One-dimensional cellular automata
From Rosetta Code
You are encouraged to solve this task according to the task description, using any language you may know.
Assume an array of cells with an initial distribution of live and dead cells, and imaginary cells off the end of the array having fixed values.
Cells in the next generation of the array are calculated based on the value of the cell and its left and right nearest neighbours in the current generation. If, in the following table, a live cell is represented by 1 and a dead cell by 0 then to generate the value of the cell at a particular index in the array of cellular values you use the following table:
000 -> 0 # 001 -> 0 # 010 -> 0 # Dies without enough neighbours 011 -> 1 # Needs one neighbour to survive 100 -> 0 # 101 -> 1 # Two neighbours giving birth 110 -> 1 # Needs one neighbour to survive 111 -> 0 # Starved to death.
[edit] ACL2
(defun rc-step-r (cells)
(if (endp (rest cells))
nil
(cons (if (second cells)
(xor (first cells) (third cells))
(and (first cells) (third cells)))
(rc-step-r (rest cells)))))
(defun rc-step (cells)
(cons (and (first cells) (second cells))
(rc-step-r cells)))
(defun rc-steps-r (cells n prev)
(declare (xargs :measure (nfix n)))
(if (or (zp n) (equal cells prev))
nil
(let ((new (rc-step cells)))
(cons new (rc-steps-r new (1- n) cells)))))
(defun rc-steps (cells n)
(cons cells (rc-steps-r cells n nil)))
(defun pretty-row (row)
(if (endp row)
(cw "~%")
(prog2$ (cw (if (first row) "#" "-"))
(pretty-row (rest row)))))
(defun pretty-output (out)
(if (endp out)
nil
(prog2$ (pretty-row (first out))
(pretty-output (rest out)))))
[edit] Ada
with Ada.Text_IO; use Ada.Text_IO;
procedure Cellular_Automata is
type Petri_Dish is array (Positive range <>) of Boolean;
procedure Step (Culture : in out Petri_Dish) is
Left : Boolean := False;
This : Boolean;
Right : Boolean;
begin
for Index in Culture'First..Culture'Last - 1 loop
Right := Culture (Index + 1);
This := Culture (Index);
Culture (Index) := (This and (Left xor Right)) or (not This and Left and Right);
Left := This;
end loop;
Culture (Culture'Last) := Culture (Culture'Last) and not Left;
end Step;
procedure Put (Culture : Petri_Dish) is
begin
for Index in Culture'Range loop
if Culture (Index) then
Put ('#');
else
Put ('_');
end if;
end loop;
end Put;
Culture : Petri_Dish :=
( False, True, True, True, False, True, True, False, True, False, True,
False, True, False, True, False, False, True, False, False
);
begin
for Generation in 0..9 loop
Put ("Generation" & Integer'Image (Generation) & ' ');
Put (Culture);
New_Line;
Step (Culture);
end loop;
end Cellular_Automata;
The implementation defines Petri dish type with Boolean items identifying whether a place is occupied by a living cell. State transition is determined by a simple Boolean expression of three arguments. Sample output:
Generation 0 _###_##_#_#_#_#__#__ Generation 1 _#_#####_#_#_#______ Generation 2 __##___##_#_#_______ Generation 3 __##___###_#________ Generation 4 __##___#_##_________ Generation 5 __##____###_________ Generation 6 __##____#_#_________ Generation 7 __##_____#__________ Generation 8 __##________________ Generation 9 __##________________
[edit] ALGOL 68
[edit] Using the low level packed arrays of BITS manipulation operators
INT stop generation = 9;
INT universe width = 20;
FORMAT alive or dead = $b("#","_")$;
BITS universe := 2r01110110101010100100;
# universe := BIN ( ENTIER ( random * max int ) ); #
INT upb universe = bits width;
