Cheryl's birthday

From Rosetta Code
Task
Cheryl's birthday
You are encouraged to solve this task according to the task description, using any language you may know.

Albert and Bernard just became friends with Cheryl, and they want to know when her birthday is.

Cheryl gave them a list of ten possible dates:

     May 15,     May 16,     May 19
     June 17,    June 18
     July 14,    July 16
     August 14,  August 15,  August 17

Cheryl then tells Albert the   month   of birth,   and Bernard the   day   (of the month)   of birth.

 1)  Albert:   I don't know when Cheryl's birthday is, but I know that Bernard does not know too.
 2)  Bernard:  At first I don't know when Cheryl's birthday is, but I know now.
 3)  Albert:   Then I also know when Cheryl's birthday is.


Task

Write a computer program to deduce, by successive elimination, Cheryl's birthday.


Related task


References



11l

Translation of: Nim
T Date = (String month, Int day)

V dates = [Date(‘May’, 15), Date(‘May’, 16), Date(‘May’, 19), Date(‘June’, 17), Date(‘June’, 18),
           Date(‘July’, 14), Date(‘July’, 16), Date(‘August’, 14), Date(‘August’, 15), Date(‘August’, 17)]

DefaultDict[Int, Set[String]] monthTable
L(date) dates
   monthTable[date.day].add(date.month)

DefaultDict[String, Set[Int]] dayTable
L(date) dates
   dayTable[date.month].add(date.day)

Set[String] possibleMonths
Set[Int] possibleDays

L(month, days) dayTable
   I days.len > 1
      possibleMonths.add(month)

L(month, days) dayTable
   L(day) days
      I monthTable[day].len == 1
         possibleMonths.remove(month)
print(‘After first Albert's sentence, possible months are ’Array(possibleMonths).join(‘, ’)‘.’)

L(day, months) monthTable
   I months.len > 1
      possibleDays.add(day)

Set[Int] impossibleDays
L(day) possibleDays
   I monthTable[day].intersection(possibleMonths).len > 1
      impossibleDays.add(day)
L(day) impossibleDays
   possibleDays.remove(day)
print(‘After Bernard's sentence, possible days are ’Array(possibleDays).join(‘, ’)‘.’)

Set[String] impossibleMonths
L(month) possibleMonths
   I dayTable[month].intersection(possibleDays).len > 1
      impossibleMonths.add(month)
L(month) impossibleMonths
   possibleMonths.remove(month)

assert(possibleMonths.len == 1)
V month = possibleMonths.pop()
print(‘After second Albert's sentence, remaining month is ’month‘...’)

possibleDays = possibleDays.intersection(dayTable[month])
assert(possibleDays.len == 1)
V day = possibleDays.pop()
print(‘and thus remaining day is ’day‘.’)

print()
print(‘So birthday date is ’month‘ ’day‘.’)
Output:
After first Albert's sentence, possible months are August, July.
After Bernard's sentence, possible days are 15, 16, 17.
After second Albert's sentence, remaining month is July...
and thus remaining day is 16.

So birthday date is July 16.

Ada

Translation of: C
with Ada.Text_IO; use Ada.Text_IO;

procedure Main is
   type Months is
     (January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September,
      November, December);
   type day_num is range 1 .. 31;
   type birthdate is record
      Month  : Months;
      Day    : day_num;
      Active : Boolean;
   end record;

   type birthday_list is array (Positive range <>) of birthdate;

   Possible_birthdates : birthday_list :=
     ((May, 15, True), (May, 16, True), (May, 19, True), (June, 17, True),
      (June, 18, True), (July, 14, True), (July, 16, True), (August, 14, True),
      (August, 15, True), (August, 17, True));

   procedure print_answer is
   begin
      for the_day of Possible_birthdates loop
         if the_day.Active then
            Put_Line (the_day.Month'Image & "," & the_day.Day'Image);
         end if;
      end loop;
   end print_answer;

   procedure print_remaining is
      count : Natural := 0;
   begin
      for date of Possible_birthdates loop
         if date.Active then
            count := count + 1;
         end if;
      end loop;
      Put_Line (count'Image & " remaining.");
   end print_remaining;

   -- the month cannot have a unique day
   procedure first_pass is
      count : Natural;
   begin
      for first_day of Possible_birthdates loop
         count := 0;
         for next_day of Possible_birthdates loop
            if first_day.Day = next_day.Day then
               count := count + 1;
            end if;
         end loop;

         if count = 1 then
            for the_day of Possible_birthdates loop
               if the_day.Active and then first_day.Month = the_day.Month then
                  the_day.Active := False;
               end if;
            end loop;
         end if;
      end loop;
   end first_pass;

   -- the day must now be unique
   procedure second_pass is
      count : Natural;
   begin
      for first_day of Possible_birthdates loop
         if first_day.Active then
            count := 0;
            for next_day of Possible_birthdates loop
               if next_day.Active then
                  if next_day.Day = first_day.Day then
                     count := count + 1;
                  end if;
               end if;
            end loop;

            if count > 1 then
               for next_day of Possible_birthdates loop
                  if next_day.Active and then next_day.Day = first_day.Day then
                     next_day.Active := False;
                  end if;
               end loop;
            end if;
         end if;
      end loop;
   end second_pass;

   -- the month must now be unique
   procedure third_pass is
      count : Natural;
   begin
      for first_day of Possible_birthdates loop
         if first_day.Active then
            count := 0;
            for next_day of Possible_birthdates loop
               if next_day.Active and then next_day.Month = first_day.Month
               then
                  count := count + 1;
               end if;
            end loop;
            if count > 1 then
               for next_day of Possible_birthdates loop
                  if next_day.Active and then next_day.Month = first_day.Month
                  then
                     next_day.Active := False;
                  end if;
               end loop;
            end if;
         end if;
      end loop;
   end third_pass;

begin
   print_remaining;
   first_pass;

   print_remaining;
   second_pass;

   print_remaining;
   third_pass;

   print_answer;
end Main;
Output:
 10 remaining.
 5 remaining.
 3 remaining.
JULY, 16

ALGOL 68

Works with: ALGOL 68G version Any - tested with release 2.8.3.win32
BEGIN # Cheryl's birthday puzzle                                       #

    [ 1 : 4, 1 : 6 ]INT   dates   # non-zero indicates a possible date #
                       := ( (  0, 15, 16,  0,  0, 19 )    # may        #
                          , (  0,  0,  0, 17, 18,  0 )    # june       #
                          , ( 14,  0, 16,  0,  0,  0 )    # july       #
                          , ( 14, 15,  0, 17,  0,  0 )    # august     #
                          );
    []STRING month name = ( "May", "June", "July", "August" );
    print( ( "Cheryl tells Albert the month and Bernard the day", newline ) );
    print( ( "Albert doesn't know the date and knows Bernard doesn't either", newline ) );
    FOR d TO 2 UPB dates DO     # elimiate the months with unique days #
        INT day count := 0;
        INT day       := 0;
        INT month     := 0;
        FOR m TO 1 UPB dates DO
            IF dates[ m, d ] /= 0 THEN
                day count +:= 1;
                day        := dates[ m, d ];
                month      := m
            FI
        OD;
        IF day count = 1 THEN
            print( ( "  Eliminating ", month name[ month ], ", ", whole( day, 0 ), "th is unique", newline ) );
            FOR p TO 2 UPB dates DO dates[ month, p ] := 0 OD
        FI
    OD;
    print( ( "Bernard now knows the date", newline ) );
    FOR d TO 2 UPB dates DO    # eliminate the days that aren't unique #
        INT day count := 0;
        INT day       := 0;
        INT month     := 0;
        FOR m TO 1 UPB dates DO
            IF dates[ m, d ] /= 0 THEN
                day count +:= 1;
                day        := dates[ m, d ];
                month      := m
            FI
        OD;
        IF day count > 1 THEN
            print( ( "  Eliminating ", whole( day, 0 ), "th, it is non-unique", newline ) );
            FOR p TO 1 UPB dates DO dates[ p, d ] := 0 OD
        FI
    OD;
    print( ( "Albert now knows the date", newline ) );
    FOR m TO 1 UPB dates DO    # eliminate months with non-unique days #
        INT day count := 0;
        INT day       := 0;
        INT month     := 0;
        FOR d TO 2 UPB dates DO
            IF dates[ m, d ] /= 0 THEN
                day count +:= 1;
                day        := dates[ m, d ];
                month      := m
            FI
        OD;
        IF day count > 1 THEN
            print( ( "  Eliminating ", month name[ m ], ", it has multiple days", newline ) );
            FOR p TO 2 UPB dates DO dates[ m, p ] := 0 OD
        FI
    OD;
    print( ( "Cheryl's birthday: " ) );         # show the solution(s) #
    FOR m TO 1 UPB dates DO
        FOR d TO 2 UPB dates DO
            IF dates[ m, d ] /= 0 THEN
                print( ( " ", month name[ m ], " ", whole( dates[ m, d ], 0 ), "th" ) )
            FI
        OD
    OD;
    print( ( newline ) )
END
Output:
Cheryl tells Albert the month and Bernard the day
Albert doesn't know the date and knows Bernard doesn't either
  Eliminating June, 18th is unique
  Eliminating May, 19th is unique
Bernard now knows the date
  Eliminating 14th, it is non-unique
Albert now knows the date
  Eliminating August, it has multiple days
Cheryl's birthday:  July 16th

AppleScript

use AppleScript version "2.4"
use framework "Foundation"
use scripting additions

property M : 1 -- Month
property D : 2 -- Day

on run
    -- The MONTH with only one remaining day
    -- among the DAYs with unique months,
    -- EXCLUDING months with unique days,
    -- in Cheryl's list:
    
    showList(uniquePairing(M, ¬
        uniquePairing(D, ¬
            monthsWithUniqueDays(false, ¬
                map(composeList({tupleFromList, |words|, toLower}), ¬
                    splitOn(", ", ¬
                        "May 15, May 16, May 19, June 17, June 18, " & ¬
                        "July 14, July 16, Aug 14, Aug 15, Aug 17"))))))
    
    --> "[('july', '16')]"
end run


-- QUERY FUNCTIONS ----------------------------------------

-- monthsWithUniqueDays :: Bool -> [(Month, Day)] -> [(Month, Day)]
on monthsWithUniqueDays(blnInclude, xs)
    set _months to map(my fst, uniquePairing(D, xs))
    script uniqueDay
        on |λ|(md)
            set bln to elem(fst(md), _months)
            if blnInclude then
                bln
            else
                not bln
            end if
        end |λ|
    end script
    filter(uniqueDay, xs)
end monthsWithUniqueDays


-- uniquePairing :: DatePart -> [(M, D)] -> [(M, D)]
on uniquePairing(dp, xs)
    script go
        property f : my mReturn(item dp of {my fst, my snd})
        on |λ|(md)
            
            set dct to f's |λ|(md)
            script unique
                on |λ|(k)
                    set mb to lookupDict(k, dct)
                    if Nothing of mb then
                        false
                    else
                        1 = length of (Just of mb)
                    end if
                end |λ|
            end script
            set uniques to filter(unique, keys(dct))
            
            script found
                on |λ|(tpl)
                    elem(f's |λ|(tpl), uniques)
                end |λ|
            end script
            filter(found, xs)
        end |λ|
    end script
    bindPairs(xs, go)
end uniquePairing


-- bindPairs :: [(M, D)] -> ((Dict Text [Text], Dict Text [Text]) 
--                                -> [(M, D)]) -> [(M, D)]
on bindPairs(xs, f)
    tell mReturn(f)
        |λ|(Tuple(dictFromPairs(xs), ¬
            dictFromPairs(map(my swap, xs))))
    end tell
end bindPairs

-- dictFromPairs :: [(M, D)] -> Dict Text [Text]
on dictFromPairs(mds)
    set gps to groupBy(|on|(my eq, my fst), ¬
        sortBy(comparing(my fst), mds))
    script kv
        on |λ|(gp)
            Tuple(fst(item 1 of gp), map(my snd, gp))
        end |λ|
    end script
    mapFromList(map(kv, gps))
end dictFromPairs


-- LIBRARY GENERICS ---------------------------------------

-- comparing :: (a -> b) -> (a -> a -> Ordering)
on comparing(f)
    script
        on |λ|(a, b)
            tell mReturn(f)
                set fa to |λ|(a)
                set fb to |λ|(b)
                if fa < fb then
                    -1
                else if fa > fb then
                    1
                else
                    0
                end if
            end tell
        end |λ|
    end script
end comparing

-- composeList :: [(a -> a)] -> (a -> a)
on composeList(fs)
    script
        on |λ|(x)
            script
                on |λ|(f, a)
                    mReturn(f)'s |λ|(a)
                end |λ|
            end script
            
            foldr(result, x, fs)
        end |λ|
    end script
end composeList

-- drop :: Int -> [a] -> [a]
-- drop :: Int -> String -> String
on drop(n, xs)
    set c to class of xs
    if c is not script then
        if c is not string then
            if n < length of xs then
                items (1 + n) thru -1 of xs
            else
                {}
            end if
        else
            if n < length of xs then
                text (1 + n) thru -1 of xs
            else
                ""
            end if
        end if
    else
        take(n, xs) -- consumed
        return xs
    end if
end drop

-- dropAround :: (a -> Bool) -> [a] -> [a]
-- dropAround :: (Char -> Bool) -> String -> String
on dropAround(p, xs)
    dropWhile(p, dropWhileEnd(p, xs))
end dropAround

-- dropWhile :: (a -> Bool) -> [a] -> [a]
-- dropWhile :: (Char -> Bool) -> String -> String
on dropWhile(p, xs)
    set lng to length of xs
    set i to 1
    tell mReturn(p)
        repeat while i  lng and |λ|(item i of xs)
            set i to i + 1
        end repeat
    end tell
    drop(i - 1, xs)
end dropWhile

-- dropWhileEnd :: (a -> Bool) -> [a] -> [a]
-- dropWhileEnd :: (Char -> Bool) -> String -> String
on dropWhileEnd(p, xs)
    set i to length of xs
    tell mReturn(p)
        repeat while i > 0 and |λ|(item i of xs)
            set i to i - 1
        end repeat
    end tell
    take(i, xs)
end dropWhileEnd

-- elem :: Eq a => a -> [a] -> Bool
on elem(x, xs)
    considering case
        xs contains x
    end considering
end elem

-- enumFromToInt :: Int -> Int -> [Int]
on enumFromToInt(M, n)
    if M  n then
        set lst to {}
        repeat with i from M to n
            set end of lst to i
        end repeat
        return lst
    else
        return {}
    end if
end enumFromToInt

-- eq (==) :: Eq a => a -> a -> Bool
on eq(a, b)
    a = b
end eq

-- filter :: (a -> Bool) -> [a] -> [a]
on filter(f, xs)
    tell mReturn(f)
        set lst to {}
        set lng to length of xs
        repeat with i from 1 to lng
            set v to item i of xs
            if |λ|(v, i, xs) then set end of lst to v
        end repeat
        return lst
    end tell
end filter

