Chinese remainder theorem: Difference between revisions
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This example solves an extended version of the Chinese Remainder theorem by allowing an optional third parameter <CODE>d</CODE> which defaults to 0 and is an integer. The solution returned is the smallest solution >= d. (This optional parameter is common in many/most real-world applications of the Chinese Remainder Theorem.) |
This example solves an extended version of the Chinese Remainder theorem by allowing an optional third parameter <CODE>d</CODE> which defaults to 0 and is an integer. The solution returned is the smallest solution >= d. (This optional parameter is common in many/most real-world applications of the Chinese Remainder Theorem.) |
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This program also works with arbitrarily-large integers. |
This program also works with arbitrarily-large integers and peforms efficiently due to Frink's built-in <CODE>modInverse</CODE> function. |
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Input is validated and useful error messages are emitted if the input data is invalid. If a solution cannot be found, this returns the special value <CODE>undef</CODE>. |
Input is validated and useful error messages are emitted if the input data is invalid. If a solution cannot be found, this returns the special value <CODE>undef</CODE>. |
Revision as of 08:28, 11 March 2022
![Task](http://static.miraheze.org/rosettacodewiki/thumb/b/ba/Rcode-button-task-crushed.png/64px-Rcode-button-task-crushed.png)
You are encouraged to solve this task according to the task description, using any language you may know.
Suppose Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle n_1} , Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle n_2} , Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \ldots} , Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle n_k} are positive integers that are pairwise co-prime.
Then, for any given sequence of integers Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle a_1} , Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle a_2} , Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \dots} , Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle a_k} , there exists an integer Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle x} solving the following system of simultaneous congruences:
- Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \begin{align} x &\equiv a_1 \pmod{n_1} \\ x &\equiv a_2 \pmod{n_2} \\ &{}\ \ \vdots \\ x &\equiv a_k \pmod{n_k} \end{align}}
Furthermore, all solutions Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle x} of this system are congruent modulo the product, Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle N=n_1n_2\ldots n_k} .
- Task
Write a program to solve a system of linear congruences by applying the Chinese Remainder Theorem.
If the system of equations cannot be solved, your program must somehow indicate this.
(It may throw an exception or return a special false value.)
Since there are infinitely many solutions, the program should return the unique solution Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle s} where Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 0 \leq s \leq n_1n_2\ldots n_k} .
Show the functionality of this program by printing the result such that the Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle n}
's are Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle [3,5,7]}
and the Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle a}
's are Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle [2,3,2]}
.
Algorithm: The following algorithm only applies if the Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle n_i}
's are pairwise co-prime.
Suppose, as above, that a solution is required for the system of congruences:
- Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle x \equiv a_i \pmod{n_i} \quad\mathrm{for}\; i = 1, \ldots, k}
Again, to begin, the product Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle N = n_1n_2 \ldots n_k} is defined.
Then a solution Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle x} can be found as follows:
For each Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle i} , the integers Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle n_i} and Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle N/n_i} are co-prime.
Using the Extended Euclidean algorithm, we can find integers Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle r_i} and Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle s_i} such that Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle r_i n_i + s_i N/n_i = 1} .
Then, one solution to the system of simultaneous congruences is:
- Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle x = \sum_{i=1}^k a_i s_i N/n_i}
and the minimal solution,
- Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle x \pmod{N}} .
11l
<lang 11l>F mul_inv(=a, =b)
V b0 = b V x0 = 0 V x1 = 1 I b == 1 R 1 L a > 1 V q = a I/ b (a, b) = (b, a % b) (x0, x1) = (x1 - q * x0, x0) I x1 < 0 x1 += b0 R x1
F chinese_remainder(n, a)
V sum = 0 V prod = product(n) L(n_i, a_i) zip(n, a) V p = prod I/ n_i sum += a_i * mul_inv(p, n_i) * p R sum % prod
V n = [3, 5, 7] V a = [2, 3, 2] print(chinese_remainder(n, a))</lang>
- Output:
23
360 Assembly
<lang 360asm>* Chinese remainder theorem 06/09/2015 CHINESE CSECT
USING CHINESE,R12 base addr LR R12,R15
BEGIN LA R9,1 m=1
LA R6,1 j=1
LOOPJ C R6,NN do j=1 to nn
BH ELOOPJ LR R1,R6 j SLA R1,2 j*4 M R8,N-4(R1) m=m*n(j) LA R6,1(R6) j=j+1 B LOOPJ
ELOOPJ LA R6,1 x=1 LOOPX CR R6,R9 do x=1 to m
BH ELOOPX LA R7,1 i=1
LOOPI C R7,NN do i=1 to nn
BH ELOOPI LR R1,R7 i SLA R1,2 i*4 LR R5,R6 x LA R4,0 D R4,N-4(R1) x//n(i) C R4,A-4(R1) if x//n(i)^=a(i) BNE ITERX then iterate x LA R7,1(R7) i=i+1 B LOOPI
ELOOPI MVC PG(2),=C'x='
XDECO R6,PG+2 edit x XPRNT PG,14 print buffer B RETURN
ITERX LA R6,1(R6) x=x+1
B LOOPX
ELOOPX XPRNT NOSOL,17 print RETURN XR R15,R15 rc=0
BR R14
NN DC F'3' N DC F'3',F'5',F'7' A DC F'2',F'3',F'2' PG DS CL80 NOSOL DC CL17'no solution found'
YREGS END CHINESE</lang>
- Output:
x= 23
Action!
<lang Action!>INT FUNC MulInv(INT a,b)
INT b0,x0,x1,q,tmp
IF b=1 THEN RETURN (1) FI
b0=b x0=0 x1=1 WHILE a>1 DO q=a/b
tmp=b b=a MOD b a=tmp tmp=x0 x0=x1-q*x0 x1=tmp OD IF x1<0 THEN x1==+b0 FI
RETURN (x1)
INT FUNC ChineseRemainder(BYTE ARRAY n,a BYTE len)
INT prod,sum,p,m BYTE i
prod=1 sum=0 FOR i=0 TO len-1 DO prod==*n(i) OD FOR i=0 TO len-1 DO p=prod/n(i) m=MulInv(p,n(i)) sum==+a(i)*m*p OD
RETURN (sum MOD prod)
PROC Main()
BYTE ARRAY n=[3 5 7],a=[2 3 2] INT res
res=ChineseRemainder(n,a,3) PrintI(res)
RETURN</lang>
- Output:
Screenshot from Atari 8-bit computer
23
Ada
Using the package Mod_Inv from [[1]].
<lang Ada>with Ada.Text_IO, Mod_Inv;
procedure Chin_Rema is
N: array(Positive range <>) of Positive := (3, 5, 7); A: array(Positive range <>) of Positive := (2, 3, 2); Tmp: Positive; Prod: Positive := 1; Sum: Natural := 0;
begin
for I in N'Range loop Prod := Prod * N(I); end loop; for I in A'Range loop Tmp := Prod / N(I); Sum := Sum + A(I) * Mod_Inv.Inverse(Tmp, N(I)) * Tmp; end loop; Ada.Text_IO.Put_Line(Integer'Image(Sum mod Prod));
end Chin_Rema;</lang>
Arturo
<lang rebol>mulInv: function [a0, b0][
[a b x0]: @[a0 b0 0] result: 1 if b = 1 -> return result while [a > 1][ q: a / b a: a % b tmp: a a: b b: tmp result: result - q * x0 tmp: x0 x0: result result: tmp ] if result < 0 -> result: result + b0 return result
]
chineseRemainder: function [N, A][
prod: 1 s: 0
loop N 'x -> prod: prod * x
loop.with:'i N 'x [ p: prod / x s: s + (mulInv p x) * p * A\[i] ] return s % prod
]
print chineseRemainder [3 5 7] [2 3 2]</lang>
- Output:
23
AWK
We are using the split-function to create both arrays, thus the indices start at 1. This is the only difference to the C version. <lang awk># Usage: GAWK -f CHINESE_REMAINDER_THEOREM.AWK BEGIN {
len = split("3 5 7", n) len = split("2 3 2", a) printf("%d\n", chineseremainder(n, a, len))
} function chineseremainder(n, a, len, p, i, prod, sum) {
prod = 1 sum = 0 for (i = 1; i <= len; i++) prod *= n[i] for (i = 1; i <= len; i++) { p = prod / n[i] sum += a[i] * mulinv(p, n[i]) * p } return sum % prod
} function mulinv(a, b, b0, t, q, x0, x1) {
# returns x where (a * x) % b == 1 b0 = b x0 = 0 x1 = 1 if (b == 1) return 1 while (a > 1) { q = int(a / b) t = b b = a % b a = t t = x0 x0 = x1 - q * x0 x1 = t } if (x1 < 0) x1 += b0 return x1
}</lang>
- Output:
23
Bracmat
<lang bracmat>( ( mul-inv
