Padovan sequence

From Rosetta Code
Task
Padovan sequence
You are encouraged to solve this task according to the task description, using any language you may know.


The Padovan sequence is similar to the Fibonacci sequence in several ways. Some are given in the table below, and the referenced video shows some of the geometric similarities.

Comment Padovan Fibonacci
Named after. Richard Padovan Leonardo of Pisa: Fibonacci
Recurrence initial values. P(0)=P(1)=P(2)=1 F(0)=0, F(1)=1
Recurrence relation. P(n)=P(n-2)+P(n-3) F(n)=F(n-1)+F(n-2)
First 10 terms. 1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5,7,9 0,1,1,2,3,5,8,13,21,34
Ratio of successive terms... Plastic ratio, p Golden ratio, g
1.324717957244746025960908854… 1.6180339887498948482...
Exact formula of ratios p and q. ((9+69**.5)/18)**(1/3) + ((9-69**.5)/18)**(1/3) (1+5**0.5)/2
Ratio is real root of polynomial. p: x**3-x-1 g: x**2-x-1
Spirally tiling the plane using. Equilateral triangles Squares
Constants for ... s= 1.0453567932525329623 a=5**0.5
... Computing by truncation. P(n)=floor(p**(n-1) / s + .5) F(n)=floor(g**n / a + .5)
L-System Variables. A,B,C A,B
L-System Start/Axiom. A A
L-System Rules. A->B,B->C,C->AB A->B,B->AB
Task
  • Write a function/method/subroutine to compute successive members of the Padovan series using the recurrence relation.
  • Write a function/method/subroutine to compute successive members of the Padovan series using the floor function.
  • Show the first twenty terms of the sequence.
  • Confirm that the recurrence and floor based functions give the same results for 64 terms,
  • Write a function/method/... using the L-system to generate successive strings.
  • Show the first 10 strings produced from the L-system
  • Confirm that the length of the first 32 strings produced is the Padovan sequence.

Show output here, on this page.

Ref


11l

Translation of: Nim
V pp = 1.324717957244746025960908854
V ss = 1.0453567932525329623
V Rules = [‘A’ = ‘B’, ‘B’ = ‘C’, ‘C’ = ‘AB’]

F padovan1(n)
   V r = [1] * min(n, 3)
   V (a, b, c) = (1, 1, 1)
   V count = 3
   L count < n
      (a, b, c) = (b, c, a + b)
      r [+]= c
      count++
   R r

F padovan2(n)
   V r = [1] * (n > 1)
   V p = 1.0
   V count = 1
   L count < n
      r [+]= Int(round(p / :ss))
      p *= :pp
      count++
   R r

F padovan3(n)
   [String] r
   V s = ‘A’
   V count = 0
   L count < n
      r [+]= s
      V next = ‘’
      L(ch) s
         next ‘’= Rules[ch]
      s = next
      count++
   R r

print(‘First 20 terms of the Padovan sequence:’)
print(padovan1(20).join(‘ ’))

V list1 = padovan1(64)
V list2 = padovan2(64)
print(‘The first 64 iterative and calculated values ’(I list1 == list2 {‘are the same.’} E ‘differ.’))

print()
print(‘First 10 L-system strings:’)
print(padovan3(10).join(‘ ’))
print()
print(‘Lengths of the 32 first L-system strings:’)
V list3 = padovan3(32).map(x -> x.len)
print(list3.join(‘ ’))
print(‘These lengths are’(I list3 == list1[0.<32] {‘ ’} E ‘ not ’)‘the 32 first terms of the Padovan sequence.’)
Output:
First 20 terms of the Padovan sequence:
1 1 1 2 2 3 4 5 7 9 12 16 21 28 37 49 65 86 114 151
The first 64 iterative and calculated values are the same.

First 10 L-system strings:
A B C AB BC CAB ABBC BCCAB CABABBC ABBCBCCAB

Lengths of the 32 first L-system strings:
1 1 1 2 2 3 4 5 7 9 12 16 21 28 37 49 65 86 114 151 200 265 351 465 616 816 1081 1432 1897 2513 3329 4410
These lengths are the 32 first terms of the Padovan sequence.

ALGOL 68

BEGIN # show members of the Padovan Sequence calculated in various ways #
    # returns the first n elements of the Padovan sequence by the       #
    #         recurance relation: P(n)=P(n-2)+P(n-3)	                #
    OP PADOVANI = ( INT n )[]INT:
       BEGIN
           [ 0 : n - 1 ]INT p; p[ 0 ] := p[ 1 ] := p[ 2 ] := 1;
           FOR i FROM 3 TO UPB p DO
               p[ i ] := p[ i - 2 ] + p[ i - 3 ]
           OD;
           p
       END; # PADOVANI #
    # returns the first n elements of the Padovan sequence by           #
    #         computing by truncation P(n)=floor(p^(n-1) / s + .5)      #
    #                where s = 1.0453567932525329623                    #
    #                  and p = the "plastic ratio"                      #
    OP PADOVANC = ( INT n )[]INT:
       BEGIN
           LONG REAL    s   = 1.0453567932525329623;
           LONG REAL    p   = 1.324717957244746025960908854;
           LONG REAL    pf := 1 / p;
           [ 0 : n - 1 ]INT result;
           FOR i FROM LWB result TO UPB result DO
               result[ i ] := SHORTEN ENTIER ( pf / s + 0.5 );
               pf         *:= p
           OD;
           result
       END; # PADOVANC #
    # returns the first n L System strings of the Padovan sequence      #
    OP PADOVANL = ( INT n )[]STRING:
       BEGIN
           [ 0 : n - 1 ]STRING l; l[ 0 ] := "A"; l[ 1 ] := "B"; l[ 2 ] := "C";
           FOR i FROM 3 TO UPB l DO
               l[ i ] := l[ i - 3 ] + l[ i - 2 ]
           OD;
           l
    END; # PADOVANC #
    # returns TRUE if a and b have the same values, FALSE otherwise     #
    OP = = ( []INT a, b )BOOL:
       IF LWB a /= LWB b OR UPB a /= UPB b
       THEN # rows are not the same size # FALSE
       ELSE
           BOOL result := TRUE;
           FOR i FROM LWB a TO UPB a WHILE result := a[ i ] = b[ i ] DO SKIP OD;
           result
       FI; # = #
    # returns the number of elements in a                               #
    OP LENGTH = ( []INT a )INT: ( UPB a - LWB a ) + 1;
    # returns the number of characters in s                             #
    OP LENGTH = ( STRING s )INT: ( UPB s - LWB s ) + 1;
    # returns a string representation of n                              #
    OP TOSTRING = ( INT n )STRING: whole( n, 0 );
    # generate 64 elements of the sequence and 32 L System values       #
    []INT    iterative  = PADOVANI 64;
    []INT    calculated = PADOVANC 64;
    []STRING l system   = PADOVANL 32;
    [ LWB l system : UPB l system ]INT l length;
    FOR i FROM LWB l length TO UPB l length DO l length[ i ] := LENGTH l system[ i ] OD;
    # first 20 terms                                                    #
    print( ( "First 20 terms of the Padovan Sequence", newline ) );
    FOR i FROM LWB iterative TO 19 DO
        print( ( " ", TOSTRING iterative[ i ] ) )
    OD;
    print( ( newline ) );
    print( ( "The first "
           , TOSTRING LENGTH iterative
           , " iterative and calculated values "
           , IF iterative = calculated THEN "are the same" ELSE "differ" FI
           , newline
           )
         );
    # print the first 10 values of the L System strings                 #
    print( ( newline, "First 10 L System strings", newline ) );
    FOR i FROM LWB l system TO 9 DO
        print( ( " ", l system[ i ] ) )
    OD;
    print( ( newline ) );
    print( ( "The first "
           , TOSTRING LENGTH l length
           , " iterative values and L System lengths "
           , IF l length = iterative[ LWB l length : UPB l length @ LWB l length ] THEN "are the same" ELSE "differ" FI
           ,  newline
           )
         )
END
Output:
First 20 terms of the Padovan Sequence
 1 1 1 2 2 3 4 5 7 9 12 16 21 28 37 49 65 86 114 151
The first 64 iterative and calculated values are the same

First 10 L System strings
 A B C AB BC CAB ABBC BCCAB CABABBC ABBCBCCAB
The first 32 iterative values and L System lengths are the same

AppleScript

--------------------- PADOVAN NUMBERS --------------------

-- padovans :: [Int]
on padovans()
    script f
        on |λ|(abc)
            set {a, b, c} to abc
            
            {a, {b, c, a + b}}
        end |λ|
    end script
    
    unfoldr(f, {1, 1, 1})
end padovans


-- padovanFloor :: [Int]
on padovanFloor()
    script f
        property p : 1.324717957245
        property s : 1.045356793253
        on |λ|(n)
            {floor(0.5 + ((p ^ (n - 1)) / s)), 1 + n}
        end |λ|
    end script
    
    unfoldr(f, 0)
end padovanFloor


-- padovanLSystem :: [String]
on padovanLSystem()
    script rule
        on |λ|(c)
            if "A" = c then
                "B"
            else if "B" = c then
                "C"
            else
                "AB"
            end if
        end |λ|
    end script
    
    script f
        on |λ|(s)
            {s, concatMap(rule, characters of s) as string}
        end |λ|
    end script
    
    unfoldr(f, "A")
end padovanLSystem


--------------------------- TEST -------------------------
on run
    unlines({"First 20 padovans:", ¬
        showList(take(20, padovans())), ¬
        "", ¬
        "The recurrence and floor-based functions", ¬
        "match over the first 64 terms:\n", ¬
        prefixesMatch(padovans(), padovanFloor(), 64), ¬
        "", ¬
        "First 10 L-System strings:", ¬
        showList(take(10, padovanLSystem())), ¬
        "", ¬
        "The lengths of the first 32 L-System", ¬
        "strings match the Padovan sequence:\n", ¬
        prefixesMatch(padovans(), fmap(|length|, padovanLSystem()), 32)})
end run


-- prefixesMatch :: [a] -> [a] -> Bool
on prefixesMatch(xs, ys, n)
    take(n, xs) = take(n, ys)
end prefixesMatch


------------------------- GENERIC ------------------------

-- concatMap :: (a -> [b]) -> [a] -> [b]
on concatMap(f, xs)
    set lng to length of xs
    set acc to {}
    tell mReturn(f)
        repeat with i from 1 to lng
            set acc to acc & (|λ|(item i of xs, i, xs))
        end repeat
    end tell
    return acc
end concatMap


-- floor :: Num -> Int
on floor(x)
    if class of x is record then
        set nr to properFracRatio(x)
    else
        set nr to properFraction(x)
    end if
    set n to item 1 of nr
    if 0 > item 2 of nr then
        n - 1
    else
        n
    end if
end floor


-- fmap <$> :: (a -> b) -> Gen [a] -> Gen [b]
on fmap(f, gen)
    script
        property g : mReturn(f)
        on |λ|()
            set v to gen's |λ|()
            if v is missing value then
                v
            else
                g's |λ|(v)
            end if
        end |λ|
    end script
end fmap


-- intercalate :: String -> [String] -> String
on intercalate(delim, xs)
    set {dlm, my text item delimiters} to ¬
        {my text item delimiters, delim}
    set s to xs as text
    set my text item delimiters to dlm
    s
end intercalate


-- length :: [a] -> Int
on |length|(xs)
    set c to class of xs
    if list is c or string is c then
        length of xs
    else
        (2 ^ 29 - 1) -- (maxInt - simple proxy for non-finite)
    end if
end |length|


-- map :: (a -> b) -> [a] -> [b]
on map(f, xs)
    -- The list obtained by applying f
    -- to each element of xs.
    tell mReturn(f)
        set lng to length of xs
        set lst to {}
        repeat with i from 1 to lng
            set end of lst to |λ|(item i of xs, i, xs)
        end repeat
        return lst
    end tell
end map


-- min :: Ord a => a -> a -> a
on min(x, y)
    if y < x then
        y
    else
        x
    end if
end min


-- mReturn :: First-class m => (a -> b) -> m (a -> b)
on mReturn(f)
    -- 2nd class handler function lifted into 1st class script wrapper. 
    if script is class of f then
        f
    else
        script
            property |λ| : f
        end script
    end if
end mReturn


-- properFraction :: Real -> (Int, Real)
on properFraction(n)
    set i to (n div 1)
    {i, n - i}
end properFraction


-- showList :: [a] -> String
on showList(xs)
    "[" & intercalate(",", map(my str, xs)) & "]"
end showList