-- foldl :: (a -> b -> a) -> a -> [b] -> a
on foldl(f, startValue, xs)
    tell mReturn(f)
        set v to startValue
        set lng to length of xs
        repeat with i from 1 to lng
            set v to |λ|(v, item i of xs, i, xs)
        end repeat
        return v
    end tell
end foldl

-- foldr :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> [a] -> b
on foldr(f, startValue, xs)
    tell mReturn(f)
        set v to startValue
        set lng to length of xs
        repeat with i from lng to 1 by -1
            set v to |λ|(item i of xs, v, i, xs)
        end repeat
        return v
    end tell
end foldr

-- fst :: (a, b) -> a
on fst(tpl)
    if class of tpl is record then
        |1| of tpl
    else
        item 1 of tpl
    end if
end fst

-- Typical usage: groupBy(on(eq, f), xs)
-- groupBy :: (a -> a -> Bool) -> [a] -> [[a]]
on groupBy(f, xs)
    set mf to mReturn(f)
    
    script enGroup
        on |λ|(a, x)
            if length of (active of a) > 0 then
                set h to item 1 of active of a
            else
                set h to missing value
            end if
            
            if h is not missing value and mf's |λ|(h, x) then
                {active:(active of a) & {x}, sofar:sofar of a}
            else
                {active:{x}, sofar:(sofar of a) & {active of a}}
            end if
        end |λ|
    end script
    
    if length of xs > 0 then
        set dct to foldl(enGroup, {active:{item 1 of xs}, sofar:{}}, rest of xs)
        if length of (active of dct) > 0 then
            sofar of dct & {active of dct}
        else
            sofar of dct
        end if
    else
        {}
    end if
end groupBy

-- insertMap :: Dict -> String -> a -> Dict
on insertMap(rec, k, v)
    tell (current application's NSMutableDictionary's ¬
        dictionaryWithDictionary:rec)
        its setValue:v forKey:(k as string)
        return it as record
    end tell
end insertMap

-- intercalateS :: String -> [String] -> String
on intercalateS(sep, xs)
    set {dlm, my text item delimiters} to {my text item delimiters, sep}
    set s to xs as text
    set my text item delimiters to dlm
    return s
end intercalateS

-- Just :: a -> Maybe a
on Just(x)
    {type:"Maybe", Nothing:false, Just:x}
end Just

-- keys :: Dict -> [String]
on keys(rec)
    (current application's NSDictionary's dictionaryWithDictionary:rec)'s allKeys() as list
end keys

-- lookupDict :: a -> Dict -> Maybe b
on lookupDict(k, dct)
    set ca to current application
    set v to (ca's NSDictionary's dictionaryWithDictionary:dct)'s objectForKey:k
    if v  missing value then
        Just(item 1 of ((ca's NSArray's arrayWithObject:v) as list))
    else
        Nothing()
    end if
end lookupDict

-- Lift 2nd class handler function into 1st class script wrapper 
-- mReturn :: First-class m => (a -> b) -> m (a -> b)
on mReturn(f)
    if class of f is script then
        f
    else
        script
            property |λ| : f
        end script
    end if
end mReturn

-- map :: (a -> b) -> [a] -> [b]
on map(f, xs)
    tell mReturn(f)
        set lng to length of xs
        set lst to {}
        repeat with i from 1 to lng
            set end of lst to |λ|(item i of xs, i, xs)
        end repeat
        return lst
    end tell
end map

-- mapFromList :: [(k, v)] -> Dict
on mapFromList(kvs)
    set tpl to unzip(kvs)
    script
        on |λ|(x)
            x as string
        end |λ|
    end script
    (current application's NSDictionary's ¬
        dictionaryWithObjects:(|2| of tpl) ¬
            forKeys:map(result, |1| of tpl)) as record
end mapFromList

-- min :: Ord a => a -> a -> a
on min(x, y)
    if y < x then
        y
    else
        x
    end if
end min

-- Nothing :: Maybe a
on Nothing()
    {type:"Maybe", Nothing:true}
end Nothing

-- e.g. sortBy(|on|(compare, |length|), ["epsilon", "mu", "gamma", "beta"])
-- on :: (b -> b -> c) -> (a -> b) -> a -> a -> c
on |on|(f, g)
    script
        on |λ|(a, b)
            tell mReturn(g) to set {va, vb} to {|λ|(a), |λ|(b)}
            tell mReturn(f) to |λ|(va, vb)
        end |λ|
    end script
end |on|

-- partition :: predicate -> List -> (Matches, nonMatches)
-- partition :: (a -> Bool) -> [a] -> ([a], [a])
on partition(f, xs)
    tell mReturn(f)
        set ys to {}
        set zs to {}
        repeat with x in xs
            set v to contents of x
            if |λ|(v) then
                set end of ys to v
            else
                set end of zs to v
            end if
        end repeat
    end tell
    Tuple(ys, zs)
end partition

-- show :: a -> String
on show(e)
    set c to class of e
    if c = list then
        showList(e)
    else if c = record then
        set mb to lookupDict("type", e)
        if Nothing of mb then
            showDict(e)
        else
            script
                on |λ|(t)
                    if "Either" = t then
                        set f to my showLR
                    else if "Maybe" = t then
                        set f to my showMaybe
                    else if "Ordering" = t then
                        set f to my showOrdering
                    else if "Ratio" = t then
                        set f to my showRatio
                    else if class of t is text and t begins with "Tuple" then
                        set f to my showTuple
                    else
                        set f to my showDict
                    end if
                    tell mReturn(f) to |λ|(e)
                end |λ|
            end script
            tell result to |λ|(Just of mb)
        end if
    else if c = date then
        "\"" & showDate(e) & "\""
    else if c = text then
        "'" & e & "'"
    else if (c = integer or c = real) then
        e as text
    else if c = class then
        "null"
    else
        try
            e as text
        on error
            ("«" & c as text) & "»"
        end try
    end if
end show

-- showList :: [a] -> String
on showList(xs)
    "[" & intercalateS(", ", map(my show, xs)) & "]"
end showList

-- showTuple :: Tuple -> String
on showTuple(tpl)
    set ca to current application
    script
        on |λ|(n)
            set v to (ca's NSDictionary's dictionaryWithDictionary:tpl)'s objectForKey:(n as string)
            if v  missing value then
                unQuoted(show(item 1 of ((ca's NSArray's arrayWithObject:v) as list)))
            else
                missing value
            end if
        end |λ|
    end script
    "(" & intercalateS(", ", map(result, enumFromToInt(1, length of tpl))) & ")"
end showTuple

-- snd :: (a, b) -> b
on snd(tpl)
    if class of tpl is record then
        |2| of tpl
    else
        item 2 of tpl
    end if
end snd

-- Enough for small scale sorts.
-- Use instead sortOn :: Ord b => (a -> b) -> [a] -> [a]
-- which is equivalent to the more flexible sortBy(comparing(f), xs)
-- and uses a much faster ObjC NSArray sort method
-- sortBy :: (a -> a -> Ordering) -> [a] -> [a]
on sortBy(f, xs)
    if length of xs > 1 then
        set h to item 1 of xs
        set f to mReturn(f)
        script
            on |λ|(x)
                f's |λ|(x, h)  0
            end |λ|
        end script
        set lessMore to partition(result, rest of xs)
        sortBy(f, |1| of lessMore) & {h} & ¬
            sortBy(f, |2| of lessMore)
    else
        xs
    end if
end sortBy

-- splitOn :: String -> String -> [String]
on splitOn(pat, src)
    set {dlm, my text item delimiters} to ¬
        {my text item delimiters, pat}
    set xs to text items of src
    set my text item delimiters to dlm
    return xs
end splitOn

-- swap :: (a, b) -> (b, a)
on swap(ab)
    if class of ab is record then
        Tuple(|2| of ab, |1| of ab)
    else
        {item 2 of ab, item 1 of ab}
    end if
end swap

-- take :: Int -> [a] -> [a]
-- take :: Int -> String -> String
on take(n, xs)
    set c to class of xs
    if list is c then
        if 0 < n then
            items 1 thru min(n, length of xs) of xs
        else
            {}
        end if
    else if string is c then
        if 0 < n then
            text 1 thru min(n, length of xs) of xs
        else
            ""
        end if
    else if script is c then
        set ys to {}
        repeat with i from 1 to n
            set v to xs's |λ|()
            if missing value is v then
                return ys
            else
                set end of ys to v
            end if
        end repeat
        return ys
    else
        missing value
    end if
end take

-- toLower :: String -> String
on toLower(str)
    set ca to current application
    ((ca's NSString's stringWithString:(str))'s ¬
        lowercaseStringWithLocale:(ca's NSLocale's currentLocale())) as text
end toLower

-- Tuple (,) :: a -> b -> (a, b)
on Tuple(a, b)
    {type:"Tuple", |1|:a, |2|:b, length:2}
end Tuple

-- tupleFromList :: [a] -> (a, a ...)
on tupleFromList(xs)
    set lng to length of xs
    if 1 < lng then
        if 2 < lng then
            set strSuffix to lng as string
        else
            set strSuffix to ""
        end if
        script kv
            on |λ|(a, x, i)
                insertMap(a, (i as string), x)
            end |λ|
        end script
        foldl(kv, {type:"Tuple" & strSuffix}, xs) & {length:lng}
    else
        missing value
    end if
end tupleFromList

-- unQuoted :: String -> String
on unQuoted(s)
    script p
        on |λ|(x)
            --{34, 39} contains id of x
            34 = id of x
        end |λ|
    end script
    dropAround(p, s)
end unQuoted

-- unzip :: [(a,b)] -> ([a],[b])
on unzip(xys)
    set xs to {}
    set ys to {}
    repeat with xy in xys
        set end of xs to |1| of xy
        set end of ys to |2| of xy
    end repeat
    return Tuple(xs, ys)
end unzip

-- words :: String -> [String]
on |words|(s)
    set ca to current application
    (((ca's NSString's stringWithString:(s))'s ¬
        componentsSeparatedByCharactersInSet:(ca's ¬
            NSCharacterSet's whitespaceAndNewlineCharacterSet()))'s ¬
        filteredArrayUsingPredicate:(ca's ¬
            NSPredicate's predicateWithFormat:"0 < length")) as list
end |words|
Output:
"[('july', '16')]"

Arturo

dates: [
    [May 15] [May 16] [May 19]
    [June 17] [June 18]
    [July 14] [July 16]
    [August 14] [August 15] [August 17]
]

print ["possible dates:" dates]

print "\n(1) Albert: I don't know when Cheryl's birthday is, but I know that Bernard does not know too."
print "\t-> meaning: the month cannot have a unique day"
dates: filter dates 'd [
    in? d\0 map select dates 'dd [
        1 = size select dates 'pd -> pd\1=dd\1
    ] 'dd -> dd\0
]
print ["\t-> remaining:" dates]

print "\n(2) Bernard: At first I don't know when Cheryl's birthday is, but I know now."
print "\t-> meaning: the day must be unique"
dates: select dates 'd [
    1 = size select dates 'pd -> pd\1=d\1
]
print ["\t-> remaining:" dates]

print "\n(3) Albert: Then I also know when Cheryl's birthday is."
print "\t-> meaning: the month must be unique"
dates: select dates 'd [
    1 = size select dates 'pd -> pd\0=d\0
]
print ["\t-> remaining:" dates]

print ["\nCheryl's birthday:" first dates]
Output:
possible dates: [[May 15] [May 16] [May 19] [June 17] [June 18] [July 14] [July 16] [August 14] [August 15] [August 17]] 

(1) Albert: I don't know when Cheryl's birthday is, but I know that Bernard does not know too.
	-> meaning: the month cannot have a unique day
	-> remaining: [[July 14] [July 16] [August 14] [August 15] [August 17]] 

(2) Bernard: At first I don't know when Cheryl's birthday is, but I know now.
	-> meaning: the day must be unique
	-> remaining: [[July 16] [August 15] [August 17]] 

(3) Albert: Then I also know when Cheryl's birthday is.
	-> meaning: the month must be unique
	-> remaining: [[July 16]] 

Cheryl's birthday: [July 16]

AutoHotkey

oDates:=    {"May" : [        15,    16,         19]
            ,"Jun" : [                17, 18]
            ,"Jul" : [14,         16]
            ,"Aug" : [14,     15,     17]}

filter1(oDates)
filter2(oDates)
filter3(oDates)
MsgBox % result := checkAnswer(oDates)
return

filter1(ByRef oDates){                        ; remove months that has a unique day in it.
    for d, obj in MonthsOfDay(oDates)
        if (obj.count() = 1)
            for m, bool in obj
                oDates.Remove(m)
}

filter2(ByRef oDates){                        ; remove non-unique days from remaining months.
    for d, obj in MonthsOfDay(oDates)
        if (obj.count() > 1)
            for m, bool in obj
                for i, day in oDates[m]
                    if (day=d)
                        oDates[m].Remove(i)
}

filter3(ByRef oDates){                        ; remove months that has multiple days from remaining months.
    oRemove := []
    for m, obj in oDates
        if obj.count() > 1
            oRemove.Push(m)
    for i, m in oRemove
        oDates.Remove(m)
}

MonthsOfDay(oDates){                        ; create a list of months per day.
    MonthsOfDay := []
    for m, obj in oDates
        for i, d in obj
            MonthsOfDay[d, m] := 1
    return MonthsOfDay
}

checkAnswer(oDates){                        ; check unique answer if any.
    if oDates.count()>1
        return false
    for m, obj in oDates
        if obj.count() > 1
            return false
        else 
            return m " " obj.1
}
Output:
Jul 16

AWK

# syntax: GAWK -f CHERYLS_BIRTHDAY.AWK [-v debug={0|1}]
#
# sorting:
#   PROCINFO["sorted_in"] is used by GAWK
#   SORTTYPE is used by Thompson Automation's TAWK
#
BEGIN {
    debug += 0
    PROCINFO["sorted_in"] = "@ind_num_asc" ; SORTTYPE = 1
    n = split("05/15,05/16,05/19,06/17,06/18,07/14,07/16,08/14,08/15,08/17",arr,",")
    for (i=1; i<=n; i++) { # move dates to a more friendly structure
      mmdd_arr[arr[i]] = ""
    }
    print("Cheryl offers these ten MM/DD choices:")
    cb_show_dates()
    printf("Cheryl then tells Albert her birth 'month' and Bernard her birth 'day'.\n\n")
    print("1. Albert: I don't know when Cheryl's birthday is, but I know that Bernard does not know too.")
    cb_filter1()
    print("2. Bernard: At first I don't know when Cheryl's birthday is, but I know now.")
    cb_filter2()
    print("3. Albert: Then I also know when Cheryl's birthday is.")
    cb_filter3()
    exit(0)
}
function cb_filter1(  i,j) {
    print("deduction: the month cannot have a unique day, leaving:")
    cb_load_arrays(4)
    for (j in arr1) {
      if (arr1[j] == 1) {
        if (debug) { printf("unique day %s\n",j) }
        arr3[arr2[j]] = ""
      }
    }
    cb_remove_dates()
}
function cb_filter2(  i,j) {
    print("deduction: the day must be unique, leaving:")
    cb_load_arrays(4)
    for (j in arr1) {
      if (arr1[j] > 1) {
        if (debug) { printf("non-unique day %s\n",j) }
        arr3[j] = ""
      }
    }
    cb_remove_dates("...")
}
function cb_filter3(  i,j) {
    print("deduction: the month must be unique, leaving:")
    cb_load_arrays(1)
    for (j in arr1) {
      if (arr1[j] > 1) {
        if (debug) { printf("non-unique month %s\n",j) }
        arr3[j] = ""
      }
    }
    cb_remove_dates()
}
function cb_load_arrays(col,  i,key) {
    delete arr1
    delete arr2
    delete arr3
    for (i in mmdd_arr) {
      key = substr(i,col,2)
      arr1[key]++
      arr2[key] = substr(i,1,2)
    }
}
function cb_remove_dates(pattern,  i,j) {
    for (j in arr3) {
      for (i in mmdd_arr) {
        if (i ~ ("^" pattern j)) {
          if (debug) { printf("removing %s\n",i) }
          delete mmdd_arr[i]
        }
      }
    }
    cb_show_dates()
}
function cb_show_dates(  i) {
    if (debug) { printf("%d remaining\n",length(mmdd_arr)) }
    for (i in mmdd_arr) {
      printf("%s ",i)
    }
    printf("\n\n")
}
Output:
Cheryl offers these ten MM/DD choices:
05/15 05/16 05/19 06/17 06/18 07/14 07/16 08/14 08/15 08/17

Cheryl then tells Albert her birth 'month' and Bernard her birth 'day'.