= a b b0 q x0 x1 . !arg:(?a.?b:?b0) & ( !b:1 | 0:?x0 & 1:?x1 & whl ' ( !a:>1 & (!b.mod$(!a.!b):?q.!x1+-1*!q*!x0.!x0) : (?a.?b.?x0.?x1) ) & ( !x1:<0&!b0+!x1 | !x1 ) ) )
& ( chinese-remainder
= n a as p ns ni prod sum . !arg:(?n.?a) & 1:?prod & 0:?sum & !n:?ns & whl'(!ns:%?ni ?ns&!prod*!ni:?prod) & !n:?ns & !a:?as & whl ' ( !ns:%?ni ?ns & !as:%?ai ?as & div$(!prod.!ni):?p & !sum+!ai*mul-inv$(!p.!ni)*!p:?sum ) & mod$(!sum.!prod):?arg & !arg )
& 3 5 7:?n & 2 3 2:?a & put$(str$(chinese-remainder$(!n.!a) \n)) );</lang> Output:
23
C
When n are not pairwise coprime, the program crashes due to division by zero, which is one way to convey error. <lang c>#include <stdio.h>
// returns x where (a * x) % b == 1 int mul_inv(int a, int b) { int b0 = b, t, q; int x0 = 0, x1 = 1; if (b == 1) return 1; while (a > 1) { q = a / b; t = b, b = a % b, a = t; t = x0, x0 = x1 - q * x0, x1 = t; } if (x1 < 0) x1 += b0; return x1; }
int chinese_remainder(int *n, int *a, int len) { int p, i, prod = 1, sum = 0;
for (i = 0; i < len; i++) prod *= n[i];
for (i = 0; i < len; i++) { p = prod / n[i]; sum += a[i] * mul_inv(p, n[i]) * p; }
return sum % prod; }
int main(void) { int n[] = { 3, 5, 7 }; int a[] = { 2, 3, 2 };
printf("%d\n", chinese_remainder(n, a, sizeof(n)/sizeof(n[0]))); return 0; }</lang>
C#
<lang csharp>using System; using System.Linq;
namespace ChineseRemainderTheorem {
class Program { static void Main(string[] args) { int[] n = { 3, 5, 7 }; int[] a = { 2, 3, 2 };
int result = ChineseRemainderTheorem.Solve(n, a);
int counter = 0; int maxCount = n.Length - 1; while (counter <= maxCount) { Console.WriteLine($"{result} ≡ {a[counter]} (mod {n[counter]})"); counter++; } } }
public static class ChineseRemainderTheorem { public static int Solve(int[] n, int[] a) { int prod = n.Aggregate(1, (i, j) => i * j); int p; int sm = 0; for (int i = 0; i < n.Length; i++) { p = prod / n[i]; sm += a[i] * ModularMultiplicativeInverse(p, n[i]) * p; } return sm % prod; }
private static int ModularMultiplicativeInverse(int a, int mod) { int b = a % mod; for (int x = 1; x < mod; x++) { if ((b * x) % mod == 1) { return x; } } return 1; } }
}</lang>
C++
<lang cpp>// Requires C++17
- include <iostream>
- include <numeric>
- include <vector>
- include <execution>
template<typename _Ty> _Ty mulInv(_Ty a, _Ty b) { _Ty b0 = b; _Ty x0 = 0; _Ty x1 = 1;
if (b == 1) { return 1; }
while (a > 1) { _Ty q = a / b; _Ty amb = a % b; a = b; b = amb;
_Ty xqx = x1 - q * x0; x1 = x0; x0 = xqx; }
if (x1 < 0) { x1 += b0; }
return x1; }
template<typename _Ty> _Ty chineseRemainder(std::vector<_Ty> n, std::vector<_Ty> a) { _Ty prod = std::reduce(std::execution::seq, n.begin(), n.end(), (_Ty)1, [](_Ty a, _Ty b) { return a * b; });
_Ty sm = 0; for (int i = 0; i < n.size(); i++) { _Ty p = prod / n[i]; sm += a[i] * mulInv(p, n[i]) * p; }
return sm % prod; }
int main() { vector<int> n = { 3, 5, 7 }; vector<int> a = { 2, 3, 2 };
cout << chineseRemainder(n,a) << endl;
return 0; }</lang>
- Output:
23
Clojure
Modeled after the Python version http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Category:Python <lang lisp>(ns test-p.core
(:require [clojure.math.numeric-tower :as math]))
(defn extended-gcd
"The extended Euclidean algorithm Returns a list containing the GCD and the Bézout coefficients corresponding to the inputs. " [a b] (cond (zero? a) [(math/abs b) 0 1] (zero? b) [(math/abs a) 1 0] :else (loop [s 0 s0 1 t 1 t0 0 r (math/abs b) r0 (math/abs a)] (if (zero? r) [r0 s0 t0] (let [q (quot r0 r)] (recur (- s0 (* q s)) s (- t0 (* q t)) t (- r0 (* q r)) r))))))
(defn chinese_remainder
" Main routine to return the chinese remainder " [n a] (let [prod (apply * n) reducer (fn [sum [n_i a_i]] (let [p (quot prod n_i) ; p = prod / n_i egcd (extended-gcd p n_i) ; Extended gcd inv_p (second egcd)] ; Second item is the inverse (+ sum (* a_i inv_p p)))) sum-prod (reduce reducer 0 (map vector n a))] ; Replaces the Python for loop to sum ; (map vector n a) is same as ; ; Python's version Zip (n, a) (mod sum-prod prod))) ; Result line
(def n [3 5 7]) (def a [2 3 2])
(println (chinese_remainder n a)) </lang>
Output:
23
Coffeescript
<lang coffeescript>crt = (n,a) -> sum = 0 prod = n.reduce (a,c) -> a*c for [ni,ai] in _.zip n,a p = prod // ni sum += ai * p * mulInv p,ni sum % prod
mulInv = (a,b) -> b0 = b [x0,x1] = [0,1] if b==1 then return 1 while a > 1 q = a // b [a,b] = [b, a % b] [x0,x1] = [x1-q*x0, x0] if x1 < 0 then x1 += b0 x1
print crt [3,5,7], [2,3,2]</lang> Output:
23
Common Lisp
Using function invmod from [[2]]. <lang lisp> (defun chinese-remainder (am) "Calculates the Chinese Remainder for the given set of integer modulo pairs.
Note: All the ni and the N must be coprimes." (loop :for (a . m) :in am :with mtot = (reduce #'* (mapcar #'(lambda(X) (cdr X)) am)) :with sum = 0 :finally (return (mod sum mtot)) :do (incf sum (* a (invmod (/ mtot m) m) (/ mtot m)))))
</lang>
Output:
* (chinese-remainder '((2 . 3) (3 . 5) (2 . 7))) 23 * (chinese-remainder '((10 . 11) (4 . 12) (12 . 13))) 1000 * (chinese-remainder '((19 . 100) (0 . 23))) 1219 * (chinese-remainder '((10 . 11) (4 . 22) (9 . 19))) debugger invoked on a SIMPLE-ERROR in thread #<THREAD "main thread" RUNNING {1002A8B1B3}>: invmod: Values 418 and 11 are not coprimes. Type HELP for debugger help, or (SB-EXT:EXIT) to exit from SBCL. restarts (invokable by number or by possibly-abbreviated name): 0: [ABORT] Exit debugger, returning to top level. (INVMOD 418 11) 0]
Crystal
<lang crystal>def extended_gcd(a, b)
last_remainder, remainder = a.abs, b.abs x, last_x = 0, 1
until remainder == 0 tmp = remainder quotient, remainder = last_remainder.divmod(remainder) last_remainder = tmp x, last_x = last_x - quotient * x, x end
return last_remainder, last_x * (a < 0 ? -1 : 1)
end
def invmod(e, et)
g, x = extended_gcd(e, et) unless g == 1 raise "Multiplicative inverse modulo does not exist" end return x % et
end
def chinese_remainder(mods, remainders)
max = mods.product series = remainders.zip(mods).map { |r, m| r * max * invmod(max // m, m) // m } return series.sum % max
end
puts chinese_remainder([3, 5, 7], [2, 3, 2])
puts chinese_remainder([5, 7, 9, 11], [1, 2, 3, 4])
</lang>
Output:
23 1731
D
<lang d>import std.stdio, std.algorithm;
T chineseRemainder(T)(in T[] n, in T[] a) pure nothrow @safe @nogc in {
assert(n.length == a.length);
} body {
static T mulInv(T)(T a, T b) pure nothrow @safe @nogc { auto b0 = b; T x0 = 0, x1 = 1; if (b == 1) return T(1); while (a > 1) { immutable q = a / b; immutable amb = a % b; a = b; b = amb; immutable xqx = x1 - q * x0; x1 = x0; x0 = xqx; } if (x1 < 0) x1 += b0; return x1; }
immutable prod = reduce!q{a * b}(T(1), n);
T p = 1, sm = 0; foreach (immutable i, immutable ni; n) { p = prod / ni; sm += a[i] * mulInv(p, ni) * p; } return sm % prod;
}
void main() {
immutable n = [3, 5, 7], a = [2, 3, 2]; chineseRemainder(n, a).writeln;
}</lang>
- Output:
23
EasyLang
<lang>func mul_inv a b . x1 .
b0 = b x1 = 1 if b <> 1 while a > 1 q = a div b t = b b = a mod b a = t t = x0 x0 = x1 - q * x0 x1 = t . if x1 < 0 x1 += b0 . .
. func remainder . n[] a[] r .
prod = 1 sum = 0 for i range len n[] prod *= n[i] . for i range len n[] p = prod / n[i] call mul_inv p n[i] h sum += a[i] * h * p r = sum mod prod .
. n[] = [ 3 5 7 ] a[] = [ 2 3 2 ] call remainder n[] a[] h print h</lang>
- Output:
23
EchoLisp
egcd - extended gcd - and crt-solve - chinese remainder theorem solve - are included in math.lib. <lang scheme> (lib 'math) math.lib v1.10 ® EchoLisp Lib: math.lib loaded.
(crt-solve '(2 3 2) '(3 5 7))
→ 23
(crt-solve '(2 3 2) '(7 1005 15)) 💥 error: mod[i] must be co-primes : assertion failed : 1005 </lang>
Elixir
Brute-force: <lang elixir>defmodule Chinese do
def remainder(mods, remainders) do max = Enum.reduce(mods, fn x,acc -> x*acc end) Enum.zip(mods, remainders) |> Enum.map(fn {m,r} -> Enum.take_every(r..max, m) |> MapSet.new end) |> Enum.reduce(fn set,acc -> MapSet.intersection(set, acc) end) |> MapSet.to_list end
end
IO.inspect Chinese.remainder([3,5,7], [2,3,2]) IO.inspect Chinese.remainder([10,4,9], [11,22,19]) IO.inspect Chinese.remainder([11,12,13], [10,4,12])</lang>
- Output:
[23] [] [1000]
Erlang
<lang erlang>-module(crt). -import(lists, [zip/2, unzip/1, foldl/3, sum/1]). -export([egcd/2, mod/2, mod_inv/2, chinese_remainder/1]).
egcd(_, 0) -> {1, 0}; egcd(A, B) ->
{S, T} = egcd(B, A rem B), {T, S - (A div B)*T}.
mod_inv(A, B) ->
{X, Y} = egcd(A, B), if A*X + B*Y =:= 1 -> X; true -> undefined end.
mod(A, M) ->
X = A rem M, if X < 0 -> X + M; true -> X end.
calc_inverses([], []) -> []; calc_inverses([N | Ns], [M | Ms]) ->
case mod_inv(N, M) of undefined -> undefined; Inv -> [Inv | calc_inverses(Ns, Ms)] end.
