Universal Turing machine
You are encouraged to solve this task according to the task description, using any language you may know.
One of the foundational mathematical constructs behind computer science is the universal Turing Machine.
(Alan Turing introduced the idea of such a machine in 1936–1937.)
Indeed one way to definitively prove that a language is turing-complete is to implement a universal Turing machine in it.
- Task
Simulate such a machine capable of taking the definition of any other Turing machine and executing it.
Of course, you will not have an infinite tape, but you should emulate this as much as is possible.
The three permissible actions on the tape are "left", "right" and "stay".
To test your universal Turing machine (and prove your programming language is Turing complete!), you should execute the following two Turing machines based on the following definitions.
Simple incrementer
- States: q0, qf
- Initial state: q0
- Terminating states: qf
- Permissible symbols: B, 1
- Blank symbol: B
- Rules:
- (q0, 1, 1, right, q0)
- (q0, B, 1, stay, qf)
The input for this machine should be a tape of 1 1 1
Three-state busy beaver
- States: a, b, c, halt
- Initial state: a
- Terminating states: halt
- Permissible symbols: 0, 1
- Blank symbol: 0
- Rules:
- (a, 0, 1, right, b)
- (a, 1, 1, left, c)
- (b, 0, 1, left, a)
- (b, 1, 1, right, b)
- (c, 0, 1, left, b)
- (c, 1, 1, stay, halt)
The input for this machine should be an empty tape.
Bonus:
5-state, 2-symbol probable Busy Beaver machine from Wikipedia
- States: A, B, C, D, E, H
- Initial state: A
- Terminating states: H
- Permissible symbols: 0, 1
- Blank symbol: 0
- Rules:
- (A, 0, 1, right, B)
- (A, 1, 1, left, C)
- (B, 0, 1, right, C)
- (B, 1, 1, right, B)
- (C, 0, 1, right, D)
- (C, 1, 0, left, E)
- (D, 0, 1, left, A)
- (D, 1, 1, left, D)
- (E, 0, 1, stay, H)
- (E, 1, 0, left, A)
The input for this machine should be an empty tape.
This machine runs for more than 47 millions steps.
11l
F run_utm(halt, state, Char blank; rules_in, [Char] &tape = [Char](); =pos = 0)
V st = state
I tape.empty
tape.append(blank)
I pos < 0
pos += tape.len
V rules = Dict(rules_in, r -> ((r[0], Char(r[1])), (Char(r[2]), r[3], r[4])))
L
print(st.ljust(4), end' ‘ ’)
L(v) tape
V i = L.index
I i == pos
print(‘[’v‘]’, end' ‘ ’)
E
print(v, end' ‘ ’)
print()
I st == halt
L.break
I (st, tape[pos]) !C rules
L.break
V (v1, dr, s1) = rules[(st, tape[pos])]
tape[pos] = v1
I dr == ‘left’
I pos > 0
pos--
E
tape.insert(0, blank)
I dr == ‘right’
pos++
I pos >= tape.len
tape.append(blank)
st = s1
print("incr machine\n")
run_utm(
halt' ‘qf’,
state' ‘q0’,
blank' Char(‘B’),
rules_in' [‘q0 1 1 right q0’.split(‘ ’, group_delimiters' 1B),
‘q0 B 1 stay qf’.split(‘ ’, group_delimiters' 1B)],
tape' &[‘1’, ‘1’, ‘1’]
)
print("\nbusy beaver\n")
run_utm(
halt' ‘halt’,
state' ‘a’,
blank' Char(‘0’),
rules_in'
[‘a 0 1 right b’.split(‘ ’, group_delimiters' 1B),
‘a 1 1 left c’.split(‘ ’, group_delimiters' 1B),
‘b 0 1 left a’.split(‘ ’, group_delimiters' 1B),
‘b 1 1 right b’.split(‘ ’, group_delimiters' 1B),
‘c 0 1 left b’.split(‘ ’, group_delimiters' 1B),
‘c 1 1 stay halt’.split(‘ ’, group_delimiters' 1B)]
)
print("\nsorting test\n")
run_utm(
halt' ‘STOP’,
state' ‘A’,
blank' Char(‘0’),
rules_in'
[‘A 1 1 right A’.split(‘ ’, group_delimiters' 1B),
‘A 2 3 right B’.split(‘ ’, group_delimiters' 1B),
‘A 0 0 left E’.split(‘ ’, group_delimiters' 1B),
‘B 1 1 right B’.split(‘ ’, group_delimiters' 1B),
‘B 2 2 right B’.split(‘ ’, group_delimiters' 1B),
‘B 0 0 left C’.split(‘ ’, group_delimiters' 1B),
‘C 1 2 left D’.split(‘ ’, group_delimiters' 1B),
‘C 2 2 left C’.split(‘ ’, group_delimiters' 1B),
‘C 3 2 left E’.split(‘ ’, group_delimiters' 1B),
‘D 1 1 left D’.split(‘ ’, group_delimiters' 1B),
‘D 2 2 left D’.split(‘ ’, group_delimiters' 1B),
‘D 3 1 right A’.split(‘ ’, group_delimiters' 1B),
‘E 1 1 left E’.split(‘ ’, group_delimiters' 1B),
‘E 0 0 right STOP’.split(‘ ’, group_delimiters' 1B)],
tape' &‘2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2’.split(‘ ’).map(Char)
)- Output:
incr machine q0 [1] 1 1 q0 1 [1] 1 q0 1 1 [1] q0 1 1 1 [B] qf 1 1 1 [1] busy beaver a [0] b 1 [0] a [1] 1 c [0] 1 1 b [0] 1 1 1 a [0] 1 1 1 1 b 1 [1] 1 1 1 b 1 1 [1] 1 1 b 1 1 1 [1] 1 b 1 1 1 1 [1] b 1 1 1 1 1 [0] a 1 1 1 1 [1] 1 c 1 1 1 [1] 1 1 halt 1 1 1 [1] 1 1 sorting test A [2] 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 B 3 [2] 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 B 3 2 [2] 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 B 3 2 2 [1] 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 B 3 2 2 1 [2] 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 B 3 2 2 1 2 [2] 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 B 3 2 2 1 2 2 [1] 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 B 3 2 2 1 2 2 1 [2] 1 2 1 2 1 2 B 3 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 [1] 2 1 2 1 2 B 3 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 [2] 1 2 1 2 B 3 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 [1] 2 1 2 B 3 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 [2] 1 2 B 3 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 [1] 2 B 3 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 [2] B 3 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 [0] C 3 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 [2] 0 C 3 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 [1] 2 0 D 3 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 [2] 2 2 0 D 3 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 [1] 2 2 2 0 D 3 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 [2] 1 2 2 2 0 D 3 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 [1] 2 1 2 2 2 0 D 3 2 2 1 2 2 1 [2] 1 2 1 2 2 2 0 D 3 2 2 1 2 2 [1] 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 0 D 3 2 2 1 2 [2] 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 0 D 3 2 2 1 [2] 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 0 D 3 2 2 [1] 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 0 D 3 2 [2] 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 0 D 3 [2] 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 0 D [3] 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 0 A 1 [2] 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 0 B 1 3 [2] 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 0 B 1 3 2 [1] 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 0 B 1 3 2 1 [2] 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 0 B 1 3 2 1 2 [2] 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 0 B 1 3 2 1 2 2 [1] 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 0 B 1 3 2 1 2 2 1 [2] 1 2 1 2 2 2 0 B 1 3 2 1 2 2 1 2 [1] 2 1 2 2 2 0 B 1 3 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 [2] 1 2 2 2 0 B 1 3 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 [1] 2 2 2 0 B 1 3 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 [2] 2 2 0 B 1 3 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 [2] 2 0 B 1 3 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 [2] 0 B 1 3 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 [0] C 1 3 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 [2] 0 C 1 3 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 [2] 2 0 C 1 3 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 [2] 2 2 0 C 1 3 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 [1] 2 2 2 0 D 1 3 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 [2] 2 2 2 2 0 D 1 3 2 1 2 2 1 2 [1] 2 2 2 2 2 0 D 1 3 2 1 2 2 1 [2] 1 2 2 2 2 2 0 D 1 3 2 1 2 2 [1] 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 0 D 1 3 2 1 2 [2] 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 0 D 1 3 2 1 [2] 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 0 D 1 3 2 [1] 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 0 D 1 3 [2] 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 0 D 1 [3] 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 0 A 1 1 [2] 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 0 B 1 1 3 [1] 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 0 B 1 1 3 1 [2] 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 0 B 1 1 3 1 2 [2] 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 0 B 1 1 3 1 2 2 [1] 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 0 B 1 1 3 1 2 2 1 [2] 1 2 2 2 2 2 0 B 1 1 3 1 2 2 1 2 [1] 2 2 2 2 2 0 B 1 1 3 1 2 2 1 2 1 [2] 2 2 2 2 0 B 1 1 3 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 [2] 2 2 2 0 B 1 1 3 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 [2] 2 2 0 B 1 1 3 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 [2] 2 0 B 1 1 3 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 [2] 0 B 1 1 3 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 [0] C 1 1 3 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 [2] 0 C 1 1 3 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 [2] 2 0 C 1 1 3 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 [2] 2 2 0 C 1 1 3 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 [2] 2 2 2 0 C 1 1 3 1 2 2 1 2 1 [2] 2 2 2 2 0 C 1 1 3 1 2 2 1 2 [1] 2 2 2 2 2 0 D 1 1 3 1 2 2 1 [2] 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 D 1 1 3 1 2 2 [1] 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 D 1 1 3 1 2 [2] 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 D 1 1 3 1 [2] 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 D 1 1 3 [1] 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 D 1 1 [3] 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 A 1 1 1 [1] 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 A 1 1 1 1 [2] 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 B 1 1 1 1 3 [2] 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 B 1 1 1 1 3 2 [1] 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 B 1 1 1 1 3 2 1 [2] 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 B 1 1 1 1 3 2 1 2 [2] 2 2 2 2 2 0 B 1 1 1 1 3 2 1 2 2 [2] 2 2 2 2 0 B 1 1 1 1 3 2 1 2 2 2 [2] 2 2 2 0 B 1 1 1 1 3 2 1 2 2 2 2 [2] 2 2 0 B 1 1 1 1 3 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 [2] 2 0 B 1 1 1 1 3 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 [2] 0 B 1 1 1 1 3 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 [0] C 1 1 1 1 3 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 [2] 0 C 1 1 1 1 3 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 [2] 2 0 C 1 1 1 1 3 2 1 2 2 2 2 [2] 2 2 0 C 1 1 1 1 3 2 1 2 2 2 [2] 2 2 2 0 C 1 1 1 1 3 2 1 2 2 [2] 2 2 2 2 0 C 1 1 1 1 3 2 1 2 [2] 2 2 2 2 2 0 C 1 1 1 1 3 2 1 [2] 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 C 1 1 1 1 3 2 [1] 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 D 1 1 1 1 3 [2] 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 D 1 1 1 1 [3] 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 A 1 1 1 1 1 [2] 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 B 1 1 1 1 1 3 [2] 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 B 1 1 1 1 1 3 2 [2] 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 B 1 1 1 1 1 3 2 2 [2] 2 2 2 2 2 0 B 1 1 1 1 1 3 2 2 2 [2] 2 2 2 2 0 B 1 1 1 1 1 3 2 2 2 2 [2] 2 2 2 0 B 1 1 1 1 1 3 2 2 2 2 2 [2] 2 2 0 B 1 1 1 1 1 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 [2] 2 0 B 1 1 1 1 1 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 [2] 0 B 1 1 1 1 1 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 [0] C 1 1 1 1 1 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 [2] 0 C 1 1 1 1 1 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 [2] 2 0 C 1 1 1 1 1 3 2 2 2 2 2 [2] 2 2 0 C 1 1 1 1 1 3 2 2 2 2 [2] 2 2 2 0 C 1 1 1 1 1 3 2 2 2 [2] 2 2 2 2 0 C 1 1 1 1 1 3 2 2 [2] 2 2 2 2 2 0 C 1 1 1 1 1 3 2 [2] 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 C 1 1 1 1 1 3 [2] 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 C 1 1 1 1 1 [3] 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 E 1 1 1 1 [1] 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 E 1 1 1 [1] 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 E 1 1 [1] 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 E 1 [1] 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 E [1] 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 E [0] 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 STOP 0 [1] 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0
Ada
The specification of the universal machine
Note that due to Ada's strict type system, a machine cannot be compiled if there is not _exactly_ one rule for each state/symbol pair. Thus, the specified machine is always deterministic.
The execution of the machine, i.e., the procedure Run, allows to define a number Max_Steps, after which the execution stops -- when, e.g., the specified machine runs infinitively. The procedure also allows to optionally output the configuration of the machine before every step.
private with Ada.Containers.Doubly_Linked_Lists;
generic
type State is (<>); -- State'First is starting state
type Symbol is (<>); -- Symbol'First is blank
package Turing is
Start: constant State := State'First;
Halt: constant State := State'Last;
subtype Action_State is State range Start .. State'Pred(Halt);
Blank: constant Symbol := Symbol'First;
type Movement is (Left, Stay, Right);
type Action is record
New_State: State;
Move_To: Movement;
New_Symbol: Symbol;
end record;
type Rules_Type is array(Action_State, Symbol) of Action;
type Tape_Type is limited private;
type Symbol_Map is array(Symbol) of Character;
function To_String(Tape: Tape_Type; Map: Symbol_Map) return String;
function Position_To_String(Tape: Tape_Type; Marker: Character := '^')
return String;
function To_Tape(Str: String; Map: Symbol_Map) return Tape_Type;
procedure Single_Step(Current: in out State;
Tape: in out Tape_Type;
Rules: Rules_Type);
procedure Run(The_Tape: in out Tape_Type;
Rules: Rules_Type;
Max_Steps: Natural := Natural'Last;
Print: access procedure(Tape: Tape_Type; Current: State));
-- runs from Start State until either Halt or # Steps exceeds Max_Steps
-- if # of steps exceeds Max_Steps, Constrained_Error is raised;
-- if Print is not null, Print is called at the beginning of each step
private
package Symbol_Lists is new Ada.Containers.Doubly_Linked_Lists(Symbol);
subtype List is Symbol_Lists.List;
type Tape_Type is record
Left: List;
Here: Symbol;
Right: List;
end record;
end Turing;
The implementation of the universal machine
package body Turing is
function List_To_String(L: List; Map: Symbol_Map) return String is
LL: List := L;
use type List;
begin
if L = Symbol_Lists.Empty_List then
return "";
else
LL.Delete_First;
return Map(L.First_Element) & List_To_String(LL, Map);
end if;
end List_To_String;
function To_String(Tape: Tape_Type; Map: Symbol_Map) return String is
begin
return List_To_String(Tape.Left, Map) & Map(Tape.Here) &
List_To_String(Tape.Right, Map);
end To_String;
function Position_To_String(Tape: Tape_Type; Marker: Character := '^')
return String is
Blank_Map: Symbol_Map := (others => ' ');
begin
return List_To_String(Tape.Left, Blank_Map) & Marker &
List_To_String(Tape.Right, Blank_Map);
end Position_To_String;
function To_Tape(Str: String; Map: Symbol_Map) return Tape_Type is
Char_Map: array(Character) of Symbol := (others => Blank);
Tape: Tape_Type;
begin
if Str = "" then
Tape.Here := Blank;
else
for S in Symbol loop
Char_Map(Map(S)) := S;
end loop;
Tape.Here := Char_Map(Str(Str'First));
for I in Str'First+1 .. Str'Last loop
Tape.Right.Append(Char_Map(Str(I)));
end loop;
end if;
return Tape;
end To_Tape;
procedure Single_Step(Current: in out State;
Tape: in out Tape_Type;
Rules: Rules_Type) is
Act: Action := Rules(Current, Tape.Here);
use type List; -- needed to compare Tape.Left/Right to the Empty_List
begin
Current := Act.New_State; -- 1. update State
Tape.Here := Act.New_Symbol; -- 2. write Symbol to Tape
case Act.Move_To is -- 3. move Tape to the Left/Right or Stay
when Left =>
Tape.Right.Prepend(Tape.Here);
if Tape.Left /= Symbol_Lists.Empty_List then
Tape.Here := Tape.Left.Last_Element;
Tape.Left.Delete_Last;
else
Tape.Here := Blank;
end if;
when Stay =>
null; -- Stay where you are!
when Right =>
Tape.Left.Append(Tape.Here);
if Tape.Right /= Symbol_Lists.Empty_List then
Tape.Here := Tape.Right.First_Element;
Tape.Right.Delete_First;
else
Tape.Here := Blank;
end if;
end case;
end Single_Step;
procedure Run(The_Tape: in out Tape_Type;
Rules: Rules_Type;
Max_Steps: Natural := Natural'Last;
Print: access procedure (Tape: Tape_Type; Current: State)) is
The_State: State := Start;
Steps: Natural := 0;
begin
Steps := 0;
while (Steps <= Max_Steps) and (The_State /= Halt) loop
if Print /= null then
Print(The_Tape, The_State);
end if;
Steps := Steps + 1;
Single_Step(The_State, The_Tape, Rules);
end loop;
if The_State /= Halt then
raise Constraint_Error;
end if;
end Run;
end Turing;
The implementation of the simple incrementer
with Ada.Text_IO, Turing;
procedure Simple_Incrementer is
type States is (Start, Stop);
type Symbols is (Blank, One);
package UTM is new Turing(States, Symbols);
use UTM;
Map: Symbol_Map := (One => '1', Blank => '_');
Rules: Rules_Type :=
(Start => (One => (Start, Right, One),
Blank => (Stop, Stay, One)));
Tape: Tape_Type := To_Tape("111", Map);
procedure Put_Tape(Tape: Tape_Type; Current: States) is
begin
Ada.Text_IO.Put_Line(To_String(Tape, Map) & " " & States'Image(Current));
Ada.Text_IO.Put_Line(Position_To_String(Tape));
end Put_Tape;
begin
Run(Tape, Rules, 20, null); -- don't print the configuration during running
Put_Tape(Tape, Stop); -- print the final configuration
end Simple_Incrementer;
- Output:
1111 STOP ^
The implementation of the busy beaver
with Ada.Text_IO, Turing;
procedure Busy_Beaver_3 is
type States is (A, B, C, Stop);
type Symbols is range 0 .. 1;
package UTM is new Turing(States, Symbols); use UTM;
Map: Symbol_Map := (1 => '1', 0 => '0');
Rules: Rules_Type :=
(A => (0 => (New_State => B, Move_To => Right, New_Symbol => 1),
1 => (New_State => C, Move_To => Left, New_Symbol => 1)),
B => (0 => (New_State => A, Move_To => Left, New_Symbol => 1),
1 => (New_State => B, Move_To => Right, New_Symbol => 1)),
C => (0 => (New_State => B, Move_To => Left, New_Symbol => 1),
1 => (New_State => Stop, Move_To => Stay, New_Symbol => 1)));
Tape: Tape_Type := To_Tape("", Map);
procedure Put_Tape(Tape: Tape_Type; Current: States) is
begin
Ada.Text_IO.Put_Line(To_String(Tape, Map) & " " &
States'Image(Current));
Ada.Text_IO.Put_Line(Position_To_String(Tape));
end Put_Tape;
begin
Run(Tape, Rules, 20, Put_Tape'Access); -- print configuration before each step
Put_Tape(Tape, Stop); -- and print the final configuration
end Busy_Beaver_3;
- Output:
0 A
^
10 B
^
11 A
^
011 C
^
0111 B
^
01111 A
^
11111 B
^
11111 B
^
11111 B
^
11111 B
^
111110 B
^
111111 A
^
111111 C
^
111111 STOP
^
Amazing Hopper
Implementation of a Universal Turing Machine:
#include <hopper.h>
#proto UniversalTuringMachine(_X_)
main:
.ctrlc
stbegin=0,stEnd=0,state=0,ptr=0
tape=0,states=0,rules=0,long=0,tapeSize=0
file="turing/prg03.tm"
// load program, rules & states:
jsub(load Archive)
// RUN Universal Turing Machine program:
i=1
__TURING_RUN__:
_Universal Turing Machine ([i,1:end]get(rules))
++i,{long,i}gt? do{ i=1 }
jt(__TURING_RUN__)
println
exit(0)
.locals
printTape:
#hl{
print(tape[1:(ptr-1)],"\R",tape[ptr],"\OFF",tape[(ptr+1):end],"\n")
//sleep(0.1)
}
up(1)
clear mark
back
Universal Turing Machine(rules)
cont=1
clear mark
#hl{
if( rules[1] == state )
if( tape[ptr] == rules[2] )
tape[ptr] = rules[3]
ptr += rules[4]
if(ptr==0)
}
++tapeSize
{0,1,tape}, array(INSERT), ++ptr
#hl{
else if(ptr>tapeSize)
}
++tapeSize
{tapeSize,tape},array(RESIZE),
[tapeSize]{0},put(tape),clear mark
#hl{
endif
state = rules[5]
if(state == stEnd)
cont=0
endif
}
jsub(print Tape)
#hl{
endif
endif
}, {cont}
back
load Archive:
{","}tok sep
{file} stats file
[1,1:end],{file},!(5),load, mov(tape)
[2,1:3], !(5),load, mov(states)
[3:end,1:5], load, mov(rules)
clear mark
[1:end,4]get(rules),colMoving=0, mov(colMoving)
{"1","RIGHT",colMoving} transform, mov(colMoving)
{"-1","LEFT",colMoving} transform, mov(colMoving)
{"0","STAY",colMoving} transform, xtonum, put(rules)
clear mark
{0}reshape(tape)
size(tape),lengthTape=0,mov(lengthTape),[2]get(lengthTape),mov(tapeSize)
#hl{
stbegin=states[1,1]
stEnd=states[1,2]
ptr=states[1,3]
state=stbegin
}
data rules=0, size(rules), mov(datarules), [2]get(data rules), mov(long)
{""}tok sep
backALternative pseudo-function UniversalTuringMachine (fast):
Universal Turing Machine(rules)
cont=1
clear mark
[1]get(rules),{state},eq?
do{
[ptr]get(tape),[2]get(rules),eq?,
do{
[3]get(rules),[ptr]put(tape)
[4]get(rules),plus(ptr),mov(ptr)
{ptr}zero?,do{
++tapeSize
{0,1,tape}, array(INSERT), ++ptr
}
{ptr}gthan(tapeSize),do{
++tapeSize
{tapeSize,tape},array(RESIZE),
[tapeSize]{0},put(tape),clear mark
}
[5]get(rules),mov(state)
{state,stEnd},eq? do { cont=0 }
jsub(print Tape)
}
},{cont}
back
Program PRG01.TM:
row 1: tape. row 2: initial state, halt state, and initial pointer position. row 3 to end, columns 1 to 5: rules.