1. Albert: I don't know when Cheryl's birthday is, but I know that Bernard does not know too.
deduction: the month cannot have a unique day, leaving:
07/14 07/16 08/14 08/15 08/17

2. Bernard: At first I don't know when Cheryl's birthday is, but I know now.
deduction: the day must be unique, leaving:
07/16 08/15 08/17

3. Albert: Then I also know when Cheryl's birthday is.
deduction: the month must be unique, leaving:
07/16

C

Translation of: C#
#include <stdbool.h>
#include <stdio.h>

char *months[] = {
    "ERR", "Jan", "Feb", "Mar", "Apr", "May", "Jun", "Jul", "Aug", "Sep", "Oct", "Nov", "Dec"
};

struct Date {
    int month, day;
    bool active;
} dates[] = {
    {5,15,true}, {5,16,true}, {5,19,true},
    {6,17,true}, {6,18,true},
    {7,14,true}, {7,16,true},
    {8,14,true}, {8,15,true}, {8,17,true}
};
#define UPPER_BOUND (sizeof(dates) / sizeof(struct Date))

void printRemaining() {
    int i, c;
    for (i = 0, c = 0; i < UPPER_BOUND; i++) {
        if (dates[i].active) {
            c++;
        }
    }
    printf("%d remaining.\n", c);
}

void printAnswer() {
    int i;
    for (i = 0; i < UPPER_BOUND; i++) {
        if (dates[i].active) {
            printf("%s, %d\n", months[dates[i].month], dates[i].day);
        }
    }
}

void firstPass() {
    // the month cannot have a unique day
    int i, j, c;
    for (i = 0; i < UPPER_BOUND; i++) {
        c = 0;

        for (j = 0; j < UPPER_BOUND; j++) {
            if (dates[j].day == dates[i].day) {
                c++;
            }
        }

        if (c == 1) {
            for (j = 0; j < UPPER_BOUND; j++) {
                if (!dates[j].active) continue;
                if (dates[j].month == dates[i].month) {
                    dates[j].active = false;
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

void secondPass() {
    // the day must now be unique
    int i, j, c;
    for (i = 0; i < UPPER_BOUND; i++) {
        if (!dates[i].active) continue;
        c = 0;

        for (j = 0; j < UPPER_BOUND; j++) {
            if (!dates[j].active) continue;
            if (dates[j].day == dates[i].day) {
                c++;
            }
        }

        if (c > 1) {
            for (j = 0; j < UPPER_BOUND; j++) {
                if (!dates[j].active) continue;
                if (dates[j].day == dates[i].day) {
                    dates[j].active = false;
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

void thirdPass() {
    // the month must now be unique
    int i, j, c;
    for (i = 0; i < UPPER_BOUND; i++) {
        if (!dates[i].active) continue;
        c = 0;

        for (j = 0; j < UPPER_BOUND; j++) {
            if (!dates[j].active) continue;
            if (dates[j].month == dates[i].month) {
                c++;
            }
        }

        if (c > 1) {
            for (j = 0; j < UPPER_BOUND; j++) {
                if (!dates[j].active) continue;
                if (dates[j].month == dates[i].month) {
                    dates[j].active = false;
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

int main() {
    printRemaining();
    // the month cannot have a unique day
    firstPass();

    printRemaining();
    // the day must now be unique
    secondPass();

    printRemaining();
    // the month must now be unique
    thirdPass();

    printAnswer();
    return 0;
}
Output:
10 remaining.
5 remaining.
3 remaining.
Jul, 16

C#

public static class CherylsBirthday
{
    public static void Main() {
        var dates = new HashSet<(string month, int day)> {
            ("May", 15),
            ("May", 16),
            ("May", 19),
            ("June", 17),
            ("June", 18),
            ("July", 14),
            ("July", 16),
            ("August", 14),
            ("August", 15),
            ("August", 17)
        };

        Console.WriteLine(dates.Count + " remaining.");
        //The month cannot have a unique day.
        var monthsWithUniqueDays = dates.GroupBy(d => d.day).Where(g => g.Count() == 1).Select(g => g.First().month).ToHashSet();
        dates.RemoveWhere(d => monthsWithUniqueDays.Contains(d.month));
        Console.WriteLine(dates.Count + " remaining.");
        //The day must now be unique.
        dates.IntersectWith(dates.GroupBy(d => d.day).Where(g => g.Count() == 1).Select(g => g.First()));
        Console.WriteLine(dates.Count + " remaining.");
        //The month must now be unique.
        dates.IntersectWith(dates.GroupBy(d => d.month).Where(g => g.Count() == 1).Select(g => g.First()));
        Console.WriteLine(dates.Single());
    }
    
}
Output:
10 remaining.
5 remaining.
3 remaining.
(July, 16)

C++

Translation of: Go
#include <algorithm>
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
using namespace std;

const vector<string> MONTHS = {
    "Jan", "Feb", "Mar", "Apr", "May", "Jun",
    "Jul", "Aug", "Sep", "Oct", "Nov", "Dec"
};

struct Birthday {
    int month, day;

    friend ostream &operator<<(ostream &, const Birthday &);
};

ostream &operator<<(ostream &out, const Birthday &birthday) {
    return out << MONTHS[birthday.month - 1] << ' ' << birthday.day;
}

template <typename C>
bool monthUniqueIn(const Birthday &b, const C &container) {
    auto it = cbegin(container);
    auto end = cend(container);
    int count = 0;
    while (it != end) {
        if (it->month == b.month) {
            count++;
        }
        it = next(it);
    }
    return count == 1;
}

template <typename C>
bool dayUniqueIn(const Birthday &b, const C &container) {
    auto it = cbegin(container);
    auto end = cend(container);
    int count = 0;
    while (it != end) {
        if (it->day == b.day) {
            count++;
        }
        it = next(it);
    }
    return count == 1;
}

template <typename C>
bool monthWithUniqueDayIn(const Birthday &b, const C &container) {
    auto it = cbegin(container);
    auto end = cend(container);
    while (it != end) {
        if (it->month == b.month && dayUniqueIn(*it, container)) {
            return true;
        }
        it = next(it);
    }
    return false;
}

int main() {
    vector<Birthday> choices = {
        {5, 15}, {5, 16}, {5, 19}, {6, 17}, {6, 18},
        {7, 14}, {7, 16}, {8, 14}, {8, 15}, {8, 17},
    };

    // Albert knows the month but doesn't know the day.
    // So the month can't be unique within the choices.
    vector<Birthday> filtered;
    for (auto bd : choices) {
        if (!monthUniqueIn(bd, choices)) {
            filtered.push_back(bd);
        }
    }

    // Albert also knows that Bernard doesn't know the answer.
    // So the month can't have a unique day.
    vector<Birthday> filtered2;
    for (auto bd : filtered) {
        if (!monthWithUniqueDayIn(bd, filtered)) {
            filtered2.push_back(bd);
        }
    }

    // Bernard now knows the answer.
    // So the day must be unique within the remaining choices.
    vector<Birthday> filtered3;
    for (auto bd : filtered2) {
        if (dayUniqueIn(bd, filtered2)) {
            filtered3.push_back(bd);
        }
    }

    // Albert now knows the answer too.
    // So the month must be unique within the remaining choices.
    vector<Birthday> filtered4;
    for (auto bd : filtered3) {
        if (monthUniqueIn(bd, filtered3)) {
            filtered4.push_back(bd);
        }
    }

    if (filtered4.size() == 1) {
        cout << "Cheryl's birthday is " << filtered4[0] << '\n';
    } else {
        cout << "Something went wrong!\n";
    }

    return 0;
}
Output:
Cheryl's birthday is Jul 16

Common Lisp

;; Author: Amir Teymuri, Saturday 20.10.2018

(defparameter *possible-dates*
  '((15 . may) (16 . may) (19 . may)
    (17 . june) (18 . june)
    (14 . july) (16 . july)
    (14 . august) (15 . august) (17 . august)))

(defun unique-date-parts (possible-dates &key (alist-look-at #'car) (alist-r-assoc #'assoc))
  (let* ((date-parts (mapcar alist-look-at possible-dates))	 
	 (unique-date-parts (remove-if #'(lambda (part) (> (count part date-parts) 1)) date-parts)))
    (mapcar #'(lambda (part) (funcall alist-r-assoc part possible-dates))
    	    unique-date-parts)))

(defun person (person possible-dates)
  "Who's turn is it to think?"
  (case person
    ('albert (unique-date-parts possible-dates :alist-look-at #'cdr :alist-r-assoc #'rassoc))
    ('bernard (unique-date-parts possible-dates :alist-look-at #'car :alist-r-assoc #'assoc))))

(defun cheryls-birthday (possible-dates)
  (person 'albert			
	  (person 'bernard		
		  (set-difference
		   possible-dates
		   (person 'bernard possible-dates)
		   :key #'cdr))))

(cheryls-birthday *possible-dates*) ;; => ((16 . JULY))

D

import std.algorithm.iteration : filter, joiner, map;
import std.algorithm.searching : canFind;
import std.algorithm.sorting : sort;
import std.array : array;
import std.datetime.date : Date, Month;
import std.stdio : writeln;

void main() {
    auto choices = [
        // Month.jan
        Date(2019, Month.may, 15),
        Date(2019, Month.may, 16),
        Date(2019, Month.may, 19),  // unique day (1)

        Date(2019, Month.jun, 17),
        Date(2019, Month.jun, 18),  // unique day (1)

        Date(2019, Month.jul, 14),
        Date(2019, Month.jul, 16),  // final answer

        Date(2019, Month.aug, 14),
        Date(2019, Month.aug, 15),
        Date(2019, Month.aug, 17),
    ];

    // The month cannot have a unique day because Albert knows the month, and knows that Bernard does not know the answer
    auto uniqueMonths = choices.sort!"a.day < b.day".groupBy.filter!"a.array.length == 1".joiner.map!"a.month";
    // writeln(uniqueMonths.save);
    auto filter1 = choices.filter!(a => !canFind(uniqueMonths.save, a.month)).array;

    // Bernard now knows the answer, so the day must be unique within the remaining choices
    auto uniqueDays = filter1.sort!"a.day < b.day".groupBy.filter!"a.array.length == 1".joiner.map!"a.day";
    auto filter2 = filter1.filter!(a => canFind(uniqueDays.save, a.day)).array;

    // Albert knows the answer too, so the month must be unique within the remaining choices
    auto birthDay = filter2.sort!"a.month < b.month".groupBy.filter!"a.array.length == 1".joiner.front;

    // print the result
    writeln(birthDay.month, " ", birthDay.day);
}
Output:
jul 16

EasyLang

Translation of: Phix
choices[][] = [ [ 5 15 ] [ 5 16 ] [ 5 19 ] [ 6 17 ] [ 6 18 ] [ 7 14 ] [ 7 16 ] [ 8 14 ] [ 8 15 ] [ 8 17 ] ]
len mwud[] 12
# 
func sumeq ind d .
   for i to len choices[][]
      sum += if d = choices[i][ind]
   .
   return sum
.
for step = 1 to 4
   del[] = [ ]
   for i = len choices[][] downto 1
      m = choices[i][1]
      d = choices[i][2]
      if step = 1
         if sumeq 2 d = 1
            mwud[m] += 1
         .
      elif step = 2
         if mwud[m] <> 0
            del[] &= i
         .
      elif step = 3
         if sumeq 2 d <> 1
            del[] &= i
         .
      else
         if sumeq 1 m <> 1
            del[] &= i
         .
      .
   .
   for d in del[]
      swap choices[d][] choices[$][]
      len choices[][] -1
   .
.
print "month:" & choices[1][1] & " day:" & choices[1][2]
Output:
month:7 day:16

Erlang

-module(cheryl).
-export([main/0]).

main() ->
    Dates = [{may,15}, {may,16}, {may,19},
             {june,17}, {june,18},
             {july,14}, {july,16},
             {august,14}, {august,15}, {august,17}],
    ByM = lists:foldl(fun({M,D},L) -> orddict:append(M,D,L) end, [], Dates),
    ByD = lists:foldl(fun({M,D},L) -> orddict:append(D,M,L) end, [], Dates),
    Eliminated = lists:uniq([M || {_, [M]} <- ByD]),
    Remaining = [{M,D} || {M,D} <- ByM,
                          not lists:member(M, Eliminated)],
    [{M,D} || {M, Ds} <- Remaining,
              {_, OtherDs} <- Remaining -- [{M,Ds}],
              [D] <- [Ds --  OtherDs]].
Output:
[{july,16}]

F#

//Find Cheryl's Birthday. Nigel Galloway: October 23rd., 2018
type Month = |May |June |July |August
let fN n= n |> List.filter(fun (_,n)->(List.length n) < 2) |> List.unzip
let dates = [(May,15);(May,16);(May,19);(June,17);(June,18);(July,14);(July,16);(August,14);(August,15);(August,17)]
let _,n = dates |> List.groupBy snd |> fN
let   i = n |> List.concat |> List.map fst |> Set.ofList
let _,g = dates |> List.filter(fun (n,_)->not (Set.contains n i)) |> List.groupBy snd |> fN
let _,e = List.concat g |> List.groupBy fst |> fN
printfn "%A" e
Output:
[[(July, 16)]]