chinese_remainder(Congruences) ->
{Residues, Modulii} = unzip(Congruences), ModPI = foldl(fun(A, B) -> A*B end, 1, Modulii), CRT_Modulii = [ModPI div M || M <- Modulii], case calc_inverses(CRT_Modulii, Modulii) of undefined -> undefined; Inverses -> Solution = sum([A*B || {A,B} <- zip(CRT_Modulii, [A*B || {A,B} <- zip(Residues, Inverses)])]), mod(Solution, ModPI) end.</lang>
- Output:
16> crt:chinese_remainder([{10,11}, {4,12}, {12,13}]). 1000 17> crt:chinese_remainder([{10,11}, {4,22}, {9,19}]). undefined 18> crt:chinese_remainder([{2,3}, {3,5}, {2,7}]). 23
F#
sieving
<lang fsharp>let rec sieve cs x N =
match cs with | [] -> Some(x) | (a,n)::rest -> let arrProgress = Seq.unfold (fun x -> Some(x, x+N)) x let firstXmodNequalA = Seq.tryFind (fun x -> a = x % n) match firstXmodNequalA (Seq.take n arrProgress) with | None -> None | Some(x) -> sieve rest x (N*n)
[ [(2,3);(3,5);(2,7)];
[(10,11); (4,22); (9,19)]; [(10,11); (4,12); (12,13)] ]
|> List.iter (fun congruences ->
let cs = congruences |> List.map (fun (a,n) -> (a % n, n)) |> List.sortBy (snd>>(~-)) let an = List.head cs match sieve (List.tail cs) (fst an) (snd an) with | None -> printfn "no solution" | Some(x) -> printfn "result = %i" x
)</lang>
- Output:
result = 23 no solution result = 1000
Or for those who prefer unsieved
This uses Greatest_common_divisor#F.23 to verify valid input, can be simplified if you know input has a solution.
This uses Modular_inverse#F.23
<lang fsharp>
//Chinese Division Theorem: Nigel Galloway: April 3rd., 2017
let CD n g =
match Seq.fold(fun n g->if (gcd n g)=1 then n*g else 0) 1 g with |0 -> None |fN-> Some ((Seq.fold2(fun n i g -> n+i*(fN/g)*(MI g ((fN/g)%g))) 0 n g)%fN)
</lang>
- Output:
CD [10;4;12] [11;12;13] -> Some 1000 CD [10;4;9] [11;22;19] -> None CD [2;3;2] [3;5;7] -> Some 23
Factor
<lang factor>USING: math.algebra prettyprint ; { 2 3 2 } { 3 5 7 } chinese-remainder .</lang>
- Output:
23
Forth
Tested with GNU FORTH <lang forth>: egcd ( a b -- a b )
dup 0= IF 2drop 1 0 ELSE dup -rot /mod \ -- b r=a%b q=a/b -rot recurse \ -- q (s,t) = egcd(b, r) >r swap r@ * - r> swap \ -- t (s - q*t) THEN ;
- egcd>gcd ( a b x y -- n ) \ calculate gcd from egcd
rot * -rot * + ;
- mod-inv ( a m -- a' ) \ modular inverse with coprime check
2dup egcd over >r egcd>gcd r> swap 1 <> -24 and throw ;
- array-product ( adr count -- n )
1 -rot cells bounds ?DO i @ * cell +LOOP ;
- crt-from-array ( adr1 adr2 count -- n )
2dup array-product locals| M count m[] a[] | 0 \ result count 0 DO m[] i cells + @ dup M swap / dup rot mod-inv * a[] i cells + @ * + LOOP M mod ;
create crt-residues[] 10 cells allot create crt-moduli[] 10 cells allot
- crt ( .... n -- n ) \ takes pairs of "n (mod m)" from stack.
10 min locals| n | n 0 DO crt-moduli[] i cells + ! crt-residues[] i cells + ! LOOP crt-residues[] crt-moduli[] n crt-from-array ;
</lang>
- Output:
Gforth 0.7.2, Copyright (C) 1995-2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Gforth comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `license' Type `bye' to exit 10 11 4 12 12 13 3 crt . 1000 ok 10 11 4 22 9 19 3 crt . :2: Invalid numeric argument 10 11 4 22 9 19 3 >>>crt<<< .
FreeBASIC
Partial
. Uses the code from Greatest_common_divisor#Recursive_solution as an include.
<lang freebasic>
- include "gcd.bas"
function mul_inv( a as integer, b as integer ) as integer if b = 1 then return 1
for i as integer = 1 to b if a*i mod b = 1 then return i next i return 0
end function
function chinese_remainder(n() as integer, a() as integer) as integer dim as integer p, i, prod = 1, sum = 0, ln = ubound(n) for p = 0 to ln-1 for i = p+1 to ln if gcd(n(i), n(p))>1 then print "N not coprime" end end if next i next p for i = 0 to ln prod *= n(i) next i for i = 0 to ln p = prod/n(i) sum += a(i) * mul_inv(p, n(i))*p next i return sum mod prod end function
dim as integer n(0 to 2) = { 3, 5, 7 } dim as integer a(0 to 2) = { 2, 3, 2 }
print chinese_remainder(n(), a())</lang>
- Output:
23
Frink
This example solves an extended version of the Chinese Remainder theorem by allowing an optional third parameter d
which defaults to 0 and is an integer. The solution returned is the smallest solution >= d. (This optional parameter is common in many/most real-world applications of the Chinese Remainder Theorem.)
This program also works with arbitrarily-large integers and peforms efficiently due to Frink's built-in modInverse
function.
Input is validated and useful error messages are emitted if the input data is invalid. If a solution cannot be found, this returns the special value undef
.
<lang frink>/** arguments:
[r, m, d=0] where r and m are arrays of the remainder terms r and the modulus terms m respectively. These must be of the same length. returns x, the unique solution mod N where N is the product of all the M terms where x >= d.
- /
ChineseRemainder[r, m, d=0] := {
if length[r] != length[m] { println["ChineseRemainder: r and m must be arrays of the same length."] return undef } N = product[m]
y = new array z = new array x = 0 for i = rangeOf[m] { y@i = N / m@i z@i = modInverse[y@i, m@i] if z@i == undef { println["ChineseRemainder: modInverse returned undef for modInverse[" + y@i + ", " + m@i + "]"] return undef } x = x + r@i y@i z@i }
xp = x mod N f = d div N r = f * N + xp if r < d r = r + N
return r
}
println[ChineseRemainder[[2,3,2],[3,5,7]] ]</lang>
- Output:
23
FunL
<lang funl>import integers.modinv
def crt( congruences ) =
N = product( n | (_, n) <- congruences ) sum( a*modinv(N/n, n)*N/n | (a, n) <- congruences ) mod N
println( crt([(2, 3), (3, 5), (2, 7)]) )</lang>
- Output:
23
Go
Go has the Extended Euclidean algorithm in the GCD function for big integers in the standard library. GCD will return 1 only if numbers are coprime, so a result != 1 indicates the error condition. <lang go>package main
import (
"fmt" "math/big"
)
var one = big.NewInt(1)
func crt(a, n []*big.Int) (*big.Int, error) {
p := new(big.Int).Set(n[0]) for _, n1 := range n[1:] { p.Mul(p, n1) } var x, q, s, z big.Int for i, n1 := range n { q.Div(p, n1) z.GCD(nil, &s, n1, &q) if z.Cmp(one) != 0 { return nil, fmt.Errorf("%d not coprime", n1) } x.Add(&x, s.Mul(a[i], s.Mul(&s, &q))) } return x.Mod(&x, p), nil
}
func main() {
n := []*big.Int{ big.NewInt(3), big.NewInt(5), big.NewInt(7), } a := []*big.Int{ big.NewInt(2), big.NewInt(3), big.NewInt(2), } fmt.Println(crt(a, n))
}</lang>
- Output:
Two values, the solution x and an error value.
23 <nil>
Groovy
<lang groovy>class ChineseRemainderTheorem {
static int chineseRemainder(int[] n, int[] a) { int prod = 1 for (int i = 0; i < n.length; i++) { prod *= n[i] }
int p, sm = 0 for (int i = 0; i < n.length; i++) { p = prod.intdiv(n[i]) sm += a[i] * mulInv(p, n[i]) * p } return sm % prod }
private static int mulInv(int a, int b) { int b0 = b int x0 = 0 int x1 = 1
if (b == 1) { return 1 }
while (a > 1) { int q = a.intdiv(b) int amb = a % b a = b b = amb int xqx = x1 - q * x0 x1 = x0 x0 = xqx }
if (x1 < 0) { x1 += b0 }
return x1 }
static void main(String[] args) { int[] n = [3, 5, 7] int[] a = [2, 3, 2] println(chineseRemainder(n, a)) }
}</lang>
- Output:
23
Haskell
<lang haskell>import Control.Monad (zipWithM)
egcd :: Int -> Int -> (Int, Int) egcd _ 0 = (1, 0) egcd a b = (t, s - q * t)
where (s, t) = egcd b r (q, r) = a `quotRem` b
modInv :: Int -> Int -> Either String Int modInv a b =
case egcd a b of (x, y) | a * x + b * y == 1 -> Right x | otherwise -> Left $ "No modular inverse for " ++ show a ++ " and " ++ show b
chineseRemainder :: [Int] -> [Int] -> Either String Int chineseRemainder residues modulii =
zipWithM modInv crtModulii modulii >>= (Right . (`mod` modPI) . sum . zipWith (*) crtModulii . zipWith (*) residues) where modPI = product modulii crtModulii = (modPI `div`) <$> modulii
main :: IO () main =
mapM_ (putStrLn . either id show) $ uncurry chineseRemainder <$> [ ([10, 4, 12], [11, 12, 13]) , ([10, 4, 9], [11, 22, 19]) , ([2, 3, 2], [3, 5, 7]) ]</lang>
- Output:
1000 No modular inverse for 418 and 11 23
Icon and Unicon
with error check added.