0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0 a,halt,5 a,0,1,RIGHT,b a,1,1,LEFT,c b,0,1,LEFT,a b,1,1,RIGHT,b c,0,1,LEFT,b c,1,1,STAY,halt
Program PRG02.TM:
1,1,1,0,0 q0,qf,1 q0,1,1,RIGHT,q0 q0,0,1,STAY,qf
Program PRG03.TM:
0,0,0,0,0 A,H,1 A,0,1,RIGHT,B A,1,1,LEFT,C B,0,1,RIGHT,C B,1,1,RIGHT,B C,0,1,RIGHT,D C,1,0,LEFT,E D,0,1,LEFT,A D,1,1,LEFT,D E,0,1,STAY,H E,1,0,LEFT,A
- Output:
PRG01.TM: 111111000 PRG02.TM: 11110 PRG03.TM (fragment, and veeeery slow with High-level mode :( ): 1111111111111100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100111
APL
⍺
:Namespace Turing
⍝ Run Turing machine until it halts
∇r←RunTuring (rules init halts blank itape);state;rt;lt;next
state←init
lt←⍬
rt←,blank
:If 0≠≢itape ⋄ rt←itape ⋄ :EndIf
:While ~(⊂state)∊halts
next←((⊂state(⊃rt))≡¨↓rules[;⍳2])⌿rules
'No rule applies!'⎕SIGNAL(0=≢next)/11
(⊃rt)←⊃next[1;3]
state←⊃next[1;5]
:Select ⊃next[1;4]
:Case 'stay' ⋄ ⍝nothing
:Case 'right'
lt,⍨←⊃rt
rt←1↓rt
:If 0=≢rt ⋄ rt←,blank ⋄ :EndIf
:Case 'left'
:If 0=≢lt ⋄ lt←,blank ⋄ :EndIf
rt,⍨←⊃lt
lt←1↓lt
:Else
'Invalid action'⎕SIGNAL 11
:EndSelect
:EndWhile
r←(⌽lt),rt
∇
⍝ Display the resulting tape neatly
∇r←len Display t
r←(len⌊≢t)↑t
→(len≥≢t)/0
r,←'... (total length: ',(⍕≢t),')'
∇
⍝ Simple incrementer
∇t←∆1_SimpleIncrementer
t ←⊂'q0' '1' '1' 'right' 'q0'
t,←⊂'q0' 'B' '1' 'stay' 'qf'
t←(↑t) 'q0' (,⊂'qf') 'B' '111'
∇
⍝ Three state beaver
∇t←∆2_ThreeStateBeaver
t ←⊂'a' '0' '1' 'right' 'b'
t,←⊂'a' '1' '1' 'left' 'c'
t,←⊂'b' '0' '1' 'left' 'a'
t,←⊂'b' '1' '1' 'right' 'b'
t,←⊂'c' '0' '1' 'left' 'b'
t,←⊂'c' '1' '1' 'stay' 'halt'
t←(↑t) 'a' (,⊂'halt') '0' ''
∇
⍝ Five state beaver
∇t←∆3_FiveStateBeaver
t ←⊂'A' '0' '1' 'right' 'B'
t,←⊂'A' '1' '1' 'left' 'C'
t,←⊂'B' '0' '1' 'right' 'C'
t,←⊂'B' '1' '1' 'right' 'B'
t,←⊂'C' '0' '1' 'right' 'D'
t,←⊂'C' '1' '0' 'left' 'E'
t,←⊂'D' '0' '1' 'left' 'A'
t,←⊂'D' '1' '1' 'left' 'D'
t,←⊂'E' '0' '1' 'stay' 'H'
t,←⊂'E' '1' '0' 'left' 'A'
t←(↑t) 'A' (,⊂'H') '0' ''
∇
⍝ Run all of them and display the results
∇RunAll;m;ms
ms←('∆'=⊃¨ms)/ms←⎕NL¯3
:For m :In ms
⎕←(1↓m),': ',(32 Display RunTuring ⍎m)
:EndFor
∇
:EndNamespace
- Output:
1_SimpleIncrementer: 1111 2_ThreeStateBeaver: 111111 3_FiveStateBeaver: 10100100100100100100100100100100... (total length: 12289)
⍵
∆I ←'QA.1' '1' 'R' 'QA'
∆I,←'QA.B' '1' 'N' 'QB'
∆INCREMENTER←∆I
∆B ←'QA.0' '1' 'R' 'QB'
∆B,←'QA.1' '1' 'L' 'QC'
∆B,←'QB.0' '1' 'L' 'QA'
∆B,←'QB.1' '1' 'R' 'QB'
∆B,←'QC.0' '1' 'L' 'QB'
∆B,←'QC.1' '1' 'N' 'QD'
∆BEAVER←∆B
∇ R←RUN(F Q H T B);I;J
I←1 ⋄ T←,T
L:→(Q≡H)/E
J←⍸(Q,'.',T[I])∘≡¨F
T[I]←F[J+1]
I←I+2-'RNL'⍳F[J+2]
Q←⊃F[J+3]
T←((I<1)⍴B),T,(I>⍴T)⍴B
I←I+I=0
→L
E:R←T I
∇
- Output:
RUN ∆INCREMENTER 'QA' 'QB' '111' 'B' 1111 4 RUN ∆BEAVER 'QA' 'QD' '0' '0' 111111 4
AutoHotkey
; By Uberi, http://www.autohotkey.com/board/topic/58599-turing-machine/
SetBatchLines, -1
OnExit, Exit
SaveFilePath := A_ScriptFullPath ".ini"
; Defaults are for a 2-state_3-symbol turning machine. Format:
; machine state symbol on tape, symbol on tape | tape shift (- is left, + is right, 0 is halt) | machine state
, Rule1 := "A0,1|1|B"
, Rule2 := "A1,2|-1|A"
, Rule3 := "A2,1|-1|A"
, Rule4 := "B0,2|-1|A"
, Rule5 := "B1,2|1|B"
, Rule6 := "B2,0|1|A"
; no error check is run on this input, so be sure states and symbols align with actions
IniRead, UseSaveFile, %SaveFilePath%, Global, UseSaveFile, 1 ; on exit, save state to text file so I can resume on next run
IniRead, MaxIterations, %SaveFilePath%, Global, MaxIterations, 100000 ; set as %A_Space% to run indefinitely
IniRead, Section, %SaveFilePath%, Global, Section, 2-state_3-symbol ; The name of the machine to run. Options defined:
; 2-state_3-symbol
; Simple_incrementer
; Three-state_busy_beaver
; Probable_busy_beaver_Wikipedia
IniRead, States, %SaveFilePath%, %Section%, States, A|B ; valid states
IniRead, InitialState, %SaveFilePath%, %Section%, InitialState, A ; start state
IniRead, TerminalState, %SaveFilePath%, %Section%, TerminalState, C ; end state
IniRead, Symbols, %SaveFilePath%, %Section%, Symbols, 0,1,2 ; valid symbols
IniRead, DefaultCell, %SaveFilePath%, %Section%, DefaultCell, 0 ; the default symbol of any cell not defined on input tape
IniRead, ProgramCode, %SaveFilePath%, %Section%, ProgramCode, 10101|01010 ; start tape
Iniread, RuleCount, %SaveFilePath%, %Section%, RuleCount, 6 ; number of actions to read
Loop, %RuleCount%
{
IniRead, Temp1, %SaveFilePath%, %Section%, Rule%A_Index%, % Rule%A_Index%
StringSplit, Temp, Temp1, `,
Action%Temp1% := Temp2
}
IniRead, Index, %SaveFilePath%, SavedState, Index, 0
IniRead, IterationCount, %SaveFilePath%, SavedState, IterationCount, 0
IniRead, State, %SaveFilePath%, SavedState, State, %InitialState%
If IterationCount > 0
IniRead, ProgramCode, %SaveFilePath%, SavedState, ProgramCode, %ProgramCode%
IfNotInString, ProgramCode, |
ProgramCode := "|" ProgramCode
StringSplit, Temp, ProgramCode, |
NegativeCells := Temp1, PositiveCells := Temp2
Loop, Parse, Symbols, |
Color%A_LoopField% := hex(mod((A_Index+1/(2**((A_Index-1)//7))-1)/7,1)*16777215) ; unlimited number of unique colors
Color%DefaultCell% := "White"
Gui, Color, Black
Gui, +ToolWindow +AlwaysOnTop +LastFound -Caption
WindowID := WinExist()
OnMessage(0x201, "WM_LBUTTONDOWN")
Gui, Font, s6 cWhite, Arial
Loop, 61 ; display 30 cell symbols on each side of current index
{
Temp1 := ((A_Index - 1) * 15) + 1
Gui, Add, Progress, x%Temp1% y1 w14 h40 vCell%A_Index% BackgroundWhite
Gui, Add, Text, x%Temp1% y42 w15 h10 vLabel%A_Index% Center
}
Gui, Add, Text, x2 y54 w26 h10 vState
Gui, Add, Text, x35 y54 w50 h10 vCurrentCell
Gui, Add, Text, x350 y54 w158 h10 vActions
Gui, Add, Text, x844 y54 w33 h10, Iterations:
Gui, Add, Text, x884 y54 w29 h10 vIterations Right
Gui, Font, s4 cWhite Bold, Arial
Gui, Add, Text, x450 y1 w15 h10 Center, V
GuiControl, Move, Cell31, x451 y8 w14 h33
Gui, Show, y20 w916 h64, Wolfram's 2-State 3-Symbol Turing Machine ;'
;MaxIndex := ProgramOffset + StrLen(ProgramCode), MinIndex := ProgramOffset ; not implemented
While, ((MaxIterations = "") || IterationCount <= MaxIterations) ; process until limit is reached, if any
{
Loop, 61 ; color each cell per its current symbol
{ ; must run for all displayed cells because they are not directly mapped to shifting tape
TempIndex := (Index + A_Index) - 31
GuiControl, , Label%A_Index%, %TempIndex%
CellColor := CellGet(TempIndex)
, CellColor := Color%CellColor%
GuiControl, +Background%CellColor%, Cell%A_Index%
}
CurrentCell := CellGet(Index)
GuiControl, , State, State: %State%
GuiControl, , CurrentCell, Current Cell: %CurrentCell%
GuiControl, , Iterations, %IterationCount%
If (State = TerminalState)
Break
StringSplit, Temp, Action%State%%CurrentCell%, |
GuiControl, , Actions, % "Actions: Print " . Temp1 . ", Move " . ((Temp2 = -1) ? "left" : "right") . ", " . ((State <> Temp3) ? "Switch to state " . Temp3 : "Do not switch state")
IterationCount++
, CellPut(Index,Temp1)
, Index += Temp2
, State := Temp3
;, (Index > MaxIndex) ? MaxIndex := Index : ""
;, (Index < MinIndex) ? MinIndex := Index : ""
Sleep, 0.1*1000
}
MsgBox, 64, Complete, Completed %IterationCount% iterations of the Turing machine.
Return
; Hotkeys and functions:
~Pause::Pause
GuiEscape:
GuiClose:
ExitApp
Exit:
If UseSaveFile
{
IniWrite, %Index%, %SaveFilePath%, %Section%, Index
IniWrite, %IterationCount%, %SaveFilePath%, %Section%, IterationCount
IniWrite, %State%, %SaveFilePath%, %Section%, State
IniWrite, %NegativeCells%|%PositiveCells%, %SaveFilePath%, %Section%, ProgramCode
}
ExitApp
CellGet(Index)
{
global NegativeCells, PositiveCells, DefaultCell
Temp1 := (Index < 0) ? SubStr(NegativeCells,Abs(Index),1) : SubStr(PositiveCells,Index + 1,1)
Return, (Temp1 = "") ? DefaultCell : Temp1
}
CellPut(Index,Char)
{
global NegativeCells, PositiveCells, DefaultCell
static StrGetFunc := "StrGet" ; workaround to hide function from AHK Basic (which does not have or require it)
CharType := A_IsUnicode ? "UShort" : "UChar"
, (Index < 0)
? (Index := 0 - Index
, Temp1 := Index - StrLen(NegativeCells)
, (Temp1 > 0)
? (VarSetCapacity(Pad,64) ; these three functions are quirks in AHK's memory management (not required)
, VarSetCapacity(Pad,0)
, VarSetCapacity(Pad,Temp1,Asc(DefaultCell))
, NegativeCells .= A_IsUnicode ? %StrGetFunc%(&Pad,Temp1,"CP0") : Pad)
: ""
, NumPut(Asc(Char),NegativeCells,(Index - 1) << !!A_IsUnicode,CharType) )
: (Temp1 := Index - StrLen(PositiveCells) + 1
, (Temp1 > 0)
? (VarSetCapacity(Pad,64) ; these three functions are quirks in AHK's memory management (not required)
, VarSetCapacity(Pad,0)
, VarSetCapacity(Pad,Temp1,Asc(DefaultCell))
, PositiveCells .= A_IsUnicode ? %StrGetFunc%(&Pad,Temp1,"CP0") : Pad)
: ""
, NumPut(Asc(Char),PositiveCells,Index << !!A_IsUnicode,CharType) )
}
Hex(p_Integer)
{
PtrType:=(A_PtrSize=8) ? "Ptr":"UInt"
l_Format:="`%0" . 6 . "I64X"
VarSetCapacity(l_Argument,8)
NumPut(p_Integer,l_Argument,0,"Int64")
VarSetCapacity(l_Buffer,A_IsUnicode ? 12:6,0)
DllCall(A_IsUnicode ? "msvcrt\_vsnwprintf":"msvcrt\_vsnprintf"
,"Str",l_Buffer ;-- Storage location for output
,"UInt",6 ;-- Maximum number of characters to write
,"Str",l_Format ;-- Format specification
,PtrType,&l_Argument) ;-- Argument
Return l_Buffer
}
WM_LBUTTONDOWN()
{
If (A_Gui = 1)
PostMessage, 0xA1, 2
}
Input: Set Section below to desired machine, then save as <scriptname>.ini in the same folder.
[Global] UseSaveFile=0 MaxIterations=100000 Section=2-state_3-symbol [2-state_3-symbol] States=A|B InitialState=A TerminalState=C Symbols=0|1|2 DefaultCell=0 RuleCount=6 Rule1=A0,1|1|B Rule2=A1,2|-1|A Rule3=A2,1|-1|A Rule4=B0,2|-1|A Rule5=B1,2|1|B Rule6=B2,0|1|A ProgramCode=10101|01010 [Simple_incrementer] States=q0|qf InitialState=q0 TerminalState=qf Symbols=B|1 DefaultCell=B RuleCount=2 Rule1=q01,1|1|q0 Rule2=q0B,1|0|qf ProgramCode=111 [Three-state_busy_beaver] States=a|b|c|halt InitialState=a TerminalState=halt Symbols=0|1 DefaultCell=0 RuleCount=6 Rule1=a0,1|1|b Rule2=a1,1|-1|c Rule3=b0,1|-1|a Rule4=b1,1|1|b Rule5=c0,1|-1|b Rule6=c1,1|0|halt ProgramCode= [Probable_busy_beaver_Wikipedia] States=A|B|C|D|E|H InitialState=A TerminalState=H Symbols=0|1 DefaultCell=0 RuleCount=10 Rule1=A0,1|1|B Rule2=A1,1|-1|C Rule3=B0,1|1|C Rule4=B1,1|1|B Rule5=C0,1|1|D Rule6=C1,0|-1|E Rule7=D0,1|-1|A Rule8=D1,1|-1|D Rule9=E0,1|0|H Rule10=E1,0|-1|A ProgramCode=
- Output:
An animation of the chosen machine
BASIC
Sinclair ZX81 BASIC
The universal machine
This program expects to find:
• R$(), an array of rules; • T$, an input tape (where an empty string stands for a blank tape); • B$, a character to use as a blank; • S$, an initial state; • H$, a halting state.
It will execute the Turing machine these parameters describe, animating the process and highlighting the cell that is currently being read using inverse video. (See below for a link to a screenshot.) No attempt is made to check that the description is valid or that the rule set is complete.
Non-universality: as written, the program will fail if you try to use it with a Turing machine that has more than 256 distinct states or a tape that is longer than 704 cells. (In reality, of course, the ZX81's RAM would have been exhausted some time before you reached such a Goliath.) Allowing more states would be pretty trivial, assuming you had the memory space; just use as many bytes as you need. As for supporting a longer tape, the easiest way to do it would be to comment out the PRINT statements (sacrificing the animation) and add a few lines to display one screenful at a time at the very end.
1000 PRINT AT 0,0;T$
1010 LET P=1
1020 IF P>LEN T$ THEN LET T$=T$+B$
1030 PRINT AT INT (P/32),P-(32*INT (P/32)+1);CHR$ (CODE T$(P)+128)
1040 LET R=1
1050 IF R$(R,1)=S$ AND R$(R,2)=T$(P) THEN GOTO 1080
1060 LET R=R+1
1070 GOTO 1050
1080 LET T$(P)=R$(R,3)
1090 PRINT AT INT (P/32),P-(32*INT (P/32)+1);T$(P)
1100 IF R$(R,4)="L" THEN LET P=P-1
1110 IF R$(R,4)="R" THEN LET P=P+1
1120 LET S$=R$(R,5)
1130 IF S$=H$ THEN STOP
1140 IF P=0 THEN GOTO 1160
1150 GOTO 1020
1160 LET T$=B$+T$
1170 GOTO 1000
The incrementer
Works with 1k of RAM.
10 DIM R$(2,5)
20 LET S$=CHR$ (CODE "Q"+CODE "0")
30 LET H$=CHR$ (CODE "Q"+CODE "F")
40 LET R$(1)=S$+"11R"+S$
50 LET R$(2)=S$+"B1S"+H$
60 LET B$="B"
70 LET T$="111"
- Output:
1111
The three-state beaver
Requires at least 2k of RAM.
10 DIM R$(6,5)
20 LET R$(1)="A01RB"
30 LET R$(2)="A11LC"
40 LET R$(3)="B01LA"
50 LET R$(4)="B11RB"
60 LET R$(5)="C01LB"
70 LET R$(6)="C11SH"
80 LET T$=""
90 LET S$="A"
100 LET B$="0"
110 LET H$="H"
- Output:
111111
A screenshot from part-way through the execution of this machine can be found here.
If it is true that the five-state probable beaver runs for 47m cycles, then there is no point even attempting it on a slow computer like the ZX81. I don't know exactly how long it would take: but it would be months.
C
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdarg.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
enum {
LEFT,
RIGHT,
STAY
};
typedef struct {
int state1;
int symbol1;
int symbol2;
int dir;
int state2;
} transition_t;
typedef struct tape_t tape_t;
struct tape_t {
int symbol;
tape_t *left;
tape_t *right;
};
typedef struct {
int states_len;
char **states;
int final_states_len;
int *final_states;
int symbols_len;
char *symbols;
int blank;
int state;
int tape_len;
tape_t *tape;
int transitions_len;
transition_t ***transitions;
} turing_t;
int state_index (turing_t *t, char *state) {
int i;
for (i = 0; i < t->states_len; i++) {
if (!strcmp(t->states[i], state)) {
return i;
}
}
return 0;
}
int symbol_index (turing_t *t, char symbol) {
int i;
for (i = 0; i < t->symbols_len; i++) {
if (t->symbols[i] == symbol) {
return i;
}
}
return 0;
}
void move (turing_t *t, int dir) {
tape_t *orig = t->tape;
if (dir == RIGHT) {
if (orig && orig->right) {
t->tape = orig->right;
}
else {
t->tape = calloc(1, sizeof (tape_t));
t->tape->symbol = t->blank;
if (orig) {
t->tape->left = orig;
orig->right = t->tape;
}
}
}
else if (dir == LEFT) {
if (orig && orig->left) {
t->tape = orig->left;
}
else {
t->tape = calloc(1, sizeof (tape_t));
t->tape->symbol = t->blank;
if (orig) {
t->tape->right = orig;
orig->left = t->tape;
}
}
}
}
turing_t *create (int states_len, ...) {
va_list args;
va_start(args, states_len);
turing_t *t = malloc(sizeof (turing_t));
t->states_len = states_len;
t->states = malloc(states_len * sizeof (char *));
int i;
for (i = 0; i < states_len; i++) {
t->states[i] = va_arg(args, char *);
}
t->final_states_len = va_arg(args, int);
t->final_states = malloc(t->final_states_len * sizeof (int));
for (i = 0; i < t->final_states_len; i++) {
t->final_states[i] = state_index(t, va_arg(args, char *));
}
t->symbols_len = va_arg(args, int);
t->symbols = malloc(t->symbols_len);
for (i = 0; i < t->symbols_len; i++) {
t->symbols[i] = va_arg(args, int);
}
t->blank = symbol_index(t, va_arg(args, int));
t->state = state_index(t, va_arg(args, char *));
t->tape_len = va_arg(args, int);
t->tape = NULL;
for (i = 0; i < t->tape_len; i++) {
move(t, RIGHT);
t->tape->symbol = symbol_index(t, va_arg(args, int));
}
if (!t->tape_len) {
move(t, RIGHT);
}
while (t->tape->left) {
t->tape = t->tape->left;
}
t->transitions_len = va_arg(args, int);
t->transitions = malloc(t->states_len * sizeof (transition_t **));
for (i = 0; i < t->states_len; i++) {
t->transitions[i] = malloc(t->symbols_len * sizeof (transition_t *));
}
for (i = 0; i < t->transitions_len; i++) {
transition_t *tran = malloc(sizeof (transition_t));
tran->state1 = state_index(t, va_arg(args, char *));
tran->symbol1 = symbol_index(t, va_arg(args, int));
tran->symbol2 = symbol_index(t, va_arg(args, int));
tran->dir = va_arg(args, int);
tran->state2 = state_index(t, va_arg(args, char *));
t->transitions[tran->state1][tran->symbol1] = tran;
}
va_end(args);
return t;
}
void print_state (turing_t *t) {
printf("%-10s ", t->states[t->state]);
tape_t *tape = t->tape;
while (tape->left) {
tape = tape->left;
}
while (tape) {
if (tape == t->tape) {
printf("[%c]", t->symbols[tape->symbol]);
}
else {
printf(" %c ", t->symbols[tape->symbol]);
}
tape = tape->right;
}
printf("\n");
}
void run (turing_t *t) {
int i;
while (1) {
print_state(t);
for (i = 0; i < t->final_states_len; i++) {
if (t->final_states[i] == t->state) {
return;
}
}
transition_t *tran = t->transitions[t->state][t->tape->symbol];
t->tape->symbol = tran->symbol2;
move(t, tran->dir);
t->state = tran->state2;
}
}
int main () {
printf("Simple incrementer\n");
turing_t *t = create(
/* states */ 2, "q0", "qf",
/* final_states */ 1, "qf",
/* symbols */ 2, 'B', '1',
/* blank */ 'B',
/* initial_state */ "q0",
/* initial_tape */ 3, '1', '1', '1',
/* transitions */ 2,
"q0", '1', '1', RIGHT, "q0",
"q0", 'B', '1', STAY, "qf"
);
run(t);
printf("\nThree-state busy beaver\n");
t = create(
/* states */ 4, "a", "b", "c", "halt",
/* final_states */ 1, "halt",
/* symbols */ 2, '0', '1',
/* blank */ '0',
/* initial_state */ "a",
/* initial_tape */ 0,
/* transitions */ 6,
"a", '0', '1', RIGHT, "b",
"a", '1', '1', LEFT, "c",
"b", '0', '1', LEFT, "a",
"b", '1', '1', RIGHT, "b",
"c", '0', '1', LEFT, "b",
"c", '1', '1', STAY, "halt"
);
run(t);
return 0;
printf("\nFive-state two-symbol probable busy beaver\n");
t = create(
/* states */ 6, "A", "B", "C", "D", "E", "H",
/* final_states */ 1, "H",
/* symbols */ 2, '0', '1',
/* blank */ '0',
/* initial_state */ "A",
/* initial_tape */ 0,
/* transitions */ 10,
"A", '0', '1', RIGHT, "B",
"A", '1', '1', LEFT, "C",
"B", '0', '1', RIGHT, "C",
"B", '1', '1', RIGHT, "B",
"C", '0', '1', RIGHT, "D",
"C", '1', '0', LEFT, "E",
"D", '0', '1', LEFT, "A",
"D", '1', '1', LEFT, "D",
"E", '0', '1', STAY, "H",
"E", '1', '0', LEFT, "A"
);
run(t);
}
- Output:
Simple incrementer q0 [1] 1 1 q0 1 [1] 1 q0 1 1 [1] q0 1 1 1 [B] qf 1 1 1 [1] Three-state busy beaver a [0] b 1 [0] a [1] 1 c [0] 1 1 b [0] 1 1 1 a [0] 1 1 1 1 b 1 [1] 1 1 1 b 1 1 [1] 1 1 b 1 1 1 [1] 1 b 1 1 1 1 [1] b 1 1 1 1 1 [0] a 1 1 1 1 [1] 1 c 1 1 1 [1] 1 1 halt 1 1 1 [1] 1 1
C#
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Diagnostics;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
public class TuringMachine
{
public static async Task Main() {
var fiveStateBusyBeaver = new TuringMachine("A", '0', "H").WithTransitions(
("A", '0', '1', Right, "B"),
("A", '1', '1', Left, "C"),
("B", '0', '1', Right, "C"),
("B", '1', '1', Right, "B"),
("C", '0', '1', Right, "D"),
("C", '1', '0', Left, "E"),
("D", '0', '1', Left, "A"),
("D", '1', '1', Left, "D"),
("E", '0', '1', Stay, "H"),
("E", '1', '0', Left, "A")
);
var busyBeaverTask = fiveStateBusyBeaver.TimeAsync();
var incrementer = new TuringMachine("q0", 'B', "qf").WithTransitions(
("q0", '1', '1', Right, "q0"),
("q0", 'B', '1', Stay, "qf")
)
.WithInput("111");
foreach (var _ in incrementer.Run()) PrintLine(incrementer);
PrintResults(incrementer);
var threeStateBusyBeaver = new TuringMachine("a", '0', "halt").WithTransitions(
("a", '0', '1', Right, "b"),
("a", '1', '1', Left, "c"),
("b", '0', '1', Left, "a"),
("b", '1', '1', Right, "b"),
("c", '0', '1', Left, "b"),
("c", '1', '1', Stay, "halt")
);
foreach (var _ in threeStateBusyBeaver.Run()) PrintLine(threeStateBusyBeaver);
PrintResults(threeStateBusyBeaver);
var sorter = new TuringMachine("A", '*', "X").WithTransitions(
("A", 'a', 'a', Right, "A"),
("A", 'b', 'B', Right, "B"),
("A", '*', '*', Left, "E"),
("B", 'a', 'a', Right, "B"),
("B", 'b', 'b', Right, "B"),
("B", '*', '*', Left, "C"),
("C", 'a', 'b', Left, "D"),
("C", 'b', 'b', Left, "C"),
("C", 'B', 'b', Left, "E"),
("D", 'a', 'a', Left, "D"),
("D", 'b', 'b', Left, "D"),
("D", 'B', 'a', Right, "A"),
("E", 'a', 'a', Left, "E"),
("E", '*', '*', Right, "X")
)
.WithInput("babbababaa");
sorter.Run().Last();
Console.WriteLine("Sorted: " + sorter.TapeString);
PrintResults(sorter);
sorter.Reset().WithInput("bbbababaaabba");
sorter.Run().Last();
Console.WriteLine("Sorted: " + sorter.TapeString);
PrintResults(sorter);
Console.WriteLine(await busyBeaverTask);
PrintResults(fiveStateBusyBeaver);
void PrintLine(TuringMachine tm) => Console.WriteLine(tm.TapeString + "\tState " + tm.State);
void PrintResults(TuringMachine tm) {
Console.WriteLine($"End state: {tm.State} = {(tm.Success ? "Success" : "Failure")}");
Console.WriteLine(tm.Steps + " steps");
Console.WriteLine("tape length: " + tm.TapeLength);
Console.WriteLine();
}
}
public const int Left = -1, Stay = 0, Right = 1;
private readonly Tape tape;
private readonly string initialState;
private readonly HashSet<string> terminatingStates;
private Dictionary<(string state, char read), (char write, int move, string toState)> transitions;
public TuringMachine(string initialState, char blankSymbol, params string[] terminatingStates) {
State = this.initialState = initialState;
tape = new Tape(blankSymbol);
this.terminatingStates = terminatingStates.ToHashSet();
}
public TuringMachine WithTransitions(
params (string state, char read, char write, int move, string toState)[] transitions)
{
this.transitions = transitions.ToDictionary(k => (k.state, k.read), k => (k.write, k.move, k.toState));
return this;
}
public TuringMachine Reset() {
State = initialState;
Steps = 0;
tape.Reset();
return this;
}
public TuringMachine WithInput(string input) {
tape.Input(input);
return this;
}
public int Steps { get; private set; }
public string State { get; private set; }
public bool Success => terminatingStates.Contains(State);
public int TapeLength => tape.Length;
public string TapeString => tape.ToString();
public IEnumerable<string> Run() {
yield return State;
while (Step()) yield return State;
}
public async Task<TimeSpan> TimeAsync(CancellationToken cancel = default) {
var chrono = Stopwatch.StartNew();
await RunAsync(cancel);
chrono.Stop();
return chrono.Elapsed;
}
public Task RunAsync(CancellationToken cancel = default)
=> Task.Run(() => {
while (Step()) cancel.ThrowIfCancellationRequested();
});
private bool Step() {
if (!transitions.TryGetValue((State, tape.Current), out var action)) return false;
tape.Current = action.write;
tape.Move(action.move);
State = action.toState;
Steps++;
return true;
}
private class Tape
{
private List<char> forwardTape = new List<char>(), backwardTape = new List<char>();
private int head = 0;
private char blank;
public Tape(char blankSymbol) => forwardTape.Add(blank = blankSymbol);
public void Reset() {
backwardTape.Clear();
forwardTape.Clear();
head = 0;
forwardTape.Add(blank);
}
public void Input(string input) {
Reset();
forwardTape.Clear();
forwardTape.AddRange(input);
}
public void Move(int direction) {
head += direction;
if (head >= 0 && forwardTape.Count <= head) forwardTape.Add(blank);
if (head < 0 && backwardTape.Count <= ~head) backwardTape.Add(blank);
}
public char Current {
get => head < 0 ? backwardTape[~head] : forwardTape[head];
set {
if (head < 0) backwardTape[~head] = value;
else forwardTape[head] = value;
}
}
public int Length => backwardTape.Count + forwardTape.Count;
public override string ToString() {
int h = (head < 0 ? ~head : backwardTape.Count + head) * 2 + 1;
var builder = new StringBuilder(" ", Length * 2 + 1);
if (backwardTape.Count > 0) {
builder.Append(string.Join(" ", backwardTape)).Append(" ");
if (head < 0) (builder[h + 1], builder[h - 1]) = ('(', ')');
for (int l = 0, r = builder.Length - 1; l < r; l++, r--) (builder[l], builder[r]) = (builder[r], builder[l]);
}
builder.Append(string.Join(" ", forwardTape)).Append(" ");
if (head >= 0) (builder[h - 1], builder[h + 1]) = ('(', ')');
return builder.ToString();
}
}
}
- Output:
(1)1 1 State q0 1(1)1 State q0 1 1(1) State q0 1 1 1(B) State q0 1 1 1(1) State qf End state: qf = Success 4 steps tape length: 4 (0) State a 1(0) State b (1)1 State a (0)1 1 State c (0)1 1 1 State b (0)1 1 1 1 State a 1(1)1 1 1 State b 1 1(1)1 1 State b 1 1 1(1)1 State b 1 1 1 1(1) State b 1 1 1 1 1(0) State b 1 1 1 1(1)1 State a 1 1 1(1)1 1 State c 1 1 1(1)1 1 State halt End state: halt = Success 13 steps tape length: 6 Sorted: *(a)a a a a b b b b b * End state: X = Success 72 steps tape length: 12 Sorted: *(a)a a a a a b b b b b b b * End state: X = Success 118 steps tape length: 15 00:00:07.0626971 End state: H = Success 47176870 steps tape length: 12289
C++
#include <vector>
#include <string>
#include <iostream>
#include <algorithm>
#include <fstream>
#include <iomanip>
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
typedef unsigned int uint;
using namespace std;
const uint TAPE_MAX_LEN = 49152;
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
struct action { char write, direction; };
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
class tape
{
public:
tape( uint startPos = TAPE_MAX_LEN >> 1 ) : MAX_LEN( TAPE_MAX_LEN ) { _sp = startPos; reset(); }
void reset() { clear( '0' ); headPos = _sp; }
char read(){ return _t[headPos]; }
void input( string a ){ if( a == "" ) return; for( uint s = 0; s < a.length(); s++ ) _t[headPos + s] = a[s]; }
void clear( char c ) { _t.clear(); blk = c; _t.resize( MAX_LEN, blk ); }
void action( const action* a ) { write( a->write ); move( a->direction ); }
void print( int c = 10 )
{
int ml = static_cast<int>( MAX_LEN ), st = static_cast<int>( headPos ) - c, ed = static_cast<int>( headPos ) + c + 1, tx;
for( int x = st; x < ed; x++ )
{ tx = x; if( tx < 0 ) tx += ml; if( tx >= ml ) tx -= ml; cout << _t[tx]; }
cout << endl << setw( c + 1 ) << "^" << endl;
}
private:
void move( char d ) { if( d == 'N' ) return; headPos += d == 'R' ? 1 : -1; if( headPos >= MAX_LEN ) headPos = d == 'R' ? 0 : MAX_LEN - 1; }
void write( char a ) { if( a != 'N' ) { if( a == 'B' ) _t[headPos] = blk; else _t[headPos] = a; } }
string _t; uint headPos, _sp; char blk; const uint MAX_LEN;
};
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
class state
{
public:
bool operator ==( const string o ) { return o == name; }
string name, next; char symbol, write, direction;
};
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
class actionTable
{
public:
bool loadTable( string file )
{
reset();
ifstream mf; mf.open( file.c_str() ); if( mf.is_open() )
{
string str; state stt;
while( mf.good() )
{
getline( mf, str ); if( str[0] == '\'' ) break;
parseState( str, stt ); states.push_back( stt );
}
while( mf.good() )
{
getline( mf, str ); if( str == "" ) continue;
if( str[0] == '!' ) blank = str.erase( 0, 1 )[0];
if( str[0] == '^' ) curState = str.erase( 0, 1 );
if( str[0] == '>' ) input = str.erase( 0, 1 );
}
mf.close(); return true;
}
cout << "Could not open " << file << endl; return false;
}
bool action( char symbol, action& a )
{
vector<state>::iterator f = states.begin();
while( true )
{
f = find( f, states.end(), curState );
if( f == states.end() ) return false;
if( ( *f ).symbol == '*' || ( *f ).symbol == symbol || ( ( *f ).symbol == 'B' && blank == symbol ) )
{ a.direction = ( *f ).direction; a.write = ( *f ).write; curState = ( *f ).next; break; }
f++;
}
return true;
}
void reset() { states.clear(); blank = '0'; curState = input = ""; }
string getInput() { return input; }
char getBlank() { return blank; }
private:
void parseState( string str, state& stt )
{
string a[5]; int idx = 0;
for( string::iterator si = str.begin(); si != str.end(); si++ )
{ if( ( *si ) == ';' ) idx++; else a[idx].append( &( *si ), 1 ); }
stt.name = a[0]; stt.symbol = a[1][0]; stt.write = a[2][0]; stt.direction = a[3][0]; stt.next = a[4];
}
vector<state> states; char blank; string curState, input;
};
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
class utm
{
public:
utm() { files[0] = "incrementer.utm"; files[1] = "busy_beaver.utm"; files[2] = "sort.utm"; }
void start()
{
while( true )
{
reset(); int t = showMenu(); if( t == 0 ) return;
if( !at.loadTable( files[t - 1] ) ) return; startMachine();
}
}
private:
void simulate()
{
char r; action a;
while( true ) { tp.print(); r = tp.read(); if( !( at.action( r, a ) ) ) break; tp.action( &a ); }
cout << endl << endl; system( "pause" );
}
int showMenu()
{
int t = -1;
while( t < 0 || t > 3 )
{
system( "cls" ); cout << "1. Incrementer\n2. Busy beaver\n3. Sort\n\n0. Quit";
cout << endl << endl << "Choose an action "; cin >> t;
}
return t;
}
void reset() { tp.reset(); at.reset(); }
void startMachine() { system( "cls" ); tp.clear( at.getBlank() ); tp.input( at.getInput() ); simulate(); }
tape tp; actionTable at; string files[7];
};
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
int main( int a, char* args[] ){ utm mm; mm.start(); return 0; }
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
These are the files you'll need
File explanation:
Each line contains one tuple of the form '<current state> <current symbol> <new symbol> <direction> <new state>
B = blank, H = halt, N = do nothing, * matches any current symbol
' = marks the end of the action table
! = blank symbol => eg: !0 => 0 is the blank symbol
^ starting state
> input
Incrementer
q0;1;1;R;q0 q0;B;1;H;qf ' !0 ^q0 >111
Busy beaver
A;0;1;R;B A;1;1;L;C B;0;1;L;A B;1;1;R;B C;0;1;L;B C;1;1;N;H ' !0 ^A
Sort
A;1;1;R;A A;2;3;R;B A;0;0;L;E B;1;1;R;B B;2;2;R;B B;0;0;L;C C;1;2;L;D C;2;2;L;C C;3;2;L;E D;1;1;L;D D;2;2;L;D D;3;1;R;A E;1;1;L;E E;0;0;R;H ' !0 ^A >1221221211
- Output:
Busy beaver
000000000000000000000
^
000000000100000000000
^
000000000011000000000
^
000000000001100000000
^
000000000001110000000
^
000000000001111000000
^
000000000111110000000
^
000000001111100000000
^
000000011111000000000
^
000000111110000000000
^
000001111100000000000
^
000000111111000000000
^
000000011111100000000
^
000000011111100000000
^
Clojure
(defn tape
"Creates a new tape with given blank character and tape contents"
([blank] (tape () blank () blank))
([right blank] (tape () (first right) (rest right) blank))
([left head right blank] [(reverse left) (or head blank) (into () right) blank]))
; Tape operations
(defn- left [[[l & ls] _ rs b] c] [ls (or l b) (conj rs c) b])
(defn- right [[ls _ [r & rs] b] c] [(conj ls c) (or r b) rs b])
(defn- stay [[ls _ rs b] c] [ls c rs b])
(defn- head [[_ c _ b]] (or c b))
(defn- pretty [[ls c rs b]] (concat (reverse ls) [[(or c b)]] rs))
(defn new-machine
"Returns a function that takes a tape as input, and returns the tape
after running the machine specified in `machine`."