Factor

USING: assocs calendar.english fry io kernel prettyprint
sequences sets.extras ;

: unique-by ( seq quot -- newseq )
    2dup map non-repeating '[ @ _ member? ] filter ; inline

ALIAS: day first
ALIAS: month second

{
    { 15 5 } { 16 5 } { 19 5 } { 17 6 } { 18 6 }
    { 14 7 } { 16 7 } { 14 8 } { 15 8 } { 17 8 }
}

! the month cannot have a unique day
dup [ day ] map non-repeating over extract-keys values
'[ month _ member? ] reject

! of the remaining dates, day must be unique
[ day ] unique-by

! of the remaining dates, month must be unique
[ month ] unique-by

! print a date that looks like { { 16 7 } }
first first2 month-name write bl .
Output:
July 16

FreeBASIC

Translation of: ALGOL 68
Dim As Integer i, j, contarDias, dia, mes
Dim fechas(1 To 4, 1 To 6) As Integer => {{0, 15, 16, 0, 0, 19}, {0, 0, 0, 17, 18, 0}, {14, 0, 16, 0, 0, 0}, {14, 15, 0, 17, 0, 0}}
Dim nombreMes(1 To 4) As String => {"May", "June", "July", "August"}

Print "Cheryl tells Albert the month and Bernard the day"
Print "Albert doesn't know the date and knows Bernard doesn't either"

' elimiate the months with unique days
For i = 1 To 6
    contarDias = 0
    dia = 0
    mes = 0
    For j = 1 To 4
        If fechas(j, i) <> 0 Then
            contarDias += 1
            dia = fechas(j, i)
            mes = j
        End If
    Next j
    If contarDias = 1 Then
        Print "  Eliminating "; nombreMes(mes); ", "; Str(dia); "th is unique"
        For j = 1 To 6
            fechas(mes, j) = 0
        Next j
    End If
Next i

Print "Bernard now knows the date"

' eliminate the days that aren't unique
For i = 1 To 6
    contarDias = 0
    dia = 0
    mes = 0
    For j = 1 To 4
        If fechas(j, i) <> 0 Then
            contarDias += 1
            dia = fechas(j, i)
            mes = j
        End If
    Next j
    If contarDias > 1 Then
        Print "  Eliminating "; Str(dia); "th, it is non-unique"
        For j = 1 To 4
            fechas(j, i) = 0
        Next j
    End If
Next i

Print "Albert now knows the date"

' eliminate months with non-unique days
For i = 1 To 4
    contarDias = 0
    dia = 0
    mes = 0
    For j = 1 To 6
        If fechas(i, j) <> 0 Then
            contarDias += 1
            dia = fechas(i, j)
            mes = i
        End If
    Next j
    If contarDias > 1 Then
        Print "  Eliminating "; nombreMes(i); ", it has multiple days"
        For j = 1 To 6
            fechas(i, j) = 0
        Next j
    End If
Next i

Print "Cheryl's birthday: ";
For i = 1 To 4
    For j = 1 To 6
        If fechas(i, j) <> 0 Then
            Print " "; nombreMes(i); " "; Str(fechas(i, j)); "th"
        End If
    Next j
Next i

Sleep
Output:
Same as ALGOL 68 entry.

Go

package main

import (
    "fmt"
    "time"
)

type birthday struct{ month, day int }

func (b birthday) String() string {
    return fmt.Sprintf("%s %d", time.Month(b.month), b.day)
}

func (b birthday) monthUniqueIn(bds []birthday) bool {
    count := 0
    for _, bd := range bds {
        if bd.month == b.month {
            count++
        }
    }
    if count == 1 {
        return true
    }
    return false
}

func (b birthday) dayUniqueIn(bds []birthday) bool {
    count := 0
    for _, bd := range bds {
        if bd.day == b.day {
            count++
        }
    }
    if count == 1 {
        return true
    }
    return false
}

func (b birthday) monthWithUniqueDayIn(bds []birthday) bool {
    for _, bd := range bds {
        if bd.month == b.month && bd.dayUniqueIn(bds) {
            return true
        }
    }
    return false
}

func main() {
    choices := []birthday{
        {5, 15}, {5, 16}, {5, 19}, {6, 17}, {6, 18},
        {7, 14}, {7, 16}, {8, 14}, {8, 15}, {8, 17},
    }

    // Albert knows the month but doesn't know the day.
    // So the month can't be unique within the choices.
    var filtered []birthday
    for _, bd := range choices {
        if !bd.monthUniqueIn(choices) {
            filtered = append(filtered, bd)
        }
    }

    // Albert also knows that Bernard doesn't know the answer.
    // So the month can't have a unique day.
    var filtered2 []birthday
    for _, bd := range filtered {
        if !bd.monthWithUniqueDayIn(filtered) {
            filtered2 = append(filtered2, bd)
        }
    }

    // Bernard now knows the answer.
    // So the day must be unique within the remaining choices.
    var filtered3 []birthday
    for _, bd := range filtered2 {
        if bd.dayUniqueIn(filtered2) {
            filtered3 = append(filtered3, bd)
        }
    }

    // Albert now knows the answer too.
    // So the month must be unique within the remaining choices.
    var filtered4 []birthday
    for _, bd := range filtered3 {
        if bd.monthUniqueIn(filtered3) {
            filtered4 = append(filtered4, bd)
        }
    }

    if len(filtered4) == 1 {
        fmt.Println("Cheryl's birthday is", filtered4[0])
    } else {
        fmt.Println("Something went wrong!")
    }
}
Output:
Cheryl's birthday is July 16

Fortran

Translation of: C
program code_translation
    implicit none
    character(len=3), dimension(13) :: months = ["ERR", "Jan", "Feb", "Mar", "Apr", "May",&
    "Jun", "Jul", "Aug", "Sep", "Oct", "Nov", "Dec"]
    type :: Date
        integer :: month, day
        logical :: active
    end type Date
    type(Date), dimension(10) :: dates = [Date(5,15,.true.), Date(5,16,.true.), Date(5,19,.true.), &
                                          Date(6,17,.true.), Date(6,18,.true.), &
                                          Date(7,14,.true.), Date(7,16,.true.), &
                                          Date(8,14,.true.), Date(8,15,.true.), Date(8,17,.true.)]
    integer, parameter :: UPPER_BOUND = size(dates)
write(*,*) 'possible dates: [[May 15] [May 16] [May 19] [June 17] [June 18] [July 14] [July 16] [August 14] [August 15] [August &
    17]]'
write(*,*)
write(*,*) '(1) Albert: I don''t know when Cheryl''s birthday is, but I know that Bernard does not know too.'
write(*,*) '	-> meaning: the month cannot have a unique day'
write(*,*) '	-> remaining: [[July 14] [July 16] [August 14] [August 15] [August 17]] '
write(*,*)
write(*,*) "(2) Bernard: At first I don't know when Cheryl's birthday is, but I know now."
write(*,*) '	-> meaning: the day must be unique'
write(*,*) '	-> remaining: [[July 16] [August 15] [August 17]] '
write(*,*)
write(*,*) '(3) Albert: Then I also know when Cheryl''s birthday is.'
write(*,*) '	-> meaning: the month must be unique'
write(*,*) '	-> remaining: [[July 16]] '

    call printRemaining()
    ! the month cannot have a unique day
    call firstPass()
    call printRemaining()
    ! the day must now be unique
    call secondPass()
    call printRemaining()
    ! the month must now be unique
    call thirdPass()
    call printAnswer()

contains

    subroutine printRemaining()
        integer :: i, c
        do i = 1, UPPER_BOUND
            if (dates(i)%active) then
                write(*,'(a,1x,i0,1x)',advance="no") months(dates(i)%month+1),dates(i)%day
                c = c + 1
            end if
        end do
!
        write(*,*)
    end subroutine printRemaining

    subroutine printAnswer()
        integer :: i
        write(*,'(a)',advance ='no') 'Cheryl''s birtday is on '
        do i = 1, UPPER_BOUND
            if (dates(i)%active) then
                write(*,'(a,1a1,i0)') trim(months(dates(i)%month+1)), ",", dates(i)%day
            end if
        end do
    end subroutine printAnswer

    subroutine firstPass()
        ! the month cannot have a unique day
        integer :: i, j, c
        do i = 1, UPPER_BOUND
            c = 0
            do j = 1, UPPER_BOUND
                if (dates(j)%day == dates(i)%day) then
                    c = c + 1
                end if
            end do
            if (c == 1) then
                do j = 1, UPPER_BOUND
                    if (.not. dates(j)%active) cycle
                    if (dates(j)%month == dates(i)%month) then
                        dates(j)%active = .false.
                    end if
                end do
            end if
        end do
    end subroutine firstPass

    subroutine secondPass()
        ! the day must now be unique
        integer :: i, j, c
        do i = 1, UPPER_BOUND
            if (.not. dates(i)%active) cycle
            c = 0
            do j = 1, UPPER_BOUND
                if (.not. dates(j)%active) cycle
                if (dates(j)%day == dates(i)%day) then
                    c = c + 1
                end if
            end do
            if (c > 1) then
                do j = 1, UPPER_BOUND
                    if (.not. dates(j)%active) cycle
                    if (dates(j)%day == dates(i)%day) then
                        dates(j)%active = .false.
                    end if
                end do
            end if
        end do
    end subroutine secondPass

    subroutine thirdPass()
        ! the month must now be unique
        integer :: i, j, c
        do i = 1, UPPER_BOUND
            if (.not. dates(i)%active) cycle
            c = 0
            do j = 1, UPPER_BOUND
                if (.not. dates(j)%active) cycle
                if (dates(j)%month == dates(i)%month) then
                    c = c + 1
                end if
            end do
            if (c > 1) then
                do j = 1, UPPER_BOUND
                    if (.not. dates(j)%active) cycle
                    if (dates(j)%month == dates(i)%month) then
                        dates(j)%active = .false.
                    end if
                end do
            end if
        end do
    end subroutine thirdPass

end program code_translation
Output:
 possible dates: [[May 15] [May 16] [May 19] [June 17] [June 18] [July 14] [July 16] [August 14] [August 15] [August 17]]

 (1) Albert: I don't know when Cheryl's birthday is, but I know that Bernard does not know too.
 	-> meaning: the month cannot have a unique day
 	-> remaining: [[July 14] [July 16] [August 14] [August 15] [August 17]] 

 (2) Bernard: At first I don't know when Cheryl's birthday is, but I know now.
 	-> meaning: the day must be unique
 	-> remaining: [[July 16] [August 15] [August 17]] 

 (3) Albert: Then I also know when Cheryl's birthday is.
 	-> meaning: the month must be unique
 	-> remaining: [[July 16]] 
May 15 May 16 May 19 Jun 17 Jun 18 Jul 14 Jul 16 Aug 14 Aug 15 Aug 17 
Jul 14 Jul 16 Aug 14 Aug 15 Aug 17 
Jul 16 Aug 15 Aug 17 
Cheryl's birthday is on Jul,16

Groovy

Translation of: Java
import java.time.Month

class Main {
    private static class Birthday {
        private Month month
        private int day

        Birthday(Month month, int day) {
            this.month = month
            this.day = day
        }

        Month getMonth() {
            return month
        }

        int getDay() {
            return day
        }

        @Override
        String toString() {
            return month.toString() + " " + day
        }
    }

    static void main(String[] args) {
        List<Birthday> choices = [
                new Birthday(Month.MAY, 15),
                new Birthday(Month.MAY, 16),
                new Birthday(Month.MAY, 19),
                new Birthday(Month.JUNE, 17),
                new Birthday(Month.JUNE, 18),
                new Birthday(Month.JULY, 14),
                new Birthday(Month.JULY, 16),
                new Birthday(Month.AUGUST, 14),
                new Birthday(Month.AUGUST, 15),
                new Birthday(Month.AUGUST, 17)
        ]
        println("There are ${choices.size()} candidates remaining.")

        // The month cannot have a unique day because Albert knows the month, and knows that Bernard does not know the answer
        Set<Birthday> uniqueMonths = choices.groupBy { it.getDay() }
                .values()
                .findAll() { it.size() == 1 }
                .flatten()
                .collect { ((Birthday) it).getMonth() }
                .toSet() as Set<Birthday>
        def f1List = choices.findAll { !uniqueMonths.contains(it.getMonth()) }
        println("There are ${f1List.size()} candidates remaining.")

        // Bernard now knows the answer, so the day must be unique within the remaining choices
        List<Birthday> f2List = f1List.groupBy { it.getDay() }
                .values()
                .findAll { it.size() == 1 }
                .flatten()
                .toList() as List<Birthday>
        println("There are ${f2List.size()} candidates remaining.")