Works in both languages: <lang unicon>link numbers # for gcd()
procedure main()
write(cr([3,5,7],[2,3,2]) | "No solution!") write(cr([10,4,9],[11,22,19]) | "No solution!")
end
procedure cr(n,a)
if 1 ~= gcd(n[i := !*n],a[i]) then fail # Not pairwise coprime (prod := 1, sm := 0) every prod *:= !n every p := prod/(ni := n[i := !*n]) do sm +:= a[i] * mul_inv(p,ni) * p return sm%prod
end
procedure mul_inv(a,b)
if b = 1 then return 1 (b0 := b, x0 := 0, x1 := 1) while q := (1 < a)/b do { (t := a, a := b, b := t%b) (t := x0, x0 := x1-q*t, x1 := t) } return if x1 < 0 then x1+b0 else x1
end</lang>
Output:
->crt 23 No solution! ->
J
Solution (brute force):<lang j> crt =: (1 + ] - {:@:[ -: {.@:[ | ])^:_&0@:,:</lang> Example: <lang j> 3 5 7 crt 2 3 2 23
11 12 13 crt 10 4 12
1000</lang> Notes: This is a brute force approach and does not meet the requirement for explicit notification of an an unsolvable set of equations (it just spins forever). A much more thorough and educational approach can be found on the J wiki's Essay on the Chinese Remainder Thereom.
Java
<lang java>import static java.util.Arrays.stream;
public class ChineseRemainderTheorem {
public static int chineseRemainder(int[] n, int[] a) {
int prod = stream(n).reduce(1, (i, j) -> i * j);
int p, sm = 0; for (int i = 0; i < n.length; i++) { p = prod / n[i]; sm += a[i] * mulInv(p, n[i]) * p; } return sm % prod; }
private static int mulInv(int a, int b) { int b0 = b; int x0 = 0; int x1 = 1;
if (b == 1) return 1;
while (a > 1) { int q = a / b; int amb = a % b; a = b; b = amb; int xqx = x1 - q * x0; x1 = x0; x0 = xqx; }
if (x1 < 0) x1 += b0;
return x1; }
public static void main(String[] args) { int[] n = {3, 5, 7}; int[] a = {2, 3, 2}; System.out.println(chineseRemainder(n, a)); }
}</lang>
23
JavaScript
<lang javascript> function crt(num, rem) {
let sum = 0; const prod = num.reduce((a, c) => a * c, 1);
for (let i = 0; i < num.length; i++) { const [ni, ri] = [num[i], rem[i]]; const p = Math.floor(prod / ni); sum += ri * p * mulInv(p, ni); } return sum % prod;
}
function mulInv(a, b) {
const b0 = b; let [x0, x1] = [0, 1];
if (b === 1) { return 1; } while (a > 1) { const q = Math.floor(a / b); [a, b] = [b, a % b]; [x0, x1] = [x1 - q * x0, x0]; } if (x1 < 0) { x1 += b0; } return x1;
}
console.log(crt([3,5,7], [2,3,2]))</lang> Output:
23
jq
This implementation is similar to the one in C, but raises an error if there is no solution, as illustrated in the last example. <lang jq># mul_inv(a;b) returns x where (a * x) % b == 1, or else null def mul_inv(a; b):
# state: [a, b, x0, x1] def iterate: .[0] as $a | .[1] as $b | if $a > 1 then if $b == 0 then null else ($a / $b | floor) as $q | [$b, ($a % $b), (.[3] - ($q * .[2])), .[2]] | iterate end else . end ;
if (b == 1) then 1 else [a,b,0,1] | iterate | if . == null then . else .[3] | if . < 0 then . + b else . end end end;
def chinese_remainder(mods; remainders):
(reduce mods[] as $i (1; . * $i)) as $prod | reduce range(0; mods|length) as $i (0; ($prod/mods[$i]) as $p | mul_inv($p; mods[$i]) as $mi | if $mi == null then error("nogo: p=\($p) mods[\($i)]=\(mods[$i])") else . + (remainders[$i] * $mi * $p) end ) | . % $prod ;</lang>
Examples:
chinese_remainder([3,5,7]; [2,3,2]) # => 23 chinese_remainder([100,23]; [19,0]) # => 1219 chinese_remainder([10,4,9]; [11,22,19]) # jq: error: nogo: p=36 mods[0]=10
Julia
<lang julia>function chineseremainder(n::Array, a::Array)
Π = prod(n) mod(sum(ai * invmod(Π ÷ ni, ni) * (Π ÷ ni) for (ni, ai) in zip(n, a)), Π)
end
@show chineseremainder([3, 5, 7], [2, 3, 2])</lang>
- Output:
chineseremainder([3, 5, 7], [2, 3, 2]) = 23
Kotlin
<lang scala>// version 1.1.2
/* returns x where (a * x) % b == 1 */ fun multInv(a: Int, b: Int): Int {
if (b == 1) return 1 var aa = a var bb = b var x0 = 0 var x1 = 1 while (aa > 1) { val q = aa / bb var t = bb bb = aa % bb aa = t t = x0 x0 = x1 - q * x0 x1 = t } if (x1 < 0) x1 += b return x1
}
fun chineseRemainder(n: IntArray, a: IntArray): Int {
val prod = n.fold(1) { acc, i -> acc * i } var sum = 0 for (i in 0 until n.size) { val p = prod / n[i] sum += a[i] * multInv(p, n[i]) * p } return sum % prod
}
fun main(args: Array<String>) {
val n = intArrayOf(3, 5, 7) val a = intArrayOf(2, 3, 2) println(chineseRemainder(n, a))
}</lang>
- Output:
23
Lobster
<lang Lobster>import std
def extended_gcd(a, b):
var s = 0 var old_s = 1 var t = 1 var old_t = 0 var r = b var old_r = a
while r != 0: let quotient = old_r / r old_r, r = r, old_r - quotient * r old_s, s = s, old_s - quotient * s old_t, t = t, old_t - quotient * t
return old_r, old_s, old_t, t, s
def for2(xs, ys, fun): return for xs.length: fun(xs[_], ys[_])
def crt(xs, ys):
let p = reduce(xs): _a * _b var r = 0 for2(xs,ys) x, y: let q = p / x let z,s,_t,_qt,_qs = q.extended_gcd(x) if z != 1: return "ng " + x + " not coprime", 0 if s < 0: r += y * (s + x) * q else: r += y * s * q return "ok", r % p
def print_crt(xs, ys):
let msg, res = crt(xs, ys) print(msg + " " + res)
print_crt([3,5,7],[2,3,2]) print_crt([11,12,13],[10,4,12]) print_crt([11,22,19],[10,4,9]) print_crt([100,23],[19,0]) </lang>
- Output:
ok 23 ok 1000 ng 11 not coprime 0 ok 1219
Lua
<lang lua>-- Taken from https://www.rosettacode.org/wiki/Sum_and_product_of_an_array#Lua function prodf(a, ...) return a and a * prodf(...) or 1 end function prodt(t) return prodf(unpack(t)) end
function mulInv(a, b)
local b0 = b local x0 = 0 local x1 = 1
if b == 1 then return 1 end
while a > 1 do local q = math.floor(a / b) local amb = math.fmod(a, b) a = b b = amb local xqx = x1 - q * x0 x1 = x0 x0 = xqx end
if x1 < 0 then x1 = x1 + b0 end
return x1
end
function chineseRemainder(n, a)
local prod = prodt(n)
local p local sm = 0 for i=1,#n do p = prod / n[i] sm = sm + a[i] * mulInv(p, n[i]) * p end
return math.fmod(sm, prod)
end
n = {3, 5, 7} a = {2, 3, 2} io.write(chineseRemainder(n, a))</lang>
- Output:
23
M2000 Interpreter
<lang M2000 Interpreter> Function ChineseRemainder(n(), a()) { Function mul_inv(a, b) { if b==1 then =1 : exit b0=b x1=1 : x0=0 while a>1 q=a div b t=b : b=a mod b: a=t t=x0: x0=x1-q*x0:x1=t end while if x1<0 then x1+=b0 =x1 } def p, i, prod=1, sum for i=0 to len(n())-1 {prod*=n(i)} for i=0 to len(a())-1 p=prod div n(i) sum+=a(i)*mul_inv(p, n(i))*p next =sum mod prod } Print ChineseRemainder((3,5,7), (2,3,2)) </lang>
- Output:
23
Maple
This is a Maple built-in procedure, so it is trivial: <lang Maple>> chrem( [2, 3, 2], [3, 5, 7] );
23
</lang>
Mathematica / Wolfram Language
Very easy, because it is a built-in function: <lang Mathematica >ChineseRemainder[{2, 3, 2}, {3, 5, 7}] 23</lang>
MATLAB / Octave
<lang MATLAB>function f = chineseRemainder(r, m)
s = prod(m) ./ m; [~, t] = gcd(s, m); f = s .* t * r';</lang>
- Output:
<lang MATLAB>>> chineseRemainder([2 3 2], [3 5 7])
ans = 23</lang>
Modula-2
<lang modula2>MODULE CRT; FROM FormatString IMPORT FormatString; FROM Terminal IMPORT WriteString,WriteLn,ReadChar;
PROCEDURE WriteInt(n : INTEGER); VAR buf : ARRAY[0..15] OF CHAR; BEGIN
FormatString("%i", buf, n); WriteString(buf)
END WriteInt;
PROCEDURE MulInv(a,b : INTEGER) : INTEGER; VAR
b0,x0,x1,q,amb,xqx : INTEGER;
BEGIN
b0 := b; x0 := 0; x1 := 1;
IF b=1 THEN RETURN 1 END;
WHILE a>1 DO q := a DIV b; amb := a MOD b; a := b; b := amb; xqx := x1 - q * x0; x1 := x0; x0 := xqx END;
IF x1<0 THEN x1 := x1 + b0 END;
RETURN x1
END MulInv;
PROCEDURE ChineseRemainder(n,a : ARRAY OF INTEGER) : INTEGER; VAR
i : CARDINAL; prod,p,sm : INTEGER;
BEGIN
prod := n[0]; FOR i:=1 TO HIGH(n) DO prod := prod * n[i] END;
sm := 0; FOR i:=0 TO HIGH(n) DO p := prod DIV n[i]; sm := sm + a[i] * MulInv(p, n[i]) * p END;
RETURN sm MOD prod
END ChineseRemainder;
TYPE TA = ARRAY[0..2] OF INTEGER; VAR n,a : TA; BEGIN
n := TA{3, 5, 7}; a := TA{2, 3, 2}; WriteInt(ChineseRemainder(n, a)); WriteLn;
ReadChar
END CRT.</lang>
- Output:
23
Nim
<lang nim>proc mulInv(a0, b0: int): int =