[machine]
(let [rules (into {} (for [[s c c' a s'] (:rules machine)]
[[s c] [c' (-> a name symbol resolve) s']]))
finished? (into #{} (:terminating machine))]
(fn [input-tape]
(loop [state (:initial machine) tape input-tape]
(if (finished? state)
(pretty tape)
(let [[out action new-state] (get rules [state (head tape)])]
(recur new-state (action tape out))))))))
Tests
(def simple-incrementer
(new-machine {:initial :q0
:terminating [:qf]
:rules [[:q0 1 1 :right :q0]
[:q0 \B 1 :stay :qf]]}))
(deftest simple-incrementer-test
(is (= [1 1 1 [1]] (simple-incrementer (tape [1 1 1] \B)))))
(def three-state-two-symbol-busy-beaver
(new-machine {:initial :a
:terminating [:halt]
:rules [[:a 0 1 :right :b]
[:a 1 1 :left :c]
[:b 0 1 :left :a]
[:b 1 1 :right :b]
[:c 0 1 :left :b]
[:c 1 1 :stay :halt]]}))
(deftest three-state-two-symbol-busy-beaver-test
(is (= [1 1 1 [1] 1 1] (three-state-two-symbol-busy-beaver (tape 0)))))
(def five-state-two-symbol-busy-beaver
(new-machine {:initial :A
:terminating [:H]
:rules [[:A 0 1 :right :B]
[:A 1 1 :left :C]
[:B 0 1 :right :C]
[:B 1 1 :right :B]
[:C 0 1 :right :D]
[:C 1 0 :left :E]
[:D 0 1 :left :A]
[:D 1 1 :left :D]
[:E 0 1 :stay :H]
[:E 1 0 :left :A]]}))
(deftest five-state-two-symbol-busy-beaver-test
(let [result (flatten (five-state-two-symbol-busy-beaver (tape 0)))
freq (frequencies result)]
(is (= 4098 (get freq 1)))
(is (= 8191 (get freq 0)))))
CLU
% Bidirectional 'infinite' tape
tape = cluster [T: type] is make, left, right, get_cell, set_cell,
elements, get_size
rep = record[
blank: T,
loc: int,
data: array[T]
]
% Make a new tape with a given blank value and initial value
make = proc (blank: T, init: sequence[T]) returns (cvt)
data: array[T]
if sequence[T]$empty(init) then
data := array[T]$[blank]
else
data := sequence[T]$s2a(init)
end
return(rep${
blank: blank,
loc: 1,
data: data
})
end make
% Move the tape head left
left = proc (tap: cvt)
tap.loc := tap.loc - 1
if tap.loc < array[T]$low(tap.data) then
array[T]$addl(tap.data,tap.blank)
end
end left
% Move the tape head right
right = proc (tap: cvt)
tap.loc := tap.loc + 1
if tap.loc > array[T]$high(tap.data) then
array[T]$addh(tap.data,tap.blank)
end
end right
% Get the value of the current cell
get_cell = proc (tap: cvt) returns (T)
return(tap.data[tap.loc])
end get_cell
% Set the value of the current cell
set_cell = proc (tap: cvt, val: T)
tap.data[tap.loc] := val
end set_cell
% Retrieve all touched values, one by one, from left to right
elements = iter (tap: cvt) yields (T)
for v: T in array[T]$elements(tap.data) do
yield(v)
end
end elements
% Get the current size of the tape
get_size = proc (tap: cvt) returns (int)
return(array[T]$size(tap.data))
end get_size
end tape
% Turing machine state table
turing = cluster [T: type] is make, add_rule, run
where T has equal: proctype (T,T) returns (bool)
A_LEFT = 'L'
A_RIGHT = 'R'
A_STAY = 'S'
state = record[name: string, term: bool]
rule = struct[
cur_state: int,
read_sym, write_sym: T,
action: char,
next_state: int
]
rep = struct[
states: array[state],
rules: array[rule],
init_state: int
]
% Find the index of a state given its name
find_state = proc (states: array[state], name: string)
returns (int) signals (bad_state)
for i: int in array[state]$indexes(states) do
if states[i].name = name then return(i) end
end
signal bad_state
end find_state
% Make a new Turing machine given a list of states
make = proc (state_seq: sequence[string], init: string, term: sequence[string])
returns (cvt) signals (bad_state)
states: array[state] := array[state]$[]
for s: string in sequence[string]$elements(state_seq) do
array[state]$addh(states, state${name: s, term: false} )
end
init_n: int := find_state(states, init) resignal bad_state
for s: string in sequence[string]$elements(term) do
term_n: int := find_state(states, s) resignal bad_state
states[term_n].term := true
end
return(rep${states: states,
init_state: init_n,
rules: array[rule]$[]})
end make
% Add a rule to the Turing machine
add_rule = proc (tur: cvt,
in_state: string,
read_sym, write_sym: T,
action: string,
out_state: string)
signals (bad_state, bad_action)
cur_state: int := find_state(tur.states, in_state) resignal bad_state
next_state: int := find_state(tur.states, out_state) resignal bad_state
act: char
if action = "left" then act := A_LEFT
elseif action = "right" then act := A_RIGHT
elseif action = "stay" then act := A_STAY
else signal bad_action
end
array[rule]$addh(tur.rules,
rule${cur_state: cur_state,
read_sym: read_sym,
write_sym: write_sym,
action: act,
next_state: next_state})
end add_rule
% Find first matching rule
find_rule = proc (rules: array[rule], st: int, sym: T)
returns (rule) signals (no_rule)
for r: rule in array[rule]$elements(rules) do
if r.cur_state = st & r.read_sym = sym then
return(r)
end
end
signal no_rule
end find_rule
% Run the Turing machine on a given tape until it terminates
run = proc (tur: cvt, tap: tape[T]) signals (no_rule)
cur: int := tur.init_state
while ~tur.states[cur].term do
r: rule := find_rule(tur.rules, cur, tap.cell) resignal no_rule
tap.cell := r.write_sym
if r.action = A_LEFT then tape[T]$left(tap)
elseif r.action = A_RIGHT then tape[T]$right(tap)
end
cur := r.next_state
end
end run
end turing
% Simple incrementer
simple_incrementer = proc () returns (turing[char])
tc = turing[char]
t: tc := tc$make(
sequence[string]$["q0", "qf"],
"q0",
sequence[string]$["qf"]
)
tc$add_rule(t, "q0", '1', '1', "right", "q0")
tc$add_rule(t, "q0", 'B', '1', "stay", "qf")
return(t)
end simple_incrementer
% Three state beaver
three_state_beaver = proc () returns (turing[char])
tc = turing[char]
t: tc := tc$make(
sequence[string]$["a", "b", "c", "halt"],
"a",
sequence[string]$["halt"]
)
tc$add_rule(t, "a", '0', '1', "right", "b")
tc$add_rule(t, "a", '1', '1', "left", "c")
tc$add_rule(t, "b", '0', '1', "left", "a")
tc$add_rule(t, "b", '1', '1', "right", "b")
tc$add_rule(t, "c", '0', '1', "left", "b")
tc$add_rule(t, "c", '1', '1', "stay", "halt")
return(t)
end three_state_beaver
% Five state beaver
five_state_beaver = proc () returns (turing[char])
tc = turing[char]
t: tc := tc$make(
sequence[string]$["A", "B", "C", "D", "E", "H"],
"A",
sequence[string]$["H"]
)
tc$add_rule(t, "A", '0', '1', "right", "B")
tc$add_rule(t, "A", '1', '1', "left", "C")
tc$add_rule(t, "B", '0', '1', "right", "C")
tc$add_rule(t, "B", '1', '1', "right", "B")
tc$add_rule(t, "C", '0', '1', "right", "D")
tc$add_rule(t, "C", '1', '0', "left", "E")
tc$add_rule(t, "D", '0', '1', "left", "A")
tc$add_rule(t, "D", '1', '1', "left", "D")
tc$add_rule(t, "E", '0', '1', "stay", "H")
tc$add_rule(t, "E", '1', '0', "left", "A")
return(t)
end five_state_beaver
% Print the first 32 touched symbols on a tape
print_tape = proc (s: stream, t: tape[char])
n: int := 32
for c: char in tape[char]$elements(t) do
stream$putc(s, c)
n := n - 1
if n=0 then break end
end
if n=0 then
stream$puts(s, "... (length: " || int$unparse(t.size) || ")")
end
stream$putl(s, "")
end print_tape
% Run the three Turing machines and show the results
start_up = proc ()
turing_factory = proctype () returns (turing[char])
test = record[name: string, tf: turing_factory, tap: tape[char]]
stest = sequence[test]
sc = sequence[char]
tests: stest := stest$[
test${name: "Simple incrementer",
tf: simple_incrementer,
tap: tape[char]$make('B', sc$['1','1','1'])},
test${name: "Three-state busy beaver",
tf: three_state_beaver,
tap: tape[char]$make('0', sc$[])},
test${name: "Five-state probable busy beaver",
tf: five_state_beaver,
tap: tape[char]$make('0', sc$[])}]
po: stream := stream$primary_output()
for t: test in stest$elements(tests) do
stream$puts(po, t.name || ": ")
tm: turing[char] := t.tf()
turing[char]$run(tm, t.tap)
print_tape(po, t.tap)
end
end start_up- Output:
Simple incrementer: 1111 Three-state busy beaver: 111111 Five-state probable busy beaver: 10100100100100100100100100100100... (length: 12289)
Common Lisp
Iterative version
The infinite tape is represented by two lists:
frontcontains all cells before the current cell in reverse order (i.e. the first element infrontis the direct predecessor of the current cell)backcontains the current cell as its first element, followed by all successors.
(defun turing (initial terminal blank rules tape &optional (verbose NIL))
(labels ((combine (front back)
(if front
(combine (cdr front) (cons (car front) back))
back))
(update-tape (old-front old-back new-content move)
(cond ((eq move 'right)
(list (cons new-content old-front)
(cdr old-back)))
((eq move 'left)
(list (cdr old-front)
(list* (car old-front) new-content (cdr old-back))))
(T (list old-front
(cons new-content (cdr old-back))))))
(show-tape (front back)
(format T "~{~a~}[~a]~{~a~}~%"
(nreverse (subseq front 0 (min 10 (length front))))
(or (car back) blank)
(subseq (cdr back) 0 (min 10 (length (cdr back)))))))
(loop for back = tape then new-back
for front = '() then new-front
for state = initial then new-state
for content = (or (car back) blank)
for (new-state new-content move) = (gethash (cons state content) rules)
for (new-front new-back) = (update-tape front back new-content move)
until (equal state terminal)
do (when verbose
(show-tape front back))
finally (progn
(when verbose
(show-tape front back))
(return (combine front back))))))
Recursive version
Using the same interface and general idea as the iterative version.
(defun turing (initial terminal blank rules tape &optional (verbose NIL))
(labels ((run (state front back)
(if (equal state terminal)
(progn
(when verbose
(show-tape front back))
(combine front back))
(let ((current-content (or (car back) blank)))
(destructuring-bind
(new-state new-content move)
(gethash (cons state current-content) rules)
(when verbose
(show-tape front back))
(cond ((eq move 'right)
(run new-state
(cons new-content front)
(cdr back)))
((eq move 'left)
(run new-state
(cdr front)
(list* (car front) new-content (cdr back))))
(T (run new-state
front
(cons new-content (cdr back)))))))))
(show-tape (front back)
(format T "~{~a~}[~a]~{~a~}~%"
(nreverse (subseq front 0 (min 10 (length front))))
(or (car back) blank)
(subseq (cdr back) 0 (min 10 (length (cdr back))))))
(combine (front back)
(if front
(combine (cdr front) (cons (car front) back))
back)))
(run initial '() tape)))
Usage
;; Helper function for creating the rules table
(defun make-rules-table (rules-list)
(let ((rules (make-hash-table :test 'equal)))
(loop for (state content new-content dir new-state) in rules-list
do (setf (gethash (cons state content) rules)
(list new-state new-content dir)))
rules))
(format T "Simple incrementer~%")
(turing 'q0 'qf 'B (make-rules-table '((q0 1 1 right q0) (q0 B 1 stay qf))) '(1 1 1) T)
(format T "Three-state busy beaver~%")
(turing 'a 'halt 0
(make-rules-table '((a 0 1 right b)
(a 1 1 left c)
(b 0 1 left a)
(b 1 1 right b)
(c 0 1 left b)
(c 1 1 stay halt)))
'() T)
(format T "Sort (final tape)~%")
(format T "~{~a~}~%"
(turing 'A 'H 0
(make-rules-table '((A 1 1 right A)
(A 2 3 right B)
(A 0 0 left E)
(B 1 1 right B)
(B 2 2 right B)
(B 0 0 left C)
(C 1 2 left D)
(C 2 2 left C)
(C 3 2 left E)
(D 1 1 left D)
(D 2 2 left D)
(D 3 1 right A)
(E 1 1 left E)
(E 0 0 right H)))
'(2 1 2 2 2 1 1)))
(format T "5-state busy beaver (first 20 cells)~%")
(format T "~{~a~}...~%"
(subseq (turing 'A 'H 0
(make-rules-table '((A 0 1 right B)
(A 1 1 left C)
(B 0 1 right C)
(B 1 1 right B)
(C 0 1 right D)
(C 1 0 left E)
(D 0 1 left A)
(D 1 1 left D)
(E 0 1 stay H)
(E 1 0 left A)))
'())
0 20))
- Output:
Simple incrementer [1]11 1[1]1 11[1] 111[B] 111[1] Three-state busy beaver [0] 1[0] [1]1 [0]11 [0]111 [0]1111 1[1]111 11[1]11 111[1]1 1111[1] 11111[0] 1111[1]1 111[1]11 111[1]11 Sort (final tape) 011122220 5-state busy beaver (first 20 cells) 10100100100100100100...
Cowgol
include "cowgol.coh";
include "strings.coh";
include "malloc.coh";
###############################################################################
########################## Turing machine definition ##########################
###############################################################################
typedef Symbol is uint8; # 256 symbols ought to be enough for everyone
const LEFT := 1;
const RIGHT := 2;
const STAY := 3;
typedef Action is int(LEFT, STAY);
# Linked list
record Linked is
next: [Linked];
end record;
record DoublyLinked: Linked is
prev: [DoublyLinked];
end record;
sub FreeLinked(r: [Linked]) is
while r != 0 as [Linked] loop
var v := r.next;
Free(r as [uint8]);
r := v;
end loop;
end sub;
sub FreeDoublyLinked(r: [DoublyLinked]) is
FreeLinked(r.next);
while r != 0 as [DoublyLinked] loop
var v := r.prev;
Free(r as [uint8]);
r := v;
end loop;
end sub;
# Turing machine
typedef Turing is [TuringR];
record StateR: Linked is
tm: Turing; # turing machine this state belongs to
term: uint8; # whether state is terminating
end record;
typedef State is [StateR];
record Cell: DoublyLinked is
sym: Symbol;
end record;
record RuleR: Linked is
instate: State;
insym: Symbol;
outsym: Symbol;
action: Action;
outstate: State;
end record;
typedef Rule is [RuleR];
record TuringR is
states: State;
rules: Rule;
initial: State;
current: State;
blank: Symbol;
head: [Cell];
end record;
sub MakeCell(): (c: [Cell]) is
c := Alloc(@bytesof Cell) as [Cell];
MemZero(c as [uint8], @bytesof Cell);
end sub;
# Define a Turing machine
sub MakeTuring(blank: Symbol, init: [Symbol]): (t: Turing) is
t := Alloc(@bytesof TuringR) as Turing;
MemZero(t as [uint8], @bytesof TuringR);
t.blank := blank;
t.head := MakeCell();
t.head.sym := blank;
var c := t.head;
var d: [Cell];
while [init] != 0 loop
c.sym := [init];
init := @next init;
if [init] == 0 then break; end if;
d := Alloc(@bytesof Cell) as [Cell];
d.prev := c as [DoublyLinked];
d.next := 0 as [Linked];
c.next := d as [Linked];
c := d;
end loop;
end sub;
# Add a state to a Turing machine
const T_NONE := 0;
const T_INIT := 1;
const T_HALT := 2;
sub MakeState(t: Turing, type: uint8): (s: State) is
s := Alloc(@bytesof StateR) as State;
s.tm := t;
s.next := t.states as [Linked];
t.states := s;
if type & T_INIT != 0 then
t.initial := s;
t.current := s;
end if;
s.term := 0;
if type & T_HALT != 0 then
s.term := 1;
end if;
end sub;
# Add a rule to a Turing machine
sub MakeRule(t: Turing,
instate: State,
insym: Symbol,
outsym: Symbol,
action: Action,
outstate: State): (r: Rule) is
r := Alloc(@bytesof RuleR) as Rule;
r.instate := instate;
r.insym := insym;
r.outsym := outsym;
r.action := action;
r.outstate := outstate;
r.next := t.rules as [Linked];
t.rules := r;
end sub;
# Free a Turing machine
sub FreeTuring(t: Turing) is
FreeDoublyLinked(t.head as [DoublyLinked]);
FreeLinked(t.states as [Linked]);
FreeLinked(t.rules as [Linked]);
Free(t as [uint8]);
end sub;
# Move the head
sub MoveHead(t: Turing, a: Action) is
var c: [Cell];
case a is
when STAY: return;
when LEFT:
if t.head.prev == 0 as [DoublyLinked] then
c := Alloc(@bytesof Cell) as [Cell];
c.prev := 0 as [DoublyLinked];
c.next := t.head as [Linked];
c.sym := t.blank;
t.head.prev := c as [DoublyLinked];
end if;
t.head := t.head.prev as [Cell];
return;
when RIGHT:
if t.head.next == 0 as [Linked] then
c := Alloc(@bytesof Cell) as [Cell];
c.next := 0 as [Linked];
c.prev := t.head as [DoublyLinked];
c.sym := t.blank;
t.head.next := c as [Linked];
end if;
t.head := t.head.next as [Cell];
return;
when else:
print("Invalid action\n");
ExitWithError();
end case;
end sub;
# Step a Turing machine
sub Step(t: Turing): (halt: uint8) is
# If we're in a halt state, do nothing
if t.current.term != 0 then
halt := 1;
return;
end if;
var r := t.rules;
while r != 0 as Rule loop
# Check each rule to see if it matches the current configuration
if t.current == r.instate
and t.head.sym == r.insym then
# Found a match
t.head.sym := r.outsym;
MoveHead(t, r.action);
t.current := r.outstate;
halt := t.current.term;
return;
end if;
r := r.next as Rule;
end loop;
print("No valid rule!\n");
ExitWithError();
end sub;
# Run a Turing machine until it halts
sub Run(t: Turing) is
while Step(t) == 0 loop
end loop;
end sub;
# Print the touched part of the tape of a Turing machine
sub PrintTape(t: Turing, max: uint32) is
var c := t.head;
var len: uint32 := 0;
while c.prev != 0 as [DoublyLinked] loop
c := c.prev as [Cell];
end loop;
while c != 0 as [Cell] loop
if len < max then
print_char(c.sym as uint8);
end if;
c := c.next as [Cell];
len := len + 1;
end loop;
if len >= max then
print("... (total length: ");
print_i32(len);
print(")");
end if;
end sub;
###############################################################################
######################## Turing machines from the task ########################
###############################################################################
interface TuringFactory(): (t: Turing);
sub SimpleIncrementer implements TuringFactory is
var r: Rule;
t := MakeTuring('B', "111");
var q0 := MakeState(t, T_INIT);
var qf := MakeState(t, T_HALT);
r := MakeRule(t, q0, '1', '1', RIGHT, q0);
r := MakeRule(t, q0, 'B', '1', STAY, qf);
end sub;
sub ThreeStateBeaver implements TuringFactory is
var r: Rule;
t := MakeTuring('0', "");
var a := MakeState(t, T_INIT);
var b := MakeState(t, T_NONE);
var c := MakeState(t, T_NONE);
var halt := MakeState(t, T_HALT);
r := MakeRule(t, a, '0', '1', RIGHT, b);
r := MakeRule(t, a, '1', '1', LEFT, c);
r := MakeRule(t, b, '0', '1', LEFT, a);
r := MakeRule(t, b, '1', '1', RIGHT, b);
r := MakeRule(t, c, '0', '1', LEFT, b);
r := MakeRule(t, c, '1', '1', STAY, halt);
end sub;
sub FiveStateBeaver implements TuringFactory is
var r: Rule;
t := MakeTuring('0', "");
var A := MakeState(t, T_INIT);
var B := MakeState(t, T_NONE);
var C := MakeState(t, T_NONE);
var D := MakeState(t, T_NONE);
var E := MakeState(t, T_NONE);
var H := MakeState(t, T_HALT);
r := MakeRule(t, A, '0', '1', RIGHT, B);
r := MakeRule(t, A, '1', '1', LEFT, C);
r := MakeRule(t, B, '0', '1', RIGHT, C);
r := MakeRule(t, B, '1', '1', RIGHT, B);
r := MakeRule(t, C, '0', '1', RIGHT, D);
r := MakeRule(t, C, '1', '0', LEFT, E);
r := MakeRule(t, D, '0', '1', LEFT, A);
r := MakeRule(t, D, '1', '1', LEFT, D);
r := MakeRule(t, E, '0', '1', STAY, H);
r := MakeRule(t, E, '1', '0', LEFT, A);
end sub;
record TF is
name: [uint8];
tf: TuringFactory;
end record;
var machines: TF[] := {
{"Simple incrementer", SimpleIncrementer},
{"Three state beaver", ThreeStateBeaver},
{"Five state beaver", FiveStateBeaver}
};
var i: @indexof machines;
i := 0;
while i < @sizeof machines loop
print(machines[i].name);
print(": ");
var t := (machines[i].tf) ();
Run(t);
PrintTape(t, 32);
FreeTuring(t);
print_nl();
i := i + 1;
end loop;- Output:
Simple incrementer: 1111 Three state beaver: 111111 Five state beaver: 10100100100100100100100100100100... (total length: 12289)
D
Nearly Strongly Typed Version
This is typed a little less strongly than the Ada entry. It's fast and safe.
import std.stdio, std.algorithm, std.string, std.conv, std.array,
std.exception, std.traits, std.math, std.range;
struct UTM(State, Symbol, bool doShow=true)
if (is(State == enum) && is(Symbol == enum)) {
static assert(is(typeof({ size_t x = State.init; })),
"State must to be usable as array index.");
static assert([EnumMembers!State].equal(EnumMembers!State.length.iota),
"State must be a plain enum.");
static assert(is(typeof({ size_t x = Symbol.init; })),
"Symbol must to be usable as array index.");
static assert([EnumMembers!Symbol].equal(EnumMembers!Symbol.length.iota),
"Symbol must be a plain enum.");
enum Direction { right, left, stay }
private const TuringMachine tm;
private TapeHead head;
alias SymbolMap = string[EnumMembers!Symbol.length];
// The first index of this 'rules' matrix is a subtype of State
// because it can't contain H, but currently D can't enforce this,
// statically unlike Ada language.