-- str :: a -> String
on str(x)
    x as string
end str


-- take :: Int -> [a] -> [a]
-- take :: Int -> String -> String
on take(n, xs)
    set c to class of xs
    if list is c then
        if 0 < n then
            items 1 thru min(n, length of xs) of xs
        else
            {}
        end if
    else if string is c then
        if 0 < n then
            text 1 thru min(n, length of xs) of xs
        else
            ""
        end if
    else if script is c then
        set ys to {}
        repeat with i from 1 to n
            set v to |λ|() of xs
            if missing value is v then
                return ys
            else
                set end of ys to v
            end if
        end repeat
        return ys
    else
        missing value
    end if
end take


-- unfoldr :: (b -> Maybe (a, b)) -> b -> [a]
on unfoldr(f, v)
    -- A lazy (generator) list unfolded from a seed value
    -- by repeated application of f to a value until no
    -- residue remains. Dual to fold/reduce.
    -- f returns either nothing (missing value),
    -- or just (value, residue).
    script
        property valueResidue : {v, v}
        property g : mReturn(f)
        on |λ|()
            set valueResidue to g's |λ|(item 2 of (valueResidue))
            if missing value  valueResidue then
                item 1 of (valueResidue)
            else
                missing value
            end if
        end |λ|
    end script
end unfoldr


-- unlines :: [String] -> String
on unlines(xs)
    -- A single string formed by the intercalation
    -- of a list of strings with the newline character.
    set {dlm, my text item delimiters} to ¬
        {my text item delimiters, linefeed}
    set s to xs as text
    set my text item delimiters to dlm
    s
end unlines
Output:
First 20 padovans:
[1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5,7,9,12,16,21,28,37,49,65,86,114,151]

The recurrence and floor-based functions
match over the first 64 terms:

true

First 10 L-System strings:
[A,B,C,AB,BC,CAB,ABBC,BCCAB,CABABBC,ABBCBCCAB]

The lengths of the first 32 L-System
strings match the Padovan sequence:

true

C

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <string.h>

/* Generate (and memoize) the Padovan sequence using
 * the recurrence relationship */
int pRec(int n) {
    static int *memo = NULL;
    static size_t curSize = 0;
    
    /* grow memoization array when necessary and fill with zeroes */
    if (curSize <= (size_t) n) {
        size_t lastSize = curSize;
        while (curSize <= (size_t) n) curSize += 1024 * sizeof(int);
        memo = realloc(memo, curSize * sizeof(int));
        memset(memo + lastSize, 0, (curSize - lastSize) * sizeof(int));
    }
    
    /* if we don't have the value for N yet, calculate it */
    if (memo[n] == 0) {
        if (n<=2) memo[n] = 1;
        else memo[n] = pRec(n-2) + pRec(n-3);
    }
    
    return memo[n];
}

/* Calculate the Nth value of the Padovan sequence
 * using the floor function */
int pFloor(int n) {
    long double p = 1.324717957244746025960908854;
    long double s = 1.0453567932525329623;
    return powl(p, n-1)/s + 0.5;
}

/* Given the previous value for the L-system, generate the
 * next value */
void nextLSystem(const char *prev, char *buf) {
    while (*prev) {
        switch (*prev++) {
            case 'A': *buf++ = 'B'; break;
            case 'B': *buf++ = 'C'; break;
            case 'C': *buf++ = 'A'; *buf++ = 'B'; break;
        }
    }
    *buf = '\0';
}

int main() {
    // 8192 is enough up to P_33.
    #define BUFSZ 8192
    char buf1[BUFSZ], buf2[BUFSZ];
    int i;
    
    /* Print P_0..P_19 */
    printf("P_0 .. P_19: ");
    for (i=0; i<20; i++) printf("%d ", pRec(i));
    printf("\n");
    
    /* Check that functions match up to P_63 */
    printf("The floor- and recurrence-based functions ");
    for (i=0; i<64; i++) {
        if (pRec(i) != pFloor(i)) {
            printf("do not match at %d: %d != %d.\n",
                i, pRec(i), pFloor(i));
            break;
        }
    }
    if (i == 64) {
        printf("match from P_0 to P_63.\n");
    }
    
    /* Show first 10 L-system strings */
    printf("\nThe first 10 L-system strings are:\n"); 
    for (strcpy(buf1, "A"), i=0; i<10; i++) {
        printf("%s\n", buf1);
        strcpy(buf2, buf1);
        nextLSystem(buf2, buf1);
    }
    
    /* Check lengths of strings against pFloor up to P_31 */
    printf("\nThe floor- and L-system-based functions ");
    for (strcpy(buf1, "A"), i=0; i<32; i++) {
        if ((int)strlen(buf1) != pFloor(i)) {
            printf("do not match at %d: %d != %d\n",
                i, (int)strlen(buf1), pFloor(i));
            break;
        }
        strcpy(buf2, buf1);
        nextLSystem(buf2, buf1);
    }
    if (i == 32) {
        printf("match from P_0 to P_31.\n");
    }
    
    return 0;
}
Output:
P_0 .. P_19: 1 1 1 2 2 3 4 5 7 9 12 16 21 28 37 49 65 86 114 151
The floor- and recurrence-based functions match from P_0 to P_63.

The first 10 L-system strings are:
A
B
C
AB
BC
CAB
ABBC
BCCAB
CABABBC
ABBCBCCAB

The floor- and L-system-based functions match from P_0 to P_31.


C#

Translation of: Java
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;

public static class Padovan
{
    private static readonly List<int> recurrences = new List<int>();
    private static readonly List<int> floors = new List<int>();
    private const double PP = 1.324717957244746025960908854;
    private const double SS = 1.0453567932525329623;

    public static void Main(string[] args)
    {
        for (int i = 0; i < 64; i++)
        {
            recurrences.Add(PadovanRecurrence(i));
            floors.Add(PadovanFloor(i));
        }

        Console.WriteLine("The first 20 terms of the Padovan sequence:");
        recurrences.GetRange(0, 20).ForEach(term => Console.Write(term + " "));
        Console.WriteLine(Environment.NewLine);

        Console.WriteLine("Recurrence and floor functions agree for first 64 terms? " + recurrences.SequenceEqual(floors));
        Console.WriteLine(Environment.NewLine);

        List<string> words = CreateLSystem();

        Console.WriteLine("The first 10 terms of the L-system:");
        words.GetRange(0, 10).ForEach(term => Console.Write(term + " "));
        Console.WriteLine(Environment.NewLine);

        Console.Write("Length of first 32 terms produced from the L-system match Padovan sequence? ");
        List<int> wordLengths = words.Select(s => s.Length).ToList();
        Console.WriteLine(wordLengths.SequenceEqual(recurrences.GetRange(0, 32)));
    }

    private static int PadovanRecurrence(int n)
    {
        if (n <= 2)
            return 1;
        return recurrences[n - 2] + recurrences[n - 3];
    }

    private static int PadovanFloor(int n)
    {
        return (int)Math.Floor(Math.Pow(PP, n - 1) / SS + 0.5);
    }

    private static List<string> CreateLSystem()
    {
        List<string> words = new List<string>();
        string text = "A";

        while (words.Count < 32)
        {
            words.Add(text);
            char[] textChars = text.ToCharArray();
            text = "";
            foreach (char ch in textChars)
            {
                text += ch switch
                {
                    'A' => "B",
                    'B' => "C",
                    'C' => "AB",
                    _ => throw new InvalidOperationException("Unexpected character found: " + ch),
                };
            }
        }

        return words;
    }
}
Output:
The first 20 terms of the Padovan sequence:
1 1 1 2 2 3 4 5 7 9 12 16 21 28 37 49 65 86 114 151 

Recurrence and floor functions agree for first 64 terms? True


The first 10 terms of the L-system:
A B C AB BC CAB ABBC BCCAB CABABBC ABBCBCCAB 

Length of first 32 terms produced from the L-system match Padovan sequence? True



C++

#include <iostream>
#include <map>
#include <cmath>

// Generate the Padovan sequence using the recurrence
// relationship.
int pRec(int n) {
    static std::map<int,int> memo;
    auto it = memo.find(n);
    if (it != memo.end()) return it->second;

    if (n <= 2) memo[n] = 1;
    else memo[n] = pRec(n-2) + pRec(n-3);
    return memo[n];
}

// Calculate the N'th Padovan sequence using the
// floor function.
int pFloor(int n) {
    long const double p = 1.324717957244746025960908854;
    long const double s = 1.0453567932525329623;
    return std::pow(p, n-1)/s + 0.5;
}

// Return the N'th L-system string
std::string& lSystem(int n) {
    static std::map<int,std::string> memo;
    auto it = memo.find(n);
    if (it != memo.end()) return it->second;
    
    if (n == 0) memo[n] = "A";
    else {
        memo[n] = "";
        for (char ch : memo[n-1]) {
            switch(ch) {
                case 'A': memo[n].push_back('B'); break;
                case 'B': memo[n].push_back('C'); break;
                case 'C': memo[n].append("AB"); break;
            }
        }
    }
    return memo[n];
}

// Compare two functions up to p_N
using pFn = int(*)(int);
void compare(pFn f1, pFn f2, const char* descr, int stop) {
    std::cout << "The " << descr << " functions ";
    int i;
    for (i=0; i<stop; i++) {
        int n1 = f1(i);
        int n2 = f2(i);
        if (n1 != n2) {
            std::cout << "do not match at " << i
                      << ": " << n1 << " != " << n2 << ".\n";
            break;
        }
    }
    if (i == stop) {
        std::cout << "match from P_0 to P_" << stop << ".\n";
    }
}

int main() {
    /* Print P_0 to P_19 */
    std::cout << "P_0 .. P_19: ";
    for (int i=0; i<20; i++) std::cout << pRec(i) << " ";
    std::cout << "\n";
    
    /* Check that floor and recurrence match up to P_64 */
    compare(pFloor, pRec, "floor- and recurrence-based", 64);
    
    /* Show first 10 L-system strings */
    std::cout << "\nThe first 10 L-system strings are:\n";
    for (int i=0; i<10; i++) std::cout << lSystem(i) << "\n";
    std::cout << "\n";
    
    /* Check lengths of strings against pFloor up to P_31 */
    compare(pFloor, [](int n){return (int)lSystem(n).length();}, 
                            "floor- and L-system-based", 32);
    return 0;
}
Output:
P_0 .. P_19: 1 1 1 2 2 3 4 5 7 9 12 16 21 28 37 49 65 86 114 151
The floor- and recurrence-based functions match from P_0 to P_64.

The first 10 L-system strings are:
A
B
C
AB
BC
CAB
ABBC
BCCAB
CABABBC
ABBCBCCAB

The floor- and L-system-based functions match from P_0 to P_32.

Clojure

(def padovan (map first (iterate (fn [[a b c]] [b c (+ a b)]) [1 1 1])))

(def pad-floor
  (let [p 1.324717957244746025960908854
        s 1.0453567932525329623]
    (map (fn [n] (int (Math/floor (+ (/ (Math/pow p (dec n)) s) 0.5)))) (range))))

(def pad-l
  (iterate (fn f [[c & s]]
             (case c
               \A (str "B" (f s))
               \B (str "C" (f s))
               \C (str "AB" (f s))
               (str "")))
           "A"))

(defn comp-seq [n seqa seqb]
  (= (take n seqa) (take n seqb)))

(defn comp-all [n]
  (= (map count (vec (take n pad-l)))
     (take n padovan)
     (take n pad-floor)))

(defn padovan-print [& args]
  ((print "The first 20 items with recursion relation are: ")
   (println (take 20 padovan))
   (println)
   (println (str
             "The recurrence and floor based algorithms "
             (if (comp-seq 64 padovan pad-floor) "match" "not match")
             " to n=64"))
   (println)
   (println "The first 10 L-system strings are:")
   (println (take 10 pad-l))
   (println)
   (println (str
             "The L-system, recurrence and floor based algorithms "
             (if (comp-all 32) "match" "not match")
             " to n=32"))))
Output:
The first 20 items with recursion relation are: (1 1 1 2 2 3 4 5 7 9 12 16 21 28 37 49 65 86 114 151)

The recurrence and floor based algorithms match to n=64

The first 10 L-system strings are:
(A B C AB BC CAB ABBC BCCAB CABABBC ABBCBCCAB)

The L-system, recurrence and floor based algorithms match to n=32

Delphi

Translation of: C++

Thanks Rudy Velthuis for the Velthuis.BigDecimals library.
Boost.Generics.Collection is part of DelphiBoostLib.

program Padovan_sequence;