var (a, b, x0) = (a0, b0, 0) result = 1 if b == 1: return while a > 1: let q = a div b a = a mod b swap a, b result = result - q * x0 swap x0, result if result < 0: result += b0
proc chineseRemainder[T](n, a: T): int =
var prod = 1 var sum = 0 for x in n: prod *= x
for i in 0..<n.len: let p = prod div n[i] sum += a[i] * mulInv(p, n[i]) * p
sum mod prod
echo chineseRemainder([3,5,7], [2,3,2])</lang> Output:
23
OCaml
This is without the Jane Street Ocaml Core Library. <lang ocaml> exception Modular_inverse let inverse_mod a = function
| 1 -> 1 | b -> let rec inner a b x0 x1 = if a <= 1 then x1 else if b = 0 then raise Modular_inverse else inner b (a mod b) (x1 - (a / b) * x0) x0 in let x = inner a b 0 1 in if x < 0 then x + b else x
let chinese_remainder_exn congruences =
let mtot = congruences |> List.map (fun (_, x) -> x) |> List.fold_left ( *) 1 in (List.fold_left (fun acc (r, n) -> acc + r * inverse_mod (mtot / n) n * (mtot / n) ) 0 congruences) mod mtot
let chinese_remainder congruences =
try Some (chinese_remainder_exn congruences) with modular_inverse -> None
</lang> This is using the Jane Street Ocaml Core library. <lang ocaml>open Core.Std open Option.Monad_infix
let rec egcd a b =
if b = 0 then (1, 0) else let q = a/b and r = a mod b in let (s, t) = egcd b r in (t, s - q*t)
let mod_inv a b =
let (x, y) = egcd a b in if a*x + b*y = 1 then Some x else None
let calc_inverses ns ms =
let rec list_inverses ns ms l = match (ns, ms) with | ([], []) -> Some l | ([], _) | (_, []) -> assert false | (n::ns, m::ms) -> let inv = mod_inv n m in match inv with | None -> None | Some v -> list_inverses ns ms (v::l) in list_inverses ns ms [] >>= fun l -> Some (List.rev l)
let chinese_remainder congruences =
let (residues, modulii) = List.unzip congruences in let mod_pi = List.reduce_exn modulii ~f:( * ) in let crt_modulii = List.map modulii ~f:(fun m -> mod_pi / m) in calc_inverses crt_modulii modulii >>= fun inverses -> Some (List.map3_exn residues inverses crt_modulii ~f:(fun a b c -> a*b*c) |> List.reduce_exn ~f:(+) |> fun n -> let n' = n mod mod_pi in if n' < 0 then n' + mod_pi else n')
</lang>
- Output:
utop # chinese_remainder [(10, 11); (4, 12); (12, 13)];; - : int option = Some 1000 utop # chinese_remainder [(10, 11); (4, 22); (9, 19)];; - : int option = None
PARI/GP
<lang parigp>chivec(residues, moduli)={
my(m=Mod(0,1)); for(i=1,#residues, m=chinese(Mod(residues[i],moduli[i]),m) ); lift(m)
}; chivec([2,3,2], [3,5,7])</lang>
- Output:
23
Pari's chinese function takes a vector in the form [Mod(a1,n1), Mod(a2, n2), ...], so we can do this directly: <lang parigp>lift( chinese([Mod(2,3),Mod(3,5),Mod(2,7)]) )</lang> or to take the residue/moduli array as above: <lang parigp>chivec(residues,moduli)={
lift(chinese(vector(#residues,i,Mod(residues[i],moduli[i]))))
}</lang>
Perl
There are at least three CPAN modules for this: ntheory (Math::Prime::Util), Math::ModInt, and Math::Pari. All three handle bigints.
<lang perl>use ntheory qw/chinese/; say chinese([2,3], [3,5], [2,7]);</lang>
- Output:
23
The function returns undef if no common residue class exists. The combined modulus can be obtained using the lcm
function applied to the moduli (e.g. lcm(3,5,7) = 105
in the example above).
<lang perl>use Math::ModInt qw(mod); use Math::ModInt::ChineseRemainder qw(cr_combine); say cr_combine(mod(2,3),mod(3,5),mod(2,7));</lang>
- Output:
mod(23, 105)
This returns a Math::ModInt object, which if no common residue class exists will be a special undefined object. The modulus
and residue
methods may be used to extract the integer components.
Non-pairwise-coprime
All three modules will also handle cases where the moduli are not pairwise co-prime but a solution exists, e.g.: <lang perl>use ntheory qw/chinese lcm/; say chinese( [2328,16256], [410,5418] ), " mod ", lcm(16256,5418);</lang>
- Output:
28450328 mod 44037504
Phix
Uses the function mul_inv() from Modular_inverse#Phix (reproduced below)
function mul_inv(integer a, n) if n<0 then n = -n end if if a<0 then a = n - mod(-a,n) end if integer t = 0, nt = 1, r = n, nr = a; while nr!=0 do integer q = floor(r/nr) {t, nt} = {nt, t-q*nt} {r, nr} = {nr, r-q*nr} end while if r>1 then return "a is not invertible" end if if t<0 then t += n end if return t end function function chinese_remainder(sequence n, a) integer p, prod = 1, tot = 0; for i=1 to length(n) do prod *= n[i] end for for i=1 to length(n) do p = prod / n[i]; object m = mul_inv(p, n[i]) if string(m) then return "fail" end if tot += a[i] * m * p; end for return mod(tot,prod) end function ?chinese_remainder({3,5,7},{2,3,2}) ?chinese_remainder({11,12,13},{10,4,12}) ?chinese_remainder({11,22,19},{10,4,9}) ?chinese_remainder({100,23},{19,0})
- Output:
23 1000 "fail" 1219
PicoLisp
<lang PicoLisp>(de modinv (A B)
(let (B0 B X0 0 X1 1 Q 0 T1 0) (while (< 1 A) (setq Q (/ A B) T1 B B (% A B) A T1 T1 X0 X0 (- X1 (* Q X0)) X1 T1 ) ) (if (lt0 X1) (+ X1 B0) X1) ) )
(de chinrem (N A)
(let P (apply * N) (% (sum '((N A) (setq T1 (/ P N)) (* A (modinv T1 N) T1) ) N A ) P ) ) )
(println
(chinrem (3 5 7) (2 3 2)) (chinrem (11 12 13) (10 4 12)) )
(bye)</lang>
Prolog
Created with SWI Prolog. <lang prolog> product(A, B, C) :- C is A*B.
pair(X, Y, X-Y).
egcd(_, 0, 1, 0) :- !. egcd(A, B, X, Y) :-
divmod(A, B, Q, R), egcd(B, R, S, X), Y is S - Q*X.
modinv(A, B, X) :-
egcd(A, B, X, Y), A*X + B*Y =:= 1.
crt_fold(A, M, P, R0, R1) :- % system of equations of (x = a) (mod m); p = M/m
modinv(P, M, Inv), R1 is R0 + A*Inv*P.
crt(Pairs, N) :-
maplist(pair, As, Ms, Pairs), foldl(product, Ms, 1, M), maplist(divmod(M), Ms, Ps, _), % p(n) <- M/m(n) foldl(crt_fold, As, Ms, Ps, 0, N0), N is N0 mod M.
</lang>
- Output:
?- crt([2-3, 3-5, 2-7], X). X = 23. ?- crt([10-11, 4-12, 12-13], X). X = 1000. ?- crt([2-3, 1-6], X). false.
gprolog version
Although consult under gprolog didn't complain, I had a problem with "foldl" above. Therefore, I had to write another version of the Chinese Remainder Therorem <lang prolog> /* Chinese remainder Theorem: Input chinrest([2,3,2], [3,5,7], R). -----> R == 23
or chinrest([2,3], [5,13], R). ---------> R == 42 Written along the lines of "Introduction to Algorithms" by Thomas Cormen Charles Leiserson Ronald Rivest
compiled with gprolog 1.4.5 (64 Bits)
- /
chinrest(A, N, X) :-
sort(N), prime(N,Nn), !, lenok(A, Nn), /* test as to whether the ni are primes */ product(Nn,P), !, /* P is the product of the ni */ milist(P, Nn, Mi), /* The Mi List: mi = n/ni */ cilist(Mi, Nn, Ci), /* The first Ci List: mi-1 mod ni */ mult_lists(Mi, Ci, Ac), /* The ci List :mi*(mi-1 mod ni) */ mult_lists(Ac, A, Ad), /* The ai*ci List */ sum_list(Ad, S), /* Sum of the ai*cis */ X is S mod P, ! . /* a is (a1c1 + ... +akck) mod n */
prime([X|Ys], Zs) :- fd_not_prime(X), !, prime(Ys,Zs). /* sift the primes of [list] */ prime([Y|Ys], [Y|Zs]) :- fd_prime(Y), !, prime(Ys,Zs). prime([],[]).
product([], 0). /* n1.n2.n3. ... .ni. ... .nk */ product([H|T], P) :- product_1(T, H, P).
product_1([], P, P). product_1([H|T], H0, P) :- product_1(T, H, P0), P is P0 * H0.
lenok(A, N) :- length(A, X), length(N, Y), X=:=Y. lenok(_, _) :- write('Please enter equal length prime numbers only'), fail.
cilist(Mi, Ni, Ci) :- maplist( (modinv), Mi, Ni, Ci). /* generate the Cis */
mult_lists(Ai, Ci, Ac) :- maplist( (pro), Ai, Ci, Ac). /* The mi*ci */ pro(X, Y, Z) :- Z is X * Y.
milist(_, [],[]). milist(P, [H|T],[X|Y]) :- X is truncate(P/H), milist(P, T, Y).
modinv(A, B, N) :- eeuclid(A, B, P, _, GCD),
GCD =:= 1, N is P mod B.
eeuclid(A,B,P,S,GCD) :-
A >= B, a_b_p_s_(A,B,P,S,1-0,0-1,GCD), GCD is A*P + B*S.
eeuclid(A,B,P,S,GCD) :-
A < B, a_b_p_s_(B,A,S,P,1-0,0-1,GCD); GCD is A*P + B*S.
a_b_p_s_(A,0,P1,S1,P1-_P2,S1-_S2,A). a_b_p_s_(A,B,P,S,P1-P2,S1-S2,GCD) :-
B > 0, A > B, Q is truncate(A/B), B1 is A mod B, P3 is P1-(Q*P2), S3 is S1-(Q*S2), a_b_p_s_(B,B1,P,S,P2-P3,S2-S3,GCD).