Rule[EnumMembers!Symbol.length][EnumMembers!State.length - 1] mRules;
static struct Rule {
Symbol toWrite;
Direction direction;
State nextState;
this(in Symbol toWrite_, in Direction direction_, in State nextState_)
pure nothrow @safe @nogc {
this.toWrite = toWrite_;
this.direction = direction_;
this.nextState = nextState_;
}
}
// This is kept separated from the rest so it can be inialized
// one field at a time in the main function, yet it will become
// const.
static struct TuringMachine {
Symbol blank;
State initialState;
Rule[Symbol][State] rules;
Symbol[] input;
SymbolMap symbolMap;
}
static struct TapeHead {
immutable Symbol blank;
Symbol[] tapeLeft, tapeRight;
int position;
const SymbolMap sMap;
size_t nSteps;
this(in ref TuringMachine t) pure nothrow @safe {
this.blank = EnumMembers!Symbol[0];
//tapeRight = t.input.empty ? [this.blank] : t.input.dup;
if (t.input.empty)
this.tapeRight = [this.blank];
else
this.tapeRight = t.input.dup;
this.position = 0;
this.sMap = t.symbolMap;
}
pure nothrow @safe @nogc invariant {
assert(this.tapeRight.length > 0);
if (this.position >= 0)
assert(this.position < this.tapeRight.length);
else
assert(this.position.abs <= this.tapeLeft.length);
}
Symbol readSymb() const pure nothrow @safe @nogc {
if (this.position >= 0)
return this.tapeRight[this.position];
else
return this.tapeLeft[this.position.abs - 1];
}
void showSymb() const @safe {
this.write;
}
void writeSymb(in Symbol symbol) @safe {
static if (doShow)
showSymb;
if (this.position >= 0)
this.tapeRight[this.position] = symbol;
else
this.tapeLeft[this.position.abs - 1] = symbol;
}
void goRight() pure nothrow @safe {
this.position++;
if (position > 0 && position == tapeRight.length)
tapeRight ~= blank;
}
void goLeft() pure nothrow @safe {
this.position--;
if (position < 0 && (position.abs - 1) == tapeLeft.length)
tapeLeft ~= blank;
}
void move(in Direction dir) pure nothrow @safe {
nSteps++;
final switch (dir) with (Direction) {
case left: goLeft; break;
case right: goRight; break;
case stay: /*Do nothing*/ break;
}
}
string toString() const @safe {
immutable pos = tapeLeft.length.signed + this.position + 4;
return format("...%-(%)...", tapeLeft.retro.chain(tapeRight)
.map!(s => sMap[s])) ~
'\n' ~
format("%" ~ pos.text ~ "s", "^") ~
'\n';
}
}
void show() const @safe {
head.showSymb;
}
this(in ref TuringMachine tm_) @safe {
static assert(__traits(compiles, State.H), "State needs a 'H' (Halt).");
immutable errMsg = "Invalid input.";
auto runningStates = remove!(s => s == State.H)([EnumMembers!State]);
enforce(!runningStates.empty, errMsg);
enforce(tm_.rules.length == EnumMembers!State.length - 1, errMsg);
enforce(State.H !in tm_.rules, errMsg);
enforce(runningStates.canFind(tm_.initialState), errMsg);
// Create a matrix to reduce running time.
foreach (immutable State st, const rset; tm_.rules)
foreach (immutable Symbol sy, immutable rule; rset)
mRules[st][sy] = rule;
this.tm = tm_;
head = TapeHead(this.tm);
State state = tm.initialState;
while (state != State.H) {
immutable next = mRules[state][head.readSymb];
head.writeSymb(next.toWrite);
head.move(next.direction);
state = next.nextState;
}
static if (doShow)
show;
writeln("Performed ", head.nSteps, " steps.");
}
}
void main() @safe {
"Incrementer:".writeln;
enum States1 : ubyte { A, H }
enum Symbols1 : ubyte { s0, s1 }
alias M1 = UTM!(States1, Symbols1);
M1.TuringMachine tm1;
with (tm1) with (States1) with (Symbols1) with (M1.Direction) {
alias R = M1.Rule;
initialState = A;
rules = [A: [s0: R(s1, stay, H), s1: R(s1, right, A)]];
input = [s1, s1, s1];
symbolMap = ["0", "1"];
}
M1(tm1);
// http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busy_beaver
"\nBusy Beaver machine (3-state, 2-symbol):".writeln;
enum States2 : ubyte { A, B, C, H }
alias Symbols2 = Symbols1;
alias M2 = UTM!(States2, Symbols2);
M2.TuringMachine tm2;
with (tm2) with (States2) with (Symbols2) with (M2.Direction) {
alias R = M2.Rule;
initialState = A;
rules = [A: [s0: R(s1, right, B), s1: R(s1, left, C)],
B: [s0: R(s1, left, A), s1: R(s1, right, B)],
C: [s0: R(s1, left, B), s1: R(s1, stay, H)]];
symbolMap = ["0", "1"];
}
M2(tm2);
"\nSorting stress test (12212212121212):".writeln;
enum States3 : ubyte { A, B, C, D, E, H }
enum Symbols3 : ubyte { s0, s1, s2, s3 }
alias M3 = UTM!(States3, Symbols3, false);
M3.TuringMachine tm3;
with (tm3) with (States3) with (Symbols3) with (M3.Direction) {
alias R = M3.Rule;
initialState = A;
rules = [A: [s1: R(s1, right, A),
s2: R(s3, right, B),
s0: R(s0, left, E)],
B: [s1: R(s1, right, B),
s2: R(s2, right, B),
s0: R(s0, left, C)],
C: [s1: R(s2, left, D),
s2: R(s2, left, C),
s3: R(s2, left, E)],
D: [s1: R(s1, left, D),
s2: R(s2, left, D),
s3: R(s1, right, A)],
E: [s1: R(s1, left, E),
s0: R(s0, stay, H)]];
input = [s1, s2, s2, s1, s2, s2, s1,
s2, s1, s2, s1, s2, s1, s2];
symbolMap = ["0", "1", "2", "3"];
}
M3(tm3).show;
"\nPossible best Busy Beaver machine (5-state, 2-symbol):".writeln;
alias States4 = States3;
alias Symbols4 = Symbols1;
alias M4 = UTM!(States4, Symbols4, false);
M4.TuringMachine tm4;
with (tm4) with (States4) with (Symbols4) with (M4.Direction) {
alias R = M4.Rule;
initialState = A;
rules = [A: [s0: R(s1, right, B), s1: R(s1, left, C)],
B: [s0: R(s1, right, C), s1: R(s1, right, B)],
C: [s0: R(s1, right, D), s1: R(s0, left, E)],
D: [s0: R(s1, left, A), s1: R(s1, left, D)],
E: [s0: R(s1, stay, H), s1: R(s0, left, A)]];
symbolMap = ["0", "1"];
}
M4(tm4);
}
- Output:
Incrementer:
...111...
^
...111...
^
...111...
^
...1110...
^
...1111...
^
Performed 4 steps.
Busy Beaver machine (3-state, 2-symbol):
...0...
^
...10...
^
...11...
^
...011...
^
...0111...
^
...01111...
^
...11111...
^
...11111...
^
...11111...
^
...11111...
^
...111110...
^
...111111...
^
...111111...
^
...111111...
^
Performed 13 steps.
Sorting stress test (12212212121212):
Performed 118 steps.
...0111111222222220...
^
Possible best Busy Beaver machine (5-state, 2-symbol):
Performed 47176870 steps.
The total run-time is about 0.31 seconds.
Simple Version
While the precedent version is Ada-like, this is more like a script.
import std.stdio, std.typecons, std.algorithm, std.string, std.array;
void turing(Sy, St)(in St state, Sy[int] tape, in int pos,
in Tuple!(Sy, int, St)[Sy][St] rules) {
if (state.empty) return;
const r = rules[state][tape[pos] = tape.get(pos, Sy.init)];
writefln("%-(%s%)", tape.keys.sort()
.map!(i => format(i == pos ? "(%s)" : " %s ", tape[i])));
tape[pos] = r[0];
turing(r[2], tape, pos + r[1], rules);
}
void main() {
turing("a", null, 0,
["a": [0: tuple(1, 1, "b"), 1: tuple(1, -1, "c")],
"b": [0: tuple(1, -1, "a"), 1: tuple(1, 1, "b")],
"c": [0: tuple(1, -1, "b"), 1: tuple(1, 0, "")]]);
}
- Output:
(0) 1 (0) (1) 1 (0) 1 1 (0) 1 1 1 (0) 1 1 1 1 1 (1) 1 1 1 1 1 (1) 1 1 1 1 1 (1) 1 1 1 1 1 (1) 1 1 1 1 1 (0) 1 1 1 1 (1) 1 1 1 1 (1) 1 1
Déjà Vu
transitions(:
local :t {}
while /= ) dup:
set-to t swap & rot & rot rot &
t drop
take-from tape:
if tape:
pop-from tape
else:
:B
paste-together a h b:
push-to b h
while a:
push-to b pop-from a
b
universal-turing-machine transitions initial final tape:
local :tape-left []
local :state initial
local :head take-from tape
local :move { :stay @pass }
move!left:
push-to tape head
set :head take-from tape-left
move!right:
push-to tape-left head
set :head take-from tape
while /= state final:
if opt-get transitions & state head:
set :state &<>
set :head &<>
move!
else:
return paste-together tape-left head tape
paste-together tape-left head tapeSimple incrementer
:q0 :qf [ 1 1 1 ]
)
:q0 1 1 :right :q0
:q0 :B 1 :stay :qf
!. universal-turing-machine transitions(- Output:
[ 1 1 1 1 ]
Three-state busy beaver
:a :halt []
)
:a :B 1 :right :b
:a 1 1 :left :c
:b :B 1 :left :a
:b 1 1 :right :b
:c :B 1 :left :b
:c 1 1 :stay :halt
!. universal-turing-machine transitions(- Output:
[ 1 1 1 1 1 1 ]
5-state, 2-symbol probable Busy Beaver machine
:A :H []
)
:A :B 1 :right :B
:A 1 1 :left :C
:B :B 1 :right :C
:B 1 1 :right :B
:C :B 1 :right :D
:C 1 :B :left :E
:D :B 1 :left :A
:D 1 1 :left :D
:E :B 1 :stay :H
:E 1 :B :left :A
!. universal-turing-machine transitions((Output omitted because of length.)
EasyLang
global right$[] left$[] pos blank$ .
proc show stat$ . .
write stat$
for i to 5 - len stat$
write " "
.
write "| "
h = -len left$[] + 1
for i = h to len right$[]
if i <= 0
c$ = left$[-i + 1]
else
c$ = right$[i]
.
if i = pos
write "*"
else
write " "
.
write c$ & " "
.
print ""
.
func$ get .
if pos <= 0
return left$[-pos + 1]
.
return right$[pos]
.
proc put s$ . .
if pos <= 0
left$[-pos + 1] = s$
else
right$[pos] = s$
.
.
proc mleft . .
pos -= 1
if pos <= 0 and len left$[] < (-pos + 1)
left$[] &= blank$
.
.
proc mright . .
pos += 1
if pos > 0 and len right$[] < pos
right$[] &= blank$
.
.
proc utm stat$ endstat$ bl$ init$ rules$[] trace . .
blank$ = bl$
pos = 1
right$[] = strsplit init$ " "
left$[] = [ ]
for r$ in rules$[]
r$[][] &= strsplit r$ " "
.
repeat
if trace = 1
show stat$
else
if steps mod 1000000 = 0
write "."
.
.
for i to len r$[][]
if r$[i][1] = stat$ and r$[i][2] = get
put r$[i][3]
if r$[i][4] = "left"
mleft
elif r$[i][4] = "right"
mright
.
stat$ = r$[i][5]
break 1
.
.
steps += 1
until stat$ = endstat$
.
if trace = 1
show stat$
else
print ""
print "Steps: " & steps
.
.
#
repeat
s$ = input
until s$ = ""
trace = 1
if substr s$ 1 7 = "5-state"
trace = 0
.
print "--- " & s$ & "---"
s$ = input
in1$[] = strsplit s$ " "
in2$ = input
r$[] = [ ]
repeat
s$ = input
until s$ = ""
r$[] &= s$
.
utm in1$[1] in1$[2] in1$[3] in2$ r$[] trace
print ""
.
#
input_data
Simple incrementer
q0 qf B
1 1 1
q0 1 1 right q0
q0 B 1 stay qf
Three-state busy beaver
a halt 0
0
a 0 1 right b
a 1 1 left c
b 0 1 left a
b 1 1 right b
c 0 1 left b
c 1 1 stay halt
5-state, 2-symbol probable Busy Beaver
A H 0
0
A 0 1 right B
A 1 1 left C
B 0 1 right C
B 1 1 right B
C 0 1 right D
C 1 0 left E
D 0 1 left A
D 1 1 left D
E 0 1 stay H
E 1 0 left A
- Output:
--- Simple incrementer--- q0 | *1 1 1 q0 | 1 *1 1 q0 | 1 1 *1 q0 | 1 1 1 *B qf | 1 1 1 *1 --- Three-state busy beaver--- a | *0 b | 1 *0 a | *1 1 c | *0 1 1 b | *0 1 1 1 a | *0 1 1 1 1 b | 1 *1 1 1 1 b | 1 1 *1 1 1 b | 1 1 1 *1 1 b | 1 1 1 1 *1 b | 1 1 1 1 1 *0 a | 1 1 1 1 *1 1 c | 1 1 1 *1 1 1 halt | 1 1 1 *1 1 1 --- 5-state, 2-symbol probable Busy Beaver--- ................................................ Steps: 47176870
EchoLisp
We define a Turing machine as an instance of TM struct, which stores the definition values (states,symbols,rules) and the current state values (state, tape, position). It can be stopped, restarted, called as a sub-program, or transformed into a sequence or stream.'Huge' TM are run in the background. Rules are compiled into a vector indexed by state * symbol.
Turing Machines
(require 'struct)
(struct TM (read-only: name states symbs final rules mem state-values: tape pos state))
(define-syntax-rule (rule-idx state symb numstates)
(+ state (* symb numstates)))
(define-syntax-rule (make-TM name states symbs rules)
(_make-TM name 'states 'symbs 'rules))
;; a rule is (state symbol --> write move new-state)
;; index for rule = state-num + (number of states) * symbol-num
;; convert states/symbol into vector indices
(define (compile-rule T rule into: rules)
(define numstates (vector-length (TM-states T)))
(define state (vector-index [rule 0](TM-states T) )) ; index
(define symb (vector-index [rule 1](TM-symbs T) ))
(define write-symb (vector-index [rule 2] (TM-symbs T) ))
(define move (1- (vector-index [rule 3] #(left stay right) )))
(define new-state (vector-index [rule 4](TM-states T)))
(define rulenum (rule-idx state symb numstates))
(vector-set! rules rulenum (vector write-symb move new-state))
; (writeln 'rule rulenum [rules rulenum])
)
(define (_make-TM name states symbs rules)
(define T (TM name (list->vector states) (list->vector symbs) null null))
(set-TM-final! T (1- (length states))) ;; assume one final state
(set-TM-rules! T (make-vector (* (length states) (length symbs))))
(for ((rule rules)) (compile-rule T (list->vector rule) into: (TM-rules T)))
T ) ; returns a TM
;;------------------
;; TM-trace
;;-------------------
(string-delimiter "")
(define (TM-print T symb-index: symb (hilite #f))
(cond
((= 0 symb) (if hilite "🔲" "◽️" ))
((= 1 symb) (if hilite "🔳 " "◾️" ))
(else "X")))
(define (TM-trace T tape pos state step)
(if (= (TM-final T) state)
(write "🔴")
(write "🔵"))
(for [(p (in-range (- (TM-mem T) 7) (+ (TM-mem T) 8)))]
(write (TM-print T [tape p] (= p pos))))
(write step)
(writeln))
;;---------------
;; TM-init : alloc and init tape
;;---------------
(define (TM-init T input-symbs (mem 20))
;; init state variables
(set-TM-tape! T (make-vector (* 2 mem)))
(set-TM-pos! T mem)
(set-TM-state! T 0)
(set-TM-mem! T mem)
(for [(symb input-symbs) (i (in-naturals))]
(vector-set! (TM-tape T) [+ i (TM-pos T)] (vector-index symb (TM-symbs T))))
(TM-trace T (TM-tape T) mem 0 0)
mem )
;;---------------
;; TM-run : run at most maxsteps
;;---------------
(define (TM-run T (verbose #f) (maxsteps 1_000_000))
(define count 0)
(define final (TM-final T))
(define rules (TM-rules T))
(define rule 0)
(define numstates (vector-length (TM-states T)))
;; set current state vars
(define pos (TM-pos T))
(define state (TM-state T))
(define tape (TM-tape T))
(when (and (zero? state) (= pos (TM-mem T)))
(writeln 'Starting (TM-name T))
(TM-trace T tape pos 0 count))
(while (and (!= state final) (< count maxsteps))
(++ count)
;; The machine
(set! rule [rules (rule-idx state [tape pos] numstates)])
(when (= rule 0) (error "missing rule" (list state [tape pos])))
(vector-set! tape pos [rule 0])
(set! state [rule 2])
(+= pos [rule 1])
;; end machine
(when verbose (TM-trace T tape pos state count )))
;; save TM state
(set-TM-pos! T pos)
(set-TM-state! T state)
(when (= final state) (writeln 'Stopping (TM-name T) 'at-pos (- pos (TM-mem T))))
count)
- Output:
(define T (make-TM "TM: incrementer"
(q0 qf)
(B 1)
((q0 1 1 right q0)
(q0 B 1 stay qf))))
(TM-init T '(1 1 1) 20)
(TM-run T #t)
(TM-run T #t)
🔵 ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ 🔳 ◾️ ◾️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ 0
Starting TM: incrementer
🔵 ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ 🔳 ◾️ ◾️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ 0
🔵 ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◾️ 🔳 ◾️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ 1
🔵 ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◾️ ◾️ 🔳 ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ 2
🔵 ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◾️ ◾️ ◾️ 🔲 ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ 3
🔴 ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◾️ ◾️ ◾️ 🔳 ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ 4
Stopping TM: incrementer at-pos 3
;; three-states busy beaver
(define T (make-TM "TM: three-states busy beaver"
(a b c halt)
(0 1)
((a 0 1 right b)
(a 1 1 left c)
(b 0 1 left a)
(b 1 1 right b)
(c 0 1 left b)
(c 1 1 stay halt))))
(TM-init T null 100)
Starting TM: three-states busy beaver
🔵 ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ 🔲 ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ 0
🔵 ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◾️ 🔲 ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ 1
🔵 ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ 🔳 ◾️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ 2
🔵 ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ 🔲 ◾️ ◾️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ 3
🔵 ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ 🔲 ◾️ ◾️ ◾️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ 4
🔵 ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ 🔲 ◾️ ◾️ ◾️ ◾️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ 5
🔵 ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◾️ 🔳 ◾️ ◾️ ◾️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ 6
🔵 ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◾️ ◾️ 🔳 ◾️ ◾️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ 7
🔵 ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◾️ ◾️ ◾️ 🔳 ◾️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ 8
🔵 ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◾️ ◾️ ◾️ ◾️ 🔳 ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ 9
🔵 ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◾️ ◾️ ◾️ ◾️ ◾️ 🔲 ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ 10
🔵 ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◾️ ◾️ ◾️ ◾️ 🔳 ◾️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ 11
🔵 ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◾️ ◾️ ◾️ 🔳 ◾️ ◾️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ 12
🔴 ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◾️ ◾️ ◾️ 🔳 ◾️ ◾️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ ◽️ 13
Stopping TM: three-states busy beaver at-pos 0
Possible best busy beaver
We create a task to run it in the background.
- Output:
(define steps 0)
(define (TM-task T)
(define count (TM-run T #f 1000000))
(when (zero? steps) (writeln 'START (date)))
(+= steps count)
(writeln 'TM-steps steps (date))
(when (zero? count) (writeln 'END steps (date)))
(if (zero? count) #f T)) ;; return #f to signal end of task
;; 5-states 2-symbols busy beaver
;; Result: 4098 "1"s with 8191 "0"s interspersed in 47,176,870 steps.
(lib 'tasks)
(define T (make-TM "TM: 5-states 2-symbols busy beaver"
(A B C D E H)
(0 1)
((A 0 1 right B)
(A 1 1 left C)
(B 0 1 right C)
(B 1 1 right B)
(C 0 1 right D)
(C 1 0 left E)
(D 0 1 left A)
(D 1 1 left D)
(E 0 1 stay H)
(E 1 0 left A))))
(TM-init T null 20000)
(task-run (make-task TM-task T) 1000)
;; Firefox : 192 sec Chrome:342 sec Safari: 232 sec
START Mon Feb 08 2016 18:34:15 GMT+0100 (CET)
TM-steps 47176870 Mon Feb 08 2016 18:38:23 GMT+0100 (CET)
END 47176870 Mon Feb 08 2016 18:38:23 GMT+0100 (CET)
;; check result : count written "1"
(for/sum ((s (TM-tape T))) s)
→ 4098
EDSAC order code
This program was designed with the aim of running the 5-state busy beaver on an EDSAC simulator. It can be done, although the run time in real life would have been impossibly long (see below).
We know from other solutions that the Turing tape for the 5-state busy beaver requires 12289 cells. Since EDSAC memory was 1024 17-bit words, we are limited to one bit per cell, and hence to two symbols, say 0 and 1. This is enough for the Rosetta Code tasks, though not for the extra sorting task.
The tape is implemented as a circular buffer. Positive positions ascend from the low end of the tape area, while negative positions descend from the high end. Thus we don't need to know in advance where the zero position of the tape should be. Each EDSAC location in the tape area corresponds to 16 cells of the tape (17 would be awkward to code). If the positive and negative pointers collide, the program prints "OV" to indicate overflow.
When running the 5-state busy beaver, the simulator executed 2.7 billion EDSAC orders, which would have taken about 48 days on the original EDSAC. (Cf the estimate of "months" for the same task in ZX81 Basic.)
[Attempt at Turing machine for Rosetta Code.]
[EDSAC program, Initial Orders 2.]
[Library subroutine M3 prints header and is then overwritten.]
PFGKIFAFRDLFUFOFE@A6FG@E8FEZPF
*!!NR!STEPS@&#..PZ [..PZ marks end of header]
T48K [& (delta) parameter: Turing machine tape.]
P8F [Overwrites most of initial orders.]
T50K [X parameter: once-only code.]
P100F [Gets overwritten by the Turing machine tape.]
[Put the following as high in memory as possible,
to make room for the Turing machine tape.]
T52K [A parameter: rules and initial pattern. Also marks end]
P781F [of Turing tape, so must go immediately after tape area.]
T55K [V parameter: program-wide variables.]
P810F [Even address, 9 locations]
T46K [N parameter: constants.]
P820F [Even address]
T47K [M parameter: main routine.]
P859F
T51K [G parameter: library subroutine P7]
P988F [Even address, 35 locations.]
[============================= A parameter ===============================]
E25K TA GK
[0] [End of Turing tape area]
[Comment-in the desired task, or add another (2 symbols only).]
[Counts are stored in the address field.]
[Each rule is defined by an EDSAC pseudo-order, as follows:
Function letter: L = left, R = right, S = stay
Address field = new state number
Code letter: F if new symbol = 0, D if new symbol = 1.
No rule is needed for the halt state.]
[0]
[Simple incrementer: states are q0 = 0, qf = halt = 1
P1F [1 state, excluding the halt state
S1D RD [2 rules for each state (symbols 0 and 1)
P1F [1 word in tape area to be initialized
PF P3D [location 0 relative to tape, init to 7]
[3-state busy beaver: states are a = 0, b = 1, c = 2, halt = 3]
P3F [3 states, excluding the halt state]
R1D L2D [2 rules for each state (symbols 0 and 1)]
L0D R1D
L1D S3D
PF [0 words to be initialized (start with empty tape)]
[5-state busy beaver: states are A = 0, ..., E = 4, halt = 5
P5F 5 states, excluding the halt state
R1D L2D 2 rules for each state (symbols 0 and 1)
R2D R1D
R3D L4F
L0D L3D
S5D L0F
PF 0 words to be initialized (start with empty tape)]
[============================= X parameter ===============================]
E25K TX GK
[The following once-only code is loaded into the Turing machine tape area.]
[It runs at start-up, then gets overwritten when the tape is cleared.]
[Enter with acc = 0.]
[0] T2V [initial state assumed to be state 0]
T3V [tape head starts at position 0 on Turing tape]
T#V [reset count of steps]
T4V [initialize maximum position]
T5V [initialize minimum position]
[Calculate number of available tape positions; store in address field]
A22N [T order for exclusive end of tape]
S21N [T order for start of tape]
L4F [times 16, since each location holds 16 positions]
T25N [store for later use]
[Set up the loop in the main program that writes the initial pattern.
The main program has a list of position-value pairs.
This follows the list of rules, 2 rules per Turing machine state.]
[9] AA [number of states]
LD [times 2, because 2 rules per state]
A2F [plus 1 for the count of states]
A9@ [make A order to load number of position-value pairs]
T14@ [plant order]
[14] AM [load number of pairs (in address field)]
LD [times 2 for length of table]
TF [temp store in 0F]
A14@ [load order that was planted above]
A2F [make order to load first position]
U13M [plant in main routine]
AF [make A order for exclusive end]
T28M [plant in main routine]
[Set up order to load rules]
A26@
A2F
T18N
[Here with acc = 0. Jump to main routine.]
EM
[26] AA
[============================= V parameter ===============================]
E25K TV GK
[0] PFPF [number of steps (35-bit, must be at even address)]
[2] PF [current state of Turing machine]
[3] PF [current tape position, stored in address field]
[4] PF [maximum position on the tape so far]
[5] PF [minimum position on the tape so far]
[6] PF [rule for current state and symbol]
[7] PF [working group of 16 cells (1 EDSAC location)]
[8] PF [mask to select bit for current cell]
[============================= N parameter ===============================]
E25K TN GK
[17-bit masks: 11111111111111110, 11111111111111101, ..., 10111111111111111]
[0] V2047F V2046D V2045D V2043D V2039D V2031D V2015D V1983D
V1919D V1791D V1535D V1023D C2047D B2047D G2047D M2047D
[16] OF [add to A order to make T order with same address]
[17] AN [A order to load first mask in table]
[18] AF [A order to load first rule]
[19] A& [A order for start of tape]
[20] AA [A order for end of tape]
[21] T& [T order for start of tape]
[22] TA [T order for exclusive end of tape]
[23] P2047F [mask to pick out state from a Turing machine rule]
[24] P15F [mask to extract bit number from position]
[25] PF [number of tape positions available (calculated)]
[26] @F [carriage return]
[27] &F [line feed]
[28] K4096F [null]
[29] K2048F [set letters on teleprinter]
[============================= M parameter ===============================]
E25K TM GK
[Once-only code jumps to here with acc = 0]
[Clear the tape; this overwrites the once-only code]
[0] A21N [load T order for start of tape]
E3@ [always jump (since T > 0)]
[2] A22N [loop here after testing for end]
[3] T4@ [plant order to clear 1 location]
[4] TF [execute order]
A4@ [load order just executed]
A2F [inc address]
S22N [test for end]
G2@ [if not end, loop back]
[Here with acc = 0]
[Set up the starting pattern, i.e write 1's at zero or more positions on the tape.]