INT lwb universe = bits width - universe width + 1;
PROC couple = (BITS parent, INT lwb, upb)BOOL: (
SHORT INT sum := 0;
FOR bit FROM lwb TO upb DO
sum +:= ABS (bit ELEM parent)
OD;
sum = 2
);
FOR generation FROM 0 WHILE
printf(($"Generation "d": "$, generation,
$f(alive or dead)$, []BOOL(universe)[lwb universe:upb universe],
$l$));
# WHILE # generation < stop generation DO
BITS next universe := 2r0;
# process the first event horizon manually #
IF couple(universe,lwb universe,lwb universe + 1) THEN
next universe := 2r10
FI;
# process the middle kingdom in a loop #
FOR bit FROM lwb universe + 1 TO upb universe - 1 DO
IF couple(universe,bit-1,bit+1) THEN
next universe := next universe OR 2r1
FI;
next universe := next universe SHL 1
OD;
# process the last event horizon manually #
IF couple(universe, upb universe - 1, upb universe) THEN
next universe := next universe OR 2r1
FI;
universe := next universe
OD
Output:
Generation 0: _###_##_#_#_#_#__#__ Generation 1: _#_#####_#_#_#______ Generation 2: __##___##_#_#_______ Generation 3: __##___###_#________ Generation 4: __##___#_##_________ Generation 5: __##____###_________ Generation 6: __##____#_#_________ Generation 7: __##_____#__________ Generation 8: __##________________ Generation 9: __##________________
[edit] Using high level BOOL arrays
INT stop generation = 9;
<lang algol68>INT stop generation = 9;
INT upb universe = 20;
FORMAT alive or dead = $b("#","_")$;
BITS bits universe := 2r01110110101010100100;
# bits universe := BIN ( ENTIER ( random * max int ) ); #
[upb universe] BOOL universe := []BOOL(bits universe)[bits width - upb universe + 1:];
PROC couple = (REF[]BOOL parent)BOOL: (
SHORT INT sum := 0;
FOR bit FROM LWB parent TO UPB parent DO
sum +:= ABS (parent[bit])
OD;
sum = 2
);
FOR generation FROM 0 WHILE
printf(($"Generation "d": "$, generation,
$f(alive or dead)$, universe,
$l$));
# WHILE # generation < stop generation DO
[UPB universe]BOOL next universe;
# process the first event horizon manually #
next universe[1] := couple(universe[:2]);
# process the middle kingdom in a loop #
FOR bit FROM LWB universe + 1 TO UPB universe - 1 DO
next universe[bit] := couple(universe[bit-1:bit+1])
OD;
# process the last event horizon manually #
next universe[UPB universe] := couple(universe[UPB universe - 1: ]);
universe := next universe
OD
Output:
Generation 0: _###_##_#_#_#_#__#__ Generation 1: _#_#####_#_#_#______ Generation 2: __##___##_#_#_______ Generation 3: __##___###_#________ Generation 4: __##___#_##_________ Generation 5: __##____###_________ Generation 6: __##____#_#_________ Generation 7: __##_____#__________ Generation 8: __##________________ Generation 9: __##________________
[edit] AutoHotkey
ahk discussion
n := 22, n1 := n+1, v0 := v%n1% := 0 ; set grid dimensions, and fixed cells
Loop % n { ; draw a line of checkboxes
v%A_Index% := 0
Gui Add, CheckBox, % "y10 w17 h17 gCheck x" A_Index*17-5 " vv" A_Index
}
Gui Add, Button, x+5 y6, step ; button to step to next generation
Gui Show
Return
Check:
GuiControlGet %A_GuiControl% ; set cells by the mouse
Return
ButtonStep: ; move to next generation
Loop % n
i := A_Index-1, j := i+2, w%A_Index% := v%i%+v%A_Index%+v%j% = 2
Loop % n
GuiControl,,v%A_Index%, % v%A_Index% := w%A_Index%
Return
GuiClose: ; exit when GUI is closed
ExitApp
[edit] AWK
#!/usr/bin/awk -f
BEGIN {
edge = 1
ruleNum = 104 # 01101000
maxGen = 9
mark = "@"
space = "."
initialState = ".@@@.@@.@.@.@.@..@.."