</lang>
- Output:
?- chinrest([2,3,2], [3,5,7], X). X = 23 ?- chinrest([2,3], [5,13], X). X = 42
PureBasic
<lang PureBasic>EnableExplicit DisableDebugger DataSection
LBL_n1: Data.i 3,5,7 LBL_a1: Data.i 2,3,2 LBL_n2: Data.i 11,12,13 LBL_a2: Data.i 10,4,12 LBL_n3: Data.i 10,4,9 LBL_a3: Data.i 11,22,19
EndDataSection
Procedure ErrorHdl()
Print(ErrorMessage()) Input()
EndProcedure
Macro PrintData(n,a)
Define Idx.i=0 Print("[") While n+SizeOf(Integer)*Idx<a Print("( ") Print(Str(PeekI(a+SizeOf(Integer)*Idx))) Print(" . ") Print(Str(PeekI(n+SizeOf(Integer)*Idx))) Print(" )") Idx+1 Wend Print(~"]\nx = ")
EndMacro
Procedure.i Produkt_n(n_Adr.i,a_Adr.i)
Define p.i=1 While n_Adr<a_Adr p*PeekI(n_Adr) n_Adr+SizeOf(Integer) Wend ProcedureReturn p
EndProcedure
Procedure.i Eval_x1(a.i,b.i)
Define b0.i=b, x0.i=0, x1.i=1, q.i, t.i If b=1 : ProcedureReturn x1 : EndIf While a>1 q=Int(a/b) t=b : b=a%b : a=t t=x0 : x0=x1-q*x0 : x1=t Wend If x1<0 : ProcedureReturn x1+b0 : EndIf ProcedureReturn x1
EndProcedure
Procedure.i ChineseRem(n_Adr.i,a_Adr.i)
Define prod.i=Produkt_n(n_Adr,a_Adr), a.i, b.i, p.i, Idx.i=0, sum.i While n_Adr+SizeOf(Integer)*Idx<a_Adr b=PeekI(n_Adr+SizeOf(Integer)*Idx) p=Int(prod/b) : a=p sum+PeekI(a_Adr+SizeOf(Integer)*Idx)*Eval_x1(a,b)*p Idx+1 Wend ProcedureReturn sum%prod
EndProcedure
OnErrorCall(@ErrorHdl()) OpenConsole("Chinese remainder theorem") PrintData(?LBL_n1,?LBL_a1) PrintN(Str(ChineseRem(?LBL_n1,?LBL_a1))) PrintData(?LBL_n2,?LBL_a2) PrintN(Str(ChineseRem(?LBL_n2,?LBL_a2))) PrintData(?LBL_n3,?LBL_a3) PrintN(Str(ChineseRem(?LBL_n3,?LBL_a3))) Input()</lang>
- Output:
[( 2 . 3 )( 3 . 5 )( 2 . 7 )] x = 23 [( 10 . 11 )( 4 . 12 )( 12 . 13 )] x = 1000 [( 11 . 10 )( 22 . 4 )( 19 . 9 )] x = Division by zero
Python
Procedural
Python 2.7
<lang python># Python 2.7 def chinese_remainder(n, a):
sum = 0 prod = reduce(lambda a, b: a*b, n)
for n_i, a_i in zip(n, a): p = prod / n_i sum += a_i * mul_inv(p, n_i) * p return sum % prod
def mul_inv(a, b):
b0 = b x0, x1 = 0, 1 if b == 1: return 1 while a > 1: q = a / b a, b = b, a%b x0, x1 = x1 - q * x0, x0 if x1 < 0: x1 += b0 return x1
if __name__ == '__main__':
n = [3, 5, 7] a = [2, 3, 2] print chinese_remainder(n, a)</lang>
- Output:
23
Python 3.6
<lang python># Python 3.6 from functools import reduce def chinese_remainder(n, a):
sum = 0 prod = reduce(lambda a, b: a*b, n) for n_i, a_i in zip(n, a): p = prod // n_i sum += a_i * mul_inv(p, n_i) * p return sum % prod
def mul_inv(a, b):
b0 = b x0, x1 = 0, 1 if b == 1: return 1 while a > 1: q = a // b a, b = b, a%b x0, x1 = x1 - q * x0, x0 if x1 < 0: x1 += b0 return x1
if __name__ == '__main__':
n = [3, 5, 7] a = [2, 3, 2] print(chinese_remainder(n, a))</lang>
- Output:
23
Functional
Using an option type to represent the possibility that there may or may not be a solution for any given pair of input lists.
(Note that the procedural versions above both fail with a ZeroDivisionError on inputs for which no solution is found).
<lang python>Chinese remainder theorem
from operator import (add, mul) from functools import reduce
- cnRemainder :: [Int] -> [Int] -> Either String Int
def cnRemainder(ms):
Chinese remainder theorem. (moduli, residues) -> Either explanation or solution def go(ms, rs): mp = numericProduct(ms) cms = [(mp // x) for x in ms]
def possibleSoln(invs): return Right( sum(map( mul, cms, map(mul, rs, invs) )) % mp ) return bindLR( zipWithEither(modMultInv)(cms)(ms) )(possibleSoln)
return lambda rs: go(ms, rs)
- modMultInv :: Int -> Int -> Either String Int
def modMultInv(a, b):
Modular multiplicative inverse. x, y = eGcd(a, b) return Right(x) if 1 == (a * x + b * y) else ( Left('no modular inverse for ' + str(a) + ' and ' + str(b)) )
- egcd :: Int -> Int -> (Int, Int)
def eGcd(a, b):
Extended greatest common divisor. def go(a, b): if 0 == b: return (1, 0) else: q, r = divmod(a, b) (s, t) = go(b, r) return (t, s - q * t) return go(a, b)
- TEST ----------------------------------------------------
- main :: IO ()
def main():
Tests of soluble and insoluble cases.
print( fTable( __doc__ + ':\n\n (moduli, residues) -> ' + ( 'Either solution or explanation\n' ) )(repr)( either(compose(quoted("'"))(curry(add)('No solution: ')))( compose(quoted(' '))(repr) ) )(uncurry(cnRemainder))([ ([10, 4, 12], [11, 12, 13]), ([11, 12, 13], [10, 4, 12]), ([10, 4, 9], [11, 22, 19]), ([3, 5, 7], [2, 3, 2]), ([2, 3, 2], [3, 5, 7]) ]) )
- GENERIC -------------------------------------------------
- Left :: a -> Either a b
def Left(x):
Constructor for an empty Either (option type) value with an associated string. return {'type': 'Either', 'Right': None, 'Left': x}
- Right :: b -> Either a b
def Right(x):
Constructor for a populated Either (option type) value return {'type': 'Either', 'Left': None, 'Right': x}
- any :: (a -> Bool) -> [a] -> Bool
def any_(p):
True if p(x) holds for at least one item in xs. def go(xs): for x in xs: if p(x): return True return False return lambda xs: go(xs)
- bindLR (>>=) :: Either a -> (a -> Either b) -> Either b
def bindLR(m):
Either monad injection operator. Two computations sequentially composed, with any value produced by the first passed as an argument to the second. return lambda mf: ( mf(m.get('Right')) if None is m.get('Left') else m )
- compose (<<<) :: (b -> c) -> (a -> b) -> a -> c
def compose(g):
Right to left function composition. return lambda f: lambda x: g(f(x))
- curry :: ((a, b) -> c) -> a -> b -> c
def curry(f):
A curried function derived from an uncurried function. return lambda a: lambda b: f(a, b)
- either :: (a -> c) -> (b -> c) -> Either a b -> c
def either(fl):
The application of fl to e if e is a Left value, or the application of fr to e if e is a Right value. return lambda fr: lambda e: fl(e['Left']) if ( None is e['Right'] ) else fr(e['Right'])
- fTable :: String -> (a -> String) ->
- (b -> String) -> (a -> b) -> [a] -> String
def fTable(s):
Heading -> x display function -> fx display function -> f -> value list -> tabular string. def go(xShow, fxShow, f, xs): w = max(map(compose(len)(xShow), xs)) return s + '\n' + '\n'.join([ xShow(x).rjust(w, ' ') + (' -> ') + fxShow(f(x)) for x in xs ]) return lambda xShow: lambda fxShow: lambda f: lambda xs: go( xShow, fxShow, f, xs )
- numericProduct :: [Num] -> Num
def numericProduct(xs):
The arithmetic product of all numbers in xs. return reduce(mul, xs, 1)
- partitionEithers :: [Either a b] -> ([a],[b])
def partitionEithers(lrs):
A list of Either values partitioned into a tuple of two lists, with all Left elements extracted into the first list, and Right elements extracted into the second list. def go(a, x): ls, rs = a r = x.get('Right') return (ls + [x.get('Left')], rs) if None is r else ( ls, rs + [r] ) return reduce(go, lrs, ([], []))
- quoted :: Char -> String -> String
def quoted(c):
A string flanked on both sides by a specified quote character. return lambda s: c + s + c
- uncurry :: (a -> b -> c) -> ((a, b) -> c)
def uncurry(f):
A function over a tuple, derived from a curried function. return lambda xy: f(xy[0])(xy[1])
- zipWithEither :: (a -> b -> Either String c)
- -> [a] -> [b] -> Either String [c]
def zipWithEither(f):
Either a list of results if f succeeds with every pair in the zip of xs and ys, or an explanatory string if any application of f returns no result. def go(xs, ys): ls, rs = partitionEithers(map(f, xs, ys)) return Left(ls[0]) if ls else Right(rs) return lambda xs: lambda ys: go(xs, ys)
- MAIN ---
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()</lang>
- Output:
Chinese remainder theorem: (moduli, residues) -> Either solution or explanation ([10, 4, 12], [11, 12, 13]) -> 'No solution: no modular inverse for 48 and 10' ([11, 12, 13], [10, 4, 12]) -> 1000 ([10, 4, 9], [11, 22, 19]) -> 'No solution: no modular inverse for 36 and 10' ([3, 5, 7], [2, 3, 2]) -> 23 ([2, 3, 2], [3, 5, 7]) -> 'No solution: no modular inverse for 6 and 2'
R
<lang rsplus>mul_inv <- function(a, b) {
b0 <- b x0 <- 0L x1 <- 1L if (b == 1) return(1L) while(a > 1){ q <- as.integer(a/b) t <- b b <- a %% b a <- t t <- x0 x0 <- x1 - q*x0 x1 <- t } if (x1 < 0) x1 <- x1 + b0 return(x1)
}
chinese_remainder <- function(n, a) {
len <- length(n) prod <- 1L sum <- 0L for (i in 1:len) prod <- prod * n[i] for (i in 1:len){ p <- as.integer(prod / n[i]) sum <- sum + a[i] * mul_inv(p, n[i]) * p } return(sum %% prod)
}
n <- c(3L, 5L, 7L) a <- c(2L, 3L, 2L)
chinese_remainder(n, a)</lang>
- Output:
23
Racket
This is more of a demonstration of the built-in function "solve-chinese", than anything. A bit cheeky, I know... but if you've got a dog, why bark yourself?