[To save space, the orders marked (*) are set up by the once-only code.]
[9] A13@ [load A order for next relative addess]
S28@ [compare with A order for exclusive end]
E29@ [if all done, jump out with acc = 0]
TF [clear acc]
[13] AF [(*) load relative address from table]
G17@ [jump if < 0]
A21N [make T order, addr counted from low end of tape]
E18@ [join commoon code (always jumps since T > 0)]
[17] A22N [make T order, addr counted from high end of tape]
[18] T23@ [plant T order in code]
A13@ [make order to load value from table]
A2F
T22@ [plant in code]
[22] AF [load value from table]
[23] TF [store in tape]
A22@ [make A order for next address]
A2F
T13@ [plant in code]
E9@ [always loop back]
[28] AF [(*) A order for exclusive end of list]
[29]
[Next step, i.e. set up new symbol, state and tape position.]
[Acc must be 0 here.]
[Get tape position and deduce corresponding EDSAC location and bit number.]
[29] H24N [mask for bit number]
C3V [acc := bit number]
UF [save bit number in 0F address field]
A17N [make order to load from mask table]
T44@ [plant order in code]
A3V [position]
SF [remove bit number part]
R4F [divide by 16 for relative address]
[If it's a non-negative address, add it to the start of the tape in EDSAC memory.]
[If it's a negative address, add it to the end of the tape.]
G40@ [jump if negative address]
A19N [make A order to load from tape]
G41@ [always jump to common code, since A < 0]
[40] A20N [here if negative address]
[41] U46@ [store order to load current group of 16 bits]
A16N [convert to T order at same address]
T69@ [store T order (a fair way down the code)]
[44] AF [load mask]
T8V
[46] AF [load group]
T7V
[Get rule for this state and symbol (where symbol = 0 or 1)]
H8V
C7V [acc := bit group with current bit cleared]
S7V [acc := 0 if bit is 0, -1 if bit is 1]
E54@
TF [clear acc]
A2F [to inc rule address if symbol is 1]
[54] A2V [add state twice (because each state has 2 rules)]
A2V
A18N [manufacture A order to load rule]
T58@
[58] AF [load rule]
T6V [to work space]
[Write new symbol (0 or 1) to tape. New symbol is in low bit of rule.]
HN [H register := 111...1110]
C6V
S6V [result = 0 if new symbol is 0; -1 if it's 1]
H8V [H register = mask 1...101...1 for current bit]
G67@ [jump to set the bit]
C7V [clear the bit]
E69@ [always jump (because top bit in tape store is always 0)]
[Set bit, assuming acc = -1 here (reason why it works is a bit complicated)]
[67] C7V
S8V
[69] TF [manufactured order]
[Update position of tape head, i.e. inc by 1, dec by 1, or no change.]
[Move is in top 2 bits of rule, thus]
[1x = move left, i.e. dec position (function letter can be L)]
[00 = move right, i.e. inc position (function letter can be R)]
[01 = stay, i.e. don't change position (function letter can be S)]
A6V
G83@ [left if top bit is 1]
[72] LD [else test next bit]
G95@ [skip move if next bit is 1]
[74] TF [here to move right]
A3V [inc position]
A2F
U3V
[Here we update the maximum position if latest >= maximum.]
[This is unnecessary if latest = maximum, but code is simpler this way.]
S4V [test against maximum position]
G95@ [skip if latest < maximum]
A4V [restore after test]
T4V [update maximum]
E91@ [always jump, to check for overflow]
[83] TF [here to move left]
A3V [dec position]
S2F
[86] U3V
S5V [test against current minimum position]
E95@ [jump if >= minimum]
A5V [restore acc after test]
T5V [update minimum]
[After updating maximum or minimum position, check that
available memory hasn't been exceeded.]
[91] A4V [maximum position]
S5V [subtract minimum position]
S25N [compare against number available]
E107@ [jump out if overflow]
[The next order also serves as a constant]
[95] TF [clear acc for next part]
[Increment the number of steps]
A#V
YFYF
T#V
[Finally set the new state.]
[100] H23N [mask for state bits in rule]
C6V [acc := new state]
SA [is it the last state?]
E111@ [if yes, halt the Turing machine]
AA [restore acc after test]
T2V [update state]
E29@ [loop back for next step]
[Overflow, i.e. non-negative tape positions (ascending in EDSAC memory)
collide with negative tape positions (descending).]
[107] O29N [set teleprinter to letters]
O107@ ON [print 'OV' to indicate overflow]
E116@ [jump to exit]
[Print number of steps]
[111] TF A#V [clear accc, load number of steps]
TD [number of steps to 0D for print subroutine
[114] A114 @GG [call print subroutine]
[116] O26N O27N [print CR, LF]
O28N [print null to flush teleprinter buffer]
ZF [stop]
[============================= G parameter ===============================]
E25K TG
[Library subroutine P7. 35 locations, even address. WWG page 18.]
[Prints non-negative integer, up to 10 digits, right-justified.]
GKA3FT26@H28#@NDYFLDT4DS27@TFH8@S8@T1FV4DAFG31@SFLDUFOFFFSFL4F
T4DA1FA27@G11@XFT28#ZPFT27ZP1024FP610D@524D!FO30@SFL8FE22@
[========================== X parameter again ===============================]
E25K TX GK
EZ [define entry point]
PF [enter with acc = 0]
[end]- Output:
[Simple incrementer]
NR STEPS
4
[3-state busy beaver]
NR STEPS
13
[5-state busy beaver; requires fast EDSAC simulator]
NR STEPS
47176870
Erlang
The following code is an Escript which can be placed into a file and run as escript filename or simply marked as executable and run directly via the provided shebang header. -type and -spec declarations have not been used; using the typer utility can get a head start on this process should a more robust solution be desired.
In this universal Turing machine simulator, a machine is defined by giving it a configuration function that returns the initial state, the halting states and the blank symbol, as well as a function for the rules. These are passed in to the public interface turing/3 as funs, together with the initial tape setup.
#!/usr/bin/env escript
-module(turing).
-mode(compile).
-export([main/1]).
% Incrementer definition:
% States: a | halt
% Initial state: a
% Halting states: halt
% Symbols: b | '1'
% Blank symbol: b
incrementer_config() -> {a, [halt], b}.
incrementer(a, '1') -> {'1', right, a};
incrementer(a, b) -> {'1', stay, halt}.
% Busy beaver definition:
% States: a | b | c | halt
% Initial state: a
% Halting states: halt
% Symbols: '0' | '1'
% Blank symbol: '0'
busy_beaver_config() -> {a, [halt], '0'}.
busy_beaver(a, '0') -> {'1', right, b};
busy_beaver(a, '1') -> {'1', left, c};
busy_beaver(b, '0') -> {'1', left, a};
busy_beaver(b, '1') -> {'1', right, b};
busy_beaver(c, '0') -> {'1', left, b};
busy_beaver(c, '1') -> {'1', stay, halt}.
% Mainline code.
main([]) ->
io:format("==============================~n"),
io:format("Turing machine simulator test.~n"),
io:format("==============================~n"),
Tape1 = turing(fun incrementer_config/0, fun incrementer/2, ['1','1','1']),
io:format("~w~n", [Tape1]),
Tape2 = turing(fun busy_beaver_config/0, fun busy_beaver/2, []),
io:format("~w~n", [Tape2]).
% Universal Turing machine simulator.
turing(Config, Rules, Input) ->
{Start, _, _} = Config(),
{Left, Right} = perform(Config, Rules, Start, {[], Input}),
lists:reverse(Left) ++ Right.
perform(Config, Rules, State, Input = {LeftInput, RightInput}) ->
{_, Halts, Blank} = Config(),
case lists:member(State, Halts) of
true -> Input;
false ->
{NewRight, Symbol} = symbol(RightInput, Blank),
{NewSymbol, Action, NewState} = Rules(State, Symbol),
NewInput = action(Action, Blank, {LeftInput, [NewSymbol| NewRight]}),
perform(Config, Rules, NewState, NewInput)
end.
symbol([], Blank) -> {[], Blank};
symbol([S|R], _) -> {R, S}.
action(left, Blank, {[], Right}) -> {[], [Blank|Right]};
action(left, _, {[L|Ls], Right}) -> {Ls, [L|Right]};
action(stay, _, Tape) -> Tape;
action(right, Blank, {Left, []}) -> {[Blank|Left], []};
action(right, _, {Left, [R|Rs]}) -> {[R|Left], Rs}.
Fortran
The plan
A Turing machine is the apotheosis of spaghetti code, because every action is followed by a GO TO another state. This is rather like SNOBOL, where every statement succeeds or fails, and is (optionally) followed by a GO TO for each condition. This in turn means that there is no special ordering of the states, aside from indicating which is to be the starting point. One can reorder them to taste. Accordingly, the plan is to number the states 1, 2, etc. with zero reserved to mean HALT and the starting state to be number one, no matter what names happen to be associated with a description of the states and their transitions. This has the advantage that the test for stopping is not STATE = ENDSTATE where STATE and ENDSTATE are some cute texts involving "HALT" or somesuch, but just STATE = 0, and not some arbitrary integer in a variable but a constant and a special constant at that. In short, the computer should be able to make this test without any subtraction, just inspecting the value of STATE as by loading into the accumulator whereby indicators are set. Alas, intel cpus employ cmp dword ptr [STATE (00476620)],0 so they do perform a subtraction anyway, and I wonder why I bother. But, principle is to be upheld!
Similarly, various symbols are described as being on the tape but they can be deemed to be symbol number 0, symbol number 1, and so on, as numerical values and not character codes (be they ASCII or whatever), in whatever order is convenient.
With this in mind, after some cogitation it was clear that the transition tables could be specified in a basic way involving only numerical values, and that each state would have NSYMBOL entries. Thus, the table would be indexed as a two-dimensional array, (STATE,SYMBOL) where SYMBOL was the (number of) the symbol under the tape's read/write head. Since this project involves a variety of Turing machines that manipulate a varying collection of symbols, the transition table would have to be dimensioned according to the problem. But this is distasteful, because it means that the array indexing involves variables rather than constants, slowing the calculation. Similarly, one could define a compound data aggregate such as TRANSITION(state,symbol) with sub entries MARK, MOVE, and NEXT at the cost of more complex indexing again - plus requiring the facilities of F90 and later.
Instead the plan was to use one dimensional arrays, and to perform the indexing via IT = STATE*NSYMBOL - S for symbol number S after which the transition entries would be MARK(IT), MOVE(IT), and NEXT(IT). This scheme has no CASE-statements nor compound IF-statements to identify the individual states and the particular symbol under the read/write head so as to select the correct transition. Hopefully, the compiler will recognise the similar shape of each array and reduce its code accordingly. The subtraction of the symbol code rather than addition is due to the more normal IT = (STATE - 1)*NSYMBOL + S requiring an extra subtraction, which is to be avoided. Otherwise the transition table would have unused entries at the start (because state zero requires no transitions) and this waste causes an itch.
The input scheme initially required a numbers-only style of description (so free-format reading could be used), and translating to the reduced scheme from the different presentation styles of the example Turing machine descriptions was tricky. The initial format required that the transitions for each state be entered in reverse numerical order of the number of the symbol being recognised, with no mention of the symbol because it was deduced by the order of entry, just the MARK, MOVE, and NEXT values, as follows:
1 State 1 1,-1, 3 1,+1, 2 2 State 2 1,+1, 2 1,-1, 1
Since only one number was required on the STATE lines, a comment can follow the value. Although this avoided redundant data (there being no need to give the state number on every line as well) it proved to be troublesome to prepare, so for the larger descriptions (involving a conversion of state names to numbers, and symbol glyphs to symbol numbers), a retreat: present the symbol number, and allow the entries to be in any order - such as increasing. When the transition table as ingested is printed, this means that the entry numbers are in an odd order, but no matter. Should there be an error in the input, a mess will result but preparing a more flexible input arrangement would require a lot more code.
Specifying the initial state of the tape proved a bit tricky in the case when it was to be entirely blank, as end-of-file problems arose. So for that case a single zero was supplied and the problem went away... The tape's initial state is all zero anyway. Remember that in the scheme here this is symbol number zero, not "0".
After the first version was working, annoyance with the numerical symbol specification scheme prompted an escalation to the ability to specify an alphabet of arbitrary symbols, rather than symbol number 0, number 1, etc. but this could cause difficulty with the free-format reading, especially if one symbol were to be a blank. It transpired that character data could be read into character variables in free-format with or without quotes around them, provided that outside quotes a desired symbol is neither a space nor a comma. Thus the initial specification of two symbols might be "01" or "10" or "AB" or AB for the content of SYMBOLS, and when the transition table is read, the supplied symbol is sought within SYMBOLS. The internal working continues with the number of the symbol, not the symbol's numerical value.
The next escalation concerned attempts to keep track of the bounds of the read/write head's position. The original display was a bit disappointing as the great expanse of zero values was oppressive to the eye. By introducing variables HMIN and HMAX a track could be kept of what span of the tape had been explicitly initialised and seen by the read/write head. Tape cells outside those bounds still have symbol number zero (sometimes named as B) but blanks were shown. However, maintaining those bounds added to the effort of the simple interpretation loop, and after some thought it became clear that a special additional symbol could be introduced so that symbol number zero would have a space as its symbol, and the declared symbols would be numbered one to N rather than 0 to N - 1. By making its action entries the same as for the first symbol, all would be well. At the end of the run that tape (alas, a finite tape) could be scanned to ascertain the bounds of action.
In short, state one is special, it is the starting state. Symbol one (that would previously have been counted as symbol number zero) is special, it is synonymous with blank tape - which holds symbol(0), which when printed is a blank...
Source
This is in F77 style, and just one mainline. The Turing action is effected by just five statements:
200 I = STATE*NSYMBOL - ICHAR(TAPE(HEAD)) !Index the transition.
TAPE(HEAD) = MARK(I) !Do it. Possibly not changing the symbol.
HEAD = HEAD + MOVE(I) !Possibly not moving the head.
STATE = ICHAR(NEXT(I)) !Hopefully, something has changed!
IF (STATE.GT.0) GO TO 200 !Otherwise, we might loop forever...
Which manifests the ability to read and write memory, simple arithmetic, and a conditional branch. This is all it takes. And thanks to Kurt Gödel, it is known that simple arithmetic is enough to construct statements that are true, but unprovable.
The use of ICHAR() and CHAR() hopefully involves no machine code effort, they are merely a genuflection to the rules of type checking to calm the compiler. Most of the blather is concerned with acquiring the description (with minimal checking), and preparing some trace output.
Showing the head movement with a plus sign for positive movement but not zero proved a bit tricky, given that an uninitialised MOVE entry has the obtrusive value of -60 so that function SIGN doesn't help: SIGN(1,-60) gives -1, but SIGN(1,0) gives 1. SIGN(MAX(-1,i),i) would do and now this is becoming messy, so array indexing trickery is out unless a special function is to be supplied - but this is a mainline-only attempt. The SP format code causes the appearance of a plus for subsequent fields but alas, zero has a plus sign also. So, write to a text variable, place the plus sign if wanted, and write the resulting text.
PROGRAM U !Reads a specification of a Turing machine, and executes it.
Careful! Reserves a symbol #0 to represent blank tape as a blank.
INTEGER MANY,FIRST,LAST !Some sizes must be decided upon.
PARAMETER (MANY = 66, FIRST = 1, LAST = 666) !These should do.
INTEGER HERE(MANY)
CHARACTER*1 MARK(MANY) !The transition table.
INTEGER*1 MOVE(MANY) !Three related arrays.
CHARACTER*1 NEXT(MANY) !All with the same indexing.
CHARACTER*1 TAPE(FIRST:LAST)!Notionally, no final bound, in both directions - a potential infinity..
INTEGER STATE !Execution starts with state 1.
INTEGER HEAD !And the tape read/write head at position 1.
INTEGER STEP !And we might as well keep count.
INTEGER OFFSET !An affine shift.
INTEGER NSTATE !Counts can be helpful.
INTEGER NSYMBOL !The count of recognised symbols.
INTEGER S,S1 !Symbol numbers.
CHARACTER*1 RS,WS !Input scanning: read symbol, write symbol.
CHARACTER*1 SYMBOL(0:MANY) !I reserve SYMBOL(0).
CHARACTER*(MANY) SYMBOLS !Up to 255, for single character variables.
EQUIVALENCE (SYMBOL(1),SYMBOLS) !Individually or collectively.
INTEGER I,J,K,L,IT !Assistants.
INTEGER LONG !Now for some text scanning.
PARAMETER (LONG = 80) !This should suffice.
CHARACTER*(LONG) ALINE !A scratchpad.
REAL T0,T1 !Some CPU time attempts.
INTEGER KBD,MSG,INF !Some I/O unit numbers.
KBD = 5 !Standard input.
MSG = 6 !Standard output
INF = 10 !Suitable for a disc file.
OPEN (INF,FILE = "TestAdd1.dat",ACTION="READ") !Go for one.
READ (INF,1) ALINE !The first line is to be a heding.
1 FORMAT (A) !Just plain text.
WRITE (MSG,2) ALINE !Reveal it.
2 FORMAT ("Turing machine simulation for... ",A) !Announce the plan.
READ (INF,*) SYMBOLS !Allows a quoted string.
NSYMBOL = LEN_TRIM(SYMBOLS) !How many symbols? (Trailing spaces will be lost)
WRITE (MSG,3) NSYMBOL,SYMBOLS(1:NSYMBOL) !They will be symbol number 0, 1, ..., NSYMBOL - 1.
3 FORMAT (I0," symbols: >",A,"<") !And this is their count.
IF (NSYMBOL.LE.1) STOP "Expect at least two symbols!"
SYMBOL(0) = " " !My special state meaning "never before seen".
NSYMBOL = NSYMBOL + 1 !So, one more is in actual use.
NSTATE = 0 !As for states, I haven't seen any.
MOVE = -66 !This should cause trouble and be noticed!
MARK = CHAR(0) !In case a state is omitted.
NEXT = CHAR(0) !Like, mention state seven, but omit mention of state six.
HERE = 0 !Clear the counts.
Collate the transition table.
10 READ (INF,*) STATE !Read this once, rather than for every transition.
IF (STATE.LE.0) GO TO 20 !Ah, finished.
WRITE (MSG,11) STATE !But they can come in any order.
NSTATE = MAX(STATE,NSTATE)!And I'd like to know how many.
11 FORMAT ("Entry: Read Write Move Next. For state ",I0) !Prepare a nice heading.
IF (STATE.LE.0) STOP "Positive STATE numbers only!" !It may not be followed.
IF (STATE*NSYMBOL.GT.MANY) STOP"My transition table is too small!" !But the value of STATE is shown.
DO S = 0,NSYMBOL - 1 !Initialise the transitions for STATE.
IT = STATE*NSYMBOL - S !Finger the one for S.
MARK(IT) = CHAR(S) !No change to what's under the head.
NEXT(IT) = CHAR(0) !And this stops the run.
END DO !Just in case a symbol's number is omitted.
DO S = 1,NSYMBOL - 1 !A transition for every symbol must be given or the read process will get out of step.
READ(INF,*) RS,WS,K,L !Read symbol, write symbol, move, next.
I = INDEX(SYMBOLS(1:NSYMBOL - 1),RS) !Convert the character to a symbol number.
J = INDEX(SYMBOLS(1:NSYMBOL - 1),WS) !To enable decorative glyphs, not just digits.
IF (I.LE.0) STOP "Unrecognised read symbol!" !This really should be more helpful.
IF (J.LE.0) STOP "Unrecognised write symbol!" !By reading into ALINE and showing it, etc.
IT = STATE*NSYMBOL - I !Locate the entry for the state x symbol pair.
MARK(IT) = CHAR(J) !The value to be written.
MOVE(IT) = K !The movement of the tape head.
NEXT(IT) = CHAR(L) !The next state.
IF (I.EQ.1) S1 = IT !This transition will be duplicated. SYMBOL(1) is for blank tape.
END DO !On to the next symbol's transition.
Copy SYMBOL(1)'s transition to the transition for the secret extra, SYMBOL(0).
IT = STATE*NSYMBOL !Finger the interpolated entry for SYMBOL(0).
MARK(IT) = MARK(S1) !Thus will SYMBOL(0), shown as a space, be overwritten.
MOVE(IT) = MOVE(S1) !And SYMBOL(0) treated
NEXT(IT) = NEXT(S1) !Exactly as if it were SYMBOL(1).
Cast forth the transition table for STATE, not mentioning SYMBOL(0) - but see label 911.
DO S = 1,NSYMBOL - 1 !Roll them out in the order as given in SYMBOL.
IT = STATE*NSYMBOL - S !But the entry number will be odd.
WRITE (ALINE,12) IT,SYMBOL(S), !The character's code value is irrelevant.
1 SYMBOL(ICHAR(MARK(IT))),MOVE(IT),ICHAR(NEXT(IT)) !Append the details just read.
12 FORMAT (I5,":",2X,'"',A1,'"',3X'"',A1,'"',I5,I5,I13) !Revealing the symbols, not their number.
IF (MOVE(IT).GT.0) ALINE(21:21) = "+" !I want a leading + for positive, not zero.
WRITE (MSG,1) ALINE(1:27) !The SP format code is unhelpful for zero.
END DO !Hopefully, I'm still in sync with the input.
GO TO 10 !Perhaps another state follows.
Chew tape. The initial state is some sequence of symbols, starting at TAPE(1).
20 TAPE = CHAR(0) !Set every cell to zero. Not blank.
OFFSET = 12 !Affine shift. The numerical value of HEAD is not seen.
READ (INF,1) ALINE !Get text, for the tape's initial state.
L = LEN_TRIM(ALINE) !Last non-blank. Flexible format this isn't.
DO I = 1,L !Step through cells 1 to L.
TAPE(I + OFFSET - 1) = CHAR(INDEX(SYMBOLS,ALINE(I:I))) !Character code to symbol number.
END DO !Rather than reading as I1.
CLOSE (INF) !Finished with the input, and not much checking either.
WRITE (MSG,*) !Take a breath.
Cast forth a heading..
WRITE (MSG,99) !Announce.
99 FORMAT ("Starts with State 1 and the tape head at 1.") !Positioned for OFFSET = 12.
ALINE = " Step: Head State|Tape..." !Prepare a heading for the trace.
L = 18 + OFFSET*2 !Locate the start position.
ALINE(L - 1:L + 1) = "<H>"!No underlining, no overprinting, no colour (neither background nor foreground). Sigh.
WRITE (MSG,1) ALINE !Take that!
CALL CPU_TIME(T0) !Start the clock.
HEAD = OFFSET !This is counted as position one.
STATE = 1 !The initial state.
STEP = 0 !No steps yet.
Chase through the transitions. Could check that HEAD is within bounds FIRST:LAST.
100 IF (STEP.GE.200) GO TO 200 !Perhaps an extended campaign.
STEP = STEP + 1 !Otherwise, here we go.
DO I = 1,LONG/2 !Scan TAPE(1:LONG/2).
IT = 2*I - 1 !Allowing two positions each.
ALINE(IT:IT) = " " !So a leading space.
ALINE(IT + 1:IT + 1) = SYMBOL(ICHAR(TAPE(I))) !And the indicated symbol.
END DO !On to the enxt.
I = HEAD*2 !The head's location in the display span.
IF (I.GT.1 .AND. I.LT.LONG) THEN !Within range?
IF (ALINE(I:I).EQ.SYMBOL(0)) ALINE(I:I) = SYMBOL(1) !Yes. Am I looking at a new cell?
ALINE(I - 1:I - 1) = "<" !Bracket the head's cell.
ALINE(I + 1:I + 1) = ">" !In ALINE.
END IF !So much for showing the head's position.
WRITE (MSG,102) STEP,HEAD - OFFSET + 1,STATE,ALINE !Splot the state.
102 FORMAT (I5,":",I5,I6,"|",A) !Aligns with FORMAT 99.
I = STATE*NSYMBOL - ICHAR(TAPE(HEAD)) !For this STATE and the symbol under TAPE(HEAD)
HERE(I) = HERE(I) + 1 !Count my visits.
TAPE(HEAD) = MARK(I) !Place the new symbol.
HEAD = HEAD + MOVE(I) !Move the head.
IF (HEAD.LT.FIRST .OR. HEAD.GT.LAST) GO TO 110 !Check the bounds.
STATE = ICHAR(NEXT(I)) !The new state.
IF (STATE.GT.0) GO TO 100 !Go to it.
Cease.
I = HEAD*2 !Locate HEAD within ALINE.
IF (I.GT.1 .AND. I.LT.LONG) ALINE(I:I) = SYMBOL(ICHAR(TAPE(HEAD))) !The only change.
WRITE (MSG,103) HEAD - OFFSET + 1,STATE,ALINE !Show.
103 FORMAT ("HALT!",I6,I6,"|",A) !But, no step count to start with. See FORMAT 102.
GO TO 900 !Done.
Can't continue! Insufficient tape, alas.
110 WRITE (MSG,*) "Insufficient tape!" !Oh dear.
GO TO 900 !Give in.
Change into high gear: no trace and no test thereof neither.
200 STEP = STEP + 1 !So, advance.
IF (MOD(STEP,10000000).EQ.0) WRITE (MSG,201) STEP !Ah, still some timewasting.
201 FORMAT ("Step ",I0) !No screen action is rather discouraging.
I = STATE*NSYMBOL - ICHAR(TAPE(HEAD)) !Index the transition.
HERE(I) = HERE(I) + 1 !Another visit.
TAPE(HEAD) = MARK(I) !Do it. Possibly not changing the symbol.
HEAD = HEAD + MOVE(I) !Possibly not moving the head.
IF (HEAD.LT.FIRST .OR. HEAD.GT.LAST) GO TO 110 !But checking the bounds just in case.
STATE = ICHAR(NEXT(I)) !Hopefully, something has changed!
IF (STATE.GT.0) GO TO 200 !Otherwise, we might loop forever...
Closedown.
900 CALL CPU_TIME(T1) !Where did it all go?
WRITE (MSG,901) STEP,STATE !Announce the ending.
901 FORMAT ("After step ",I0,", state = ",I0,".") !Thus.
DO I = FIRST,LAST !Scan the tape.
IF (ICHAR(TAPE(I)).NE.0) EXIT !This is the whole point of SYMBOL(0).
END DO !So that the bounds
DO J = LAST,FIRST,-1 !Of tape access
IF (ICHAR(TAPE(J)).NE.0) EXIT !(and placement of the initial state)
END DO !Can be found without tedious ongoing MIN and MAX.
WRITE (MSG,902) HEAD - OFFSET + 1, !Tediously,
1 I - OFFSET + 1, !Reverse the offset
2 J - OFFSET + 1 !So as to seem that HEAD = 1, to start with.
902 FORMAT ("The head is at position ",I0, !Now announce the results.
1 " and wandered over ",I0," to ",I0) !This will affect the dimension chosen for TAPE.
T1 = T1 - T0 !Some time may have been accurately measured.
IF (T1.GT.0.1) WRITE (MSG,903) T1 !And this may be sort of correct.
903 FORMAT ("CPU time",F9.3) !Though distinct from elapsed time.
Curious about the usage of the transition table?
910 WRITE (MSG,911) !Possibly not,
911 FORMAT (/,35X,"Usage.") !But here it comes.
DO STATE = 1,NSTATE !For every state
WRITE (MSG,11) STATE !Name the state, as before.
DO S = 0,NSYMBOL - 1 !But this time, roll every symbol.
IT = STATE*NSYMBOL - S !Including my "secret" symbol.
WRITE (ALINE,12) IT,SYMBOL(S), !The same sequence,
1 SYMBOL(ICHAR(MARK(IT))),MOVE(IT),ICHAR(NEXT(IT)),HERE(IT) !But with an addendum here.
IF (MOVE(IT).GT.0) ALINE(21:21) = "+" !SIGN(i,i) gives -1, 0, +1 but -60 for -60.
WRITE (MSG,1) ALINE(1:40) !When what I want is -1. SIGN(1,i) doesn't give zero.