        // Albert knows the answer too, so the month must be unique within the remaining choices
        List<Birthday> f3List = f2List.groupBy { it.getMonth() }
                .values()
                .findAll { it.size() == 1 }
                .flatten()
                .toList() as List<Birthday>
        println("There are ${f3List.size()} candidates remaining.")

        if (f3List.size() == 1) {
            println("Cheryl's birthday is ${f3List.head()}")
        } else {
            System.out.println("No unique choice found")
        }
    }
}
Output:
There are 10 candidates remaining.
There are 5 candidates remaining.
There are 3 candidates remaining.
There are 1 candidates remaining.
Cheryl's birthday is JULY 16

Haskell

{-# LANGUAGE OverloadedStrings #-}

import Data.List as L (filter, groupBy, head, length, sortOn)
import Data.Map.Strict as M (Map, fromList, keys, lookup)
import Data.Text as T (Text, splitOn, words)
import Data.Maybe (fromJust)
import Data.Ord (comparing)
import Data.Function (on)
import Data.Tuple (swap)
import Data.Bool (bool)

data DatePart
  = Month
  | Day

type M = Text

type D = Text

main :: IO ()
main =
  print $
  -- The month with only one remaining day,
  --
  -- (A's month contains only one remaining day)
  -- (3 :: A "Then I also know")
  uniquePairing Month $
  -- among the days with unique months,
  --
  -- (B's day is paired with only one remaining month)
  -- (2 :: B "I know now")
  uniquePairing Day $
  -- excluding months with unique days,
  --
  -- (A's month is not among those with unique days)
  -- (1 :: A "I know that Bernard does not know")
  monthsWithUniqueDays False $
  -- from the given month-day pairs:
  --
  -- (0 :: Cheryl's list)
  (\(x:y:_) -> (x, y)) . T.words <$>
  splitOn
    ", "
    "May 15, May 16, May 19, June 17, June 18, \
              \July 14, July 16, Aug 14, Aug 15, Aug 17"

----------------------QUERY FUNCTIONS----------------------
monthsWithUniqueDays :: Bool -> [(M, D)] -> [(M, D)]
monthsWithUniqueDays bln xs =
  let months = fst <$> uniquePairing Day xs
  in L.filter (bool not id bln . (`elem` months) . fst) xs

uniquePairing :: DatePart -> [(M, D)] -> [(M, D)]
uniquePairing dp xs =
  let f =
        case dp of
          Month -> fst
          Day -> snd
  in (\md ->
         let dct = f md
             uniques =
               L.filter
                 ((1 ==) . L.length . fromJust . flip M.lookup dct)
                 (keys dct)
         in L.filter ((`elem` uniques) . f) xs)
       ((((,) . mapFromPairs) <*> mapFromPairs . fmap swap) xs)

mapFromPairs :: [(M, D)] -> Map Text [Text]
mapFromPairs xs =
  M.fromList $
  ((,) . fst . L.head) <*> fmap snd <$>
  L.groupBy (on (==) fst) (L.sortOn fst xs)
Output:
[("July","16")]

J

Solution:

Dates=: cutLF noun define
15 May
16 May
19 May
17 June
18 June
14 July
16 July
14 August
15 August
17 August
)

getDayMonth=: |:@:(cut&>)                                  NB. retrieve lists of days and months from dates
keep=: adverb def '] #~ u'                                 NB. apply mask to filter dates

monthsWithUniqueDay=: {./. #~ (1=#)/.                      NB. list months that have a unique day
isMonthWithoutUniqueDay=: (] -.@e. monthsWithUniqueDay)/@getDayMonth  NB. mask of dates with a month that doesn't have a unique day

uniqueDayInMonth=: ~.@[ #~ (1=#)/.                         NB. list of days that are unique to 1 month
isUniqueDayInMonth=: ([ e. uniqueDayInMonth)/@getDayMonth  NB. mask of dates with a day that is unique to 1 month

uniqueMonth=: ~.@] #~ (1=#)/.~                             NB. list of months with 1 unique day
isUniqueMonth=: (] e. uniqueMonth)/@getDayMonth            NB. mask of dates with a month that has 1 unique day

Usage:

   isUniqueMonth keep isUniqueDayInMonth keep isMonthWithoutUniqueDay keep Dates
+-------+
|16 July|
+-------+

Alternative Approach

The concepts here are the same, of course, it's just the presentation that's different.

possible=: cut;._2 'May 15, May 16, May 19, June 17, June 18, July 14, July 16, August 14, August 15, August 17,'

Albert=: {."1 NB. Albert knows month
Bernard=: {:"1 NB. Bernard knows day

NB. Bernard's understanding of Albert's first pass
  days=: {:"1 possible
  invaliddays=: (1=#/.~ days)#~.days
  months=: {."1 possible
  validmonths=: months -. (days e. invaliddays)#months
  possibleA=. (months e. validmonths)# possible

NB. Albert's understanding of Bernard's pass
  days=: {:"1 possibleA
  invaliddays=: (1<#/.~ days)#~.days
  possibleB=. (days e. days-.invaliddays)# possibleA

NB. our understanding of Albert's understanding of Bernard's understanding of Albert's first pass
  months=: {."1 possibleB
  invalidmonths=: (1<#/.~months)#~.months
  echo ;:inv (months e. months -. invalidmonths)#possibleB

This gives us the July 16 result we were expecting

Java

Translation of: D
import java.time.Month;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Set;
import java.util.stream.Collectors;

public class Main {
    private static class Birthday {
        private Month month;
        private int day;

        public Birthday(Month month, int day) {
            this.month = month;
            this.day = day;
        }

        public Month getMonth() {
            return month;
        }

        public int getDay() {
            return day;
        }

        @Override
        public String toString() {
            return month + " " + day;
        }
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        List<Birthday> choices = List.of(
            new Birthday(Month.MAY, 15),
            new Birthday(Month.MAY, 16),
            new Birthday(Month.MAY, 19),
            new Birthday(Month.JUNE, 17),
            new Birthday(Month.JUNE, 18),
            new Birthday(Month.JULY, 14),
            new Birthday(Month.JULY, 16),
            new Birthday(Month.AUGUST, 14),
            new Birthday(Month.AUGUST, 15),
            new Birthday(Month.AUGUST, 17)
        );
        System.out.printf("There are %d candidates remaining.\n", choices.size());

        // The month cannot have a unique day because Albert knows the month, and knows that Bernard does not know the answer
        Set<Month> uniqueMonths = choices.stream()
            .collect(Collectors.groupingBy(Birthday::getDay))
            .values()
            .stream()
            .filter(g -> g.size() == 1)
            .flatMap(Collection::stream)
            .map(Birthday::getMonth)
            .collect(Collectors.toSet());
        List<Birthday> f1List = choices.stream()
            .filter(birthday -> !uniqueMonths.contains(birthday.month))
            .collect(Collectors.toList());
        System.out.printf("There are %d candidates remaining.\n", f1List.size());

        // Bernard now knows the answer, so the day must be unique within the remaining choices
        List<Birthday> f2List = f1List.stream()
            .collect(Collectors.groupingBy(Birthday::getDay))
            .values()
            .stream()
            .filter(g -> g.size() == 1)
            .flatMap(Collection::stream)
            .collect(Collectors.toList());
        System.out.printf("There are %d candidates remaining.\n", f2List.size());

        // Albert knows the answer too, so the month must be unique within the remaining choices
        List<Birthday> f3List = f2List.stream()
            .collect(Collectors.groupingBy(Birthday::getMonth))
            .values()
            .stream()
            .filter(g -> g.size() == 1)
            .flatMap(Collection::stream)
            .collect(Collectors.toList());
        System.out.printf("There are %d candidates remaining.\n", f3List.size());

        if (f3List.size() == 1) {
            System.out.printf("Cheryl's birthday is %s\n", f3List.get(0));
        } else {
            System.out.println("No unique choice found");
        }
    }
}
Output:
There are 10 candidates remaining.
There are 5 candidates remaining.
There are 3 candidates remaining.
There are 1 candidates remaining.
Cheryl's birthday is JULY 16

JavaScript

(() => {
    'use strict';

    // main :: IO ()
    const main = () => {
        const
            month = fst,
            day = snd;
        showLog(
            map(x => Array.from(x), (

                // The month with only one remaining day,

                // (A's month contains only one remaining day)
                // (3 :: A "Then I also know")
                uniquePairing(month)(

                    // among the days with unique months,

                    // (B's day is paired with only one remaining month)
                    // (2 :: B "I know now")
                    uniquePairing(day)(

                        // excluding months with unique days,

                        // (A's month is not among those with unique days)
                        // (1 :: A "I know that Bernard does not know")
                        monthsWithUniqueDays(false)(

                            // from the given month-day pairs:

                            // (0 :: Cheryl's list)
                            map(x => tupleFromList(words(strip(x))),
                                splitOn(/,\s+/,
                                    `May 15, May 16, May 19,
                                        June 17, June 18, July 14, July 16,
                                        Aug 14, Aug 15, Aug 17`
                                )
                            )
                        )
                    )
                )
            ))
        );
    };

    // monthsWithUniqueDays :: Bool -> [(Month, Day)] -> [(Month, Day)]
    const monthsWithUniqueDays = blnInclude => xs => {
        const months = map(fst, uniquePairing(snd)(xs));
        return filter(
            md => (blnInclude ? id : not)(
                elem(fst(md), months)
            ),
            xs
        );
    };

    // uniquePairing :: ((a, a) -> a) ->
    //      -> [(Month, Day)] -> [(Month, Day)]
    const uniquePairing = f => xs =>
        bindPairs(xs,
            md => {
                const
                    dct = f(md),
                    matches = filter(
                        k => 1 === length(dct[k]),
                        Object.keys(dct)
                    );
                return filter(tpl => elem(f(tpl), matches), xs);
            }
        );

    // bindPairs :: [(Month, Day)] -> (Dict, Dict) -> [(Month, Day)]
    const bindPairs = (xs, f) => f(
        Tuple(
            dictFromPairs(fst)(snd)(xs),
            dictFromPairs(snd)(fst)(xs)
        )
    );

    // dictFromPairs :: ((a, a) -> a) -> ((a, a) -> a) -> [(a, a)] -> Dict
    const dictFromPairs = f => g => xs =>
        foldl((a, tpl) => Object.assign(
            a, {
                [f(tpl)]: (a[f(tpl)] || []).concat(g(tpl).toString())
            }
        ), {}, xs);


    // GENERIC ABSTRACTIONS -------------------------------

    // Tuple (,) :: a -> b -> (a, b)
    const Tuple = (a, b) => ({
        type: 'Tuple',
        '0': a,
        '1': b,
        length: 2
    });

    // elem :: Eq a => a -> [a] -> Bool
    const elem = (x, xs) => xs.includes(x);

    // filter :: (a -> Bool) -> [a] -> [a]
    const filter = (f, xs) => xs.filter(f);

    // foldl :: (a -> b -> a) -> a -> [b] -> a
    const foldl = (f, a, xs) => xs.reduce(f, a);

    // fst :: (a, b) -> a
    const fst = tpl => tpl[0];

    // id :: a -> a
    const id = x => x;

    // intersect :: (Eq a) => [a] -> [a] -> [a]
    const intersect = (xs, ys) =>
        xs.filter(x => -1 !== ys.indexOf(x));

    // Returns Infinity over objects without finite length
    // this enables zip and zipWith to choose the shorter
    // argument when one is non-finite, like cycle, repeat etc

    // length :: [a] -> Int
    const length = xs =>
        (Array.isArray(xs) || 'string' === typeof xs) ? (
            xs.length
        ) : Infinity;

    // map :: (a -> b) -> [a] -> [b]
    const map = (f, xs) => xs.map(f);

    // not :: Bool -> Bool
    const not = b => !b;

    // showLog :: a -> IO ()
    const showLog = (...args) =>
        console.log(
            args
            .map(JSON.stringify)
            .join(' -> ')
        );

    // snd :: (a, b) -> b
    const snd = tpl => tpl[1];

    // splitOn :: String -> String -> [String]
    const splitOn = (pat, src) =>
        src.split(pat);

    // strip :: String -> String
    const strip = s => s.trim();

    // tupleFromList :: [a] -> (a, a ...)
    const tupleFromList = xs =>
        TupleN.apply(null, xs);

    // TupleN :: a -> b ...  -> (a, b ... )
    function TupleN() {
        const
            args = Array.from(arguments),
            lng = args.length;
        return lng > 1 ? Object.assign(
            args.reduce((a, x, i) => Object.assign(a, {
                [i]: x
            }), {
                type: 'Tuple' + (2 < lng ? lng.toString() : ''),
                length: lng
            })
        ) : args[0];
    };

    // words :: String -> [String]
    const words = s => s.split(/\s+/);

    // MAIN ---
    return main();
})();
Output:
[["July","16"]]

jq

Adapted from Wren

Works with: jq

Works with gojq, the Go implementation of jq

A Birthday is represented by a JSON object {month, day} where {month:0} represents January.

def count(stream; cond):
  reduce stream as $i (0; if $i|cond then .+1 else . end);

def Months: [
    "January", "February", "March", "April", "May", "June",
    "July", "August", "September", "October", "November", "December"
];

# tostring
def birthday: "\(Months[.month-1]) \(.day)";

# Input: a Birthday
def monthUniqueIn($bds):
  .month as $thisMonth
  | count( $bds[]; .month == $thisMonth) == 1;

# Input: a Birthday
def dayUniqueIn($bds):
  .day as $thisDay
  | count( $bds[]; .day == $thisDay) == 1;

# Input: a Birthday  
def monthWithUniqueDayIn($bds):
  .month as $thisMonth
  | any( $bds[]; $thisMonth == .month and dayUniqueIn($bds));
 
def choices: [
    {month: 5, day: 15}, {month: 5, day: 16}, {month: 5, day: 19}, {month: 6, day: 17}, 
    {month: 6, day: 18}, {month: 7, day: 14}, {month: 7, day: 16}, {month: 8, day: 14},
    {month: 8, day: 15}, {month: 8, day: 17}
];
 
# Albert knows the month but doesn't know the day,
# so the month can't be unique within the choices.
def filter1:
  . as $in
  | map(select( monthUniqueIn($in) | not));
 
# Albert also knows that Bernard doesn't know the answer,
# so the month can't have a unique day.
def filter2:
  . as $in
  | map(select( monthWithUniqueDayIn($in) | not));
 
# Bernard now knows the answer,
# so the day must be unique within the remaining choices.
def filter3:
  . as $in
  | map(select( dayUniqueIn($in) ));
 
# Albert now knows the answer too.
# So the month must be unique within the remaining choices.
def filter4:
  . as $in
  | map(select( monthUniqueIn($in) ));

def solve:
  (choices | filter1 | filter2 | filter3 | filter4) as $bds
  | if $bds|length == 1
    then "Cheryl's birthday is \($bds[0]|birthday)."
    else "Whoops!"
    end;

solve
Output:
Cheryl's birthday is July 16.

Julia

const dates = [[15, "May"], [16, "May"], [19, "May"], [17, "June"], [18, "June"],
    [14, "July"], [16, "July"], [14, "August"], [15, "August"], [17, "August"]]
 
uniqueday(parr) = filter(x -> count(y -> y[1] == x[1], parr) == 1, parr)
 
# At the start, they come to know that they have no unique day of month to identify.
const f1 = filter(m -> !(m[2] in [d[2] for d in uniqueday(dates)]), dates)

# After cutting months with unique dates, get months remaining that now have a unique date.
const f2 = uniqueday(f1)

# filter for those of the finally remaining months that have only one date left.
const bday = filter(x -> count(m -> m[2] == x[2], f2) == 1, f2)[]

println("Cheryl's birthday is $(bday[2]) $(bday[1]).")
Output:
Cheryl's birthday is July 16.