Take a look in the "math/number-theory" package it's full of goodies! URL removed -- I can't be doing the Dutch recaptchas I'm getting. <lang racket>#lang racket (require (only-in math/number-theory solve-chinese)) (define as '(2 3 2)) (define ns '(3 5 7)) (solve-chinese as ns)</lang>
- Output:
23
Raku
(formerly Perl 6)
<lang perl6># returns x where (a * x) % b == 1 sub mul-inv($a is copy, $b is copy) {
return 1 if $b == 1; my ($b0, @x) = $b, 0, 1; ($a, $b, @x) = (
$b, $a % $b, @x[1] - ($a div $b)*@x[0], @x[0]
) while $a > 1; @x[1] += $b0 if @x[1] < 0; return @x[1];
}
sub chinese-remainder(*@n) {
my \N = [*] @n; -> *@a {
N R% [+] map { my \p = N div @n[$_]; @a[$_] * mul-inv(p, @n[$_]) * p }, ^@n
}
}
say chinese-remainder(3, 5, 7)(2, 3, 2);</lang>
- Output:
23
REXX
algebraic
<lang rexx>/*REXX program demonstrates Sun Tzu's (or Sunzi's) Chinese Remainder Theorem. */ parse arg Ns As . /*get optional arguments from the C.L. */ if Ns== | Ns=="," then Ns= '3,5,7' /*Ns not specified? Then use default.*/ if As== | As=="," then As= '2,3,2' /*As " " " " " */
say 'Ns: ' Ns say 'As: ' As; say
Ns= space( translate(Ns, , ',')); #= words(Ns) /*elide any superfluous blanks from N's*/ As= space( translate(As, , ',')); _= words(As) /* " " " " " A's*/ if #\==_ then do; say "size of number sets don't match."; exit 131; end if #==0 then do; say "size of the N set isn't valid."; exit 132; end if _==0 then do; say "size of the A set isn't valid."; exit 133; end N= 1 /*the product─to─be for prod(n.j). */
do j=1 for # /*process each number for As and Ns. */ n.j= word(Ns, j); N= N * n.j /*get an N.j and calculate product. */ a.j= word(As, j) /* " " A.j from the As list. */ end /*j*/
do x=1 for N /*use a simple algebraic method. */ do i=1 for # /*process each N.i and A.i number.*/ if x//n.i\==a.i then iterate x /*is modulus correct for the number X ?*/ end /*i*/ /* [↑] limit solution to the product. */ say 'found a solution with X=' x /*display one possible solution. */ exit 0 /*stick a fork in it, we're all done. */ end /*x*/
say 'no solution found.' /*oops, announce that solution ¬ found.*/</lang>
- output when using the default inputs:
Ns: 3,5,7 As: 2,3,2 found a solution with X= 23
congruences sets
<lang rexx>/*REXX program demonstrates Sun Tzu's (or Sunzi's) Chinese Remainder Theorem. */ parse arg Ns As . /*get optional arguments from the C.L. */ if Ns== | Ns=="," then Ns= '3,5,7' /*Ns not specified? Then use default.*/ if As== | As=="," then As= '2,3,2' /*As " " " " " */
say 'Ns: ' Ns say 'As: ' As; say
Ns= space( translate(Ns, , ',')); #= words(Ns) /*elide any superfluous blanks from N's*/ As= space( translate(As, , ',')); _= words(As) /* " " " " " A's*/ if #\==_ then do; say "size of number sets don't match."; exit 131; end if #==0 then do; say "size of the N set isn't valid."; exit 132; end if _==0 then do; say "size of the A set isn't valid."; exit 133; end N= 1 /*the product─to─be for prod(n.j). */
do j=1 for # /*process each number for As and Ns. */ n.j= word(Ns,j); N= N * n.j /*get an N.j and calculate product. */ a.j= word(As,j) /* " " A.j from the As list. */ end /*j*/
@.= /* [↓] converts congruences ───► sets.*/
do i=1 for #; _= a.i; @.i._= a.i; p= a.i do N; p= p + n.i; @.i.p= p /*build a (array) list of modulo values*/ end /*N*/ end /*i*/ /* [↓] find common number in the sets.*/ do x=1 for N; if @.1.x== then iterate /*locate a number. */ do v=2 to #; if @.v.x== then iterate x /*Is in all sets ? */ end /*v*/ say 'found a solution with X=' x /*display one possible solution. */ exit 0 /*stick a fork in it, we're all done. */ end /*x*/
say 'no solution found.' /*oops, announce that solution ¬ found.*/</lang>
- output is identical to the 1st REXX version.
Ruby
Brute-force. <lang ruby> def chinese_remainder(mods, remainders)
max = mods.inject( :* ) series = remainders.zip( mods ).map{|r,m| r.step( max, m ).to_a } series.inject( :& ).first #returns nil when empty
end
p chinese_remainder([3,5,7], [2,3,2]) #=> 23 p chinese_remainder([10,4,9], [11,22,19]) #=> nil </lang>
Similar to above, but working with large(r) numbers. <lang ruby> def extended_gcd(a, b)
last_remainder, remainder = a.abs, b.abs x, last_x = 0, 1 while remainder != 0 last_remainder, (quotient, remainder) = remainder, last_remainder.divmod(remainder) x, last_x = last_x - quotient*x, x end return last_remainder, last_x * (a < 0 ? -1 : 1)
end
def invmod(e, et)
g, x = extended_gcd(e, et) if g != 1 raise 'Multiplicative inverse modulo does not exist!' end x % et
end
def chinese_remainder(mods, remainders)
max = mods.inject( :* ) # product of all moduli series = remainders.zip(mods).map{ |r,m| (r * max * invmod(max/m, m) / m) } series.inject( :+ ) % max
end
p chinese_remainder([3,5,7], [2,3,2]) #=> 23 p chinese_remainder([17353461355013928499, 3882485124428619605195281, 13563122655762143587], [7631415079307304117, 1248561880341424820456626, 2756437267211517231]) #=> 937307771161836294247413550632295202816 p chinese_remainder([10,4,9], [11,22,19]) #=> nil </lang>
Rust
<lang rust>fn egcd(a: i64, b: i64) -> (i64, i64, i64) {
if a == 0 { (b, 0, 1) } else { let (g, x, y) = egcd(b % a, a); (g, y - (b / a) * x, x) }
}
fn mod_inv(x: i64, n: i64) -> Option<i64> {
let (g, x, _) = egcd(x, n); if g == 1 { Some((x % n + n) % n) } else { None }
}
fn chinese_remainder(residues: &[i64], modulii: &[i64]) -> Option<i64> {
let prod = modulii.iter().product::<i64>();
let mut sum = 0;
for (&residue, &modulus) in residues.iter().zip(modulii) { let p = prod / modulus; sum += residue * mod_inv(p, modulus)? * p }
Some(sum % prod)
}
fn main() {
let modulii = [3,5,7]; let residues = [2,3,2];
match chinese_remainder(&residues, &modulii) { Some(sol) => println!("{}", sol), None => println!("modulii not pairwise coprime") }
}</lang>
Scala
- Output:
Best seen running in your browser either by ScalaFiddle (ES aka JavaScript, non JVM) or Scastie (remote JVM).