{$APPTYPE CONSOLE}

uses
  System.SysUtils,
  Velthuis.BigDecimals,
  Boost.Generics.Collection;

type
  TpFn = TFunc<Integer, Integer>;

var
  RecMemo: TDictionary<Integer, Integer>;
  lSystemMemo: TDictionary<Integer, string>;

function pRec(n: Integer): Integer;
begin
  if RecMemo.HasKey(n) then
    exit(RecMemo[n]);

  if (n <= 2) then
    RecMemo[n] := 1
  else
    RecMemo[n] := pRec(n - 2) + pRec(n - 3);
  Result := RecMemo[n];
end;

function pFloor(n: Integer): Integer;
var
  p, s, a: BigDecimal;
begin
  p := '1.324717957244746025960908854';
  s := '1.0453567932525329623';
  a := p.IntPower(n - 1, 64);
  Result := Round(BigDecimal.Divide(a, s));
end;

function lSystem(n: Integer): string;
begin
  if n = 0 then
    lSystemMemo[n] := 'A'
  else
  begin
    lSystemMemo[n] := '';
    for var ch in lSystemMemo[n - 1] do
    begin
      case ch of
        'A':
          lSystemMemo[n] := lSystemMemo[n] + 'B';
        'B':
          lSystemMemo[n] := lSystemMemo[n] + 'C';
        'C':
          lSystemMemo[n] := lSystemMemo[n] + 'AB';
      end;
    end;
  end;
  Result := lSystemMemo[n];
end;

procedure Compare(f1, f2: TpFn; descr: string; stop: Integer);
begin
  write('The ', descr, ' functions ');
  var i := 0;
  while i < stop do
  begin
    var n1 := f1(i);
    var n2 := f2(i);
    if n1 <> n2 then
    begin
      write('do not match at ', i);
      writeln(': ', n1, ' != ', n2, '.');
      break;
    end;
    inc(i);
  end;
  if i = stop then
    writeln('match from P_0 to P_', stop, '.');
end;

begin
  RecMemo := TDictionary<Integer, Integer>.Create([], []);
  lSystemMemo := TDictionary<Integer, string>.Create([], []);

  write('P_0 .. P_19: ');
  for var i := 0 to 19 do
    write(pRec(i), ' ');
  writeln;

  Compare(pFloor, pRec, 'floor- and recurrence-based', 64);
  writeln(#10'The first 10 L-system strings are:');

  for var i := 0 to 9 do
    writeln(lSystem(i));
  writeln;

  Compare(pFloor,
    function(n: Integer): Integer
    begin
      Result := length(lSystem(n));
    end, 'floor- and L-system-based', 32);
  readln;
end.

EasyLang

Translation of: Swift
p[] = [ 1 1 1 ]
padorn = 1
func padorec .
   if padorn <= 3
      h = p[padorn]
   else
      h = p[1] + p[2]
   .
   p[1] = p[2]
   p[2] = p[3]
   p[3] = h
   padorn += 1
   return h
.
pfn = 1
P = 1.32471795724474602596
S = 1.0453567932525329623
# 
func padofloor .
   p = floor ((pow P (pfn - 2)) / S + 0.5)
   pfn += 1
   return p
.
str$ = "A"
func$ padolsys .
   r$ = str$
   for c$ in strchars str$
      if c$ = "A"
         nxt$ &= "B"
      elif c$ = "B"
         nxt$ &= "C"
      else
         nxt$ &= "AB"
      .
   .
   str$ = nxt$
   return r$
.
# 
print "First 20 terms of the Padovan sequence:"
for i to 64
   par[] &= padorec
.
for i to 20
   write par[i] & " "
.
print ""
for i to 64
   paf[] &= padofloor
.
if par[] = paf[]
   print "\nRecurrence and floor functions agree for first 64 terms"
.
for i to 32
   pal$[] &= padolsys
.
print "\nFirst 10 strings produced from the L-system:"
for i to 10
   write pal$[i] & " "
.
print ""
for i to 32
   if len pal$[i] <> par[i]
      break 1
   .
.
if i > 32
   print "\nLength of first 32 strings produced from the L-system = Padovan sequence"
.
Output:
First 20 terms of the Padovan sequence:
1 1 1 2 2 3 4 5 7 9 12 16 21 28 37 49 65 86 114 151 

Recurrence and floor functions agree for first 64 terms

First 10 strings produced from the L-system:
A B C AB BC CAB ABBC BCCAB CABABBC ABBCBCCAB 

Length of first 32 strings produced from the L-system = Padovan sequence

Elixir

Translation of: Ruby
# Padovan sequence as a Stream
defmodule Padovan do
  def stream do
    Stream.resource(
      fn -> {1, 1, 1} end,
      fn {a, b, c} ->
        next_value = a + b
        {[a], {b, c, next_value}}
      end,
      fn _ -> :ok end
    )
  end
end

# Padovan floor function
defmodule PadovanFloorFunction do
  @p 1.324717957244746025960908854
  @s 1.0453567932525329623

  def padovan_f(n), do: trunc((:math.pow(@p, n - 1) / @s) + 0.5)
end

# Calculate and print the first 20 elements of the Padovan sequence and the floor function
padovan_sequence = Padovan.stream() |> Enum.take(20)
padovan_floor_function = Enum.map(0..19, &PadovanFloorFunction.padovan_f(&1))

IO.puts("Recurrence Padovan: #{inspect(padovan_sequence)}")
IO.puts("Floor function:     #{inspect(padovan_floor_function)}")

# Check if the sequences are equal up to n
n = 63
bool = Enum.map(0..(n-1), &PadovanFloorFunction.padovan_f(&1)) == Padovan.stream() |> Enum.take(n)
IO.puts("Recurrence and floor function are equal up to #{n}: #{bool}.")

# L-system generator as a Stream
defmodule LSystem do
  def stream(axiom \\ "A", rules \\ %{"A" => "B", "B" => "C", "C" => "AB"}) do
    Stream.iterate(axiom, fn string ->
      string
      |> String.graphemes()
      |> Enum.map(&Map.get(rules, &1, ""))
      |> Enum.join()
    end)
  end
end

# Calculate and print the first 10 elements of the L-system
l_system_sequence = LSystem.stream() |> Enum.take(10)
IO.puts("First 10 elements of L-system: #{l_system_sequence |> Enum.join(", ")}")

# Check if the sizes of the L-system strings match the Padovan sequence
n = 32
l_system_sizes = LSystem.stream() |> Enum.take(n) |> Enum.map(&String.length/1)
bool = l_system_sizes == Padovan.stream() |> Enum.take(n)
IO.puts("Sizes of first #{n} L_system strings equal to recurrence Padovan? #{bool}.")
Output:
Recurrence Padovan: [1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 12, 16, 21, 28, 37, 49, 65, 86, 114, 151]
Floor function:     [1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 12, 16, 21, 28, 37, 49, 65, 86, 114, 151]
Recurrence and floor function are equal up to 63: true.
First 10 elements of L-system: A, B, C, AB, BC, CAB, ABBC, BCCAB, CABABBC, ABBCBCCAB
Sizes of first 32 L_system strings equal to recurrence Padovan? true.

Factor

Works with: Factor version 0.99 2021-02-05
USING: L-system accessors io kernel make math math.functions
memoize prettyprint qw sequences ;

CONSTANT: p 1.324717957244746025960908854
CONSTANT: s 1.0453567932525329623

: pfloor ( m -- n ) 1 - p swap ^ s /f .5 + >integer ;

MEMO: precur ( m -- n )
    dup 3 < [ drop 1 ]
    [ [ 2 - precur ] [ 3 - precur ] bi + ] if ;

: plsys, ( L-system -- )
    [ iterate-L-system-string ] [ string>> , ] bi ;

: plsys ( n -- seq )
    <L-system>
    "A" >>axiom
    { qw{ A B } qw{ B C } qw{ C AB } } >>rules
    swap 1 - '[ "A" , _ [ dup plsys, ] times ] { } make nip ;

"First 20 terms of the Padovan sequence:" print
20 [ pfloor pprint bl ] each-integer nl nl

64 [ [ pfloor ] [ precur ] bi assert= ] each-integer
"Recurrence and floor based algorithms match to n=63." print nl

"First 10 L-system strings:" print
10 plsys . nl

32 <iota> [ pfloor ] map 32 plsys [ length ] map assert=
"The L-system, recurrence and floor based algorithms match to n=31." print
Output:
First 20 terms of the Padovan sequence:
1 1 1 2 2 3 4 5 7 9 12 16 21 28 37 49 65 86 114 151 

Recurrence and floor based algorithms match to n=63.

First 10 L-system strings:
{
    "A"
    "B"
    "C"
    "AB"
    "BC"
    "CAB"
    "ABBC"
    "BCCAB"
    "CABABBC"
    "ABBCBCCAB"
}

The L-system, recurrence and floor based algorithms match to n=31.

FreeBASIC

Translation of: 11l
Const As Double pp = 1.324717957244746025960908854
Const As Double ss = 1.0453567932525329623

Function padovan1(Byval n As Integer) As Integer
    Dim As Integer a, b, c, d, i
    a = 1: b = 1: c = 1
    d = 1
    For i = 1 To (n - 3)
        d = a + b
        a = b : b = c : c = d
    Next i
    Return d
End Function

Function padovan2(Byval n As Integer) As Integer
    Dim As Double p = 1.0
    For i As Integer = 1 To (n - 1)
        p *= pp
    Next i
    Return Fix(p / ss)
End Function

Function padovan3(Byval n As Integer) As String
    Dim As String sgte, s = "A"
    Dim As Integer i, j, c
    Dim As String rules(1 To 3) = {"B", "C", "AB"}
    
    For i = 1 To n
        sgte = ""
        For j = 1 To Len(s)
            Select Case Mid(s, j, 1)
            Case "A" : c =  1
            Case "B" : c =  2
            Case "C" : c =  3
            End Select
            sgte &= rules(c)
        Next j
        s = sgte
    Next i
    Return s
End Function

Dim As Integer n
Print "First 20 terms of the Padovan sequence:"
For n = 1 To 20
    Print padovan1(n); '" ";
Next

n = 1
Dim As Boolean areEqual = True
Dim As Integer list1(64), list2(64)

Do While n <= 64 And areEqual = False
    list1(n) = padovan1(n)
    list2(n) = padovan2(n)
    If list1(n) <> list2(n) Then areEqual = False
    n += 1
Loop
Print !"\nThe first 64 iterative and calculated values ";
Print Iif(areEqual, "are the same.", "differ.")

Print !"\nFirst 10 L-system strings:"
For n = 0 To 9
    Print padovan3(n); " ";
Next
Print

areEqual = True
Dim As Integer list3(31)

Print !"\nLengths of the 32 first L-system strings:"
For n = 0 To 31
    list3(n) = Len(padovan3(n))
    Print list3(n); '" ";
    If list3(n) <> list1(n) Then areEqual = False
Next
Print !"\nThese lengths are";
Print Iif(areEqual, " the 32 first terms of the Padovan sequence.", " not the 32 first terms of the Padovan sequence.")

Sleep
Output:
First 20 terms of the Padovan sequence:
 1 1 1 2 2 3 4 5 7 9 12 16 21 28 37 49 65 86 114 151
The first 64 iterative and calculated values are the same.

First 10 L-system strings:
A B C AB BC CAB ABBC BCCAB CABABBC ABBCBCCAB

Lengths of the 32 first L-system strings:
 1 1 1 2 2 3 4 5 7 9 12 16 21 28 37 49 65 86 114 151 200 265 351 465 616 816 1081 1432 1897 2513 3329 4410
These lengths are not the 32 first terms of the Padovan sequence.