Kotlin

Translation of: Go
// Version 1.2.71

val months = listOf(
    "January", "February", "March", "April", "May", "June",
    "July", "August", "September", "October", "November", "December"
)

class Birthday(val month: Int, val day: Int) {
    public override fun toString() = "${months[month - 1]} $day"

    public fun monthUniqueIn(bds: List<Birthday>): Boolean {
        return bds.count { this.month == it.month } == 1 
    }

    public fun dayUniqueIn(bds: List<Birthday>): Boolean {
        return bds.count { this.day == it.day } == 1
    }

    public fun monthWithUniqueDayIn(bds: List<Birthday>): Boolean {
        return bds.any { (this.month == it.month) && it.dayUniqueIn(bds) }
    }
}

fun main(args: Array<String>) {
    val choices = listOf(
        Birthday(5, 15), Birthday(5, 16), Birthday(5, 19), Birthday(6, 17), 
        Birthday(6, 18), Birthday(7, 14), Birthday(7, 16), Birthday(8, 14),
        Birthday(8, 15), Birthday(8, 17)
    )

    // Albert knows the month but doesn't know the day.
    // So the month can't be unique within the choices.
    var filtered = choices.filterNot { it.monthUniqueIn(choices) }

    // Albert also knows that Bernard doesn't know the answer.
    // So the month can't have a unique day.
    filtered = filtered.filterNot { it.monthWithUniqueDayIn(filtered) }

    // Bernard now knows the answer.
    // So the day must be unique within the remaining choices.
    filtered = filtered.filter { it.dayUniqueIn(filtered) }

    // Albert now knows the answer too.
    // So the month must be unique within the remaining choices.
    filtered = filtered.filter { it.monthUniqueIn(filtered) }

    if (filtered.size == 1)
        println("Cheryl's birthday is ${filtered[0]}")
    else
        println("Something went wrong!")
}
Output:
Cheryl's birthday is July 16

Lua

-- Cheryl's Birthday in Lua 6/15/2020 db

local function Date(mon,day)
  return { mon=mon, day=day, valid=true }
end

local choices = {
  Date("May", 15), Date("May", 16), Date("May", 19),
  Date("June", 17), Date("June", 18),
  Date("July", 14), Date("July", 16),
  Date("August", 14), Date("August", 15), Date("August", 17)
}

local function apply(t, f)
  for k, v in ipairs(t) do
    f(k, v)
  end
end

local function filter(t, f)
  local result = {}
  for k, v in ipairs(t) do
    if f(k, v) then
      result[#result+1] = v
    end
  end
  return result
end

local function map(t, f)
  local result = {}
  for k, v in ipairs(t) do
    result[#result+1] = f(k, v)
  end
  return result
end

local function count(t) return #t end
local function isvalid(k, v) return v.valid end
local function invalidate(k, v) v.valid = false end
local function remaining() return filter(choices, isvalid) end

local function listValidChoices()
  print("   " .. table.concat(map(remaining(), function(k, v) return v.mon .. " " .. v.day end), ", "))
  print()
end

print("Cheryl offers these ten choices:")
listValidChoices()

print("1) Albert knows that Bernard also cannot yet know, so cannot be a month with a unique day, leaving:")
apply(remaining(), function(k, v)
  if count(filter(choices, function(k2, v2) return v.day==v2.day end)) == 1 then
    apply(filter(remaining(), function(k2, v2) return v.mon==v2.mon end), invalidate)
  end
end)
listValidChoices()

print("2) After Albert's revelation, Bernard now knows, so day must be unique, leaving:")
apply(remaining(), function(k, v)
  local subset = filter(remaining(), function(k2, v2) return v.day==v2.day end)
  if count(subset) > 1 then apply(subset, invalidate) end
end)
listValidChoices()

print("3) After Bernard's revelation, Albert now knows, so month must be unique, leaving only:")
apply(remaining(), function(k, v)
  local subset = filter(remaining(), function(k2, v2) return v.mon==v2.mon end)
  if count(subset) > 1 then apply(subset, invalidate) end
end)
listValidChoices()
Output:
Cheryl offers these ten choices:
   May 15, May 16, May 19, June 17, June 18, July 14, July 16, August 14, August 15, August 17

1) Albert knows that Bernard also cannot yet know, so cannot be a month with a unique day, leaving:
   July 14, July 16, August 14, August 15, August 17

2) After Albert's revelation, Bernard now knows, so day must be unique, leaving:
   July 16, August 15, August 17

3) After Bernard's revelation, Albert now knows, so month must be unique, leaving only:
   July 16

Mathematica / Wolfram Language

opts = Tuples[{{"May"}, {15, 16, 19}}]~Join~Tuples[{{"June"}, {17, 18}}]~Join~Tuples[{{"July"}, {14, 16}}]~Join~Tuples[{{"August"}, {14, 15, 17}}];
monthsdelete = Select[GatherBy[opts, Last], Length /* EqualTo[1]][[All, 1, 1]];
opts = DeleteCases[opts, {Alternatives @@ monthsdelete, _}]
removedates = Catenate@Select[GatherBy[opts, Last], Length /* GreaterThan[1]];
opts = DeleteCases[opts, Alternatives @@ removedates]
Select[GatherBy[opts, First], Length /* EqualTo[1]]
Output:
{{"July", 14}, {"July", 16}, {"August", 14}, {"August", 15}, {"August", 17}}
{{"July", 16}, {"August", 15}, {"August", 17}}
{{{"July", 16}}}

Nim

import tables
import sets
import strformat

type Date = tuple[month: string, day: int]

const Dates = [Date ("May", 15), ("May", 16), ("May", 19), ("June", 17), ("June", 18),
               ("July", 14), ("July", 16), ("August", 14), ("August", 15), ("August", 17)]

const

  MonthTable: Table[int, HashSet[string]] =
                static:
                  var t: Table[int, HashSet[string]]
                  for date in Dates:
                    t.mgetOrPut(date.day, initHashSet[string]()).incl(date.month)
                  t

  DayTable: Table[string, HashSet[int]] =
              static:
                var t: Table[string, HashSet[int]]
                for date in Dates:
                  t.mgetOrPut(date.month, initHashSet[int]()).incl(date.day)
                t

var possibleMonths: HashSet[string]   # Set of possible months.
var possibleDays: HashSet[int]        # Set of possible days.


# Albert: I don't know when Cheryl's birthday is, ...
# => eliminate months with a single possible day.
for month, days in DayTable.pairs:
  if days.len > 1:
    possibleMonths.incl(month)

# ... but I know that Bernard does not know too.
# => eliminate months with one day present only in this month.
for month, days in DayTable.pairs:
  for day in days:
    if MonthTable[day].len == 1:
      possibleMonths.excl(month)
echo fmt"After first Albert's sentence, possible months are {possibleMonths}."

# Bernard:  At first I don't know when Cheryl's birthday is, ...
# => eliminate days with a single possible month.
for day, months in MonthTable.pairs:
  if months.len > 1:
    possibleDays.incl(day)

# ...  but I know now.
# => eliminate days which are compatible with several months in "possibleMonths".
var impossibleDays: HashSet[int]        # Days which are eliminated by this sentence.
for day in possibleDays:
  if (MonthTable[day] * possibleMonths).len > 1:
    impossibleDays.incl(day)
possibleDays.excl(impossibleDays)
echo fmt"After Bernard's sentence, possible days are {possibleDays}."

# Albert: Then I also know when Cheryl's birthday is.
# => eliminate months which are compatible with several days in "possibleDays".
var impossibleMonths: HashSet[string]   # Months which are eliminated by this sentence.
for month in possibleMonths:
  if (DayTable[month] * possibleDays).len > 1:
    impossibleMonths.incl(month)
possibleMonths.excl(impossibleMonths)

doAssert possibleMonths.len == 1
let month = possibleMonths.pop()
echo fmt"After second Albert's sentence, remaining month is {month}..."

possibleDays = possibleDays * DayTable[month]
doAssert possibleDays.len == 1
let day = possibleDays.pop()
echo fmt"and thus remaining day is {day}."

echo ""
echo fmt"So birthday date is {month} {day}."
Output:
After first Albert's sentence, possible months are {"August", "July"}.
After Bernard's sentence, possible days are {16, 17, 15}.
After second Albert's sentence, remaining month is July...
and thus remaining day is 16.

So birthday date is July 16

PascalABC.NET

Translation of: C#
##
var dates := HSet(('May', 15), ('May', 16), ('May', 19), ('June', 17),
                 ('June', 18), ('July', 14), ('July', 16), ('August', 14),
                 ('August', 15), ('August', 17));

var uniqueMonths := dates.GroupBy(d -> d[1]).Where(g -> g.count = 1).Select(g -> g.First()[0]).ToHashSet;
dates.RemoveWhere(d -> uniqueMonths.Contains(d[0]));
println('After first Albert''s sentence:', dates);

dates.IntersectWith(dates.GroupBy(d -> d[1]).Where(g -> g.Count() = 1).Select(g -> g.First()));
println('After Bernard''s sentence:', dates);

dates.IntersectWith(dates.GroupBy(d -> d[0]).Where(g -> g.Count() = 1).Select(g -> g.First()));
println('After second Albert''s sentence:', dates);
Output:
After first Albert's sentence: {(July,14),(July,16),(August,14),(August,15),(August,17)}
After Bernard's sentence: {(July,16),(August,15),(August,17)}
After second Albert's sentence: {(July,16)}

Perl

sub filter {
    my($test,@dates) = @_;
    my(%M,%D,@filtered);

    # analysis of potential birthdays, keyed by month and by day
    for my $date (@dates) {
        my($mon,$day) = split '-', $date;
        $M{$mon}{cnt}++;
        $D{$day}{cnt}++;
        push @{$M{$mon}{day}},  $day;
        push @{$D{$day}{mon}},  $mon;
        push @{$M{$mon}{bday}}, "$mon-$day";
        push @{$D{$day}{bday}}, "$mon-$day";
    }

    # eliminates May/Jun dates based on 18th and 19th being singletons
    if ($test eq 'singleton') {
        my %skip;
        for my $day (grep { $D{$_}{cnt} == 1 } keys %D) { $skip{ @{$D{$day}{mon}}[0] }++    }
        for my $mon (grep { ! $skip{$_}      } keys %M) { push @filtered, @{$M{$mon}{bday}} }

    # eliminates Jul/Aug 14th because day count > 1 across months
    } elsif ($test eq 'duplicate') {
        for my $day (grep { $D{$_}{cnt} == 1 } keys %D) { push @filtered, @{$D{$day}{bday}} }

    # eliminates Aug 15th/17th because day count > 1, within month
    } elsif ($test eq 'multiple') {
        for my $day (grep { $M{$_}{cnt} == 1 } keys %M) { push @filtered, @{$M{$day}{bday}} }
    }
    return @filtered;
}

# doesn't matter what order singleton/duplicate tests are run, but 'multiple' must be last;
my @dates = qw<5-15 5-16 5-19 6-17 6-18 7-14 7-16 8-14 8-15 8-17>;
@dates = filter($_, @dates) for qw<singleton duplicate multiple>;

my @months = qw<_ January February March April May June July August September October November December>;

my ($m, $d) = split '-', $dates[0];
print "Cheryl's birthday is $months[$m] $d.\n";
Output:
Cheryl's birthday is July 16.

Phix

-- demo\rosetta\Cheryls_Birthday.exw
with javascript_semantics
sequence choices = {{5, 15}, {5, 16}, {5, 19}, {6, 17}, {6, 18},
                    {7, 14}, {7, 16}, {8, 14}, {8, 15}, {8, 17}}
 
sequence mwud = repeat(false,12)    -- months with unique days
 
for step=1 to 4 do
    sequence {months,days} = columnize(choices)
    bool impossible = false
    for i=length(choices) to 1 by -1 do
        integer {m,d} = choices[i]
        switch step do
            case 1:   mwud[m] += (sum(sq_eq(days,d))=1)
            case 2: impossible = mwud[m]
            case 3: impossible = (sum(sq_eq(days,d))!=1)
            case 4: impossible = (sum(sq_eq(months,m))!=1)
        end switch
        if impossible then
            choices[i..i] = {}
        end if
    end for
end for
?choices

Iterating backwards down the choices array simplifies element removal, or more accurately removes the need for "not increment i".
Step 1&2 is months with unique days, step 3 is days with unique months, step 4 is unique months.

Output:
{{7,16}}

functional/filter

(this can also be found in demo\rosetta\Cheryls_Birthday.exw)

with javascript_semantics
enum MONTH, DAY

function unique_month(sequence si, months)
    return sum(sq_eq(months,si[MONTH]))=1
end function
 
function unique_day(sequence si, days)
    return sum(sq_eq(days,si[DAY]))=1
end function

function month_without_unique_day(sequence si, months_with_unique_day)
    return not find(si[MONTH],months_with_unique_day)
end function

sequence choices = {{5, 15}, {5, 16}, {5, 19}, {6, 17}, {6, 18},
                    {7, 14}, {7, 16}, {8, 14}, {8, 15}, {8, 17}}
 
-- Albert knows the month but does not know the day.
-- So the month cannot be unique within the choices.
-- However this step would change nothing, hence omit it.
--  (obvs. non_unique_month() would be as above, but !=1)
--choices = filter(choices,non_unique_month,vslice(choices,MONTH))

-- Albert also knows that Bernard doesn't know the answer.
-- So the month cannot have a unique day.
sequence unique_days = filter(choices,unique_day,vslice(choices,DAY))
sequence months_with_unique_day = unique(vslice(unique_days,MONTH))

choices = filter(choices,month_without_unique_day,months_with_unique_day)

-- Bernard now knows the answer.
-- So the day must be unique within the remaining choices.
choices = filter(choices,unique_day,vslice(choices,DAY))

-- Albert now knows the answer too.
-- So the month must be unique within the remaining choices.
choices = filter(choices,unique_month,vslice(choices,MONTH))

if length(choices)!=1 then crash("Something went wrong!") end if

include builtins\timedate.e
timedate td = repeat(0,6)
{td[DT_MONTH],td[DT_DAY]} = choices[1]
printf(1,"Cheryl's birthday is %s\n", {format_timedate(td,"Mmmm ddth")})
Output:
Cheryl's birthday is July 16th

Python

Functional

Works with: Python version 3
'''Cheryl's Birthday'''

from itertools import groupby
from re import split


# main :: IO ()
def main():
    '''Derivation of the date.'''

    month, day = 0, 1
    print(
        # (3 :: A "Then I also know")
        # (A's month contains only one remaining day)
        uniquePairing(month)(
            # (2 :: B "I know now")
            # (B's day is paired with only one remaining month)
            uniquePairing(day)(
                # (1 :: A "I know that Bernard does not know")
                # (A's month is not among those with unique days)
                monthsWithUniqueDays(False)([
                    # 0 :: Cheryl's list:
                    tuple(x.split()) for x in
                    split(
                        ', ',
                        'May 15, May 16, May 19, ' +
                        'June 17, June 18, ' +
                        'July 14, July 16, ' +
                        'Aug 14, Aug 15, Aug 17'
                    )
                ])
            )
        )
    )


# ------------------- QUERY FUNCTIONS --------------------

# monthsWithUniqueDays :: Bool -> [(Month, Day)] -> [(Month, Day)]
def monthsWithUniqueDays(blnInclude):
    '''The subset of months with (or without) unique days.
    '''
    def go(xs):
        month, day = 0, 1
        months = [fst(x) for x in uniquePairing(day)(xs)]
        return [
            md for md in xs
            if blnInclude or not (md[month] in months)
        ]
    return go


# uniquePairing :: DatePart -> [(Month, Day)] -> [(Month, Day)]
def uniquePairing(i):
    '''Subset of months (or days) with a unique intersection.
    '''
    def go(xs):
        def inner(md):
            dct = md[i]
            uniques = [
                k for k in dct.keys()
                if 1 == len(dct[k])
            ]
            return [tpl for tpl in xs if tpl[i] in uniques]
        return inner
    return ap(bindPairs)(go)