<lang Scala>import scala.util.{Success, Try}
object ChineseRemainderTheorem extends App {
def chineseRemainder(n: List[Int], a: List[Int]): Option[Int] = { require(n.size == a.size) val prod = n.product
def iter(n: List[Int], a: List[Int], sm: Int): Int = { def mulInv(a: Int, b: Int): Int = { def loop(a: Int, b: Int, x0: Int, x1: Int): Int = { if (a > 1) loop(b, a % b, x1 - (a / b) * x0, x0) else x1 }
if (b == 1) 1 else { val x1 = loop(a, b, 0, 1) if (x1 < 0) x1 + b else x1 } }
if (n.nonEmpty) { val p = prod / n.head
iter(n.tail, a.tail, sm + a.head * mulInv(p, n.head) * p) } else sm }
Try { iter(n, a, 0) % prod } match { case Success(v) => Some(v) case _ => None } }
println(chineseRemainder(List(3, 5, 7), List(2, 3, 2))) println(chineseRemainder(List(11, 12, 13), List(10, 4, 12))) println(chineseRemainder(List(11, 22, 19), List(10, 4, 9)))
}</lang>
Seed7
<lang seed7>$ include "seed7_05.s7i";
include "bigint.s7i";
const func integer: modInverse (in integer: a, in integer: b) is
return ord(modInverse(bigInteger conv a, bigInteger conv b));
const proc: main is func
local const array integer: n is [] (3, 5, 7); const array integer: a is [] (2, 3, 2); var integer: num is 0; var integer: prod is 1; var integer: sum is 0; var integer: index is 0; begin for num range n do prod *:= num; end for; for key index range a do num := prod div n[index]; sum +:= a[index] * modInverse(num, n[index]) * num; end for; writeln(sum mod prod); end func;</lang>
- Output:
23
Sidef
<lang ruby>func chinese_remainder(*n) {
var N = n.prod func (*a) { n.range.sum { |i| var p = (N / n[i]) a[i] * p.invmod(n[i]) * p } % N }
}
say chinese_remainder(3, 5, 7)(2, 3, 2)</lang>
- Output:
23
SQL
<lang SQL>create temporary table inputs(remainder int, modulus int);
insert into inputs values (2, 3), (3, 5), (2, 7);
with recursive
-- Multiply out the product of moduli multiplication(idx, product) as (
select 1, 1
union all
select multiplication.idx+1, multiplication.product * inputs.modulus from multiplication, inputs where inputs.rowid = multiplication.idx
),
-- Take the final value from the product table product(final_value) as (
select max(product) from multiplication
),
-- Calculate the multiplicative inverse from each equation multiplicative_inverse(id, a, b, x, y) as (
select inputs.modulus, product.final_value / inputs.modulus, inputs.modulus, 0, 1 from inputs, product
union all
select id, b, a%b, y - (a/b)*x, x from multiplicative_inverse where a>0
) -- Combine residues into final answer select
sum( (y % inputs.modulus) * inputs.remainder * (product.final_value / inputs.modulus) ) % product.final_value from multiplicative_inverse, product, inputs where a=1 and multiplicative_inverse.id = inputs.modulus;
</lang>
- Output:
23
Swift
<lang swift>import Darwin
/*
* Function: euclid * Usage: (r,s) = euclid(m,n) * -------------------------- * The extended Euclidean algorithm subsequently performs * Euclidean divisions till the remainder is zero and then * returns the Bézout coefficients r and s. */
func euclid(_ m:Int, _ n:Int) -> (Int,Int) {
if m % n == 0 { return (0,1) } else { let rs = euclid(n % m, m) let r = rs.1 - rs.0 * (n / m) let s = rs.0
return (r,s) }
}
/*
* Function: gcd * Usage: x = gcd(m,n) * ------------------- * The greatest common divisor of two numbers a and b * is expressed by ax + by = gcd(a,b) where x and y are * the Bézout coefficients as determined by the extended * euclidean algorithm. */
func gcd(_ m:Int, _ n:Int) -> Int {
let rs = euclid(m, n) return m * rs.0 + n * rs.1
}
/*
* Function: coprime * Usage: truth = coprime(m,n) * --------------------------- * If two values are coprime, their greatest common * divisor is 1. */
func coprime(_ m:Int, _ n:Int) -> Bool {
return gcd(m,n) == 1 ? true : false
}
coprime(14,26) //coprime(2,4)
/*
* Function: crt * Usage: x = crt(a,n) * ------------------- * The Chinese Remainder Theorem supposes that given the * integers n_1...n_k that are pairwise co-prime, then for * any sequence of integers a_1...a_k there exists an integer * x that solves the system of linear congruences: * * x === a_1 (mod n_1) * ... * x === a_k (mod n_k) */
func crt(_ a_i:[Int], _ n_i:[Int]) -> Int {
// There is no identity operator for elements of [Int]. // The offset of the elements of an enumerated sequence // can be used instead, to determine if two elements of the same // array are the same. let divs = n_i.enumerated() // Check if elements of n_i are pairwise coprime divs.filter{ $0.0 < n.0 } divs.forEach{ n in divs.filter{ $0.0 < n.0 }.forEach{ assert(coprime(n.1, $0.1)) } } // Calculate factor N let N = n_i.map{$0}.reduce(1, *) // Euclidean algorithm determines s_i (and r_i) var s:[Int] = [] // Using euclidean algorithm to calculate r_i, s_i n_i.forEach{ s += [euclid($0, N / $0).1] } // Solve for x var x = 0 a_i.enumerated().forEach{ x += $0.1 * s[$0.0] * N / n_i[$0.0] }
// Return minimal solution return x % N
}
let a = [2,3,2] let n = [3,5,7]
let x = crt(a,n)
print(x)</lang>
- Output:
23
Tcl
<lang tcl>proc ::tcl::mathfunc::mulinv {a b} {
if {$b == 1} {return 1} set b0 $b; set x0 0; set x1 1 while {$a > 1} {
set x0 [expr {$x1 - ($a / $b) * [set x1 $x0]}] set b [expr {$a % [set a $b]}]
} incr x1 [expr {($x1 < 0) * $b0}]
} proc chineseRemainder {nList aList} {
set sum 0; set prod [::tcl::mathop::* {*}$nList] foreach n $nList a $aList {
set p [expr {$prod / $n}] incr sum [expr {$a * mulinv($p, $n) * $p}]
} expr {$sum % $prod}
} puts [chineseRemainder {3 5 7} {2 3 2}]</lang>
- Output:
23
uBasic/4tH
<lang>@(000) = 3 : @(001) = 5 : @(002) = 7 @(100) = 2 : @(101) = 3 : @(102) = 2
Print Func (_Chinese_Remainder (3))
' -------------------------------------
@(000) = 11 : @(001) = 12 : @(002) = 13 @(100) = 10 : @(101) = 04 : @(102) = 12
Print Func (_Chinese_Remainder (3))
' -------------------------------------
End
' returns x where (a * x) % b == 1
_Mul_Inv Param (2) ' ( a b -- n)
Local (4)
c@ = b@ d@ = 0 e@ = 1
If b@ = 1 Then Return (1)
Do While a@ > 1 f@ = a@ / b@ Push b@ : b@ = a@ % b@ : a@ = Pop() Push d@ : d@ = e@ - f@ * d@ : e@ = Pop() Loop
If e@ < 0 Then e@ = e@ + c@
Return (e@)
_Chinese_Remainder Param (1) ' ( len -- n)
Local (5)
b@ = 1 c@ = 0
For d@ = 0 Step 1 While d@ < a@ b@ = b@ * @(d@) Next
For d@ = 0 Step 1 While d@ < a@ e@ = b@ / @(d@) c@ = c@ + (@(100 + d@) * Func (_Mul_Inv (e@, @(d@))) * e@) Next
Return (c@ % b@) </lang>
- Output:
23 1000 0 OK, 0:1034
VBA
Uses the function mul_inv() from Modular_inverse#VBA
<lang vb>Private Function chinese_remainder(n As Variant, a As Variant) As Variant
Dim p As Long, prod As Long, tot As Long prod = 1: tot = 0 For i = 1 To UBound(n) prod = prod * n(i) Next i Dim m As Variant For i = 1 To UBound(n) p = prod / n(i) m = mul_inv(p, n(i)) If WorksheetFunction.IsText(m) Then chinese_remainder = "fail" Exit Function End If tot = tot + a(i) * m * p Next i chinese_remainder = tot Mod prod
End Function Public Sub re()
Debug.Print chinese_remainder([{3,5,7}], [{2,3,2}]) Debug.Print chinese_remainder([{11,12,13}], [{10,4,12}]) Debug.Print chinese_remainder([{11,22,19}], [{10,4,9}]) Debug.Print chinese_remainder([{100,23}], [{19,0}])
End Sub</lang>
- Output:
23 1000 fail 1219
Visual Basic .NET
<lang vbnet>Module Module1
Function ModularMultiplicativeInverse(a As Integer, m As Integer) As Integer Dim b = a Mod m For x = 1 To m - 1 If (b * x) Mod m = 1 Then Return x End If Next Return 1 End Function
Function Solve(n As Integer(), a As Integer()) As Integer Dim prod = n.Aggregate(1, Function(i, j) i * j) Dim sm = 0 Dim p As Integer For i = 0 To n.Length - 1 p = prod / n(i) sm = sm + a(i) * ModularMultiplicativeInverse(p, n(i)) * p Next Return sm Mod prod End Function
Sub Main() Dim n = {3, 5, 7} Dim a = {2, 3, 2}
Dim result = Solve(n, a)
Dim counter = 0 Dim maxCount = n.Length - 1 While counter <= maxCount Console.WriteLine($"{result} = {a(counter)} (mod {n(counter)})") counter = counter + 1 End While End Sub
End Module</lang>
- Output:
23 = 2 (mod 3) 23 = 3 (mod 5) 23 = 2 (mod 7)
Wren
<lang ecmascript>/* returns x where (a * x) % b == 1 */ var mulInv = Fn.new { |a, b|
if (b == 1) return 1 var b0 = b var x0 = 0 var x1 = 1 while (a > 1) { var q = (a/b).floor var t = b b = a % b a = t t = x0 x0 = x1 - q*x0 x1 = t } if (x1 < 0) x1 = x1 + b0 return x1
}
var chineseRemainder = Fn.new { |n, a|
var prod = n.reduce { |acc, i| acc * i } var sum = 0 for (i in 0...n.count) { var p = (prod/n[i]).floor sum = sum + a[i]*mulInv.call(p, n[i])*p } return sum % prod
}
var n = [3, 5, 7] var a = [2, 3, 2] System.print(chineseRemainder.call(n, a))</lang>
- Output:
23
zkl
Using the GMP library, gcdExt is the Extended Euclidean algorithm. <lang zkl>var BN=Import("zklBigNum"), one=BN(1);
fcn crt(xs,ys){
p:=xs.reduce('*,BN(1)); X:=BN(0); foreach x,y in (xs.zip(ys)){ q:=p/x; z,s,_:=q.gcdExt(x); if(z!=one) throw(Exception.ValueError("%d not coprime".fmt(x))); X+=y*s*q; } return(X % p);
}</lang> <lang zkl>println(crt(T(3,5,7), T(2,3,2))); //-->23 println(crt(T(11,12,13),T(10,4,12))); //-->1000 println(crt(T(11,22,19), T(10,4,9))); //-->ValueError: 11 not coprime</lang>
ZX Spectrum Basic
<lang zxbasic>10 DIM n(3): DIM a(3) 20 FOR i=1 TO 3 30 READ n(i),a(i) 40 NEXT i 50 DATA 3,2,5,3,7,2 100 LET prod=1: LET sum=0 110 FOR i=1 TO 3: LET prod=prod*n(i): NEXT i 120 FOR i=1 TO 3 130 LET p=INT (prod/n(i)): LET a=p: LET b=n(i) 140 GO SUB 1000 150 LET sum=sum+a(i)*x1*p 160 NEXT i 170 PRINT FN m(sum,prod) 180 STOP 200 DEF FN m(a,b)=a-INT (a/b)*b: REM Modulus function 1000 LET b0=b: LET x0=0: LET x1=1 1010 IF b=1 THEN RETURN 1020 IF a<=1 THEN GO TO 1100 1030 LET q=INT (a/b) 1040 LET t=b: LET b=FN m(a,b): LET a=t 1050 LET t=x0: LET x0=x1-q*x0: LET x1=t 1060 GO TO 1020 1100 IF x1<0 THEN LET x1=x1+b0 1110 RETURN </lang>
23
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