END DO !On to the next symbol in the order as supplied.
END DO !And the next state, in numbers order.
END !That was fun.
Results
Rather than show the input file and its possibly oddly-ordered entries, its presentation in the output is more regular if with oddly-ordered entry numbering... The symbols on the tape are presented in a two-character field so that the one under the tape read/write head can be shown <bracketed>.
Simple base one incrementer
Turing machine simulation for... A simple base 1 incrementer.
2 symbols: >01<
Entry: Read Write Move Next. For state 1
2: "0" "1" 0 0
1: "1" "1" +1 1
Starts with State 1 and the tape head at 1.
Step: Head State|Tape... <H>
1: 1 1| <1>1 1
2: 2 1| 1<1>1
3: 3 1| 1 1<1>
4: 4 1| 1 1 1<0>
HALT! 4 0| 1 1 1<1>
After step 4, state = 0.
The head is at position 4 and wandered over 1 to 4
Usage.
Entry: Read Write Move Next. For state 1
3: " " "1" 0 0 1
2: "0" "1" 0 0 0
1: "1" "1" +1 1 3
After the run the transition table is shown again, augmented by counts for each entry, and with the extra symbol shown as well as those in the supplied table. Here is the same specification but with 01 replaced by BA:
A simple base 1 incrementer. BA 1 State 1 A, A,+1, 1 B, A, 0, 0 0 No more states. AAA
With the equivalent output. No significance is ascribed to the glyphs, other than that the first symbol is taken as being synonymous with blank tape. For each state, the entry for that first symbol is duplicated for symbol zero, which is reserved for blank tape that will be depicted as blank not whatever the first symbol is - which can't be a space, given free-format input without quoting...
Turing machine simulation for... A simple base 1 incrementer.
2 symbols: >BA<
Entry: Read Write Move Next. For state 1
2: "B" "A" 0 0
1: "A" "A" +1 1
Starts with State 1 and the tape head at 1.
Step: Head State|Tape... <H>
1: 1 1| <A>A A
2: 2 1| A<A>A
3: 3 1| A A<A>
4: 4 1| A A A<B>
HALT! 4 0| A A A<A>
After step 4, state = 0.
The head is at position 4 and wandered over 1 to 4
Usage.
Entry: Read Write Move Next. For state 1
3: " " "A" 0 0 1
2: "B" "A" 0 0 0
1: "A" "A" +1 1 3
In other words, the glyphs chosen for symbol number one, symbol number two, etc. do not matter so long as they are used consistently.
Three-state Busy Beaver
Turing machine simulation for... A three-state Busy Beaver.
2 symbols: >01<
Entry: Read Write Move Next. For state 1
2: "0" "1" +1 2
1: "1" "1" -1 3
Entry: Read Write Move Next. For state 2
5: "0" "1" -1 1
4: "1" "1" +1 2
Entry: Read Write Move Next. For state 3
8: "0" "1" -1 2
7: "1" "1" 0 0
Starts with State 1 and the tape head at 1.
Step: Head State|Tape... <H>
1: 1 1| <0>
2: 2 2| 1<0>
3: 1 1| <1>1
4: 0 3| <0>1 1
5: -1 2| <0>1 1 1
6: -2 1| <0>1 1 1 1
7: -1 2| 1<1>1 1 1
8: 0 2| 1 1<1>1 1
9: 1 2| 1 1 1<1>1
10: 2 2| 1 1 1 1<1>
11: 3 2| 1 1 1 1 1<0>
12: 2 1| 1 1 1 1<1>1
13: 1 3| 1 1 1<1>1 1
HALT! 1 0| 1 1 1<1>1 1
After step 13, state = 0.
The head is at position 1 and wandered over -2 to 3
Usage.
Entry: Read Write Move Next. For state 1
3: " " "1" +1 2 1
2: "0" "1" +1 2 1
1: "1" "1" -1 3 2
Entry: Read Write Move Next. For state 2
6: " " "1" -1 1 3
5: "0" "1" -1 1 0
4: "1" "1" +1 2 4
Entry: Read Write Move Next. For state 3
9: " " "1" -1 2 1
8: "0" "1" -1 2 0
7: "1" "1" 0 0 1
Sorting
The TestSort.dat file is the last prepared in the reverse symbol order. Translating from the verbose description to the reduced style required care, especially because it did not specify some combinations, that presumably would never arise.
Turing machine simulation for... A sorting test.
4 symbols: >0123<
Entry: Read Write Move Next. For state 1
4: "0" "0" -1 5
3: "1" "1" +1 1
2: "2" "3" +1 2
1: "3" "3" 0 0
Entry: Read Write Move Next. For state 2
9: "0" "0" -1 3
8: "1" "1" +1 2
7: "2" "2" +1 2
6: "3" "3" 0 0
Entry: Read Write Move Next. For state 3
14: "0" "0" 0 0
13: "1" "2" -1 4
12: "2" "2" -1 3
11: "3" "2" -1 5
Entry: Read Write Move Next. For state 4
19: "0" "0" 0 0
18: "1" "1" -1 4
17: "2" "2" -1 4
16: "3" "1" +1 1
Entry: Read Write Move Next. For state 5
24: "0" "0" +1 0
23: "1" "1" -1 5
22: "2" "2" 0 0
21: "3" "3" 0 0
Starts with State 1 and the tape head at 1.
Step: Head State|Tape... <H>
1: 1 1| <2>2 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
2: 2 2| 3<2>2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
3: 3 2| 3 2<2>1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
4: 4 2| 3 2 2<1>2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
5: 5 2| 3 2 2 1<2>2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
6: 6 2| 3 2 2 1 2<2>1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
7: 7 2| 3 2 2 1 2 2<1>2 1 2 1 2 1 2
8: 8 2| 3 2 2 1 2 2 1<2>1 2 1 2 1 2
9: 9 2| 3 2 2 1 2 2 1 2<1>2 1 2 1 2
10: 10 2| 3 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 1<2>1 2 1 2
11: 11 2| 3 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2<1>2 1 2
12: 12 2| 3 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1<2>1 2
13: 13 2| 3 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2<1>2
14: 14 2| 3 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1<2>
15: 15 2| 3 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2<0>
16: 14 3| 3 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1<2>0
17: 13 3| 3 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2<1>2 0
18: 12 4| 3 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1<2>2 2 0
19: 11 4| 3 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2<1>2 2 2 0
20: 10 4| 3 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 1<2>1 2 2 2 0
21: 9 4| 3 2 2 1 2 2 1 2<1>2 1 2 2 2 0
22: 8 4| 3 2 2 1 2 2 1<2>1 2 1 2 2 2 0
23: 7 4| 3 2 2 1 2 2<1>2 1 2 1 2 2 2 0
24: 6 4| 3 2 2 1 2<2>1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 0
25: 5 4| 3 2 2 1<2>2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 0
26: 4 4| 3 2 2<1>2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 0
27: 3 4| 3 2<2>1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 0
28: 2 4| 3<2>2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 0
29: 1 4| <3>2 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 0
30: 2 1| 1<2>2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 0
31: 3 2| 1 3<2>1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 0
32: 4 2| 1 3 2<1>2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 0
33: 5 2| 1 3 2 1<2>2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 0
34: 6 2| 1 3 2 1 2<2>1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 0
35: 7 2| 1 3 2 1 2 2<1>2 1 2 1 2 2 2 0
36: 8 2| 1 3 2 1 2 2 1<2>1 2 1 2 2 2 0
37: 9 2| 1 3 2 1 2 2 1 2<1>2 1 2 2 2 0
38: 10 2| 1 3 2 1 2 2 1 2 1<2>1 2 2 2 0
39: 11 2| 1 3 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2<1>2 2 2 0
40: 12 2| 1 3 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1<2>2 2 0
41: 13 2| 1 3 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2<2>2 0
42: 14 2| 1 3 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2<2>0
43: 15 2| 1 3 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2<0>
44: 14 3| 1 3 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2<2>0
45: 13 3| 1 3 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2<2>2 0
46: 12 3| 1 3 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1<2>2 2 0
47: 11 3| 1 3 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2<1>2 2 2 0
48: 10 4| 1 3 2 1 2 2 1 2 1<2>2 2 2 2 0
49: 9 4| 1 3 2 1 2 2 1 2<1>2 2 2 2 2 0
50: 8 4| 1 3 2 1 2 2 1<2>1 2 2 2 2 2 0
51: 7 4| 1 3 2 1 2 2<1>2 1 2 2 2 2 2 0
52: 6 4| 1 3 2 1 2<2>1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 0
53: 5 4| 1 3 2 1<2>2 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 0
54: 4 4| 1 3 2<1>2 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 0
55: 3 4| 1 3<2>1 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 0
56: 2 4| 1<3>2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 0
57: 3 1| 1 1<2>1 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 0
58: 4 2| 1 1 3<1>2 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 0
59: 5 2| 1 1 3 1<2>2 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 0
60: 6 2| 1 1 3 1 2<2>1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 0
61: 7 2| 1 1 3 1 2 2<1>2 1 2 2 2 2 2 0
62: 8 2| 1 1 3 1 2 2 1<2>1 2 2 2 2 2 0
63: 9 2| 1 1 3 1 2 2 1 2<1>2 2 2 2 2 0
64: 10 2| 1 1 3 1 2 2 1 2 1<2>2 2 2 2 0
65: 11 2| 1 1 3 1 2 2 1 2 1 2<2>2 2 2 0
66: 12 2| 1 1 3 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 2<2>2 2 0
67: 13 2| 1 1 3 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 2<2>2 0
68: 14 2| 1 1 3 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 2<2>0
69: 15 2| 1 1 3 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2<0>
70: 14 3| 1 1 3 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 2<2>0
71: 13 3| 1 1 3 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 2<2>2 0
72: 12 3| 1 1 3 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 2<2>2 2 0
73: 11 3| 1 1 3 1 2 2 1 2 1 2<2>2 2 2 0
74: 10 3| 1 1 3 1 2 2 1 2 1<2>2 2 2 2 0
75: 9 3| 1 1 3 1 2 2 1 2<1>2 2 2 2 2 0
76: 8 4| 1 1 3 1 2 2 1<2>2 2 2 2 2 2 0
77: 7 4| 1 1 3 1 2 2<1>2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0
78: 6 4| 1 1 3 1 2<2>1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0
79: 5 4| 1 1 3 1<2>2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0
80: 4 4| 1 1 3<1>2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0
81: 3 4| 1 1<3>1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0
82: 4 1| 1 1 1<1>2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0
83: 5 1| 1 1 1 1<2>2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0
84: 6 2| 1 1 1 1 3<2>1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0
85: 7 2| 1 1 1 1 3 2<1>2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0
86: 8 2| 1 1 1 1 3 2 1<2>2 2 2 2 2 2 0
87: 9 2| 1 1 1 1 3 2 1 2<2>2 2 2 2 2 0
88: 10 2| 1 1 1 1 3 2 1 2 2<2>2 2 2 2 0
89: 11 2| 1 1 1 1 3 2 1 2 2 2<2>2 2 2 0
90: 12 2| 1 1 1 1 3 2 1 2 2 2 2<2>2 2 0
91: 13 2| 1 1 1 1 3 2 1 2 2 2 2 2<2>2 0
92: 14 2| 1 1 1 1 3 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2<2>0
93: 15 2| 1 1 1 1 3 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2<0>
94: 14 3| 1 1 1 1 3 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2<2>0
95: 13 3| 1 1 1 1 3 2 1 2 2 2 2 2<2>2 0
96: 12 3| 1 1 1 1 3 2 1 2 2 2 2<2>2 2 0
97: 11 3| 1 1 1 1 3 2 1 2 2 2<2>2 2 2 0
98: 10 3| 1 1 1 1 3 2 1 2 2<2>2 2 2 2 0
99: 9 3| 1 1 1 1 3 2 1 2<2>2 2 2 2 2 0
100: 8 3| 1 1 1 1 3 2 1<2>2 2 2 2 2 2 0
101: 7 3| 1 1 1 1 3 2<1>2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0
102: 6 4| 1 1 1 1 3<2>2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0
103: 5 4| 1 1 1 1<3>2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0
104: 6 1| 1 1 1 1 1<2>2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0
105: 7 2| 1 1 1 1 1 3<2>2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0
106: 8 2| 1 1 1 1 1 3 2<2>2 2 2 2 2 2 0
107: 9 2| 1 1 1 1 1 3 2 2<2>2 2 2 2 2 0
108: 10 2| 1 1 1 1 1 3 2 2 2<2>2 2 2 2 0
109: 11 2| 1 1 1 1 1 3 2 2 2 2<2>2 2 2 0
110: 12 2| 1 1 1 1 1 3 2 2 2 2 2<2>2 2 0
111: 13 2| 1 1 1 1 1 3 2 2 2 2 2 2<2>2 0
112: 14 2| 1 1 1 1 1 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2<2>0
113: 15 2| 1 1 1 1 1 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2<0>
114: 14 3| 1 1 1 1 1 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2<2>0
115: 13 3| 1 1 1 1 1 3 2 2 2 2 2 2<2>2 0
116: 12 3| 1 1 1 1 1 3 2 2 2 2 2<2>2 2 0
117: 11 3| 1 1 1 1 1 3 2 2 2 2<2>2 2 2 0
118: 10 3| 1 1 1 1 1 3 2 2 2<2>2 2 2 2 0
119: 9 3| 1 1 1 1 1 3 2 2<2>2 2 2 2 2 0
120: 8 3| 1 1 1 1 1 3 2<2>2 2 2 2 2 2 0
121: 7 3| 1 1 1 1 1 3<2>2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0
122: 6 3| 1 1 1 1 1<3>2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0
123: 5 5| 1 1 1 1<1>2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0
124: 4 5| 1 1 1<1>1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0
125: 3 5| 1 1<1>1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0
126: 2 5| 1<1>1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0
127: 1 5| <1>1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0
128: 0 5| <0>1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0
HALT! 1 0| <0>1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0
After step 128, state = 0.
The head is at position 1 and wandered over 0 to 15
Usage.
Entry: Read Write Move Next. For state 1
5: " " "0" -1 5 0
4: "0" "0" -1 5 0
3: "1" "1" +1 1 1
2: "2" "3" +1 2 5
1: "3" "3" 0 0 0
Entry: Read Write Move Next. For state 2
10: " " "0" -1 3 1
9: "0" "0" -1 3 4
8: "1" "1" +1 2 13
7: "2" "2" +1 2 40
6: "3" "3" 0 0 0
Entry: Read Write Move Next. For state 3
15: " " "0" 0 0 0
14: "0" "0" 0 0 0
13: "1" "2" -1 4 4
12: "2" "2" -1 3 24
11: "3" "2" -1 5 1
Entry: Read Write Move Next. For state 4
20: " " "0" 0 0 0
19: "0" "0" 0 0 0
18: "1" "1" -1 4 9
17: "2" "2" -1 4 16
16: "3" "1" +1 1 4
Entry: Read Write Move Next. For state 5
25: " " "0" +1 0 1
24: "0" "0" +1 0 0
23: "1" "1" -1 5 5
22: "2" "2" 0 0 0
21: "3" "3" 0 0 0
Five-state Busy Beaver
The TestBB5.dat run required modifying the source with FIRST = -12345 and OFFSET = 20 so that the trace didn't hit the bounds.
Turing machine simulation for... A five-state Busy Beaver.
2 symbols: >01<
Entry: Read Write Move Next. For state 1
2: "0" "1" +1 2
1: "1" "1" -1 3
Entry: Read Write Move Next. For state 2
5: "0" "1" +1 3
4: "1" "1" +1 2
Entry: Read Write Move Next. For state 3
8: "0" "1" +1 4
7: "1" "0" -1 5
Entry: Read Write Move Next. For state 4
11: "0" "1" -1 1
10: "1" "1" -1 4
Entry: Read Write Move Next. For state 5
14: "0" "1" 0 0
13: "1" "0" -1 1
Starts with State 1 and the tape head at 1.
Step: Head State|Tape... <H>
1: 1 1| <0>
2: 2 2| 1<0>
3: 3 3| 1 1<0>
4: 4 4| 1 1 1<0>
5: 3 1| 1 1<1>1
6: 2 3| 1<1>1 1
7: 1 5| <1>0 1 1
8: 0 1| <0>0 0 1 1
9: 1 2| 1<0>0 1 1
10: 2 3| 1 1<0>1 1
11: 3 4| 1 1 1<1>1
12: 2 4| 1 1<1>1 1
13: 1 4| 1<1>1 1 1
14: 0 4| <1>1 1 1 1
15: -1 4| <0>1 1 1 1 1
16: -2 1| <0>1 1 1 1 1 1
17: -1 2| 1<1>1 1 1 1 1
18: 0 2| 1 1<1>1 1 1 1
19: 1 2| 1 1 1<1>1 1 1
20: 2 2| 1 1 1 1<1>1 1
21: 3 2| 1 1 1 1 1<1>1
22: 4 2| 1 1 1 1 1 1<1>
23: 5 2| 1 1 1 1 1 1 1<0>
24: 6 3| 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1<0>
25: 7 4| 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1<0>
26: 6 1| 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1<1>1
27: 5 3| 1 1 1 1 1 1 1<1>1 1
28: 4 5| 1 1 1 1 1 1<1>0 1 1
29: 3 1| 1 1 1 1 1<1>0 0 1 1
30: 2 3| 1 1 1 1<1>1 0 0 1 1
31: 1 5| 1 1 1<1>0 1 0 0 1 1
32: 0 1| 1 1<1>0 0 1 0 0 1 1
33: -1 3| 1<1>1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
34: -2 5| <1>0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
35: -3 1| <0>0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
36: -2 2| 1<0>0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
37: -1 3| 1 1<0>1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
38: 0 4| 1 1 1<1>0 0 1 0 0 1 1
39: -1 4| 1 1<1>1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
40: -2 4| 1<1>1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
41: -3 4| <1>1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
42: -4 4| <0>1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
43: -5 1| <0>1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
44: -4 2| 1<1>1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
45: -3 2| 1 1<1>1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
46: -2 2| 1 1 1<1>1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
47: -1 2| 1 1 1 1<1>1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
48: 0 2| 1 1 1 1 1<1>0 0 1 0 0 1 1
49: 1 2| 1 1 1 1 1 1<0>0 1 0 0 1 1
50: 2 3| 1 1 1 1 1 1 1<0>1 0 0 1 1
51: 3 4| 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1<1>0 0 1 1
52: 2 4| 1 1 1 1 1 1 1<1>1 0 0 1 1
53: 1 4| 1 1 1 1 1 1<1>1 1 0 0 1 1
54: 0 4| 1 1 1 1 1<1>1 1 1 0 0 1 1
55: -1 4| 1 1 1 1<1>1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1
56: -2 4| 1 1 1<1>1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1
57: -3 4| 1 1<1>1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1
58: -4 4| 1<1>1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1
59: -5 4| <1>1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1
60: -6 4| <0>1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1
61: -7 1| <0>1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1
62: -6 2| 1<1>1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1
63: -5 2| 1 1<1>1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1
64: -4 2| 1 1 1<1>1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1
65: -3 2| 1 1 1 1<1>1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1
66: -2 2| 1 1 1 1 1<1>1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1
67: -1 2| 1 1 1 1 1 1<1>1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1
68: 0 2| 1 1 1 1 1 1 1<1>1 1 1 0 0 1 1
69: 1 2| 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1<1>1 1 0 0 1 1
70: 2 2| 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1<1>1 0 0 1 1
71: 3 2| 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1<1>0 0 1 1
72: 4 2| 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1<0>0 1 1
73: 5 3| 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1<0>1 1
74: 6 4| 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1<1>1
75: 5 4| 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1<1>1 1
76: 4 4| 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1<1>1 1 1
77: 3 4| 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1<1>1 1 1 1
78: 2 4| 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1<1>1 1 1 1 1
79: 1 4| 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1<1>1 1 1 1 1 1
80: 0 4| 1 1 1 1 1 1 1<1>1 1 1 1 1 1 1
81: -1 4| 1 1 1 1 1 1<1>1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
82: -2 4| 1 1 1 1 1<1>1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
83: -3 4| 1 1 1 1<1>1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
84: -4 4| 1 1 1<1>1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
85: -5 4| 1 1<1>1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
86: -6 4| 1<1>1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
87: -7 4| <1>1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
88: -8 4| <0>1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
89: -9 1| <0>1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
90: -8 2| 1<1>1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
91: -7 2| 1 1<1>1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
92: -6 2| 1 1 1<1>1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
93: -5 2| 1 1 1 1<1>1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
94: -4 2| 1 1 1 1 1<1>1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
95: -3 2| 1 1 1 1 1 1<1>1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
96: -2 2| 1 1 1 1 1 1 1<1>1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
97: -1 2| 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1<1>1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
98: 0 2| 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1<1>1 1 1 1 1 1 1
99: 1 2| 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1<1>1 1 1 1 1 1
100: 2 2| 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1<1>1 1 1 1 1
101: 3 2| 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1<1>1 1 1 1
102: 4 2| 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1<1>1 1 1
103: 5 2| 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1<1>1 1
104: 6 2| 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1<1>1
105: 7 2| 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1<1>
106: 8 2| 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1<0>
107: 9 3| 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1<0>
108: 10 4| 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1<0>
109: 9 1| 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1<1>1
110: 8 3| 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1<1>1 1
111: 7 5| 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1<1>0 1 1
112: 6 1| 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1<1>0 0 1 1
113: 5 3| 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1<1>1 0 0 1 1
114: 4 5| 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1<1>0 1 0 0 1 1
115: 3 1| 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1<1>0 0 1 0 0 1 1
116: 2 3| 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1<1>1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
117: 1 5| 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1<1>0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
118: 0 1| 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1<1>0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
119: -1 3| 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1<1>1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
120: -2 5| 1 1 1 1 1 1 1<1>0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
121: -3 1| 1 1 1 1 1 1<1>0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
122: -4 3| 1 1 1 1 1<1>1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
123: -5 5| 1 1 1 1<1>0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
124: -6 1| 1 1 1<1>0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
125: -7 3| 1 1<1>1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
126: -8 5| 1<1>0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
127: -9 1| <1>0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
128: -10 3| <0>1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
129: -9 4| 1<1>0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
130: -10 4| <1>1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
131: -11 4| <0>1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
132: -12 1| <0>1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
133: -11 2| 1<1>1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
134: -10 2| 1 1<1>1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
135: -9 2| 1 1 1<1>0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
136: -8 2| 1 1 1 1<0>0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
137: -7 3| 1 1 1 1 1<0>1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
138: -6 4| 1 1 1 1 1 1<1>0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
139: -7 4| 1 1 1 1 1<1>1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
140: -8 4| 1 1 1 1<1>1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
141: -9 4| 1 1 1<1>1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
142: -10 4| 1 1<1>1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
143: -11 4| 1<1>1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
144: -12 4| <1>1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
145: -13 4| <0>1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
146: -14 1| <0>1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
147: -13 2| 1<1>1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
148: -12 2| 1 1<1>1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
149: -11 2| 1 1 1<1>1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
150: -10 2| 1 1 1 1<1>1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
151: -9 2| 1 1 1 1 1<1>1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
152: -8 2| 1 1 1 1 1 1<1>1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
153: -7 2| 1 1 1 1 1 1 1<1>1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
154: -6 2| 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1<1>0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
155: -5 2| 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1<0>0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
156: -4 3| 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1<0>1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
157: -3 4| 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1<1>0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
158: -4 4| 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1<1>1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
159: -5 4| 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1<1>1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
160: -6 4| 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1<1>1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
161: -7 4| 1 1 1 1 1 1 1<1>1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
162: -8 4| 1 1 1 1 1 1<1>1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
163: -9 4| 1 1 1 1 1<1>1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
164: -10 4| 1 1 1 1<1>1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
165: -11 4| 1 1 1<1>1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
166: -12 4| 1 1<1>1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
167: -13 4| 1<1>1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
168: -14 4| <1>1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
169: -15 4| <0>1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
170: -16 1| <0>1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
171: -15 2| 1<1>1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
172: -14 2| 1 1<1>1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
173: -13 2| 1 1 1<1>1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
174: -12 2| 1 1 1 1<1>1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
175: -11 2| 1 1 1 1 1<1>1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
176: -10 2| 1 1 1 1 1 1<1>1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
177: -9 2| 1 1 1 1 1 1 1<1>1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
178: -8 2| 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1<1>1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
179: -7 2| 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1<1>1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
180: -6 2| 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1<1>1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
181: -5 2| 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1<1>1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
182: -4 2| 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1<1>1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
183: -3 2| 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1<1>0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
184: -2 2| 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1<0>0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
185: -1 3| 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1<0>1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
186: 0 4| 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1<1>0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
187: -1 4| 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1<1>1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
188: -2 4| 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1<1>1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
189: -3 4| 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1<1>1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
190: -4 4| 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1<1>1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
191: -5 4| 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1<1>1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
192: -6 4| 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1<1>1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
193: -7 4| 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1<1>1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
194: -8 4| 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1<1>1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
195: -9 4| 1 1 1 1 1 1 1<1>1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
196: -10 4| 1 1 1 1 1 1<1>1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
197: -11 4| 1 1 1 1 1<1>1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
198: -12 4| 1 1 1 1<1>1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
199: -13 4| 1 1 1<1>1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
200: -14 4| 1 1<1>1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
Step 10000000
Step 20000000
Step 30000000
Step 40000000
After step 47176870, state = 0.
The head is at position -12242 and wandered over -12242 to 46
CPU time 0.641
Usage.
Entry: Read Write Move Next. For state 1
3: " " "1" +1 2 6121
2: "0" "1" +1 2 1
1: "1" "1" -1 3 10210
Entry: Read Write Move Next. For state 2
6: " " "1" +1 3 15
5: "0" "1" +1 3 6107
4: "1" "1" +1 2 23563940
Entry: Read Write Move Next. For state 3
9: " " "1" +1 4 22
8: "0" "1" +1 4 6107
7: "1" "0" -1 5 10203
Entry: Read Write Move Next. For state 4
12: " " "1" -1 1 6129
11: "0" "1" -1 1 0
10: "1" "1" -1 4 23557812
Entry: Read Write Move Next. For state 5
15: " " "1" 0 0 1
14: "0" "1" 0 0 0
13: "1" "0" -1 1 10202
Removing the code maintaining the bounds HMIN and HMAX as HEAD wandered about reduced the cpu time from 0·578 to 0·562, and reducing the progress report to every ten-millionth step reduced that to 0·516. But adding the code to count the usage of each transition raised it to 0·641. Removing the usage count and the progress report got it down to 0·484. Removing the compiler's array bound checking and activating "maximum optimisations" achieved 0·312. Reverting to normal runs and introducing the check IF (HEAD.LT.FIRST .OR. HEAD.GT.LAST) changed the run time from 0·703 to 0·75. Thus, 47 million tests in 0·05 seconds - not much of a cost for peace of mind.
Fōrmulæ
Fōrmulæ programs are not textual, visualization/edition of programs is done showing/manipulating structures but not text. Moreover, there can be multiple visual representations of the same program. Even though it is possible to have textual representation —i.e. XML, JSON— they are intended for storage and transfer purposes more than visualization and edition.
Programs in Fōrmulæ are created/edited online in its website.
In this page you can see and run the program(s) related to this task and their results. You can also change either the programs or the parameters they are called with, for experimentation, but remember that these programs were created with the main purpose of showing a clear solution of the task, and they generally lack any kind of validation.
Solution
Test case 1. Simple incrementer
Test case 2. One-state busy beaver game
Test case 3. Two-state busy beaver game
Test case 4. Three-state busy beaver game
Test case 5. Four-state busy beaver game
Test case 6. (Probable) Five-state busy beaver game
In this case, the length of the tape is returned, and not the tape itself.
This machine will run for more than 47 millions steps.
