn.set(n.setVar(dir));
         n.value;
      }.fp(Ref(self),dir))
   }
}
a:=Node("a"); 
a.append("c").append("d");
a.last().append("e");
a.last().first().append("b");
foreach n in (a){ print(n,"  ") } println();
foreach n in (a.last().walker(False)){ print(n,"  ") } println();
Output:
a  b  c  d  e  
e  d  c  b  a