Go

Translation of: Wren
package main

import (
    "fmt"
    "math"
    "math/big"
    "strings"
)

func padovanRecur(n int) []int {
    p := make([]int, n)
    p[0], p[1], p[2] = 1, 1, 1
    for i := 3; i < n; i++ {
        p[i] = p[i-2] + p[i-3]
    }
    return p
}

func padovanFloor(n int) []int {
    var p, s, t, u = new(big.Rat), new(big.Rat), new(big.Rat), new(big.Rat)
    p, _ = p.SetString("1.324717957244746025960908854")
    s, _ = s.SetString("1.0453567932525329623")
    f := make([]int, n)
    pow := new(big.Rat).SetInt64(1)
    u = u.SetFrac64(1, 2)
    t.Quo(pow, p)
    t.Quo(t, s)
    t.Add(t, u)
    v, _ := t.Float64()
    f[0] = int(math.Floor(v))
    for i := 1; i < n; i++ {
        t.Quo(pow, s)
        t.Add(t, u)
        v, _ = t.Float64()
        f[i] = int(math.Floor(v))
        pow.Mul(pow, p)
    }
    return f
}

type LSystem struct {
    rules         map[string]string
    init, current string
}

func step(lsys *LSystem) string {
    var sb strings.Builder
    if lsys.current == "" {
        lsys.current = lsys.init
    } else {
        for _, c := range lsys.current {
            sb.WriteString(lsys.rules[string(c)])
        }
        lsys.current = sb.String()
    }
    return lsys.current
}

func padovanLSys(n int) []string {
    rules := map[string]string{"A": "B", "B": "C", "C": "AB"}
    lsys := &LSystem{rules, "A", ""}
    p := make([]string, n)
    for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
        p[i] = step(lsys)
    }
    return p
}

// assumes lists are same length
func areSame(l1, l2 []int) bool {
    for i := 0; i < len(l1); i++ {
        if l1[i] != l2[i] {
            return false
        }
    }
    return true
}

func main() {
    fmt.Println("First 20 members of the Padovan sequence:")
    fmt.Println(padovanRecur(20))
    recur := padovanRecur(64)
    floor := padovanFloor(64)
    same := areSame(recur, floor)
    s := "give"
    if !same {
        s = "do not give"
    }
    fmt.Println("\nThe recurrence and floor based functions", s, "the same results for 64 terms.")

    p := padovanLSys(32)
    lsyst := make([]int, 32)
    for i := 0; i < 32; i++ {
        lsyst[i] = len(p[i])
    }
    fmt.Println("\nFirst 10 members of the Padovan L-System:")
    fmt.Println(p[:10])
    fmt.Println("\nand their lengths:")
    fmt.Println(lsyst[:10])

    same = areSame(recur[:32], lsyst)
    s = "give"
    if !same {
        s = "do not give"
    }
    fmt.Println("\nThe recurrence and L-system based functions", s, "the same results for 32 terms.")
Output:
First 20 members of the Padovan sequence:
[1 1 1 2 2 3 4 5 7 9 12 16 21 28 37 49 65 86 114 151]

The recurrence and floor based functions give the same results for 64 terms.

First 10 members of the Padovan L-System:
[A B C AB BC CAB ABBC BCCAB CABABBC ABBCBCCAB]

and their lengths:
[1 1 1 2 2 3 4 5 7 9]

The recurrence and L-system based functions give the same results for 32 terms.

Haskell

-- list of Padovan numbers using recurrence
pRec = map (\(a,_,_) -> a) $ iterate (\(a,b,c) -> (b,c,a+b)) (1,1,1)

-- list of Padovan numbers using self-referential lazy lists
pSelfRef = 1 : 1 : 1 : zipWith (+) pSelfRef (tail pSelfRef)

-- list of Padovan numbers generated from floor function
pFloor = map f [0..]
    where f n = floor $ p**fromInteger (pred n) / s + 0.5
          p   = 1.324717957244746025960908854 
          s   = 1.0453567932525329623
          
-- list of L-system strings
lSystem = iterate f "A"
    where f []      = []
          f ('A':s) = 'B':f s
          f ('B':s) = 'C':f s
          f ('C':s) = 'A':'B':f s

-- check if first N elements match
checkN n as bs = take n as == take n bs

main = do
    putStr "P_0 .. P_19: "
    putStrLn $ unwords $ map show $ take 20 pRec
    
    putStr "The floor- and recurrence-based functions "
    putStr $ if checkN 64 pRec pFloor then "match" else "do not match"
    putStr " from P_0 to P_63.\n"

    putStr "The self-referential- and recurrence-based functions "
    putStr $ if checkN 64 pRec pSelfRef then "match" else "do not match"
    putStr " from P_0 to P_63.\n\n"
        
    putStr "The first 10 L-system strings are:\n"
    putStrLn $ unwords $ take 10 lSystem
    
    putStr "\nThe floor- and L-system-based functions "
    putStr $ if checkN 32 pFloor (map length lSystem) 
             then "match" else "do not match"
    putStr " from P_0 to P_31.\n"
Output:
P_0 .. P_19: 1 1 1 2 2 3 4 5 7 9 12 16 21 28 37 49 65 86 114 151
The floor- and recurrence-based functions match from P_0 to P_63.
The self-referential- and recurrence-based functions match from P_0 to P_63.

The first 10 L-system strings are:
A B C AB BC CAB ABBC BCCAB CABABBC ABBCBCCAB

The floor- and L-system-based functions match from P_0 to P_31.


and a variant expressed in terms of unfoldr, which allows for a coherent treatment of these three cases – isolating the respects in which they differ – and also lends itself to a simple translation to the N-Step Padovan case, covered in another task.

import Data.List (unfoldr)

--------------------- PADOVAN NUMBERS --------------------

padovans :: [Integer]
padovans = unfoldr f (1, 1, 1)
  where
    f (a, b, c) = Just (a, (b, c, a + b))


padovanFloor :: [Integer]
padovanFloor = unfoldr f 0
  where
    f = Just . (((,) . g) <*> succ)

    g = floor . (0.5 +) . (/ s) . (p **) . fromInteger . pred
    p = 1.324717957244746025960908854
    s = 1.0453567932525329623


padovanLSystem :: [String]
padovanLSystem = unfoldr f "A"
  where
    f = Just . ((,) <*> concatMap rule)

    rule 'A' = "B"
    rule 'B' = "C"
    rule 'C' = "AB"


-------------------------- TESTS -------------------------

main :: IO ()
main =
  mapM_
    putStrLn
    [ "First 20 padovans:\n",
      show $ take 20 padovans,
      [],
      "The recurrence and floor based functions",
      "match over 64 terms:\n",
      show $ prefixesMatch padovans padovanFloor 64,
      [],
      "First 10 L-System strings:\n",
      show $ take 10 padovanLSystem,
      [],
      "The length of the first 32 strings produced",
      "is the Padovan sequence:\n",
      show $
        prefixesMatch
          padovans
          (fromIntegral . length <$> padovanLSystem)
          32
    ]

prefixesMatch :: Eq a => [a] -> [a] -> Int -> Bool
prefixesMatch xs ys n = and (zipWith (==) (take n xs) ys)
Output:
First 20 padovans:

[1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5,7,9,12,16,21,28,37,49,65,86,114,151]

The recurrence and floor based functions
match over 64 terms:

True

First 10 L-System strings:

["A","B","C","AB","BC","CAB","ABBC","BCCAB","CABABBC","ABBCBCCAB"]

The length of the first 32 strings produced
is the Padovan sequence:

True

J

Implementation:

padovanSeq=: (],+/@(_2 _3{]))^:([-3:)&1 1 1

NB. or, equivalently:
padovanSeq=: (, [: +/ _2 {. }:)@]^:([ - 2:)&1 1

realRoot=. {:@(#~ ]=|)@;@p.
padovanNth=: 0.5 <.@+ (realRoot _23 23 _2 1) %~ (realRoot _1 _1 0 1)^<:

padovanL=: rplc&('A';'B'; 'B';'C'; 'C';'AB')@]^:[&'A'
seqLen=. #@(-.&' ')"1

Typically, inductive sequences based on a function F with an initial value G can be expressed using an expression of the form F@]^:[@G or something similar. Here, [ represents the argument to the derived recurrence function. For padovanSeq, we are generating a sequence, so we want to retain the previous values. So instead of just using f=: +/@(_2 3{]) which adds up the second and third numbers from the end of the sequence, we also retain the previous values using F=: ],f

But, also, since our initial value is a sequence with three elements, we can make the argument to the recurrence function be the length of the desired sequence by replacing [ for the repetition count with [-3:

Task examples:

   padovanSeq 20
1 1 1 2 2 3 4 5 7 9 12 16 21 28 37 49 65 86 114 151
   (padovanSeq 64) -: padovanNth(i.64)
1
   padovanL i.10
A        
B        
C        
AB       
BC       
CAB      
ABBC     
BCCAB    
CABABBC  
ABBCBCCAB
   (padovanSeq 32) -: seqLen padovanL i.32
1

Java

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;

public final class Padovan {

	public static void main(String[] aArgs) {
		for ( int i = 0; i < 64; i++ ) {
			recurrences.add(padovanRecurrence(i));
			floors.add(padovanFloor(i));
		}		
		
		System.out.println("The first 20 terms of the Padovan sequence:");
		recurrences.subList(0, 20).forEach( term -> System.out.print(term + " ") );		
		System.out.println(System.lineSeparator());
		
		System.out.print("Recurrence and floor functions agree for first 64 terms? " + recurrences.equals(floors));
		System.out.println(System.lineSeparator());
		
		List<String> words = createLSystem();		
		
		System.out.println("The first 10 terms of the L-system:");
		words.subList(0, 10).forEach( term -> System.out.print(term + " ") );		
		System.out.println(System.lineSeparator());
		
		System.out.print("Length of first 32 terms produced from the L-system match Padovan sequence? ");		
		List<Integer> wordLengths = words.stream().map( s -> s.length() ).toList();
		System.out.println(wordLengths.equals(recurrences.subList(0, 32)));
	}
	
	private static int padovanRecurrence(int aN) {
		return ( aN <= 2 ) ? 1 : recurrences.get(aN - 2) + recurrences.get(aN - 3);		
	}
	
	private static int padovanFloor(int aN) {
		return (int) Math.floor(Math.pow(PP, aN - 1) / SS + 0.5);
	}
	
	private static List<String> createLSystem() {
		List<String> words = new ArrayList<String>();		
		StringBuilder stringBuilder = new StringBuilder();
		String text = "A";
		
		do {
			words.add(text);
			stringBuilder.setLength(0);
			for ( char ch : text.toCharArray() ) {
				String entry = switch ( ch ) {
					case 'A' -> "B";
					case 'B' -> "C";
					case 'C' -> "AB";
					default -> throw new AssertionError("Unexpected character found: " + ch);
				};
				
				stringBuilder.append(entry);
			}
			
			text = stringBuilder.toString();
		} while ( words.size() < 32 );
		
		return words;
	}
	
	private static List<Integer> recurrences = new ArrayList<Integer>();
	private static List<Integer> floors = new ArrayList<Integer>();
	
	private static final double PP = 1.324717957244746025960908854;
	private static final double SS = 1.0453567932525329623;

}
Output:
The first 20 terms of the Padovan sequence:
1 1 1 2 2 3 4 5 7 9 12 16 21 28 37 49 65 86 114 151 

Recurrence and floor functions agree for first 64 terms? true

The first 10 terms of the L-system:
A B C AB BC CAB ABBC BCCAB CABABBC ABBCBCCAB 

Length of first 32 terms produced from the L-system match Padovan sequence? true

JavaScript

(() => {
    "use strict";

    // ----------------- PADOVAN NUMBERS -----------------

    // padovans :: [Int]
    const padovans = () => {
        // Non-finite series of Padovan numbers,
        // defined in terms of recurrence relations.
        const f = ([a, b, c]) => [
            a,
            [b, c, a + b]
        ];

        return unfoldr(f)([1, 1, 1]);
    };


    // padovanFloor :: [Int]
    const padovanFloor = () => {
        // The Padovan series, defined in terms
        // of a floor function.
        const
            // NB JavaScript loses some of this
            // precision at run-time.
            p = 1.324717957244746025960908854,
            s = 1.0453567932525329623;

        const f = n => [
            Math.floor(((p ** (n - 1)) / s) + 0.5),
            1 + n
        ];

        return unfoldr(f)(0);
    };


    // padovanLSystem : [Int]
    const padovanLSystem = () => {
        // An L-system generating terms whose lengths
        // are the values of the Padovan integer series.
        const rule = c =>
            "A" === c ? (
                "B"
            ) : "B" === c ? (
                "C"
            ) : "AB";

        const f = s => [
            s,
            chars(s).flatMap(rule)
            .join("")
        ];

        return unfoldr(f)("A");
    };


    // ---------------------- TEST -----------------------
    // main :: IO ()
    const main = () => {
        // prefixesMatch :: [a] -> [a] -> Bool
        const prefixesMatch = xs =>
            ys => n => and(
                zipWith(a => b => a === b)(
                    take(n)(xs)
                )(
                    take(n)(ys)
                )
            );

        return [
                "First 20 padovans:",
                take(20)(padovans()),

                "\nThe recurrence and floor-based functions",
                "match over the first 64 terms:\n",
                prefixesMatch(
                    padovans()
                )(
                    padovanFloor()
                )(64),

                "\nFirst 10 L-System strings:",
                take(10)(padovanLSystem()),

                "\nThe lengths of the first 32 L-System",
                "strings match the Padovan sequence:\n",
                prefixesMatch(
                    padovans()
                )(
                    fmap(length)(padovanLSystem())
                )(32)
            ]
            .map(str)
            .join("\n");
    };