FreeBASIC
' Machine definitions
Enum
nombre = 1
initState
endState
blank
End Enum
Dim Shared As Boolean cntOnly = True
Dim Shared As String incrementer, threeStateBB, fiveStateBB
incrementer = "Simple incrementer,q0,qf,B"
incrementer &= ",q0,1,1,right,q0,q0,B,1,stay,qf"
Dim As String a
threeStateBB = "Three-state busy beaver,a,halt,0"
Restore ThreeStateData
Do
Read a
If a = "" Then Exit Do
threeStateBB &= "," & a
Loop
fiveStateBB = "Five-state busy beaver,A,H,0"
Restore FiveStateData
Do
Read a
If a = "" Then Exit Do
fiveStateBB &= "," & a
Loop
Cls
' Data sections
ThreeStateData:
Data "a,0,1,right,b"
Data "a,1,1,left,c"
Data "b,0,1,left,a"
Data "b,1,1,right,b"
Data "c,0,1,left,b"
Data "c,1,1,stay,halt"
Data ""
FiveStateData:
Data "A,0,1,right,B"
Data "A,1,1,left,C"
Data "B,0,1,right,C"
Data "B,1,1,right,B"
Data "C,0,1,right,D"
Data "C,1,0,left,E"
Data "D,0,1,left,A"
Data "D,1,1,left,D"
Data "E,0,1,stay,H"
Data "E,1,0,left,A"
Data ""
' Display a representation of the tape and machine state on the screen
Sub show(state As String, headPos As Integer, tape As String)
Print " " & state & Chr(9) & "| ";
For posic As Integer = 1 To Len(tape)
If posic = headPos Then
Print "[" & Mid(tape, posic, 1) & "] ";
Else
Print " " & Mid(tape, posic, 1) & " ";
End If
Next
Print
End Sub
Function string_rep(s As String, n As Integer) As String
Dim r As String = ""
For i As Integer = 1 To n
r &= s
Next
Return r
End Function
' Simulate a turing machine
Sub UTM(mach As String, tape As String, cntOnly As Boolean = False)
Dim As String state
Dim As Integer headPos, cnter
Dim As String machine()
Dim As Integer m = Len(tape)
Dim As Integer i, j, n
Dim As String temp = ""
j = 1
For i = 1 To Len(mach)
If Mid(mach, i, 1) = "," Then
Redim Preserve machine(j)
machine(j) = temp
temp = ""
j += 1
Else
temp &= Mid(mach, i, 1)
End If
Next i
Redim Preserve machine(j)
machine(j) = temp
n = j
state = machine(initState)
n -= blank
headPos = 1
Print machine(nombre) & !"\n" & string_rep("=", Len(machine(nombre))) & !"\n"
If Not cntOnly Then Print " State" & !"\t" & "| Tape [head]" & !"\n----------------------"
Do
If Mid(tape, headPos, 1) = " " Then Mid(tape, headPos, 1) = machine(blank)
If Not cntOnly Then show(state, headPos, tape)
For rule As Integer = blank + 1 To n Step 5
If machine(rule) = state Andalso machine(rule + 1) = Mid(tape, headPos, 1) Then
Mid(tape, headPos, 1) = machine(rule + 2)
If machine(rule + 3) = "left" Then
headPos -= 1
If headPos < 1 Then
headPos = 1
tape = " " & tape
End If
End If
If machine(rule + 3) = "right" Then
headPos += 1
If headPos > m Then
m += 1
tape &= " "
End If
End If
state = machine(rule + 4)
Exit For
End If
Next
cnter += 1
Loop Until state = machine(endState)
If cntOnly Then
Print "Steps taken: "; cnter
Else
show(state, headPos, tape)
End If
Print
End Sub
' Main procedure
UTM(incrementer, "111")
UTM(threeStateBB, " ")
UTM(fiveStateBB, " ", cntOnly)
Sleep
- Output:
Simple incrementer ================== State | Tape [head] ---------------------- q0 | [1] 1 1 q0 | 1 [1] 1 q0 | 1 1 [1] q0 | 1 1 1 [B] qf | 1 1 1 [1] Three-state busy beaver ======================= State | Tape [head] ---------------------- a | [0] b | 1 [0] a | [1] 1 c | [0] 1 1 b | [0] 1 1 1 a | [0] 1 1 1 1 b | 1 [1] 1 1 1 b | 1 1 [1] 1 1 b | 1 1 1 [1] 1 b | 1 1 1 1 [1] b | 1 1 1 1 1 [0] a | 1 1 1 1 [1] 1 c | 1 1 1 [1] 1 1 halt | 1 1 1 [1] 1 1 Five-state busy beaver ====================== Steps taken: 47176870
Go
package turing
type Symbol byte
type Motion byte
const (
Left Motion = 'L'
Right Motion = 'R'
Stay Motion = 'N'
)
type Tape struct {
data []Symbol
pos, left int
blank Symbol
}
// NewTape returns a new tape filled with 'data' and position set to 'start'.
// 'start' does not need to be range, the tape will be extended if required.
func NewTape(blank Symbol, start int, data []Symbol) *Tape {
t := &Tape{
data: data,
blank: blank,
}
if start < 0 {
t.Left(-start)
}
t.Right(start)
return t
}
func (t *Tape) Stay() {}
func (t *Tape) Data() []Symbol { return t.data[t.left:] }
func (t *Tape) Read() Symbol { return t.data[t.pos] }
func (t *Tape) Write(s Symbol) { t.data[t.pos] = s }
func (t *Tape) Dup() *Tape {
t2 := &Tape{
data: make([]Symbol, len(t.Data())),
blank: t.blank,
}
copy(t2.data, t.Data())
t2.pos = t.pos - t.left
return t2
}
func (t *Tape) String() string {
s := ""
for i := t.left; i < len(t.data); i++ {
b := t.data[i]
if i == t.pos {
s += "[" + string(b) + "]"
} else {
s += " " + string(b) + " "
}
}
return s
}
func (t *Tape) Move(a Motion) {
switch a {
case Left:
t.Left(1)
case Right:
t.Right(1)
case Stay:
t.Stay()
}
}
const minSz = 16
func (t *Tape) Left(n int) {
t.pos -= n
if t.pos < 0 {
// Extend left
var sz int
for sz = minSz; cap(t.data[t.left:])-t.pos >= sz; sz <<= 1 {
}
newd := make([]Symbol, sz)
newl := len(newd) - cap(t.data[t.left:])
n := copy(newd[newl:], t.data[t.left:])
t.data = newd[:newl+n]
t.pos += newl - t.left
t.left = newl
}
if t.pos < t.left {
if t.blank != 0 {
for i := t.pos; i < t.left; i++ {
t.data[i] = t.blank
}
}
t.left = t.pos
}
}
func (t *Tape) Right(n int) {
t.pos += n
if t.pos >= cap(t.data) {
// Extend right
var sz int
for sz = minSz; t.pos >= sz; sz <<= 1 {
}
newd := make([]Symbol, sz)
n := copy(newd[t.left:], t.data[t.left:])
t.data = newd[:t.left+n]
}
if i := len(t.data); t.pos >= i {
t.data = t.data[:t.pos+1]
if t.blank != 0 {
for ; i < len(t.data); i++ {
t.data[i] = t.blank
}
}
}
}
type State string
type Rule struct {
State
Symbol
Write Symbol
Motion
Next State
}
func (i *Rule) key() key { return key{i.State, i.Symbol} }
func (i *Rule) action() action { return action{i.Write, i.Motion, i.Next} }
type key struct {
State
Symbol
}
type action struct {
write Symbol
Motion
next State
}
type Machine struct {
tape *Tape
start, state State
transition map[key]action
l func(string, ...interface{}) // XXX
}
func NewMachine(rules []Rule) *Machine {
m := &Machine{transition: make(map[key]action, len(rules))}
if len(rules) > 0 {
m.start = rules[0].State
}
for _, r := range rules {
m.transition[r.key()] = r.action()
}
return m
}
func (m *Machine) Run(input *Tape) (int, *Tape) {
m.tape = input.Dup()
m.state = m.start
for cnt := 0; ; cnt++ {
if m.l != nil {
m.l("%3d %4s: %v\n", cnt, m.state, m.tape)
}
sym := m.tape.Read()
act, ok := m.transition[key{m.state, sym}]
if !ok {
return cnt, m.tape
}
m.tape.Write(act.write)
m.tape.Move(act.Motion)
m.state = act.next
}
}
An example program using the above package:
package main
import (
".." // XXX path to above turing package
"fmt"
)
func main() {
var incrementer = turing.NewMachine([]turing.Rule{
{"q0", '1', '1', turing.Right, "q0"},
{"q0", 'B', '1', turing.Stay, "qf"},
})
input := turing.NewTape('B', 0, []turing.Symbol{'1', '1', '1'})
cnt, output := incrementer.Run(input)
fmt.Println("Turing machine halts after", cnt, "operations")
fmt.Println("Resulting tape:", output)
var beaver = turing.NewMachine([]turing.Rule{
{"a", '0', '1', turing.Right, "b"},
{"a", '1', '1', turing.Left, "c"},
{"b", '0', '1', turing.Left, "a"},
{"b", '1', '1', turing.Right, "b"},
{"c", '0', '1', turing.Left, "b"},
{"c", '1', '1', turing.Stay, "halt"},
})
cnt, output = beaver.Run(turing.NewTape('0', 0, nil))
fmt.Println("Turing machine halts after", cnt, "operations")
fmt.Println("Resulting tape:", output)
beaver = turing.NewMachine([]turing.Rule{
{"A", '0', '1', turing.Right, "B"},
{"A", '1', '1', turing.Left, "C"},
{"B", '0', '1', turing.Right, "C"},
{"B", '1', '1', turing.Right, "B"},
{"C", '0', '1', turing.Right, "D"},
{"C", '1', '0', turing.Left, "E"},
{"D", '0', '1', turing.Left, "A"},
{"D", '1', '1', turing.Left, "D"},
{"E", '0', '1', turing.Stay, "H"},
{"E", '1', '0', turing.Left, "A"},
})
cnt, output = beaver.Run(turing.NewTape('0', 0, nil))
fmt.Println("Turing machine halts after", cnt, "operations")
fmt.Println("Resulting tape has", len(output.Data()), "cells")
var sort = turing.NewMachine([]turing.Rule{
// Moving right, first b→B;s1
{"s0", 'a', 'a', turing.Right, "s0"},
{"s0", 'b', 'B', turing.Right, "s1"},
{"s0", ' ', ' ', turing.Left, "se"},
// Conintue right to end of tape → s2
{"s1", 'a', 'a', turing.Right, "s1"},
{"s1", 'b', 'b', turing.Right, "s1"},
{"s1", ' ', ' ', turing.Left, "s2"},
// Continue left over b. a→b;s3, B→b;se
{"s2", 'a', 'b', turing.Left, "s3"},
{"s2", 'b', 'b', turing.Left, "s2"},
{"s2", 'B', 'b', turing.Left, "se"},
// Continue left until B→a;s0
{"s3", 'a', 'a', turing.Left, "s3"},
{"s3", 'b', 'b', turing.Left, "s3"},
{"s3", 'B', 'a', turing.Right, "s0"},
// Move to tape start → halt
{"se", 'a', 'a', turing.Left, "se"},
{"se", ' ', ' ', turing.Right, "see"},
})
input = turing.NewTape(' ', 0, []turing.Symbol("abbabbabababab"))
cnt, output = sort.Run(input)
fmt.Println("Turing machine halts after", cnt, "operations")
fmt.Println("Resulting tape:", output)
}
- Output:
Turing machine halts after 4 operations Resulting tape: 1 1 1 [1] Turing machine halts after 13 operations Resulting tape: 1 1 1 [1] 1 1 Turing machine halts after 47176870 operations Resulting tape has 12289 cells Turing machine halts after 118 operations Resulting tape: [a] a a a a a b b b b b b b b
Haskell
Simple Universal Turing Machine
In this program the tape is infinite, and the machines rules are coded in Haskell as a function from state and value to action, using Haskell as a DSL.
-- Some elementary types for Turing Machine
data Move = MLeft | MRight | Stay deriving (Show, Eq)
data Tape a = Tape a [a] [a]
data Action state val = Action val Move state deriving (Show)
instance (Show a) => Show (Tape a) where
show (Tape x lts rts) = concat $ left ++ [hd] ++ right
where hd = "[" ++ show x ++ "]"
left = map show $ reverse $ take 10 lts
right = map show $ take 10 rts
-- new tape
tape blank lts rts | null rts = Tape blank left blanks
| otherwise = Tape (head rts) left right
where blanks = repeat blank
left = reverse lts ++ blanks
right = tail rts ++ blanks
-- Turing Machine
step rules (state, Tape x (lh:lts) (rh:rts)) = (state', tape')
where Action x' dir state' = rules state x
tape' = move dir
move Stay = Tape x' (lh:lts) (rh:rts)
move MLeft = Tape lh lts (x':rh:rts)
move MRight = Tape rh (x':lh:lts) rts
runUTM rules stop start tape = steps ++ [final]
where (steps, final:_) = break ((== stop) . fst) $ iterate (step rules) (start, tape)
Increment machine
incr "q0" 1 = Action 1 MRight "q0"
incr "q0" 0 = Action 1 Stay "qf"
tape1 = tape 0 [] [1,1, 1]
machine1 = runUTM incr "qf" "q0" tape1
The output of the increment machine :
*Main> mapM_ print machine1
("q0",0000000000[1]1100000000)
("q0",0000000001[1]1000000000)
("q0",0000000011[1]0000000000)
("q0",0000000111[0]0000000000)
("qf",0000000111[1]0000000000)
Beaver machine
beaver "a" 0 = Action 1 MRight "b"
beaver "a" 1 = Action 1 MLeft "c"
beaver "b" 0 = Action 1 MLeft "a"
beaver "b" 1 = Action 1 MRight "b"
beaver "c" 0 = Action 1 MLeft "b"
beaver "c" 1 = Action 1 Stay "halt"
tape2 = tape 0 [] []
machine2 = runUTM beaver "halt" "a" tape2
Sorting test
sorting "A" 1 = Action 1 MRight "A"
sorting "A" 2 = Action 3 MRight "B"
sorting "A" 0 = Action 0 MLeft "E"
sorting "B" 1 = Action 1 MRight "B"
sorting "B" 2 = Action 2 MRight "B"
sorting "B" 0 = Action 0 MLeft "C"
sorting "C" 1 = Action 2 MLeft "D"
sorting "C" 2 = Action 2 MLeft "C"
sorting "C" 3 = Action 2 MLeft "E"
sorting "D" 1 = Action 1 MLeft "D"
sorting "D" 2 = Action 2 MLeft "D"
sorting "D" 3 = Action 1 MRight "A"
sorting "E" 1 = Action 1 MLeft "E"
sorting "E" 0 = Action 0 MRight "STOP"
tape3 = tape 0 [] [2,2,2,1,2,2,1,2,1,2,1,2,1,2]
machine3 = runUTM sorting "STOP" "A" tape3
Using State Monad
A state monad represents the machine. It works with an arbitrary number of symbols and states, but all of them must be of the same type (integer, string...) Intermediate states can be logged during execution, or they can be discarded. The initial and final states as well as errors are always logged. Three functions are added so that machines can be written to a file and parsed/run from there. Examples are provided.
import Control.Monad.State
import Data.List (intersperse, nub, find)
data TapeMovement = MoveLeft | MoveRight | Stay deriving (Show, Eq)
-- Rule = (state 1, input, output, movement, state 2)
type Rule a = (a, a, a, TapeMovement, a)
-- Execution = (tape position, current machine state, tape)
type Execution a = (Int, a, [a])
type Log a = [Execution a]
type UTM a b = State (Machine a) b
-- can work with data of any type
data Machine a = Machine
{ allStates :: [a] -- not used actually
, initialState :: a -- not used actually, initial state in "current"
, finalStates :: [a]
, symbols :: [a] -- not used actually
, blank :: a
, noOpSymbol :: a -- means: don't change input / don't shift tape
, rules :: [Rule a]
, current :: Execution a
, machineLog :: Log a -- stores state changes from last to first
, machineLogActive :: Bool -- if true, intermediate steps are stored
, noRuleMsg :: a -- error symbol if no rule matches
, stopMsg :: a } -- symbol to append to the end result
deriving (Show)
-- it is not checked whether the input and output symbols are valid
apply :: Eq a => Rule a -> UTM a a
apply (_, _, output, direction, stateUpdate) = do
m <- get
let (pos, currentState, tape) = current m
tapeUpdate = if output == noOpSymbol m
then tape
else take pos tape ++ [output] ++ drop (pos + 1) tape
newTape
| pos == 0 && direction == MoveLeft = blank m : tapeUpdate
| succ pos == length tape && direction == MoveRight = tapeUpdate ++ [blank m]
| otherwise = tapeUpdate
newPosition = case direction of
MoveLeft -> if pos == 0 then 0 else pred pos
MoveRight -> succ pos
Stay -> pos
newState = if stateUpdate == noOpSymbol m
then currentState
else stateUpdate
put $! m { current = (newPosition, newState, newTape) }
return newState
-- rules with no-operation symbols and states must be underneath
-- rules with defined symbols and states
lookupRule :: Eq a => UTM a (Maybe (Rule a))
lookupRule = do
m <- get
let (pos, currentState, tape) = current m
item = tape !! pos
isValid (e, i, _, _, _) = e == currentState &&
(i == item || i == noOpSymbol m)
return $! find isValid (rules m)
msgToLog :: a -> UTM a ()
msgToLog e = do
m <- get
let (pos, currentState, tape) = current m
put $! m { machineLog = (pos, currentState, tape ++ [e]) : machineLog m }
toLog :: UTM a ()
toLog = do
m <- get
put $! m { machineLog = current m : machineLog m }
-- execute the machine's program
execute :: Eq a => UTM a ()
execute = do
toLog -- log the initial state
loop
where
loop = do
m <- get
r <- lookupRule -- look for a matching rule
case r of
Nothing -> msgToLog (noRuleMsg m)
Just rule -> do
stateUpdate <- apply rule
if stateUpdate `elem` finalStates m
then msgToLog (stopMsg m)
else do
when (machineLogActive m) toLog
loop
---------------------------
-- convenient functions
---------------------------
-- run execute, format and print the output
runMachine :: Machine String -> IO ()
runMachine m@(Machine { current = (_, _, tape) }) =
if null tape
then putStrLn "NO TAPE"
else case machineLog $ execState execute m of
[] -> putStrLn "NO OUTPUT"
xs -> do
mapM_ (\(pos, _, output) -> do
let formatOutput = concat output
putStrLn formatOutput
putStrLn (replicate pos ' ' ++ "^")) $ reverse xs
putStrLn $ show (length xs) ++ " STEPS. FINAL STATE: " ++
let (_, finalState, _) = head xs in show finalState
-- convert a string with format state+space+input+space+output+space+
-- direction+space+new state to a rule
toRule :: String -> Rule String
toRule xs =
let [a, b, c, d, e] = take 5 $ words xs
dir = case d of
"l" -> MoveLeft
"r" -> MoveRight
"*" -> Stay
in (a, b, c, dir, e)
-- load a text file and parse it to a machine.
-- see comments and examples
-- lines in the file starting with ';' are header lines or comments
-- header and input lines must contain a ':' and after that the content to be parsed
-- so there can be comments between ';' and ':' in those lines
loadMachine :: FilePath -> IO (Machine String)
loadMachine n = do
f <- readFile n
let ls = lines f
-- header: first 4 lines
([e1, e2, e3, e4], rest) = splitAt 4 ls
-- rules and input: rest of the file
re = map toRule . filter (not . null) $ map (takeWhile (/= ';')) rest
ei = head . words . tail . snd $ break (== ':') e1
va = head . words . tail . snd $ break (== ':') e3
ci = words . intersperse ' ' . tail . snd $ break (== ':') $ last rest
return Machine
{ rules = re
, initialState = ei
, finalStates = words . tail . snd $ break (== ':') e2
, blank = va
, noOpSymbol = head . words . tail . snd $ break (== ':') e4
, allStates = nub $ concatMap (\(a, _, _, _, e) -> [a, e]) re
, symbols = nub $ concatMap (\(_, b, c, _, _) -> [b, c]) re
, current = (0, ei, if null ci then [va] else ci)
-- we assume
, noRuleMsg = "\tNO RULE." -- error: no matching rule found
, stopMsg = "\tHALT." -- message: machine reached a final state
, machineLog = []
, machineLogActive = True }
Examples for machine files:
; Initial state: q0 ; Final states: qf ; Blank symbol: B ; No-op symbol: * ; Simple incrementer q0 1 1 r q0 q0 B 1 * qf ; Initial tape: 111
; Initial state: a ; Final states: halt ; Blank symbol: 0 ; No-op symbol: * ; Three-state busy beaver a 0 1 r b a 1 1 l c b 0 1 l a b 1 1 r b c 0 1 l b c 1 1 * halt ; Initial tape:
To run a machine:
loadMachine "machine1" >>= runMachine
Output (simple incrementer):
111 ^ 111 ^ 111 ^ 111B ^ 1111 HALT. ^ 5 STEPS. FINAL STATE: "qf"
Output (three-state busy beaver):
0
^
10
^
11
^
011
^
0111
^
01111
^
11111
^
11111
^
11111
^
11111
^
111110
^
111111
^
111111
^
111111 HALT.
^
14 STEPS. FINAL STATE: "halt"
Icon and Unicon
The following works in both languages. The state machine input format differs slightly from the example given above. Various options exist for tracing the actions of the machine. This particular UTM halts when entering a final state or when a motion of 'halt' is acted on.
record TM(start,final,delta,tape,blank)
record delta(old_state, input_symbol, new_state, output_symbol, direction)
global start_tape
global show_count, full_display, trace_list # trace flags
procedure main(args)
init(args)
runTuringMachine(get_tm())
end
procedure init(args)
trace_list := ":"
while arg := get(args) do {
if arg == "-f" then full_display := "yes"
else if match("-t",arg) then trace_list ||:= arg[3:0]||":"
else show_count := integer(arg)
}
end
procedure get_tm()
D := table()
writes("What is the start state? ")
start := !&input
writes("What are the final states (colon separated)? ")
finals := !&input
(finals||":") ? every insert(fStates := set(), 1(tab(upto(':')),move(1)))
writes("What is the tape blank symbol?")
blank := !&input
write("Enter the delta mappings, using the following format:")
write("\tenter delta(curState,tapeSymbol) = (newState,newSymbol,direct) as")
write("\t curState:tapeSymbol:newState:newSymbol:direct");
write("\t\twhere direct is left, right, stay, or halt")
write("End with a blank line.")
write("")
every line := !&input do {
if *line = 0 then break
line ?
if (os := tab(upto(':')), move(1), ic := tab(upto(':')), move(1),
ns := tab(upto(':')), move(1), oc := tab(upto(':')), move(1),
d := map(tab(0))) then D[os||":"||ic] := delta(os,ic,ns,oc,d)
else write(line, " is in bad form, correct it")
}
if /start_tape then {
write("Enter the input tape")
start_tape := !&input
}
return TM(start,fStates,D,start_tape,blank)
end
procedure runTuringMachine(tm)
trans := tm.delta
rightside := tm.tape
if /rightside | (*rightside = 0) then rightside := tm.blank
leftside := ""
cur_state := tm.start
write("Machine starts in ",cur_state," with tape:")
show_tape(tm,leftside,rightside)
while mapping := \trans[cur_state||":"||rightside[1]] do {
rightside[1] := mapping.output_symbol
case mapping.direction of {
"left" : {
if *leftside = 0 then leftside := tm.blank
rightside := leftside[-1] || rightside
leftside[-1] := ""
}
"right" : {
leftside ||:= rightside[1]
rightside[1] := ""
if *rightside = 0 then rightside := tm.blank
}
"halt" : break
}
cur_state := mapping.new_state
if member(tm.final,cur_state) then break
trace(tm,cur_state,leftside,rightside)
}
write()
write("Machine halts in ",cur_state," with tape:")
show_tape(tm,leftside,rightside)
end
procedure trace(tm,cs,ls,rs)
static count, last_state
initial {
count := 0
last_state := ""
}
count +:= 1
if \show_count & (count % show_count = 0) then show_tape(tm,ls,rs)
if find(":"||cs||":",trace_list) & (last_state ~== cs) then {
writes("\tnow in state: ",cs," ")
if \full_display then show_delta(tm.delta[cs||":"||rs[1]])
else write()
}
last_state := cs
return
end
procedure show_delta(m)
if /m then write("NO MOVE!")
else {
writes("\tnext move is ")
writes("delta(",m.old_state,",",m.input_symbol,") ::= ")
write("(",m.new_state,",",m.output_symbol,",",m.direction,")")
}
end
procedure show_tape(tm,l,r)
l := reverse(trim(reverse(l),tm.blank))
r := trim(r,tm.blank)
write(l,r)
write(repl(" ",*l),"^")
end
First sample machine, with tape changes on each transition traced:
->turing 1
What is the start state? q0
What are the final states (colon separated)? qf
What is the tape blank symbol?B
Enter the delta mappings, using the following format:
enter delta(curState,tapeSymbol) = (newState,newSymbol,direct) as
curState:tapeSymbol:newState:newSymbol:direct
where direct is left, right, stay, or halt
End with a blank line.
q0:1:q0:1:right
q0:B:qf:1:stay
Enter the input tape
111
Machine starts in q0 with tape:
111
^
111
^
111
^
111
^
Machine halts in qf with tape:
1111
^
->
Second sample machine, with all tracing off (only first and last tapes are displayed):
->turing
What is the start state? a
What are the final states (colon separated)? halt
What is the tape blank symbol?0
Enter the delta mappings, using the following format:
enter delta(curState,tapeSymbol) = (newState,newSymbol,direct) as
curState:tapeSymbol:newState:newSymbol:direct
where direct is left, right, stay, or halt
End with a blank line.
a:0:b:1:right
a:1:c:1:left
b:0:a:1:left
b:1:b:1:right
c:0:b:1:left
c:1:halt:1:stay
Enter the input tape
Machine starts in a with tape:
^
Machine halts in halt with tape:
111111
^
->
J
Source for this task was slightly adapted from http://www.2bestsystems.com/j/J_Conference_2012. All the information for the Turing machines is represented by integers, the halting state is set as _1 (minus one), and head movements are mapped as (left, stay, right) ➜ (_1, 0, 1). A Turing machine is executed until a halt state is issued or a trivial infinite regress in the form of a single changeless cycle is detected. The transition table entry format is similar to the one in http://drb9.drb.insel.de/~heiner/BB/simAB3Y_SB.html.
The universal (stateless point-free) Turing machine
The universal Turing machine is defined in terms of fixed tacit (stateless point-free) code, showing that this dialect of J is Turing complete.
". noun define -. CRLF NB. Fixed tacit universal Turing machine code...
utm=.
(((":@:(]&:>)@:(6&({::)) ,: (":@] 9&({::))) ,. ':'"_) ,. 2&({::) >@:(((48 + ]
) { a."_)@[ ; (] $ ' '"_) , '^'"_) 3&({::))@:([ (0 0 $ 1!:2&2)@:('A changeles
s cycle was detected!'"_)^:(-.@:(_1"_ = 1&({::))))@:((((3&({::) + 8&({::)) ;
1 + 9&({::)) 3 9} ])@:(<@:((0 (0 {:: ])`(<@:(1 {:: ]))`(2 {:: ])} ])@:(7 3 2&
{)) 2} ])@:(<"0@:(6&({::) (<@[ { ]) 0&({::)) 7 8 1} ])@:([ (0 0 $ 1!:2&2)@:((
(":@:(]&:>)@:(6&({::)) ,: (":@] 9&({::))) ,. ':'"_) ,. 2&({::) >@:(((48 + ])
{ a."_)@[ ; (] $ ' '"_) , '^'"_) 3&({::))^:(0 = 4&({::) | 9&({::)))@:(<@:(1&(
{::) ; 3&({::) { 2&({::)) 6} ])@:(<@:(3&({::) + _1 = 3&({::)) 3} ])@:(<@:(((_
1 = 3&({::)) {:: 5&({::)) , 2&({::) , (3&({::) = #@:(2&({::))) {:: 5&({::)) 2
} ])^:(-.@:(_1"_ = 1&({::)))^:_)@:((0 ; (({. , ({: % 3:) , 3:)@:$ $ ,)@:(}."1
)@:(".;._2)@:(0&({::))) 9 0} ])@:(<@:('' ; 0"_) 5} ])@:(,&(;:',,,,,'))@:(,~)
)
The incrementer machine
Noun=. ".@('(0 : 0)'"_)
NB. Simple Incrementer...