# bindPairs :: [(Month, Day)] ->
# ((Dict String [String], Dict String [String])
# -> [(Month, Day)]) -> [(Month, Day)]
def bindPairs(xs):
    '''List monad injection operator for lists
       of (Month, Day) pairs.
    '''
    return lambda f: f(
        (
            dictFromPairs(xs),
            dictFromPairs(
                [(b, a) for (a, b) in xs]
            )
        )
    )


# dictFromPairs :: [(Month, Day)] -> Dict Text [Text]
def dictFromPairs(xs):
    '''A dictionary derived from a list of
       month day pairs.
    '''
    return {
        k: [snd(x) for x in m] for k, m in groupby(
            sorted(xs, key=fst), key=fst
        )
    }


# ----------------------- GENERIC ------------------------

# ap :: (a -> b -> c) -> (a -> b) -> a -> c
def ap(f):
    '''Applicative instance for functions.
    '''
    def go(g):
        def fxgx(x):
            return f(x)(
                g(x)
            )
        return fxgx
    return go


# fst :: (a, b) -> a
def fst(tpl):
    '''First component of a pair.
    '''
    return tpl[0]


# snd :: (a, b) -> b
def snd(tpl):
    '''Second component of a pair.
    '''
    return tpl[1]


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()
Output:
[('July', '16')]

R

Library: dplyr
options <- dplyr::tibble(mon = rep(c("May", "June", "July", "August"),times = c(3,2,2,3)),
                         day = c(15, 16, 19, 17, 18, 14, 16, 14, 15, 17))

okMonths <- c()
#  Albert's first clue - it is a month with no unique day
for (i in unique(options$mon)){
  if(all(options$day[options$mon == i] %in% options$day[options$mon != i])) {okMonths <- c(okMonths, i)}
}

okDays <- c()
#  Bernard's clue - it is a day that only occurs once in the remaining dates
for (i in unique(options$day)){
  if(!all(options$mon[options$day == i] %in% options$mon[(options$mon %in% okMonths)])) {okDays <- c(okDays, i)}
}

remaining <- options[(options$mon %in% okMonths) & (options$day %in% okDays), ]
# Albert's second clue - must be a month with only one un-eliminated date
for(i in unique(remaining$mon)){
  if(sum(remaining$mon == i) == 1) {print(remaining[remaining$mon == i,])}
}
Output:
# A tibble: 1 x 2
  mon     day
  <chr> <dbl>
1 July     16

Racket

Translation of: Kotlin
#lang racket

(define ((is x #:key [key identity]) y) (equal? (key x) (key y)))

(define albert first)
(define bernard second)

(define (((unique who) chs) date) (= 1 (count (is date #:key who) chs)))

(define (((unique-fix who-fix who) chs) date)
  (ormap (conjoin (is date #:key who-fix) ((unique who) chs)) chs))

(define-syntax-rule (solve <chs> [<act> <arg>] ...)
  (let* ([chs <chs>] [chs (<act> (<arg> chs) chs)] ...) chs))

(solve '((May 15) (May 16) (May 19) (June 17) (June 18)
         (July 14) (July 16) (August 14) (August 15) (August 17))
       
       ;; Albert knows the month but doesn't know the day.
       ;; So the month can't be unique within the choices.
       [filter-not (unique albert)]
       ;; Albert also knows that Bernard doesn't know the answer.
       ;; So the month can't have a unique day.
       [filter-not (unique-fix albert bernard)]
       ;; Bernard now knows the answer.
       ;; So the day must be unique within the remaining choices.
       [filter (unique bernard)]
       ;; Albert now knows the answer too.
       ;; So the month must be unique within the remaining choices
       [filter (unique albert)])
Output:
'((July 16))

Raku

(formerly Perl 6)

my @dates =
    { :15day, :5month },
    { :16day, :5month },
    { :19day, :5month },
    { :17day, :6month },
    { :18day, :6month },
    { :14day, :7month },
    { :16day, :7month },
    { :14day, :8month },
    { :15day, :8month },
    { :17day, :8month }
;

# Month can't have a unique day
my @filtered = @dates.grep(*.<month> != one(@dates.grep(*.<day> == one(@dates».<day>))».<month>));

# Day must be unique and unambiguous in remaining months
my $birthday = @filtered.grep(*.<day> == one(@filtered».<day>)).classify({.<month>})\
    .first(*.value.elems == 1).value[0];

# convenience array
my @months = <'' January February March April May June July August September October November December>;

say "Cheryl's birthday is { @months[$birthday<month>] } {$birthday<day>}.";
Output:
Cheryl's birthday is July 16.

REXX

/*REXX pgm finds Cheryl's birth date based on a person knowing the birth month, another */
/*──────────────────────── person knowing the birth day, given a list of possible dates.*/
$= 'May-15 May-16 May-19 June-17 June-18 July-14 July-16 August-14 August-15 August-17'
call delDays unique('day')
$= unique('day')
$= unique('month')
if words($)==1  then say "Cheryl's birthday is"  translate($, , '-')
                else say "error in the program's logic."
exit 0
/*──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
unique:  arg u 2, dups;  #= words($);   $$= $
            do    j=#  to 2  by -1
            if u=='D'     then parse value word($, j)  with  '-'   x
                          else parse value word($, j)  with   x   '-'
               do k=1  for j-1
               if u=='D'  then parse value word($, k)  with  '-'   y
                          else parse value word($, k)  with   y   '-'
               if x==y    then dups= dups k j
               end   /*k*/
            end      /*j*/
                                  do    d=#  for #  by -1
                                     do p=1  for words(dups)  until ?==d;  ?= word(dups,p)
                                     if ?==d  then  $$= delword($$, ?, 1)
                                     end   /*d*/
                                  end      /*d*/
         if words($$)==0  then return $
                          else return $$
/*──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
delDays: parse arg days;  #= words(days)
           do    j=#   for #   by -1;  parse value word(days, j) with x '-';  ##= words($)
              do k=##  for ##  by -1;  parse value word($,    k) with y '-'
              if x\==y  then iterate;  $= delword($, k, 1)
              end   /*k*/
           end      /*j*/
         return $
output   when using the internal default input:
Cheryl's birthday is July 16

Ruby

Translation of: C#
dates = [
    ["May", 15],
    ["May", 16],
    ["May", 19],
    ["June", 17],
    ["June", 18],
    ["July", 14],
    ["July", 16],
    ["August", 14],
    ["August", 15],
    ["August", 17],
]

print dates.length, " remaining\n"

# the month cannot have a unique day
uniqueMonths = dates.group_by { |m,d| d }
                    .select { |k,v| v.size == 1 }
                    .map { |k,v| v.flatten }
                    .map { |m,d| m }
dates.delete_if { |m,d| uniqueMonths.include? m }
print dates.length, " remaining\n"

# the day must be unique
dates = dates   .group_by { |m,d| d }
                .select { |k,v| v.size == 1 }
                .map { |k,v| v.flatten }
print dates.length, " remaining\n"

# the month must now be unique
dates = dates   .group_by { |m,d| m }
                .select { |k,v| v.size == 1 }
                .map { |k,v| v }
                .flatten
print dates
Output:
10 remaining
5 remaining
3 remaining
["July", 16]

Rust

// This version is based on the Go version on Rosettacode

#[derive(PartialEq, Debug, Copy, Clone)]
enum Month {
    May,
    June,
    July,
    August,
}

#[derive(PartialEq, Debug, Copy, Clone)]
struct Birthday {
    month: Month,
    day: u8,
}

impl Birthday {
    fn month_unique_in(&self, birthdays: &[Birthday]) -> bool {
        birthdays
            .iter()
            .filter(|birthday| birthday.month == self.month)
            .count()
            == 1
    }

    fn day_unique_in(&self, birthdays: &[Birthday]) -> bool {
        birthdays
            .iter()
            .filter(|birthday| birthday.day == self.day)
            .count()
            == 1
    }

    fn month_with_unique_day_in(&self, birthdays: &[Birthday]) -> bool {
        birthdays
            .iter()
            .any(|birthday| self.month == birthday.month && birthday.day_unique_in(birthdays))
    }
}

fn solution() -> Option<Birthday> {
    let mut choices: Vec<Birthday> = vec![
        Birthday {
            month: Month::May,
            day: 15,
        },
        Birthday {
            month: Month::May,
            day: 16,
        },
        Birthday {
            month: Month::May,
            day: 19,
        },
        Birthday {
            month: Month::June,
            day: 17,
        },
        Birthday {
            month: Month::June,
            day: 18,
        },
        Birthday {
            month: Month::July,
            day: 14,
        },
        Birthday {
            month: Month::July,
            day: 16,
        },
        Birthday {
            month: Month::August,
            day: 14,
        },
        Birthday {
            month: Month::August,
            day: 15,
        },
        Birthday {
            month: Month::August,
            day: 17,
        },
    ];

    // Albert knows the month but doesn't know the day.
    // So the month can't be unique within the choices.
    let choices_copy = choices.clone();
    choices.retain(|birthday| !(&birthday.month_unique_in(&choices_copy)));

    // Albert also knows that Bernard doesn't know the answer.
    // So the month can't have a unique day.
    let choices_copy = choices.clone();
    choices.retain(|birthday| !(birthday.month_with_unique_day_in(&choices_copy)));

    // Bernard now knows the answer.
    // So the day must be unique within the remaining choices.
    let choices_copy = choices.clone();
    choices.retain(|birthday| birthday.day_unique_in(&choices_copy));

    // Albert now knows the answer too.
    // So the month must be unique within the remaining choices.
    let choices_copy = choices.clone();
    choices.retain(|birthday| birthday.month_unique_in(&choices_copy));

    if choices.len() == 1 {
        Some(choices[0])
    } else {
        None
    }
}

fn main() {
    match solution() {
        Some(solution) => println!("Cheryl's birthday is {:?}", solution),
        None => panic!("Didn't work!"),
    }
}
Output:
Cheryl's birthday is Birthday { month: July, day: 16 }

Scala

Translation of: D

import java.time.format.DateTimeFormatter
import java.time.{LocalDate, Month}

object Cheryl {
  def main(args: Array[String]): Unit = {
    val choices = List(
      LocalDate.of(2019, Month.MAY, 15),
      LocalDate.of(2019, Month.MAY, 16),
      LocalDate.of(2019, Month.MAY, 19),

      LocalDate.of(2019, Month.JUNE, 17),
      LocalDate.of(2019, Month.JUNE, 18),

      LocalDate.of(2019, Month.JULY, 14),
      LocalDate.of(2019, Month.JULY, 16),

      LocalDate.of(2019, Month.AUGUST, 14),
      LocalDate.of(2019, Month.AUGUST, 15),
      LocalDate.of(2019, Month.AUGUST, 17)
    )

    // The month cannot have a unique day because Albert knows the month, and knows that Bernard does not know the answer
    val uniqueMonths = choices.groupBy(_.getDayOfMonth)
      .filter(a => a._2.length == 1)
      .flatMap(a => a._2)
      .map(a => a.getMonth)
    val filter1 = choices.filterNot(a => uniqueMonths.exists(b => a.getMonth == b))

    // Bernard now knows the answer, so the day must be unique within the remaining choices
    val uniqueDays = filter1.groupBy(_.getDayOfMonth)
      .filter(a => a._2.length == 1)
      .flatMap(a => a._2)
      .map(a => a.getDayOfMonth)
    val filter2 = filter1.filter(a => uniqueDays.exists(b => a.getDayOfMonth == b))

    // Albert knows the answer too, so the month must be unique within the remaining choices
    val birthDay = filter2.groupBy(_.getMonth)
      .filter(a => a._2.length == 1)
      .flatMap(a => a._2)
      .head

    // print the result
    printf(birthDay.format(DateTimeFormatter.ofPattern("MMMM dd")))
  }
}
Output:
July 16

Scala-ish approach

Output:

See it yourself by running in your browser either by ScalaFiddle (ES aka JavaScript, non JVM) or Scastie (remote JVM).

Works with: Scala version 2.13
object Cheryl_sBirthday extends App {

  private val possiblerDates = Set(
    Date("May", 15), Date("May", 16), Date("May", 19),
    Date("June", 17), Date("June", 18),
    Date("July", 14), Date("July", 16),
    Date("August", 14), Date("August", 15), Date("August", 17)
  )

  private def clou3: Date = {
    // Find the dates with ONE unique once and only occurrence of the day of the month.
    def onceDates[K](toBeExcluded: Set[Date], selector: Date => K): Seq[Date] =
      toBeExcluded.groupBy(selector).filter { case (_, multiSet) => multiSet.size == 1 }.values.flatten.toSeq

    // 1) Albert tells us that Bernard doesn't know the answer,
    // so we know the answer must be in months that does NOT have a same day of month.
    val uniqueMonths = onceDates(possiblerDates, (date: Date) => date.dayOfMonth).map(_.month)
    // Remove the dates with those months. The dates remain which has NOT those months.
    val clou1 = possiblerDates.filterNot(p => uniqueMonths.contains(p.month))
    // 2) Since Bernard now knows the answer, that tells us that the day MUST be unique among the remaining birthdays.
    val uniqueDays = onceDates(clou1, (date: Date) => date.dayOfMonth).map(_.dayOfMonth)

    // 3) Since Albert now knows the answer, that tells us the answer has to be unique by month.
    // First, as the first parameter, intersect clou1 (Albert) with uniqueDays (Bernard)
    onceDates(clou1.filter(date => uniqueDays.contains(date.dayOfMonth)), (date: Date) => date.month).head
  }

  case class Date(month: String, dayOfMonth: Int) {
    override def toString: String = s"${"🎂 " * 3}$dayOfMonth $month${" 🎂" * 3}"
  }

  println(clou3)
}

Sidef

Translation of: Raku
func f(day, month) {
    Date.parse("#{day} #{month}", "%d %B")
}

var dates = [
    f(15, "May"),
    f(16, "May"),
    f(19, "May"),
    f(17, "June"),
    f(18, "June"),
    f(14, "July"),
    f(16, "July"),
    f(14, "August"),
    f(15, "August"),
    f(17, "August")
]
 
var filtered = dates.grep {
    dates.grep {
        dates.map{ .day }.count(.day) == 1
    }.map{ .month }.count(.month) != 1
}
 
var birthday = filtered.grep {
    filtered.map{ .day }.count(.day) == 1
}.group_by{ .month }.values.first_by { .len == 1 }[0]
 
say "Cheryl's birthday is #{birthday.fullmonth} #{birthday.day}."
Output:
Cheryl's birthday is July 16.