    // --------------------- GENERIC ---------------------

    // and :: [Bool] -> Bool
    const and = xs =>
        // True unless any value in xs is false.
        [...xs].every(Boolean);


    // chars :: String -> [Char]
    const chars = s =>
        s.split("");


    // fmap <$> :: (a -> b) -> Gen [a] -> Gen [b]
    const fmap = f =>
        function* (gen) {
            let v = take(1)(gen);

            while (0 < v.length) {
                yield f(v[0]);
                v = take(1)(gen);
            }
        };


    // length :: [a] -> Int
    const length = xs =>
        // Returns Infinity over objects without finite
        // length. This enables zip and zipWith to choose
        // the shorter argument when one is non-finite,
        // like cycle, repeat etc
        "GeneratorFunction" !== xs.constructor
        .constructor.name ? (
            xs.length
        ) : Infinity;


    // take :: Int -> [a] -> [a]
    // take :: Int -> String -> String
    const take = n =>
        // The first n elements of a list,
        // string of characters, or stream.
        xs => "GeneratorFunction" !== xs
        .constructor.constructor.name ? (
            xs.slice(0, n)
        ) : [].concat(...Array.from({
            length: n
        }, () => {
            const x = xs.next();

            return x.done ? [] : [x.value];
        }));


    // str :: a -> String
    const str = x =>
        "string" !== typeof x ? (
            JSON.stringify(x)
        ) : x;


    // unfoldr :: (b -> Maybe (a, b)) -> b -> Gen [a]
    const unfoldr = f =>
        // A lazy (generator) list unfolded from a seed value
        // by repeated application of f to a value until no
        // residue remains. Dual to fold/reduce.
        // f returns either Null or just (value, residue).
        // For a strict output list,
        // wrap with `list` or Array.from
        x => (
            function* () {
                let valueResidue = f(x);

                while (null !== valueResidue) {
                    yield valueResidue[0];
                    valueResidue = f(valueResidue[1]);
                }
            }()
        );


    // zipWithList :: (a -> b -> c) -> [a] -> [b] -> [c]
    const zipWith = f =>
        // A list constructed by zipping with a
        // custom function, rather than with the
        // default tuple constructor.
        xs => ys => ((xs_, ys_) => {
            const lng = Math.min(length(xs_), length(ys_));

            return take(lng)(xs_).map(
                (x, i) => f(x)(ys_[i])
            );
        })([...xs], [...ys]);

    // MAIN ---
    return main();
})();
Output:
First 20 padovans:
[1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5,7,9,12,16,21,28,37,49,65,86,114,151]

The recurrence and floor-based functions
match over the first 64 terms:

true

First 10 L-System strings:
["A","B","C","AB","BC","CAB","ABBC","BCCAB","CABABBC","ABBCBCCAB"]

The lengths of the first 32 L-System
strings match the Padovan sequence:

true

jq

Works with: jq

Works with gojq, the Go implementation of jq

This entry differs from others in that the L-system is used to define two functions - `padovanStrings` and `padovanNumbers` - that emit unbounded streams of the Padovan strings and numbers respectively.

# Output: first $n Padovans
def padovanRecur($n):
  [range(0;$n) | 1] as $p
  | if $n < 3 then $p
    else reduce range(3;$n) as $i ($p; .[$i] = .[$i-2] + .[$i-3])
    end;

# Output: first $n Padovans
def padovanFloor($n):
  { p: 1.324717957244746025960908854,
    s: 1.0453567932525329623,
    pow: 1 }
  | reduce range (1;$n) as $i ( .f = [ ((.pow/.p/.s) + 0.5)|floor];
      .f[$i] = (((.pow/.s) + 0.5)|floor)
      | .pow *= .p)
  | .f ;
 
# Output: a stream of the L-System Padovan strings
def padovanStrings:
  {A: "B", B: "C", C: "AB", "": "A"} as $rules
  | $rules[""]
  | while(true;
      ascii_downcase
      | gsub("a"; $rules["A"]) | gsub("b"; $rules["B"]) | gsub("c"; $rules["C"]) ) ;

# Output: a stream of the Padovan numbers using the L-System strings
def padovanNumbers:
  padovanStrings | length;

def task:
  def s1($n):
    if padovanFloor($n) == padovanRecur($n) then "give" else "do not give" end;

  def s2($n):
    if [limit($n; padovanNumbers)] == padovanRecur($n) then "give" else "do not give" end;

  "The first 20 members of the Padovan sequence:", padovanRecur(20),
  "",
  "The recurrence and floor-based functions \(s1(64)) the same results for 64 terms.",
  "",
  ([limit(10; padovanStrings)]
     | "First 10 members of the Padovan L-System:", .,
        "and their lengths:",
         map(length)),
  "",
  "The recurrence and L-system based functions \(s2(32)) the same results for 32 terms."
;

task
Output:
The first 20 members of the Padovan sequence:
[1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5,7,9,12,16,21,28,37,49,65,86,114,151]

The recurrence and floor-based functions give the same results for 64 terms.

First 10 members of the Padovan L-System:
["A","B","C","AB","BC","CAB","ABBC","BCCAB","CABABBC","ABBCBCCAB"]
and their lengths:
[1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5,7,9]

The recurrence and L-system based functions give the same results for 32 terms.

Julia

""" Recursive Padovan """
rPadovan(n) = (n < 4) ? one(n) : rPadovan(n - 3) + rPadovan(n - 2)

""" Floor function calculation Padovan """
function fPadovan(n)::Int
    p, s = big"1.324717957244746025960908854", big"1.0453567932525329623"
    return Int(floor(p^(n-2) / s + .5))
end

""" LSystem Padovan """
function list_LsysPadovan(N)
    rules = Dict("A" => "B", "B" => "C", "C" => "AB")
    seq, lens = ["A"], [1]
    for i in 1:N
        str = prod([rules[string(c)] for c in seq[end]])
        push!(seq, str)
        push!(lens, length(str))
    end
    return seq, lens
end

const lr, lf = [rPadovan(i) for i in 1:64], [fPadovan(i) for i in 1:64]
const sL, lL = list_LsysPadovan(32)
println("N  Recursive  Floor      LSystem      String\n=============================================")
foreach(i -> println(rpad(i, 4), rpad(lr[i], 12), rpad(lf[i], 12),
    rpad(i < 33 ? lL[i] : "", 12), (i < 11 ? sL[i] : "")), 1:64)
Output:
N  Recursive  Floor      LSystem      String
=============================================
1   1           1           1           A
2   1           1           1           B
3   1           1           1           C
4   2           2           2           AB
5   2           2           2           BC
6   3           3           3           CAB
7   4           4           4           ABBC
8   5           5           5           BCCAB
9   7           7           7           CABABBC
10  9           9           9           ABBCBCCAB
11  12          12          12
12  16          16          16
13  21          21          21
14  28          28          28
15  37          37          37
16  49          49          49
17  65          65          65
18  86          86          86
19  114         114         114
20  151         151         151
21  200         200         200
22  265         265         265
23  351         351         351
24  465         465         465
25  616         616         616
26  816         816         816
27  1081        1081        1081
28  1432        1432        1432
29  1897        1897        1897
30  2513        2513        2513
31  3329        3329        3329
32  4410        4410        4410
33  5842        5842
34  7739        7739
35  10252       10252
36  13581       13581
37  17991       17991
38  23833       23833
39  31572       31572
40  41824       41824
41  55405       55405
42  73396       73396
43  97229       97229
44  128801      128801
45  170625      170625
46  226030      226030
47  299426      299426
48  396655      396655
49  525456      525456
50  696081      696081
51  922111      922111
52  1221537     1221537
53  1618192     1618192
54  2143648     2143648
55  2839729     2839729
56  3761840     3761840
57  4983377     4983377
58  6601569     6601569
59  8745217     8745217
60  11584946    11584946
61  15346786    15346786
62  20330163    20330163
63  26931732    26931732
64  35676949    35676949


Kotlin

import kotlin.math.floor
import kotlin.math.pow

object CodeKt{

    private val recurrences = mutableListOf<Int>()
    private val floors = mutableListOf<Int>()
    private const val PP = 1.324717957244746025960908854
    private const val SS = 1.0453567932525329623

    @JvmStatic
    fun main(args: Array<String>) {
        for (i in 0 until 64) {
            recurrences.add(padovanRecurrence(i))
            floors.add(padovanFloor(i))
        }

        println("The first 20 terms of the Padovan sequence:")
        recurrences.subList(0, 20).forEach { term -> print("$term ") }
        println("\n")

        println("Recurrence and floor functions agree for first 64 terms? ${recurrences == floors}\n")

        val words = createLSystem()

        println("The first 10 terms of the L-system:")
        words.subList(0, 10).forEach { term -> print("$term ") }
        println("\n")

        print("Length of first 32 terms produced from the L-system match Padovan sequence? ")
        val wordLengths = words.map { it.length }
        println(wordLengths == recurrences.subList(0, 32))
    }

    private fun padovanRecurrence(n: Int): Int =
        if (n <= 2) 1 else recurrences[n - 2] + recurrences[n - 3]

    private fun padovanFloor(n: Int): Int =
        floor(PP.pow(n - 1) / SS + 0.5).toInt()

    private fun createLSystem(): List<String> {
        val words = mutableListOf<String>()
        var text = "A"

        while (words.size < 32) {
            words.add(text)
            text = text.map { ch ->
                when (ch) {
                    'A' -> "B"
                    'B' -> "C"
                    'C' -> "AB"
                    else -> throw AssertionError("Unexpected character found: $ch")
                }
            }.joinToString("")
        }

        return words
    }
}
Output:
The first 20 terms of the Padovan sequence:
1 1 1 2 2 3 4 5 7 9 12 16 21 28 37 49 65 86 114 151 

Recurrence and floor functions agree for first 64 terms? true

The first 10 terms of the L-system:
A B C AB BC CAB ABBC BCCAB CABABBC ABBCBCCAB 

Length of first 32 terms produced from the L-system match Padovan sequence? true


Lua

Translation of: Perl
-- Define the constants
local p = 1.32471795724474602596
local s = 1.0453567932525329623


-- Generator for the Padovan sequence using coroutines
function pad_recur_gen(n)
    local co = coroutine.create(function ()
        local p = {1, 1, 1, 2}
        for i = 1, n do
            local next_val = p[2] + p[3]
            coroutine.yield(p[1])
            table.remove(p, 1)
            table.insert(p, next_val)
        end
    end)
    return function ()   -- iterator
        local status, value = coroutine.resume(co)
        return value
    end
end

-- Padovan floor function
function pad_floor(index)
    if index < 3 then
        return math.floor(1/2 + p)
    else
        return math.floor(1/2 + p^(index - 2) / s)
    end
end

local l, m, n = 10, 20, 32

local pr = {}
local pad_recur = pad_recur_gen(n)
for i = 1, n do
    pr[i] = pad_recur()
end
for i = 1, m do
    io.write(pr[i] .. ' ')
end
io.write('\n')

local pf = {}
for i = 1, n do
    pf[i] = pad_floor(i)
end
for i = 1, m do
    io.write(pf[i] .. ' ')
end
io.write('\n')

local L = {'A'}
local rules = { A = 'B', B = 'C', C = 'AB' }
for i = 1, n do
    local next_str = ''
    for char in L[#L]:gmatch('.') do
        next_str = next_str .. rules[char]
    end
    table.insert(L, next_str)
end
for i = 1, l do
    io.write(L[i] .. ' ')
end
io.write('\n')

for i = 1, n do
    assert(pr[i] == pf[i] and pr[i] == #L[i],
           "Uh oh, n=" .. i .. ": " .. pr[i] .. " vs " .. pf[i] .. " vs " .. #L[i])
end

print('100% agreement among all 3 methods.')
Output:
1 1 1 2 2 3 4 5 7 9 12 16 21 28 37 49 65 86 114 151 
1 1 1 2 2 3 4 5 7 9 12 16 21 28 37 49 65 86 114 151 
A B C AB BC CAB ABBC BCCAB CABABBC ABBCBCCAB 
100% agreement among all 3 methods.