NB. 0 1 Tape Symbol Scan
NB. S p m g p m g (p,m,g) → (print,move,goto)
QS=. (Noun _) ; 0 NB. Reading the transition table and setting the initial state
0 1 0 _1 1 1 0
)
TPF=. 1 1 1 ; 0 ; 1 NB. Setting the tape, its pointer and the display frequency
TPF utm QS NB. Running the Turing machine...
0 1:111
0 :^
0 1:111
1 : ^
0 1:111
2 : ^
0 0:1110
3 : ^
0 0:1111
4 : ^
The three-state busy beaver machine
NB. Three-state busy beaver..
NB. 0 1 Tape Symbol Scan
NB. S p m g p m g (p,m,g) → (print,move,goto)
QS=. (Noun _) ; 0 NB. Reading the transition table and setting the initial state
0 1 1 1 1 _1 2
1 1 _1 0 1 1 1
2 1 _1 1 1 0 _1
)
TPF=. 0 ; 0 ; 1 NB. Setting the tape, its pointer and the display frequency
TPF utm QS NB. Running the Turing machine...
0 0:0
0 :^
1 0:10
1 : ^
0 1:11
2 :^
2 0:011
3 :^
1 0:0111
4 :^
0 0:01111
5 :^
1 1:11111
6 : ^
1 1:11111
7 : ^
1 1:11111
8 : ^
1 1:11111
9 : ^
1 0:111110
10 : ^
0 1:111111
11 : ^
2 1:111111
12 : ^
2 1:111111
13 : ^
The probable 5-state, 2-symbol busy beaver machine
NB. Probable 5-state, 2-symbol busy beaver...
NB. 0 1 Tape Symbol Scan
NB. S p m g p m g (p,m,g) → (print,move,goto)
QS=. (Noun _) ; 0 NB. Reading the transition table and setting the state
0 1 1 1 1 _1 2
1 1 1 2 1 1 1
2 1 1 3 0 _1 4
3 1 _1 0 1 _1 3
4 1 1 _1 0 _1 0
)
TPF=. 0 ; 0 ; _ NB. Setting the tape, its pointer and the display frequency
TPF utm QS NB. Running the Turing machine...
0 0:0
0 :^
4 0 :101001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001...
47176870: ^
The sorting stress test machine
NB. Sorting stress test...
NB. 0 1 2 3 Tape Symbol Scan
NB. S p m g p m g p m g p m g (p,m,g) ➜ (print,move,goto)
QS=. (Noun _) ; 0 NB. Reading the transition table and setting the initial state
0 0 _1 4 1 1 0 3 1 1 _ _ _
1 0 _1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 _ _ _
2 _ _ _ 2 _1 3 2 _1 2 2 _1 4
3 _ _ _ 1 _1 3 2 _1 3 1 1 0
4 0 1 _1 1 _1 4 _ _ _ _ _ _
)
TPF=. 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 ; 0 ; 50 NB. Setting the tape, its pointer and the display frequency
TPF utm QS NB. Running the Turing machine...
0 1:12212212121212
0 :^
3 2:113122121222220
50 : ^
1 2:111111322222220
100: ^
4 0:0111111222222220
118: ^
The structured derivation of the universal Turing machine
The fixed tacit code was produced by means of an unorthodox tacit toolkit; however, the verb produced is orthodox (i.e., compliant with the language specifications):
NB. Structured derivation of the universal Turing machine...
NB.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NB. Quick and dirty tacit toolkit...
o=. @:
c=."_
ver=. (0:`)([:^:)
d=. (fix=. (;:'f.')ver) (train=.(;:'`:')ver&6) (an=. <@:((,'0') (,&<) ]))
ver=. (an f. o fix'ver')ver o an f.
z=. ((an'')`($ ,)`) (`:6)
d=. (a0=. `'') (a1=. (@:[) ((<'&')`) (`:6)) (a2=. (`(<(":0);_)) (`:6))
av=. ((an o fix'a0')`) (`(an o fix'a1')) (`(an o fix'a2') ) (`:6)
Fetch=. (ver o train ;:'&{::')&.> o i. f.av
tie=. ver o train ;:'`'
indices=. (, $~ 1 -.~ $) o (train"0 o ((1 -: L.)S:1 # <S:1) o (tie&'') o fix :: ] @:[)
f=. ((ver o train ;:'&{')) o indices o train f.av
'A B'=. 2 Fetch
head=. (;:'<@:') {.~ 2 * 1 = # o [
h=. train o (indices o train o (A f) (head , (B f) o ] , < o an o [ , (;:'}]')c) ]) f.av
DropIfNB=. < o ('('"_ , ] , ')'"_) o ((}: ^: ('NB.' -: 3&{. o > o {:)) &. ;:)
pipe=. ([ , ' o ' , ])&:>/ o |.
is=. ". o (, o ": o > , '=. ' , pipe o (DropIfNB;._2) o ". o ('0 ( : 0)'c)) f.av
NB.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NB. Producing the main (dyadic) verb utm...
Note 0
NB. X (boxed list)...
Q - Instruction table
S - Turing machine initial state
NB. Y (boxed list)...
T - Data tape
P - Head position pointer
F - Display frequency
NB. Local...
B - Blank defaults
M - State and tape symbol read
PRINT - Printing symbol
MOVE - Tape head moving instruction
C - Step Counter
)
'Q S T P F B M PRINT MOVE C'=. 10 Fetch NB. Fetching 10 Boxes
DisplayTape=. > o (((48 + ]) { a.c)@[ ; ((] $ ' 'c) , '^'c))
display=. ((((": o (]&:>) o M) ,: (":@] C)) ,. ':'c ) ,. (T DisplayTape P))
NB. Displaying state, symbol, tape / step and pointer
amend=. 0 (0 {:: ])`(<@:(1 {:: ]))`(2 {:: ])} ]
NB. execute (monadic verb)...
FillLeft=. (_1 = P ) {:: B NB. Expanding and filling the tape
FillRight=. ( P = # o T) {:: B NB. with 0's (if necessary)
ia=. <@[ { ] NB. Selecting by the indices of an array
execute is
T`(FillLeft , T , FillRight)h NB. Adjusting the tape
P`(P + _1 = P) h NB. and the pointer (if necessary)
M`(S ; P { T) h NB. Updating the state and reading the tape symbol
[ (smoutput o display)^:(0 = F | C) NB. Displaying intermediate cycles
(PRINT MOVE S)`(<"0 o (M ia Q))h NB. Performing the printing, moving and state actions
T`(amend o ((PRINT P T)f)) h NB. Printing symbol on tape at the pointer position
(P C)`((P + MOVE) ; 1 + C) h NB. Updating the pointer and the counter
)
cc=. 'A changeless cycle was detected!'c
halt=. _1 c = S NB. Halting when the current state is _1
rt=. ((({. , ({: % 3:) , 3:) o $) $ ,) o (}."1) o (". ;. _2)
NB. Reshaping the transition table as a 3D array (state,symbol,action)
utm is NB. Universal Turing Machine (dyadic verb)
,~ NB. Appending the arguments in reverse order
,&(;:5$',') NB. Appending 5 local boxes (B M PRINT MOVE C)
B`('' ; 0 c) h NB. Setting empty blank defaults as 0
(C Q)`(0 ; rt o Q)h NB. Setting the counter and the transition table
execute^:(-. o halt)^:_ NB. Executing until a halt instruction is issued
[ smoutput o cc ^: (-. o halt) NB. or a changeless single cycle is detected
display NB. Displaying (returning) the final status
)
utm=. utm f. NB. Fixing the universal Turing machine code
NB. The simulation code is produced by 77 (-@:[ ]\ 5!:5@<@:]) 'utm'
Java
This is an implementation of the universal Turing machine in plain Java using standard libraries only. As generics are used, Java 5 is required. The examples (incrementer and busy beaver) are implemented directly in the main method and executed sequentially; as an additional third example, a sorting algorithm is implemented and executed in the end of the main method. During execution the complete tape and the current active transition are printed out in every step. The state names and tape symbols may contain several characters, so arbitrary strings such as "q1", "q2", ... can be valid state names or tape symbols. The machine is deterministic as the transitions are stored in a HashMap which uses state / tape symbol pairs as keys. This is self-coded, not a standard implementation, so there is no guarantee of correctness.
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.HashSet;
import java.util.LinkedList;
import java.util.ListIterator;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Set;
import java.util.Map;
public class UTM {
private List<String> tape;
private String blankSymbol;
private ListIterator<String> head;
private Map<StateTapeSymbolPair, Transition> transitions = new HashMap<StateTapeSymbolPair, Transition>();
private Set<String> terminalStates;
private String initialState;
public UTM(Set<Transition> transitions, Set<String> terminalStates, String initialState, String blankSymbol) {
this.blankSymbol = blankSymbol;
for (Transition t : transitions) {
this.transitions.put(t.from, t);
}
this.terminalStates = terminalStates;
this.initialState = initialState;
}
public static class StateTapeSymbolPair {
private String state;
private String tapeSymbol;
public StateTapeSymbolPair(String state, String tapeSymbol) {
this.state = state;
this.tapeSymbol = tapeSymbol;
}
// These methods can be auto-generated by Eclipse.
@Override
public int hashCode() {
final int prime = 31;
int result = 1;
result = prime * result
+ ((state == null) ? 0 : state.hashCode());
result = prime
* result
+ ((tapeSymbol == null) ? 0 : tapeSymbol
.hashCode());
return result;
}
// These methods can be auto-generated by Eclipse.
@Override
public boolean equals(Object obj) {
if (this == obj)
return true;
if (obj == null)
return false;
if (getClass() != obj.getClass())
return false;
StateTapeSymbolPair other = (StateTapeSymbolPair) obj;
if (state == null) {
if (other.state != null)
return false;
} else if (!state.equals(other.state))
return false;
if (tapeSymbol == null) {
if (other.tapeSymbol != null)
return false;
} else if (!tapeSymbol.equals(other.tapeSymbol))
return false;
return true;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "(" + state + "," + tapeSymbol + ")";
}
}
public static class Transition {
private StateTapeSymbolPair from;
private StateTapeSymbolPair to;
private int direction; // -1 left, 0 neutral, 1 right.
public Transition(StateTapeSymbolPair from, StateTapeSymbolPair to, int direction) {
this.from = from;
this.to = to;
this.direction = direction;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return from + "=>" + to + "/" + direction;
}
}
public void initializeTape(List<String> input) { // Arbitrary Strings as symbols.
tape = input;
}
public void initializeTape(String input) { // Uses single characters as symbols.
tape = new LinkedList<String>();
for (int i = 0; i < input.length(); i++) {
tape.add(input.charAt(i) + "");
}
}
public List<String> runTM() { // Returns null if not in terminal state.
if (tape.size() == 0) {
tape.add(blankSymbol);
}
head = tape.listIterator();
head.next();
head.previous();
StateTapeSymbolPair tsp = new StateTapeSymbolPair(initialState, tape.get(0));
while (transitions.containsKey(tsp)) { // While a matching transition exists.
System.out.println(this + " --- " + transitions.get(tsp));
Transition trans = transitions.get(tsp);
head.set(trans.to.tapeSymbol); // Write tape symbol.
tsp.state = trans.to.state; // Change state.
if (trans.direction == -1) { // Go left.
if (!head.hasPrevious()) {
head.add(blankSymbol); // Extend tape.
}
tsp.tapeSymbol = head.previous(); // Memorize tape symbol.
} else if (trans.direction == 1) { // Go right.
head.next();
if (!head.hasNext()) {
head.add(blankSymbol); // Extend tape.
head.previous();
}
tsp.tapeSymbol = head.next(); // Memorize tape symbol.
head.previous();
} else {
tsp.tapeSymbol = trans.to.tapeSymbol;
}
}
System.out.println(this + " --- " + tsp);
if (terminalStates.contains(tsp.state)) {
return tape;
} else {
return null;
}
}
@Override
public String toString() {
try {
int headPos = head.previousIndex();
String s = "[ ";
for (int i = 0; i <= headPos; i++) {
s += tape.get(i) + " ";
}
s += "[H] ";
for (int i = headPos + 1; i < tape.size(); i++) {
s += tape.get(i) + " ";
}
return s + "]";
} catch (Exception e) {
return "";
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
// Simple incrementer.
String init = "q0";
String blank = "b";
Set<String> term = new HashSet<String>();
term.add("qf");
Set<Transition> trans = new HashSet<Transition>();
trans.add(new Transition(new StateTapeSymbolPair("q0", "1"), new StateTapeSymbolPair("q0", "1"), 1));
trans.add(new Transition(new StateTapeSymbolPair("q0", "b"), new StateTapeSymbolPair("qf", "1"), 0));
UTM machine = new UTM(trans, term, init, blank);
machine.initializeTape("111");
System.out.println("Output (si): " + machine.runTM() + "\n");
// Busy Beaver (overwrite variables from above).
init = "a";
term.clear();
term.add("halt");
blank = "0";
trans.clear();
// Change state from "a" to "b" if "0" is read on tape, write "1" and go to the right. (-1 left, 0 nothing, 1 right.)
trans.add(new Transition(new StateTapeSymbolPair("a", "0"), new StateTapeSymbolPair("b", "1"), 1));
trans.add(new Transition(new StateTapeSymbolPair("a", "1"), new StateTapeSymbolPair("c", "1"), -1));
trans.add(new Transition(new StateTapeSymbolPair("b", "0"), new StateTapeSymbolPair("a", "1"), -1));
trans.add(new Transition(new StateTapeSymbolPair("b", "1"), new StateTapeSymbolPair("b", "1"), 1));
trans.add(new Transition(new StateTapeSymbolPair("c", "0"), new StateTapeSymbolPair("b", "1"), -1));
trans.add(new Transition(new StateTapeSymbolPair("c", "1"), new StateTapeSymbolPair("halt", "1"), 0));
machine = new UTM(trans, term, init, blank);
machine.initializeTape("");
System.out.println("Output (bb): " + machine.runTM());
// Sorting test (overwrite variables from above).
init = "s0";
blank = "*";
term = new HashSet<String>();
term.add("see");
trans = new HashSet<Transition>();
trans.add(new Transition(new StateTapeSymbolPair("s0", "a"), new StateTapeSymbolPair("s0", "a"), 1));
trans.add(new Transition(new StateTapeSymbolPair("s0", "b"), new StateTapeSymbolPair("s1", "B"), 1));
trans.add(new Transition(new StateTapeSymbolPair("s0", "*"), new StateTapeSymbolPair("se", "*"), -1));
trans.add(new Transition(new StateTapeSymbolPair("s1", "a"), new StateTapeSymbolPair("s1", "a"), 1));
trans.add(new Transition(new StateTapeSymbolPair("s1", "b"), new StateTapeSymbolPair("s1", "b"), 1));
trans.add(new Transition(new StateTapeSymbolPair("s1", "*"), new StateTapeSymbolPair("s2", "*"), -1));
trans.add(new Transition(new StateTapeSymbolPair("s2", "a"), new StateTapeSymbolPair("s3", "b"), -1));
trans.add(new Transition(new StateTapeSymbolPair("s2", "b"), new StateTapeSymbolPair("s2", "b"), -1));
trans.add(new Transition(new StateTapeSymbolPair("s2", "B"), new StateTapeSymbolPair("se", "b"), -1));
trans.add(new Transition(new StateTapeSymbolPair("s3", "a"), new StateTapeSymbolPair("s3", "a"), -1));
trans.add(new Transition(new StateTapeSymbolPair("s3", "b"), new StateTapeSymbolPair("s3", "b"), -1));
trans.add(new Transition(new StateTapeSymbolPair("s3", "B"), new StateTapeSymbolPair("s0", "a"), 1));
trans.add(new Transition(new StateTapeSymbolPair("se", "a"), new StateTapeSymbolPair("se", "a"), -1));
trans.add(new Transition(new StateTapeSymbolPair("se", "*"), new StateTapeSymbolPair("see", "*"), 1));
machine = new UTM(trans, term, init, blank);
machine.initializeTape("babbababaa");
System.out.println("Output (sort): " + machine.runTM() + "\n");
}
}
- Output:
-- [H] denotes the head; its position on the tape is over the symbol printed right from it.
[ [H] 1 1 1 ] --- (q0,1)=>(q0,1)/1 [ 1 [H] 1 1 ] --- (q0,1)=>(q0,1)/1 [ 1 1 [H] 1 ] --- (q0,1)=>(q0,1)/1 [ 1 1 1 [H] b ] --- (q0,b)=>(qf,1)/0 [ 1 1 1 [H] 1 ] --- (qf,1) Output (si): [1, 1, 1, 1] [ [H] 0 ] --- (a,0)=>(b,1)/1 [ 1 [H] 0 ] --- (b,0)=>(a,1)/-1 [ [H] 1 1 ] --- (a,1)=>(c,1)/-1 [ [H] 0 1 1 ] --- (c,0)=>(b,1)/-1 [ [H] 0 1 1 1 ] --- (b,0)=>(a,1)/-1 [ [H] 0 1 1 1 1 ] --- (a,0)=>(b,1)/1 [ 1 [H] 1 1 1 1 ] --- (b,1)=>(b,1)/1 [ 1 1 [H] 1 1 1 ] --- (b,1)=>(b,1)/1 [ 1 1 1 [H] 1 1 ] --- (b,1)=>(b,1)/1 [ 1 1 1 1 [H] 1 ] --- (b,1)=>(b,1)/1 [ 1 1 1 1 1 [H] 0 ] --- (b,0)=>(a,1)/-1 [ 1 1 1 1 [H] 1 1 ] --- (a,1)=>(c,1)/-1 [ 1 1 1 [H] 1 1 1 ] --- (c,1)=>(halt,1)/0 [ 1 1 1 [H] 1 1 1 ] --- (halt,1) Output (bb): [1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1] [ [H] b a b b a b a b a a ] --- (s0,b)=>(s1,B)/1 [ B [H] a b b a b a b a a ] --- (s1,a)=>(s1,a)/1 [ B a [H] b b a b a b a a ] --- (s1,b)=>(s1,b)/1 [ B a b [H] b a b a b a a ] --- (s1,b)=>(s1,b)/1 [ B a b b [H] a b a b a a ] --- (s1,a)=>(s1,a)/1 [ B a b b a [H] b a b a a ] --- (s1,b)=>(s1,b)/1 [ B a b b a b [H] a b a a ] --- (s1,a)=>(s1,a)/1 [ B a b b a b a [H] b a a ] --- (s1,b)=>(s1,b)/1 [ B a b b a b a b [H] a a ] --- (s1,a)=>(s1,a)/1 [ B a b b a b a b a [H] a ] --- (s1,a)=>(s1,a)/1 [ B a b b a b a b a a [H] * ] --- (s1,*)=>(s2,*)/-1 [ B a b b a b a b a [H] a * ] --- (s2,a)=>(s3,b)/-1 [ B a b b a b a b [H] a b * ] --- (s3,a)=>(s3,a)/-1 [ B a b b a b a [H] b a b * ] --- (s3,b)=>(s3,b)/-1 [ B a b b a b [H] a b a b * ] --- (s3,a)=>(s3,a)/-1 [ B a b b a [H] b a b a b * ] --- (s3,b)=>(s3,b)/-1 [ B a b b [H] a b a b a b * ] --- (s3,a)=>(s3,a)/-1 [ B a b [H] b a b a b a b * ] --- (s3,b)=>(s3,b)/-1 [ B a [H] b b a b a b a b * ] --- (s3,b)=>(s3,b)/-1 [ B [H] a b b a b a b a b * ] --- (s3,a)=>(s3,a)/-1 [ [H] B a b b a b a b a b * ] --- (s3,B)=>(s0,a)/1 [ a [H] a b b a b a b a b * ] --- (s0,a)=>(s0,a)/1 [ a a [H] b b a b a b a b * ] --- (s0,b)=>(s1,B)/1 [ a a B [H] b a b a b a b * ] --- (s1,b)=>(s1,b)/1 [ a a B b [H] a b a b a b * ] --- (s1,a)=>(s1,a)/1 [ a a B b a [H] b a b a b * ] --- (s1,b)=>(s1,b)/1 [ a a B b a b [H] a b a b * ] --- (s1,a)=>(s1,a)/1 [ a a B b a b a [H] b a b * ] --- (s1,b)=>(s1,b)/1 [ a a B b a b a b [H] a b * ] --- (s1,a)=>(s1,a)/1 [ a a B b a b a b a [H] b * ] --- (s1,b)=>(s1,b)/1 [ a a B b a b a b a b [H] * ] --- (s1,*)=>(s2,*)/-1 [ a a B b a b a b a [H] b * ] --- (s2,b)=>(s2,b)/-1 [ a a B b a b a b [H] a b * ] --- (s2,a)=>(s3,b)/-1 [ a a B b a b a [H] b b b * ] --- (s3,b)=>(s3,b)/-1 [ a a B b a b [H] a b b b * ] --- (s3,a)=>(s3,a)/-1 [ a a B b a [H] b a b b b * ] --- (s3,b)=>(s3,b)/-1 [ a a B b [H] a b a b b b * ] --- (s3,a)=>(s3,a)/-1 [ a a B [H] b a b a b b b * ] --- (s3,b)=>(s3,b)/-1 [ a a [H] B b a b a b b b * ] --- (s3,B)=>(s0,a)/1 [ a a a [H] b a b a b b b * ] --- (s0,b)=>(s1,B)/1 [ a a a B [H] a b a b b b * ] --- (s1,a)=>(s1,a)/1 [ a a a B a [H] b a b b b * ] --- (s1,b)=>(s1,b)/1 [ a a a B a b [H] a b b b * ] --- (s1,a)=>(s1,a)/1 [ a a a B a b a [H] b b b * ] --- (s1,b)=>(s1,b)/1 [ a a a B a b a b [H] b b * ] --- (s1,b)=>(s1,b)/1 [ a a a B a b a b b [H] b * ] --- (s1,b)=>(s1,b)/1 [ a a a B a b a b b b [H] * ] --- (s1,*)=>(s2,*)/-1 [ a a a B a b a b b [H] b * ] --- (s2,b)=>(s2,b)/-1 [ a a a B a b a b [H] b b * ] --- (s2,b)=>(s2,b)/-1 [ a a a B a b a [H] b b b * ] --- (s2,b)=>(s2,b)/-1 [ a a a B a b [H] a b b b * ] --- (s2,a)=>(s3,b)/-1 [ a a a B a [H] b b b b b * ] --- (s3,b)=>(s3,b)/-1 [ a a a B [H] a b b b b b * ] --- (s3,a)=>(s3,a)/-1 [ a a a [H] B a b b b b b * ] --- (s3,B)=>(s0,a)/1 [ a a a a [H] a b b b b b * ] --- (s0,a)=>(s0,a)/1 [ a a a a a [H] b b b b b * ] --- (s0,b)=>(s1,B)/1 [ a a a a a B [H] b b b b * ] --- (s1,b)=>(s1,b)/1 [ a a a a a B b [H] b b b * ] --- (s1,b)=>(s1,b)/1 [ a a a a a B b b [H] b b * ] --- (s1,b)=>(s1,b)/1 [ a a a a a B b b b [H] b * ] --- (s1,b)=>(s1,b)/1 [ a a a a a B b b b b [H] * ] --- (s1,*)=>(s2,*)/-1 [ a a a a a B b b b [H] b * ] --- (s2,b)=>(s2,b)/-1 [ a a a a a B b b [H] b b * ] --- (s2,b)=>(s2,b)/-1 [ a a a a a B b [H] b b b * ] --- (s2,b)=>(s2,b)/-1 [ a a a a a B [H] b b b b * ] --- (s2,b)=>(s2,b)/-1 [ a a a a a [H] B b b b b * ] --- (s2,B)=>(se,b)/-1 [ a a a a [H] a b b b b b * ] --- (se,a)=>(se,a)/-1 [ a a a [H] a a b b b b b * ] --- (se,a)=>(se,a)/-1 [ a a [H] a a a b b b b b * ] --- (se,a)=>(se,a)/-1 [ a [H] a a a a b b b b b * ] --- (se,a)=>(se,a)/-1 [ [H] a a a a a b b b b b * ] --- (se,a)=>(se,a)/-1 [ [H] * a a a a a b b b b b * ] --- (se,*)=>(see,*)/1 [ * [H] a a a a a b b b b b * ] --- (see,a) Output (sort): [*, a, a, a, a, a, b, b, b, b, b, *]
JavaScript
function tm(d,s,e,i,b,t,... r) {
document.write(d, '<br>')
if (i<0||i>=t.length) return
var re=new RegExp(b,'g')
write('*',s,i,t=t.split(''))
var p={}; r.forEach(e=>((s,r,w,m,n)=>{p[s+'.'+r]={w,n,m:[0,1,-1][1+'RL'.indexOf(m)]}})(... e.split(/[ .:,]+/)))
for (var n=1; s!=e; n+=1) {
with (p[s+'.'+t[i]]) t[i]=w,s=n,i+=m
if (i==-1) i=0,t.unshift(b)
else if (i==t.length) t[i]=b
write(n,s,i,t)
}
document.write('<br>')
function write(n, s, i, t) {
t = t.join('')
t = t.substring(0,i) + '<u>' + t.charAt(i) + '</u>' + t.substr(i+1)
document.write((' '+n).slice(-3).replace(/ /g,' '), ': ', s, ' [', t.replace(re,' '), ']', '<br>')
}
}
tm( 'Unary incrementer',
// s e i b t
'a', 'h', 0, 'B', '111',
// s.r: w, m, n
'a.1: 1, L, a',
'a.B: 1, S, h'
)
tm( 'Unary adder',
1, 0, 0, '0', '1110111',
'1.1: 0, R, 2', // write 0 rigth goto 2
'2.1: 1, R, 2', // while (1) rigth
'2.0: 1, S, 0' // write 1 stay halt
)
tm( 'Three-state busy beaver',
1, 0, 0, '0', '0',
'1.0: 1, R, 2',
'1.1: 1, R, 0',
'2.0: 0, R, 3',
'2.1: 1, R, 2',
'3.0: 1, L, 3',
'3.1: 1, L, 1'
)
- Output:
Unary incrementer
*: a [111]
1: a [ 111]
2: h [1111]
Unary adder
*: 1 [111 111]
1: 2 [ 11 111]
2: 3 [ 11 111]
3: 3 [ 11 111]
4: 0 [ 111111]
Three-state busy beaver
*: 1 [ ]
1: 2 [1 ]
2: 3 [1 ]
3: 3 [1 1]
4: 3 [111]
5: 1 [ 111]
6: 2 [1111]
7: 2 [1111]
8: 2 [1111]
9: 2 [1111 ]
10: 3 [1111 ]
11: 3 [1111 1]
12: 3 [111111]
13: 1 [111111]
14: 0 [111111]
Julia
import Base.show
@enum Move Left=1 Stay Right
mutable struct MachineState
state::String
tape::Dict{Int, String}
headpos::Int
end
struct Rule
instate::String
s1::String
s2::String
move::Move
outstate::String
end
struct Program
title::String
initial::String
final::String
blank::String
rules::Vector{Rule}
end
const testprograms = [
(Program("Simple incrementer", "q0", "qf", "B",
[Rule("q0", "1", "1", Right, "q0"), Rule("q0", "B", "1", Stay, "qf")]),
Dict(1 =>"1", 2 => "1", 3 => "1"), true),
(Program("Three-state busy beaver", "a", "halt", "0",
[Rule<