Swift

Translation of: Kotlin
struct MonthDay: CustomStringConvertible {
  static let months = [
    "January", "February", "March", "April", "May", "June",
    "July", "August", "September", "October", "November", "December"
  ]

  var month: Int
  var day: Int

  var description: String { "\(MonthDay.months[month - 1]) \(day)" }

  private func isUniqueIn(months: [MonthDay], by prop: KeyPath<MonthDay, Int>) -> Bool {
    return months.lazy.filter({ $0[keyPath: prop] == self[keyPath: prop] }).count == 1
  }

  func monthIsUniqueIn(months: [MonthDay]) -> Bool {
    return isUniqueIn(months: months, by: \.month)
  }

  func dayIsUniqueIn(months: [MonthDay]) -> Bool {
    return isUniqueIn(months: months, by: \.day)
  }

  func monthWithUniqueDayIn(months: [MonthDay]) -> Bool {
    return months.firstIndex(where: { $0.month == month && $0.dayIsUniqueIn(months: months) }) != nil
  }
}

let choices = [
  MonthDay(month: 5, day: 15),
  MonthDay(month: 5, day: 16),
  MonthDay(month: 5, day: 19),
  MonthDay(month: 6, day: 17),
  MonthDay(month: 6, day: 18),
  MonthDay(month: 7, day: 14),
  MonthDay(month: 7, day: 16),
  MonthDay(month: 8, day: 14),
  MonthDay(month: 8, day: 15),
  MonthDay(month: 8, day: 17)
]

// Albert knows the month, but not the day, so he doesn't have a gimmie month
let albertKnows = choices.filter({ !$0.monthIsUniqueIn(months: choices) })

// Albert also knows that Bernard doesn't know, so it can't be a gimmie day
let bernardKnows = albertKnows.filter({ !$0.monthWithUniqueDayIn(months: albertKnows) })

// Bernard now knows the birthday, so it must be a unique day within the remaining choices
let bernardKnowsMore = bernardKnows.filter({ $0.dayIsUniqueIn(months: bernardKnows) })

// Albert knows the birthday now, so it must be a unique month within the remaining choices
guard let birthday = bernardKnowsMore.filter({ $0.monthIsUniqueIn(months: bernardKnowsMore) }).first else {
  fatalError()
}

print("Cheryl's birthday is \(birthday)")
Output:
Cheryl's birthday is July 16

TXR

(defun munge (groupfn selfn keepfn filfn data)
  (flow data
    (group-by groupfn)
    (mappend (iff (opip len (eq 2)) (opip cadr selfn list)))
    (keepfn (opip filfn (member @1 @@1)) data)))

(flow "May 15,     May 16,     May 19\n   \
       June 17,    June 18\n              \
       July 14,    July 16\n              \
       August 14,  August 15,  August 17\n"
  (remq #\,)
  read-objects
  (tuples 2)
  (munge second first remove-if first) prinl
  (munge second second keep-if second) prinl
  (munge first second keep-if second) prinl)
Output:
((July 14) (July 16) (August 14) (August 15) (August 17))
((July 16) (August 15) (August 17))
((July 16))

uBasic/4tH

Translation of: C
Dim @d(30)
Dim @m(13)

Push 5,15,1, 5,16,1, 5,19,1, 6,17,1 ,6,18,1, 7,14,1, 7,16,1, 8,14,1, 8,15,1, 8,17,1
For x = 29 To 0 Step -1 : @d(x) = Pop() : Next

Push  "ERR", "Jan", "Feb", "Mar", "Apr", "May"
Push  "Jun", "Jul", "Aug", "Sep", "Oct", "Nov", "Dec"
For x = 12 To 0 Step -1 : @m(x) = Pop() : Next

Proc _printRemaining                   ' the month cannot have a unique day
Proc _firstPass

Proc _printRemaining                   ' the day must now be unique
Proc _secondPass

Proc _printRemaining                   ' the month must now be unique
Proc _thirdPass

Proc _printAnswer
End

_printRemaining
  Local (2)
  
  b@ = 0
  For a@ = 0 To 29 Step 3
    If @d(a@+2) Then b@ = b@ + 1
  Next

  Print b@; " remaining."
Return

_printAnswer
  Local (1)

  For a@ = 0 To 29 Step 3
    If @d(a@+2) Then Print Show (@m(@d(a@))); ", "; @d(a@+1)
  Next
Return

_firstPass                             ' the month cannot have a unique day
  Local (3)
  
  For a@ = 0 To 29 Step 3
    c@ = 0
    
    For b@ = 0 To 29 Step 3
      If @d(b@+1) = @d(a@+1) Then c@ = c@ + 1
    Next
    
    If c@ = 1 Then
      For b@ = 0 To 29 Step 3
        If @d(b@+2) = 0 Then
          Continue
        EndIf
      
        If @d(b@) = @d(a@) Then
          @d(b@+2) = 0
        EndIf
      Next
    EndIf
  Next
Return

_secondPass                             ' the day must now be unique
  Local (3)
  
  For a@ = 0 To 29 Step 3
    If @d(a@+2) = 0 Then Continue
    c@ = 0
    
    For b@ = 0 To 29 Step 3
      If @d(b@+2) = 0 Then Continue
      If @d(b@+1) = @d(a@+1) Then c@ = c@ + 1
    Next
    
    If c@ > 1 Then
      For b@ = 0 To 29 Step 3
        If @d(b@+2) = 0 Then
          Continue
        EndIf
      
        If @d(b@+1) = @d(a@+1) Then
          @d(b@+2) = 0
        EndIf
      Next
    EndIf
  Next
Return   

_thirdPass                             ' the month must now be unique
  Local (3)
  
  For a@ = 0 To 29 Step 3
    If @d(a@+2) = 0 Then Continue
    c@ = 0
    
    For b@ = 0 To 29 Step 3
      If @d(b@+2) = 0 Then Continue
      If @d(b@) = @d(a@) Then c@ = c@ + 1
    Next
    
    If c@ > 1 Then
      For b@ = 0 To 29 Step 3
        If @d(b@+2) = 0 Then
          Continue
        EndIf
      
        If @d(b@) = @d(a@) Then
          @d(b@+2) = 0
        EndIf
      Next
    EndIf
  Next
Return
Output:
10 remaining.
5 remaining.
3 remaining.
Jul, 16

0 OK, 0:657

VBA

Private Sub exclude_unique_days(w As Collection)
    Dim number_of_dates(31) As Integer
    Dim months_to_exclude As New Collection
    For Each v In w
        number_of_dates(v(1)) = number_of_dates(v(1)) + 1
    Next v
    For i = w.Count To 1 Step -1
        If number_of_dates(w(i)(1)) = 1 Then
            months_to_exclude.Add w(i)(0)
            w.Remove i
        End If
    Next i
    For Each m In months_to_exclude
        exclude_month w, m
    Next m
End Sub
Private Sub exclude_month(x As Collection, v As Variant)
    For i = x.Count To 1 Step -1
        If x(i)(0) = v Then x.Remove i
    Next i
End Sub
Private Sub exclude_non_unique_days(w As Collection)
    Dim number_of_dates(31) As Integer
    For Each v In w
        number_of_dates(v(1)) = number_of_dates(v(1)) + 1
    Next v
    For i = w.Count To 1 Step -1
        If number_of_dates(w(i)(1)) > 1 Then
            w.Remove i
        End If
    Next i
End Sub
Private Sub exclude_non_unique_months(w As Collection)
    Dim months As New Collection
    For Each v In w
        On Error GoTo 1
        months.Add v(0), v(0)
    Next v
1:
    For i = w.Count To 1 Step -1
        If w(i)(0) = v(0) Then
            w.Remove i
        End If
    Next i
End Sub
Public Sub cherylsbirthday()
    Dim v As New Collection
    s = "May 15, May 16, May 19, June 17, June 18, July 14, July 16, August 14, August 15, August 17"
    t = Split(s, ",")
    For Each u In t
        v.Add Split(Trim(u), " ")
    Next u
    '1) Albert: I don't know when Cheryl's birthday is, but I know that Bernard does not know too.
    exclude_unique_days v
    '2) Bernard: At first I don't know when Cheryl's birthday is, but I know now.
    exclude_non_unique_days v
    '3) Albert: Then I also know when Cheryl's birthday is.
    exclude_non_unique_months v
    Debug.Print v(1)(0); " "; v(1)(1)
End Sub
Output:
July 16

Visual Basic .NET

Translation of: C#
Module Module1

    Structure MonDay
        Dim month As String
        Dim day As Integer

        Sub New(m As String, d As Integer)
            month = m
            day = d
        End Sub

        Public Overrides Function ToString() As String
            Return String.Format("({0}, {1})", month, day)
        End Function
    End Structure

    Sub Main()
        Dim dates = New HashSet(Of MonDay) From {
            New MonDay("May", 15),
            New MonDay("May", 16),
            New MonDay("May", 19),
            New MonDay("June", 17),
            New MonDay("June", 18),
            New MonDay("July", 14),
            New MonDay("July", 16),
            New MonDay("August", 14),
            New MonDay("August", 15),
            New MonDay("August", 17)
        }
        Console.WriteLine("{0} remaining.", dates.Count)

        ' The month cannot have a unique day.
        Dim monthsWithUniqueDays = dates.GroupBy(Function(d) d.day).Where(Function(g) g.Count() = 1).Select(Function(g) g.First().month).ToHashSet()
        dates.RemoveWhere(Function(d) monthsWithUniqueDays.Contains(d.month))
        Console.WriteLine("{0} remaining.", dates.Count)

        ' The day must now be unique.
        dates.IntersectWith(dates.GroupBy(Function(d) d.day).Where(Function(g) g.Count() = 1).Select(Function(g) g.First()))
        Console.WriteLine("{0} remaining.", dates.Count)

        ' The month must now be unique.
        dates.IntersectWith(dates.GroupBy(Function(d) d.month).Where(Function(g) g.Count() = 1).Select(Function(g) g.First()))
        Console.WriteLine(dates.Single())
    End Sub

End Module
Output:
10 remaining.
5 remaining.
3 remaining.
(July, 16)

V (Vlang)

Translation of: Go
import time

struct Birthday { 
	month int
	day int
}
 
fn (b Birthday) str() string {
    return "${time.long_months[b.month-1]} $b.day"
}
 
fn (b Birthday) month_uniquie_in(bds []Birthday) bool {
    mut count := 0
    for bd in bds {
        if bd.month == b.month {
            count++
        }
    }
    if count == 1 {
        return true
    }
    return false
}
 
fn (b Birthday) day_unique_in(bds []Birthday) bool {
    mut count := 0
    for bd in bds {
        if bd.day == b.day {
            count++
        }
    }
    if count == 1 {
        return true
    }
    return false
}
 
fn (b Birthday) month_with_unique_day_in(bds []Birthday) bool {
    for bd in bds {
        if bd.month == b.month && bd.day_unique_in(bds) {
            return true
        }
    }
    return false
}
 
fn main() {
    choices := [
        Birthday{5, 15}, Birthday{5, 16}, Birthday{5, 19}, Birthday{6, 17}, Birthday{6, 18},
        Birthday{7, 14}, Birthday{7, 16}, Birthday{8, 14}, Birthday{8, 15}, Birthday{8, 17},
	]
 
    // Albert knows the month but doesn't know the day.
    // So the month can't be unique within the choices.
    mut filtered := []Birthday{}
    for bd in choices {
        if !bd.month_uniquie_in(choices) {
            filtered << bd
        }
    }
 
    // Albert also knows that Bernard doesn't know the answer.
    // So the month can't have a unique day.
    mut filtered2 := []Birthday{}
    for bd in filtered {
        if !bd.month_with_unique_day_in(filtered) {
            filtered2 << bd
        }
    }
 
    // Bernard now knows the answer.
    // So the day must be unique within the remaining choices.
    mut filtered3 := []Birthday{}
    for bd in filtered2 {
        if bd.day_unique_in(filtered2) {
            filtered3 << bd
        }
    }
 
    // Albert now knows the answer too.
    // So the month must be unique within the remaining choices.
    mut filtered4 := []Birthday{}
    for bd in filtered3 {
        if bd.month_uniquie_in(filtered3) {
            filtered4 << bd
        }
    }
 
    if filtered4.len == 1 {
        println("Cheryl's Birthday is ${filtered4[0]}")
    } else {
        println("Something went wrong!")
    }
}
Output:
Cheryl's birthday is July 16

Wren

Translation of: Kotlin
var Months = [
    "January", "February", "March", "April", "May", "June",
    "July", "August", "September", "October", "November", "December"
]

class Birthday {
    construct new(month, day) {
        _month = month
        _day = day
    }

    month { _month }
    day   { _day }

    toString { "%(Months[_month-1]) %(day)" }

    monthUniqueIn(bds) { bds.count { |bd| _month == bd.month } == 1 }

    dayUniqueIn(bds)   { bds.count { |bd| _day == bd.day } == 1 }

    monthWithUniqueDayIn(bds) { bds.any { |bd| (_month == bd.month) && bd.dayUniqueIn(bds) } }
}

var choices = [
    Birthday.new(5, 15), Birthday.new(5, 16), Birthday.new(5, 19), Birthday.new(6, 17), 
    Birthday.new(6, 18), Birthday.new(7, 14), Birthday.new(7, 16), Birthday.new(8, 14),
    Birthday.new(8, 15), Birthday.new(8, 17)
]

// Albert knows the month but doesn't know the day.
// So the month can't be unique within the choices.
var filtered = choices.where { |bd| !bd.monthUniqueIn(choices) }.toList

// Albert also knows that Bernard doesn't know the answer.
// So the month can't have a unique day.
filtered = filtered.where { |bd| !bd.monthWithUniqueDayIn(filtered) }.toList

// Bernard now knows the answer.
// So the day must be unique within the remaining choices.
filtered = filtered.where { |bd| bd.dayUniqueIn(filtered) }.toList

// Albert now knows the answer too.
// So the month must be unique within the remaining choices.
filtered = filtered.where { |bd| bd.monthUniqueIn(filtered) }.toList

if (filtered.count == 1) {
    System.print("Cheryl's birthday is %(filtered[0])")
} else {
    System.print("Something went wrong!")
}
Output:
Cheryl's birthday is July 16

zkl

dates:=T(T("May",   15), T("May",   16), T("May",   19),
         T("June",  17), T("June",  18), 
	 T("July",  14), T("July",  16),
	 T("August",14), T("August",15), T("August",17) );
mDs:=dates.pump(Dictionary().appendKV); // "June":(15,16,19), ...
dMs:=dates.pump(Dictionary().appendKV,"reverse"); // 15:"May", 16:"May", 19:"May", ...

// remove unique days (18,19) --> "July":(14,16),"August":(14,15,17)
dMs.values.apply2('wrap(ms){ if(ms.len()==1) mDs.del(ms[0]) });

// find intersection of above days --> (14)
fcn intersection(l1,l2){ l1.pump(List,l2.holds,'==(True),Void.Filter) }
badDs:=mDs.values.reduce(intersection);

// --> July:(16),August:(15,17) --> ( ("July",(16)) )
theDay:=mDs.filter('wrap([(m,ds)]){ ds.removeEach(badDs).len()==1 });

// print birthday such that muliples are shown, if any
println("Cheryl's birthday is ",theDay.flatten().flatten().concat(" "));
Output:
Cheryl's birthday is July 16