Mathematica / Wolfram Language

ClearAll[Padovan1,a,p,s]
p=N[Surd[((9+Sqrt[69])/18),3]+Surd[((9-Sqrt[69])/18),3],200];
s=1.0453567932525329623;
Padovan1[nmax_Integer]:=RecurrenceTable[{a[n+1]==a[n-1]+a[n-2],a[0]==1,a[1]==1,a[2]==1},a,{n,0,nmax-1}]
Padovan2[nmax_Integer]:=With[{},Floor[p^Range[-1,nmax-2]/s+1/2]]
Padovan1[20]
Padovan2[20]
Padovan1[64]===Padovan2[64]
SubstitutionSystem[{"A"->"B","B"->"C","C"->"AB"},"A",10]//Column
(StringLength/@SubstitutionSystem[{"A"->"B","B"->"C","C"->"AB"},"A",31])==Padovan2[32]
Output:
{1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5,7,9,12,16,21,28,37,49,65,86,114,151}
{1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5,7,9,12,16,21,28,37,49,65,86,114,151}
True
A
B
C
AB
BC
CAB
ABBC
BCCAB
CABABBC
ABBCBCCAB
BCCABCABABBC
True


MATLAB

clear all;close all;clc;
% Calculate the sequences
padovan_sequence_20 = Padovan1(20)
padovan_approx_20 = Padovan2(20)

% Check if the sequences are equal for n = 64
are_sequences_equal = isequal(Padovan1(64), Padovan2(64))


% Generate the substitution system sequence
sequence_32 = createLSystem();
words = sequence_32(1:10)

% Check if the length of the substitution system sequence equals the Padovan sequence
are_lengths_equal = all( cellfun(@(ele) length(ele), sequence_32) ...
                                        == Padovan2(32) )

function words = createLSystem()
    words = {'A'}; % Initialize cell array with one element "A"
    text = 'A'; % Current text is "A"

    while length(words) < 32
        newText = ''; % Initialize new text as empty
        for i = 1:length(text)
            switch text(i)
                case 'A'
                    newText = [newText 'B']; % Append 'B' to new text
                case 'B'
                    newText = [newText 'C']; % Append 'C' to new text
                case 'C'
                    newText = [newText 'AB']; % Append 'AB' to new text
            end
        end
        text = newText; % Update text with the new text
        words{end+1} = text; % Append new text to words list
    end
end

function padovan_sequence = Padovan1(nmax)
    padovan_sequence = zeros(1, nmax);
    padovan_sequence(1:3) = [1, 1, 1];
    for n = 4:nmax
        padovan_sequence(n) = padovan_sequence(n-2) + padovan_sequence(n-3);
    end
end

function padovan_approx = Padovan2(nmax)
    p = 1.324717957244746025960908854;
    s = 1.0453567932525329623;
    padovan_approx = floor(p.^(-1:nmax-2) / s + 0.5);
end
Output:
padovan_sequence_20 =

     1     1     1     2     2     3     4     5     7     9    12    16    21    28    37    49    65    86   114   151


padovan_approx_20 =

     1     1     1     2     2     3     4     5     7     9    12    16    21    28    37    49    65    86   114   151


are_sequences_equal =

  logical

   1


words =

  1×10 cell array

    {'A'}    {'B'}    {'C'}    {'AB'}    {'BC'}    {'CAB'}    {'ABBC'}    {'BCCAB'}    {'CABABBC'}    {'ABBCBCCAB'}


are_lengths_equal =

  logical

   1


Nim

import sequtils, strutils, tables

const
  P = 1.324717957244746025960908854
  S = 1.0453567932525329623

  Rules = {'A': "B", 'B': "C", 'C': "AB"}.toTable


iterator padovan1(n: Natural): int {.closure.} =
  ## Yield the first "n" Padovan values using recurrence relation.
  for _ in 1..min(n, 3): yield 1
  var a, b, c = 1
  var count = 3
  while count < n:
    (a, b, c) = (b, c, a + b)
    yield c
    inc count


iterator padovan2(n: Natural): int {.closure.} =
  ## Yield the first "n" Padovan values using formula.
  if n > 1: yield 1
  var p = 1.0
  var count = 1
  while count < n:
    yield (p / S).toInt
    p *= P
    inc count


iterator padovan3(n: Natural): string {.closure.} =
  ## Yield the strings produced by the L-system.
  var s = "A"
  var count = 0
  while count < n:
    yield s
    var next: string
    for ch in s:
      next.add Rules[ch]
    s = move(next)
    inc count


echo "First 20 terms of the Padovan sequence:"
echo toSeq(padovan1(20)).join(" ")

let list1 = toSeq(padovan1(64))
let list2 = toSeq(padovan2(64))
echo "The first 64 iterative and calculated values ",
     if list1 == list2: "are the same." else: "differ."

echo ""
echo "First 10 L-system strings:"
echo toSeq(padovan3(10)).join(" ")
echo ""
echo "Lengths of the 32 first L-system strings:"
let list3 = toSeq(padovan3(32)).mapIt(it.len)
echo list3.join(" ")
echo "These lengths are",
     if list3 == list1[0..31]: " " else: " not ",
     "the 32 first terms of the Padovan sequence."
Output:
First 20 terms of the Padovan sequence:
1 1 1 2 2 3 4 5 7 9 12 16 21 28 37 49 65 86 114 151
The first 64 iterative and calculated values are the same.

First 10 L-system strings:
A B C AB BC CAB ABBC BCCAB CABABBC ABBCBCCAB

Lengths of the 32 first L-system strings:
1 1 1 2 2 3 4 5 7 9 12 16 21 28 37 49 65 86 114 151 200 265 351 465 616 816 1081 1432 1897 2513 3329 4410
These lengths are the 32 first terms of the Padovan sequence.

Perl

Translation of: Raku
use strict;
use warnings;
use feature <state say>;
use List::Lazy 'lazy_list';

my $p = 1.32471795724474602596;
my $s = 1.0453567932525329623;
my %rules = (A => 'B', B => 'C', C => 'AB');

my $pad_recur = lazy_list { state @p = (1, 1, 1, 2); push @p, $p[1]+$p[2]; shift @p };

sub pad_floor { int 1/2 + $p**($_<3 ? 1 : $_-2) / $s }

my($l, $m, $n) = (10, 20, 32);

my(@pr, @pf);
push @pr, $pad_recur->next() for 1 .. $n; say join ' ', @pr[0 .. $m-1];
push @pf,  pad_floor($_)     for 1 .. $n; say join ' ', @pf[0 .. $m-1];

my @L = 'A';
push @L, join '', @rules{split '', $L[-1]} for 1 .. $n;
say join ' ', @L[0 .. $l-1];

$pr[$_] == $pf[$_] and $pr[$_] == length $L[$_] or die "Uh oh, n=$_: $pr[$_] vs $pf[$_] vs " . length $L[$_] for 0 .. $n-1;
say '100% agreement among all 3 methods.';
Output:
1 1 1 2 2 3 4 5 7 9 12 16 21 28 37 49 65 86 114 151
1 1 1 2 2 3 4 5 7 9 12 16 21 28 37 49 65 86 114 151
A B C AB BC CAB ABBC BCCAB CABABBC ABBCBCCAB
100% agreement among all 3 methods.

Phix

with javascript_semantics
sequence padovan = {1,1,1}
function padovanr(integer n)
    while length(padovan)<n do
        padovan &= padovan[$-2]+padovan[$-1]
    end while
    return padovan[n]
end function
 
constant p = 1.324717957244746025960908854,
         s = 1.0453567932525329623 
function padovana(integer n)
    return floor(power(p,n-2)/s + 0.5)
end function
 
constant l = {"B","C","AB"}
function padovanl(string prev)
    string res = ""
    for i=1 to length(prev) do
        res &= l[prev[i]-64]
    end for
    return res
end function
 
sequence pl = "A", l10 = {}
for n=1 to 64 do
    integer pn = padovanr(n)
    if padovana(n)!=pn or length(pl)!=pn then crash("oops") end if
    if n<=10 then l10 = append(l10,pl) end if
    pl = padovanl(pl) 
end for
printf(1,"The first 20 terms of the Padovan sequence: %v\n\n",{padovan[1..20]})
printf(1,"The first 10 L-system strings: %v\n\n",{l10})
printf(1,"recursive, algorithmic, and l-system agree to n=64\n")
Output:
The first 20 terms of the Padovan sequence: {1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5,7,9,12,16,21,28,37,49,65,86,114,151}

The first 10 L-system strings: {"A","B","C","AB","BC","CAB","ABBC","BCCAB","CABABBC","ABBCBCCAB"}

recursive, algorithmic, and l-system agree to n=64

Python

Python: Idiomatic

from math import floor
from collections import deque
from typing import Dict, Generator


def padovan_r() -> Generator[int, None, None]:
    last = deque([1, 1, 1], 4)
    while True:
        last.append(last[-2] + last[-3])
        yield last.popleft()

_p, _s = 1.324717957244746025960908854, 1.0453567932525329623

def padovan_f(n: int) -> int:
    return floor(_p**(n-1) / _s + .5)

def padovan_l(start: str='A',
             rules: Dict[str, str]=dict(A='B', B='C', C='AB')
             ) -> Generator[str, None, None]:
    axiom = start
    while True:
        yield axiom
        axiom = ''.join(rules[ch] for ch in axiom)


if __name__ == "__main__":
    from itertools import islice

    print("The first twenty terms of the sequence.")
    print(str([padovan_f(n) for n in range(20)])[1:-1])

    r_generator = padovan_r()
    if all(next(r_generator) == padovan_f(n) for n in range(64)):
        print("\nThe recurrence and floor based algorithms match to n=63 .")
    else:
        print("\nThe recurrence and floor based algorithms DIFFER!")

    print("\nThe first 10 L-system string-lengths and strings")
    l_generator = padovan_l(start='A', rules=dict(A='B', B='C', C='AB'))
    print('\n'.join(f"  {len(string):3} {repr(string)}"
                    for string in islice(l_generator, 10)))

    r_generator = padovan_r()
    l_generator = padovan_l(start='A', rules=dict(A='B', B='C', C='AB'))
    if all(len(next(l_generator)) == padovan_f(n) == next(r_generator)
           for n in range(32)):
        print("\nThe L-system, recurrence and floor based algorithms match to n=31 .")
    else:
        print("\nThe L-system, recurrence and floor based algorithms DIFFER!")
Output:
The first twenty terms of the sequence.
1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 12, 16, 21, 28, 37, 49, 65, 86, 114, 151

The recurrence and floor based algorithms match to n=63 .

The first 10 L-system string-lengths and strings
    1 'A'
    1 'B'
    1 'C'
    2 'AB'
    2 'BC'
    3 'CAB'
    4 'ABBC'
    5 'BCCAB'
    7 'CABABBC'
    9 'ABBCBCCAB'

The L-system, recurrence and floor based algorithms match to n=31 .

Python: Expressed in terms of a generic anamorphism (unfoldr)

'''Padovan series'''

from itertools import chain, islice
from math import floor
from operator import eq


# padovans :: [Int]
def padovans():
    '''Non-finite series of Padovan numbers,
       defined in terms of recurrence relations.
    '''
    def recurrence(abc):
        a, b, c = abc
        return a, (b, c, a + b)

    return unfoldr(recurrence)(
        (1, 1, 1)
    )


# padovanFloor :: [Int]
def padovanFloor():
    '''The Padovan series, defined in terms
       of a floor function.
    '''
    p = 1.324717957244746025960908854
    s = 1.0453567932525329623

    def f(n):
        return floor(p ** (n - 1) / s + 0.5), 1 + n

    return unfoldr(f)(0)


# padovanLSystem : [Int]
def padovanLSystem():
    '''An L-system generating terms whose lengths
       are the values of the Padovan integer series.
    '''
    def rule(c):
        return 'B' if 'A' == c else (
            'C' if 'B' == c else 'AB'
        )

    def f(s):
        return s, ''.join(list(concatMap(rule)(s)))

    return unfoldr(f)('A')


# ------------------------- TEST -------------------------

# prefixesMatch :: [a] -> [a] -> Bool
def prefixesMatch(xs, ys, n):
    '''True if the first n items of each
       series are the same.
    '''
    return all(map(eq, take(n)(xs), ys))


# main :: IO ()
def main():
    '''Test three Padovan functions for
       equivalence and expected results.
    '''
    print('\n'.join([
        "First 20 padovans:\n",
        repr(take(20)(padovans())),

        "\nThe recurrence and floor-based functions" + (
            " match over 64 terms:\n"
        ),
        repr(prefixesMatch(
            padovans(),
            padovanFloor(),
            64
        )),

        "\nFirst 10 L-System strings:\n",
        repr(take(10)(padovanLSystem())),

        "\nThe lengths of the first 32 L-System strings",
        "match the Padovan sequence:\n",
        repr(prefixesMatch(
            padovans(),
            (len(x) for x in padovanLSystem()),
            32
        ))
    ]))


# ----------------------- GENERIC ------------------------

# concatMap :: (a -> [b]) -> [a] -> [b]
def concatMap(f):
    '''A concatenated map'''
    def go(xs):
        return chain.from_iterable(map(f, xs))
    return go


# unfoldr :: (b -> Maybe (a, b)) -> b -> [a]
def unfoldr(f):
    '''A lazy (generator) list unfolded from a seed value
       by repeated application of f until no residue remains.
       Dual to fold/reduce.
       f returns either None, or just (value, residue).
       For a strict output list, wrap the result with list()
    '''
    def go(x):
        valueResidue = f(x)
        while None is not valueResidue:
            yield valueResidue[0]
            valueResidue = f(valueResidue[1])
    return go


# take :: Int -> [a] -> [a]
# take :: Int -> String -> String
def take(n):
    '''The prefix of xs of length n,
       or xs itself if n > length xs.
    '''
    def go(xs):
        return (
            xs[0:n]
            if isinstance(xs, (list, tuple))
            else list(islice(xs, n))
        )
    return go


# MAIN ---
if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()
Output:
First 20 padovans:

[1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 12, 16, 21, 28, 37, 49, 65, 86, 114, 151]

The recurrence and floor-based functions match over 64 terms:

True

First 10 L-System strings:

['A', 'B', 'C', 'AB', 'BC', 'CAB', 'ABBC', 'BCCAB', 'CABABBC', 'ABBCBCCAB']

The lengths of the first 32 L-System strings
match the Padovan sequence:

True

Quackery

v** is defined at Exponentiation operator#Quackery.

(L-System is described at L-system#Quackery.)

( --------------------- Recurrence -------------------- )
 
  [ dup 0 = iff
     [ drop ' [ ] ] done
    dup 1 = iff
      [ drop ' [ 1 ] ] done
   dip [ [] 0 1 1 ]
   2 - times 
       [ dip [ 2dup + ] swap 
         3 pack dip join 
         unpack ]
     3 times join behead drop ] is padovan1 ( n --> [   )
 
  say "With recurrence:     " 20 padovan1 echo cr cr
 
 
( ------------------- Floor Function ------------------ )
 
  $ "bigrat.qky" loadfile
 
  [ [ $ "1.324717957244746025960908854"
      $->v drop join ] constant 
    do ]                        is p        (   --> n/d )
 
  [ [ $ "1.0453567932525329623"
      $->v drop join ] constant 
    do ]                        is s        (   --> n/d )
 
  [ 1 -
    p rot v** s v/ 1 2 v+ / ]   is padovan2 ( n --> n   )
 
  say "With floor function: "
  []
  20 times [ i^ padovan2 join ]
  echo cr cr
 
 
( ---------------------- L-System --------------------- )
 
  [ $ "" swap witheach 
      [ nested quackery join ] ]    is expand ( $ --> $ )
 
  [ $ "B" ]                         is A      ( $ --> $ )
 
  [ $ "C" ]                         is B      ( $ --> $ )
 
  [ $ "AB" ]                        is C      ( $ --> $ )
 
  $ "A"
 
  say "First 10 L System strings: "
  9 times 
    [ dup echo$ sp
      expand ]
  echo$ cr cr
 
  [] $ "A"
  31 times
    [ dup size
      swap dip join
      expand ]
  size join
  
  32 padovan1 = iff
    [ say "The first 32 recurrence terms and L System lengths are the same." ]
  else [ say "Oh no! It's all gone pear-shaped!" ]
Output:
With recurrence:     [ 1 1 1 2 2 3 4 5 7 9 12 16 21 28 37 49 65 86 114 151 ]

With floor function: [ 1 1 1 2 2 3 4 5 7 9 12 16 21 28 37 49 65 86 114 151 ]

First 10 L System strings: A B C AB BC CAB ABBC BCCAB CABABBC ABBCBCCAB

The first 32 recurrence terms and L System lengths are the same.

R

# Function to calculate Padovan sequence iteratively
padovan_sequence <- function(n) {
  recurrences <- numeric(n)
  recurrences[1:3] <- c(1, 1, 1)
  if (n > 3) {
    for (i in 4:n) {
      recurrences[i] <- recurrences[i-2] + recurrences[i-3]
    }
  }
  recurrences
}

# Function to calculate Padovan floor
padovan_floor <- function(aN) {
  PP <- 1.324717957244746025960908854
  SS <- 1.0453567932525329623
  floor((PP^(aN - 1)) / SS + 0.5)
}

# Function to create L-system
create_l_system<- function() {
  words <- c("A")
  text <- "A"
  
  while (length(words) < 32) {
    text <- strsplit(text, "")[[1]] # Split the string into a list of characters
    text <- sapply(text, function(char) {
      if (char == "A") {
        return("B")
      } else if (char == "B") {
        return("C")
      } else if (char == "C") {
        return("AB")
      }
    })
    text <- paste(text, collapse = "") # Collapse the list back into a single string
    words <- c(words, text) # Append the new word to the list
  }
  
  words
}


# Main script
num_terms <- 64
padovan_seq <- padovan_sequence(num_terms)
floors <- sapply(0:(num_terms-1), padovan_floor)

cat("The first 20 terms of the Padovan sequence:\n")
cat(padovan_seq[1:20], sep=" ", end="\n")
cat("\n")

cat("Recurrence and floor functions agree for first 64 terms?", all(padovan_seq == floors), "\n\n")

words <- create_l_system()

cat("The first 10 terms of the L-system:\n")
cat(words[1:10], sep=" ", end="\n")
cat("\n")

cat("Length of first 32 terms produced from the L-system match Padovan sequence? ")
word_lengths <- sapply(words, nchar)
cat(all(word_lengths[1:32] == padovan_seq[1:32]))
Output:
The first 20 terms of the Padovan sequence:
1 1 1 2 2 3 4 5 7 9 12 16 21 28 37 49 65 86 114 151 

Recurrence and floor functions agree for first 64 terms? TRUE 

The first 10 terms of the L-system:
A B C AB BC CAB ABBC BCCAB CABABBC ABBCBCCAB 

Length of first 32 terms produced from the L-system match Padovan sequence? TRUE


Raku

constant p = 1.32471795724474602596;
constant s = 1.0453567932525329623;
constant %rules = A => 'B', B => 'C', C => 'AB';

my @pad-recur = 1, 1, 1, -> $c, $b, $ { $b + $c }  … *;

my @pad-floor = { floor 1/2 + p ** ($++ - 1) / s } … *;

my @pad-L-sys = 'A', { %rules{$^axiom.comb}.join } … *;
my @pad-L-len = @pad-L-sys.map: *.chars;

say @pad-recur.head(20);
say @pad-L-sys.head(10);

say "Recurrence == Floor to N=64" if (@pad-recur Z== @pad-floor).head(64).all;
say "Recurrence == L-len to N=32" if (@pad-recur Z== @pad-L-len).head(32).all;
Output:
(1 1 1 2 2 3 4 5 7 9 12 16 21 28 37 49 65 86 114 151)
(A B C AB BC CAB ABBC BCCAB CABABBC ABBCBCCAB)
Recurrence == Floor to N=64
Recurrence == L-len to N=32

REXX

/*REXX pgm computes the Padovan seq. (using 2 methods), and also computes the L─strings.*/
numeric digits 40                                /*better precision for Plastic ratio.  */
parse arg n nF Ln cL .                           /*obtain optional arguments from the CL*/
if  n=='' |  n==","  then  n= 20                 /*Not specified?  Then use the default.*/
if nF=='' | nF==","  then nF= 64                 /* "      "         "   "   "     "    */
if Ln=='' | Ln==","  then Ln= 10                 /* "      "         "   "   "     "    */
if cL=='' | cL==","  then cL= 32                 /* "      "         "   "   "     "    */
PR= 1.324717957244746025960908854                /*the plastic ratio  (constant).       */
 s= 1.0453567932525329623                        /*tge  "s"  constant.                  */
    @.= .;      @.0= 1;      @.1= 1;      @.2= 1 /*initialize 3 terms of the Padovan seq*/
    !.= .;      !.0= 1;      !.1= 1;      !.2= 1 /*     "     "   "    "  "     "     " */
call req1;   call req2;   call req3;   call req4 /*invoke the four task's requirements. */
exit 0                                           /*stick a fork in it,  we're all done. */
/*──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
floor: procedure; parse arg x;      t= trunc(x);               return t  -  (x<0) * (x\=t)
pF:    procedure expose !. PR s; parse arg x;  !.x= floor(PR**(x-1)/s + .5);    return !.x
th:    parse arg th; return th||word('th st nd rd',1+(th//10)*(th//100%10\==1)*(th//10<4))
/*──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
L_sys: procedure: arg x; q=; a.A= 'B'; a.B= 'C'; a.C= 'AB';      if x==''  then return 'A'
                                do k=1  for length(x);  _= substr(x, k, 1);  q= q  ||  a._
                                end   /*k*/;                           return q
/*──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
p:     procedure expose @.; parse arg x;  if @.x\==.  then return @.x     /*@.X defined?*/
       xm2= x - 2;    xm3= x - 3;    @.x= @.xm2 + @.xm3;   return @.x
/*──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
req1:                   say 'The first '    n    " terms of the Pandovan sequence:";
       $= @.0;  do j=1  for n-1;   $= $  p(j)
                end   /*j*/
       say $;                                                          return
/*──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
req2:  ok= 1;           what= ' terms match for  recurrence  and  floor─based  functions.'
                do j=0  for nF;  if p(j)==pF(j)  then iterate
                say 'the '   th(j)   " terms don't match:"   p(j)  pF(j);   ok= 0
                end   /*j*/
       say
       if ok  then say 'all '    nF    what;                           return
/*──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
req3:                               y=;             $= 'A'
                do j=1  for Ln-1;   y= L_sys(y);    $= $  L_sys(y)
                end   /*j*/
       say
       say 'L_sys:'  $;                                                return
/*──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
req4:  y=;              what=' terms match for Padovan terms and lengths of L_sys terms.'
       ok= 1;   do j=1  for cL;  y= L_sys(y);   L= length(y)
       if       L==p(j-1)  then iterate
                say 'the '    th(j)    " Padovan term doesn't match the length of the",
                                       'L_sys term:'   p(j-1)  L;           ok= 0
                end   /*j*/
       say
       if ok  then say 'all '    cL    what;                           return
output   when using the default inputs:
The first  20  terms of the Padovan sequence:
1 1 1 2 2 3 4 5 7 9 12 16 21 28 37 49 65 86 114 151

all  64  terms match for  recurrence  and  floor─based  functions.

L_sys:  A B C AB BC CAB ABBC BCCAB CABABBC ABBCBCCAB 

all  32  terms match for Padovan terms and lengths of L_sys terms.

RPL

IF DUP 2 ≤ THEN DROP 1 
   ELSE 1 1 1 
        3 5 ROLL START OVER + ROT ROT NEXT DROP2 
   END 
≫ 'PDVAN1' STO

≪ 1.32471795724 SWAP 1 - ^ 1.04535679325 / 0.5 + FLOOR ≫ 'PDVAN2' STO

≪ {{ "" "A" } { "A" "B" } { "B" "C" } { "C" "AB" }}
   1 4 FOR j
      DUP j GET
      IF 3 PICK OVER 1 GET == THEN 2 GET 5 'j' STO ELSE DROP END
      NEXT
   ROT ROT DROP2
≫ 'RULE→' STO

≪ "" 1 ROT START
      "" 1 3 PICK SIZE FOR j
         OVER j DUP SUB RULE→ + NEXT
      SWAP DROP NEXT
≫ 'LSTRN' STO
Input:
≪ {} 0 63 FOR j j PDVAN1 + NEXT ≫ EVAL
≪ 1 CF
   0 63 FOR j IF j PDVAN1 j PDVAN2 ≠ THEN 1 SF END NEXT
   1 SF? "Different results" "64 same results" IFTE
≫ EVAL
≪ {} 1 32 FOR j j LSTRN + NEXT ≫ EVAL
≪ {} 0 31 FOR j j PDVAN2 + NEXT ≫ EVAL
DUP ==
Output:
4: { 1 1 1 2 2 3 4 5 7 9 12 16 21 28 37 49 65 86 114 151 }
3: "64 same results"
2: { 1 1 1 2 2 3 4 5 7 9 12 16 21 28 37 49 65 86 114 151 200 265 351 465 616 816 1081 1432 1897 2513 3329 4410 }
1: 1

Ruby

padovan = Enumerator.new do |y|
  ar = [1, 1, 1]
  loop do
    ar << ar.first(2).sum
    y  << ar.shift
  end
end

P, S = 1.324717957244746025960908854, 1.0453567932525329623
def padovan_f(n) = (P**(n-1) / S + 0.5).floor
  
puts "Recurrence Padovan: #{padovan.take(20)}"
puts "Floor function:     #{(0...20).map{|n| padovan_f(n)}}"

n = 63
bool =  (0...n).map{|n| padovan_f(n)} == padovan.take(n)
puts "Recurrence and floor function are equal upto #{n}: #{bool}."
puts
  
def l_system(axiom = "A", rules = {"A" => "B", "B" => "C", "C" => "AB"} )
  return enum_for(__method__,  axiom, rules) unless block_given? 
  loop do
    yield axiom 
    axiom = axiom.chars.map{|c| rules[c] }.join
  end
end
  
puts "First 10 elements of L-system: #{l_system.take(10).join(", ")} "
n = 32
bool = l_system.take(n).map(&:size) == padovan.take(n)
puts "Sizes of first #{n} l_system strings equal to recurrence padovan? #{bool}."
Output:
Recurrence Padovan: [1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 12, 16, 21, 28, 37, 49, 65, 86, 114, 151]
Floor function:     [1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 12, 16, 21, 28, 37, 49, 65, 86, 114, 151]
Recurrence and floor function are equal upto 63: true.

First 10 elements of L-system: A, B, C, AB, BC, CAB, ABBC, BCCAB, CABABBC, ABBCBCCAB 
Sizes of first 32 l_system strings equal to recurrence padovan? true.

Rust

fn padovan_recur() -> impl std::iter::Iterator<Item = usize> {
    let mut p = vec![1, 1, 1];
    let mut n = 0;
    std::iter::from_fn(move || {
        let pn = if n < 3 { p[n] } else { p[0] + p[1] };
        p[0] = p[1];
        p[1] = p[2];
        p[2] = pn;
        n += 1;
        Some(pn)
    })
}

fn padovan_floor() -> impl std::iter::Iterator<Item = usize> {
    const P: f64 = 1.324717957244746025960908854;
    const S: f64 = 1.0453567932525329623;
    (0..).map(|x| (P.powf((x - 1) as f64) / S + 0.5).floor() as usize)
}

fn padovan_lsystem() -> impl std::iter::Iterator<Item = String> {
    let mut str = String::from("A");
    std::iter::from_fn(move || {
        let result = str.clone();
        let mut next = String::new();
        for ch in str.chars() {
            match ch {
                'A' => next.push('B'),
                'B' => next.push('C'),
                _ => next.push_str("AB"),
            }
        }
        str = next;
        Some(result)
    })
}

fn main() {
    println!("First 20 terms of the Padovan sequence:");
    for p in padovan_recur().take(20) {
        print!("{} ", p);
    }
    println!();

    println!(
        "\nRecurrence and floor functions agree for first 64 terms? {}",
        padovan_recur().take(64).eq(padovan_floor().take(64))
    );

    println!("\nFirst 10 strings produced from the L-system:");
    for p in padovan_lsystem().take(10) {
        print!("{} ", p);
    }
    println!();

    println!(
        "\nLength of first 32 strings produced from the L-system = Padovan sequence? {}",
        padovan_lsystem()
            .map(|x| x.len())
            .take(32)
            .eq(padovan_recur().take(32))
    );
}
Output:
First 20 terms of the Padovan sequence:
1 1 1 2 2 3 4 5 7 9 12 16 21 28 37 49 65 86 114 151 

Recurrence and floor functions agree for first 64 terms? true

First 10 strings produced from the L-system:
A B C AB BC CAB ABBC BCCAB CABABBC ABBCBCCAB 

Length of first 32 strings produced from the L-system = Padovan sequence? true

Scala

Translation of: Java
object Padovan extends App {

  val recurrences = new collection.mutable.ListBuffer[Int]()
  val floors = new collection.mutable.ListBuffer[Int]()
  val PP = 1.324717957244746025960908854
  val SS = 1.0453567932525329623

  for (i <- 0 until 64) {
    recurrences += padovanRecurrence(i)
    floors += padovanFloor(i)
  }

  println("The first 20 terms of the Padovan sequence:")
  recurrences.slice(0, 20).foreach(term => print(s"${term} "))
  println("\n")

  println(s"Recurrence and floor functions agree for first 64 terms? ${recurrences == floors}")
  println("")

  val words = createLSystem()

  println("The first 10 terms of the L-system:")
  words.slice(0, 10).foreach(term => print(term + " "))
  println("\n")

  print("Length of first 32 terms produced from the L-system match Padovan sequence? ")
  val wordLengths = words.map(_.length)
  print(wordLengths.slice(0, 32) == recurrences.slice(0, 32))

  def padovanRecurrence(n: Int): Int = {
    if (n <= 2) 1 else recurrences(n - 2) + recurrences(n - 3)
  }

  def padovanFloor(aN: Int): Int = {
    scala.math.floor(scala.math.pow(PP, aN - 1) / SS + 0.5).toInt
  }

  def createLSystem(): List[String] = {
    var words = List("A")
    var text = "A"

    while (words.length < 32) {
      text = text.flatMap {
        case 'A' => "B"
        case 'B' => "C"
        case 'C' => "AB"
      }
      words = words :+ text
    }

    words
  }

}
Output:
The first 20 terms of the Padovan sequence:
1 1 1 2 2 3 4 5 7 9 12 16 21 28 37 49 65 86 114 151 

Recurrence and floor functions agree for first 64 terms? true

The first 10 terms of the L-system:
A B C AB BC CAB ABBC BCCAB CABABBC ABBCBCCAB 

Length of first 32 terms produced from the L-system match Padovan sequence? true


Swift

import Foundation

class PadovanRecurrence: Sequence, IteratorProtocol {
    private var p = [1, 1, 1]
    private var n = 0
    
    func next() -> Int? {
        let pn = n < 3 ? p[n] : p[0] + p[1]
        p[0] = p[1]
        p[1] = p[2]
        p[2] = pn
        n += 1
        return pn
    }
}

class PadovanFloor: Sequence, IteratorProtocol {
    private let P = 1.324717957244746025960908854
    private let S = 1.0453567932525329623
    private var n = 0
    
    func next() -> Int? {
        let p = Int(floor(pow(P, Double(n - 1)) / S + 0.5))
        n += 1
        return p
    }
}

class PadovanLSystem: Sequence, IteratorProtocol {
    private var str = "A"
    
    func next() -> String? {
        let result = str
        var next = ""
        for ch in str {
            switch (ch) {
            case "A": next.append("B")
            case "B": next.append("C")
            default: next.append("AB")
            }
        }
        str = next
        return result
    }
}

print("First 20 terms of the Padovan sequence:")
for p in PadovanRecurrence().prefix(20) {
    print("\(p)", terminator: " ")
}
print()

var b = PadovanRecurrence().prefix(64)
    .elementsEqual(PadovanFloor().prefix(64))
print("\nRecurrence and floor functions agree for first 64 terms? \(b)")

print("\nFirst 10 strings produced from the L-system:");
for p in PadovanLSystem().prefix(10) {
    print(p, terminator: " ")
}
print()

b = PadovanLSystem().prefix(32).map{$0.count}
    .elementsEqual(PadovanRecurrence().prefix(32))
print("\nLength of first 32 strings produced from the L-system = Padovan sequence? \(b)")
Output:
First 20 terms of the Padovan sequence:
1 1 1 2 2 3 4 5 7 9 12 16 21 28 37 49 65 86 114 151 

Recurrence and floor functions agree for first 64 terms? true

First 10 strings produced from the L-system:
A B C AB BC CAB ABBC BCCAB CABABBC ABBCBCCAB 

Length of first 32 strings produced from the L-system = Padovan sequence? true


Tcl

Translation of: Perl
package require Tcl 8.6

# Create a coroutine for generating Padovan sequence using lazy evaluation
proc pad_recur {{n 1}} {
    set p1 1
    set p2 1
    set p3 1
    set p4 1
    for {set i 1} {$i <= $n} {incr i} {
        set next [expr {$p2 + $p3}]
        yield $p1
        set p1 $p2
        set p2 $p3
        set p3 $p4
        set p4 $next
    }
}

proc pad_floor {n} {
    set p 1.32471795724474602596
    set s 1.0453567932525329623
    if {$n < 3} {
        return 1 ;# The first three elements should be 1, so return 1 for n < 3
    } else {
        return [expr {int(0.5 + pow($p, double($n)-2) / $s)}]
    }
}

# Main variables
set l 10
set m 20
set n 32

# Generating Padovan sequence using recursive coroutine
set pr [list]
set pad_recur_coro [coroutine pad_recur_co pad_recur $n]
for {set i 1} {$i <= $n} {incr i} {
    lappend pr [pad_recur_co]
}
puts [join [lrange $pr 0 [expr {$m - 1}]] " "]

# Generating Padovan sequence using floor function
set pf [list]
for {set i 1} {$i <= $n} {incr i} {
    lappend pf [pad_floor $i]
}
puts [join [lrange $pf 0 [expr {$m - 1}]] " "]

# Generating L-system sequence
set L [list "A"]
set rules [dict create A B B C C AB]
for {set i 1} {$i <= $n} {incr i} {
    set last [lindex $L end]
    set expansion ""
    foreach char [split $last ""] {
        append expansion [dict get $rules $char]
    }
    lappend L $expansion
}
puts [join [lrange $L 0 [expr {$l - 1}]] " "]

# Comparison of all three methods, adjusting for zero-indexing
for {set i 0} {$i < $m} {incr i} {
    set pr_val [lindex $pr $i]
    set pf_val [lindex $pf $i]
    set L_len [string length [lindex $L $i]]
    if { $pr_val != $pf_val || $pr_val != $L_len } {
        error "Uh oh, n=$i: $pr_val vs $pf_val vs $L_len"
    }
}

puts "100% agreement among all 3 methods."
Output:
1 1 1 2 2 3 4 5 7 9 12 16 21 28 37 49 65 86 114 151
1 1 1 2 2 3 4 5 7 9 12 16 21 28 37 49 65 86 114 151
A B C AB BC CAB ABBC BCCAB CABABBC ABBCBCCAB
100% agreement among all 3 methods.



Wren

Library: Wren-big
Library: Wren-dynamic

L-System stuff is based on the Julia implementation.

import "./big" for BigRat
import "./dynamic" for Struct

var padovanRecur = Fn.new { |n|
    var p = List.filled(n, 1)
    if (n < 3) return p
    for (i in 3...n) p[i] = p[i-2] + p[i-3]
    return p
}

var padovanFloor = Fn.new { |n|
    var p = BigRat.fromDecimal("1.324717957244746025960908854")
    var s = BigRat.fromDecimal("1.0453567932525329623")
    var f = List.filled(n, 0)
    var pow = BigRat.one
    f[0] = (pow/p/s + 0.5).floor.toInt
    for (i in 1...n) {
        f[i] = (pow/s + 0.5).floor.toInt
        pow = pow * p
    }
    return f
}

var LSystem = Struct.create("LSystem", ["rules", "init", "current"])

var step = Fn.new { |lsys|
    var s = ""
    if (lsys.current == "") {
        lsys.current = lsys.init
    } else {
        for (c in lsys.current) s = s + lsys.rules[c]
        lsys.current = s
    }
    return lsys.current
}

var padovanLSys = Fn.new { |n|
    var rules = {"A": "B", "B": "C", "C": "AB"}
    var lsys = LSystem.new(rules, "A", "")
    var p = List.filled(n, null)
    for (i in 0...n) p[i] = step.call(lsys)
    return p
}

System.print("First 20 members of the Padovan sequence:")
System.print(padovanRecur.call(20))

var recur = padovanRecur.call(64)
var floor = padovanFloor.call(64)
var areSame = (0...64).all { |i| recur[i] == floor[i] }
var s = areSame ? "give" : "do not give"
System.print("\nThe recurrence and floor based functions %(s) the same results for 64 terms.")

var p = padovanLSys.call(32)
var lsyst = p.map { |e| e.count }.toList
System.print("\nFirst 10 members of the Padovan L-System:")
System.print(p.take(10).toList)
System.print("\nand their lengths:")
System.print(lsyst.take(10).toList)

recur = recur.take(32).toList
areSame = (0...32).all { |i| recur[i] == lsyst[i] }
s = areSame ? "give" : "do not give"
System.print("\nThe recurrence and L-system based functions %(s) the same results for 32 terms.")
Output:
First 20 members of the Padovan sequence:
[1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 12, 16, 21, 28, 37, 49, 65, 86, 114, 151]

The recurrence and floor based functions give the same results for 64 terms.

First 10 members of the Padovan L-System:
[A, B, C, AB, BC, CAB, ABBC, BCCAB, CABABBC, ABBCBCCAB]

and their lengths:
[1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9]

The recurrence and L-system based functions give the same results for 32 terms.