width = length(initialState)
delete rules
delete state
initRules(ruleNum)
initState(initialState, mark)
for (g = 0; g < maxGen; g++) {
showState(g, mark, space)
nextState()
}
showState(g, mark, space)
}
function nextState( newState, i, n) {
delete newState
for (i = 1; i < width - 1; i++) {
n = getRuleNum(i)
newState[i] = rules[n]
}
for (i = 0; i < width; i++) { # copy, can't assign arrays
state[i] = newState[i]
}
}
# Convert a three cell neighborhood from binary to decimal
function getRuleNum(i, rn, j, p) {
rn = 0
for (j = -1; j < 2; j++) {
p = i + j
rn = rn * 2 + (p < 0 || p > width ? edge : state[p])
}
return rn
}
function showState(gen, mark, space, i) {
printf("%3d: ", gen)
for (i = 1; i <= width; i++) {
printf(" %s", (state[i] ? mark : space))
}
print ""
}
# Make state transition lookup table from rule number.
function initRules(ruleNum, i, r) {
delete rules;
r = ruleNum
for (i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
rules[i] = r % 2
r = int(r / 2)
}
}
function initState(init, mark, i) {
delete state
srand()
for (i = 0; i < width; i++) {
state[i] = (substr(init, i, 1) == mark ? 1 : 0) # Given an initial string.
# state[int(width/2)] = '@' # middle cell
# state[i] = int(rand() * 100) < 30 ? 1 : 0 # 30% of cells
}
}
Sample output:
0: . @ @ @ . @ @ . @ . @ . @ . @ . . @ . . 1: . @ . @ @ @ @ @ . @ . @ . @ . . . . . . 2: . . @ @ . . . @ @ . @ . @ . . . . . . . 3: . . @ @ . . . @ @ @ . @ . . . . . . . . 4: . . @ @ . . . @ . @ @ . . . . . . . . . 5: . . @ @ . . . . @ @ @ . . . . . . . . . 6: . . @ @ . . . . @ . @ . . . . . . . . . 7: . . @ @ . . . . . @ . . . . . . . . . . 8: . . @ @ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9: . . @ @ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
[edit] BASIC
DECLARE FUNCTION life$ (lastGen$)
DECLARE FUNCTION getNeighbors! (group$)
CLS
start$ = "_###_##_#_#_#_#__#__"
numGens = 10
FOR i = 0 TO numGens - 1
PRINT "Generation"; i; ": "; start$
start$ = life$(start$)
NEXT i
FUNCTION getNeighbors (group$)
ans = 0
IF (MID$(group$, 1, 1) = "#") THEN ans = ans + 1
IF (MID$(group$, 3, 1) = "#") THEN ans = ans + 1
getNeighbors = ans
END FUNCTION
FUNCTION life$ (lastGen$)
newGen$ = ""
FOR i = 1 TO LEN(lastGen$)
neighbors = 0
IF (i = 1) THEN 'left edge
IF MID$(lastGen$, 2, 1) = "#" THEN
neighbors = 1
ELSE
neighbors = 0
END IF
ELSEIF (i = LEN(lastGen$)) THEN 'right edge
IF MID$(lastGen$, LEN(lastGen$) - 1, 1) = "#" THEN
neighbors = 1
ELSE
neighbors = 0
END IF
ELSE 'middle
neighbors = getNeighbors(MID$(lastGen$, i - 1, 3))
END IF
IF (neighbors = 0) THEN 'dies or stays dead with no neighbors
newGen$ = newGen$ + "_"
END IF
IF (neighbors = 1) THEN 'stays with one neighbor
newGen$ = newGen$ + MID$(lastGen$, i, 1)
END IF
IF (neighbors = 2) THEN 'flips with two neighbors
IF MID$(lastGen$, i, 1) = "#" THEN
newGen$ = newGen$ + "_"
ELSE
newGen$ = newGen$ + "#"
END IF
END IF
NEXT i
life$ = newGen$
END FUNCTION
Output:
Generation 0 : _###_##_#_#_#_#__#__ Generation 1 : _#_#####_#_#_#______ Generation 2 : __##___##_#_#_______ Generation 3 : __##___###_#________ Generation 4 : __##___#_##_________ Generation 5 : __##____###_________ Generation 6 : __##____#_#_________ Generation 7 : __##_____#__________ Generation 8 : __##________________ Generation 9 : __##________________
[edit] BBC BASIC
DIM rule$(7)
rule$() = "0", "0", "0", "1", "0", "1", "1", "0"
now$ = "01110110101010100100"
FOR generation% = 0 TO 9
PRINT "Generation " ; generation% ":", now$
next$ = ""
FOR cell% = 1 TO LEN(now$)
next$ += rule$(EVAL("%"+MID$("0"+now$+"0", cell%, 3)))
NEXT cell%
SWAP now$, next$
NEXT generation%
Output:
Generation 0: 01110110101010100100 Generation 1: 01011111010101000000 Generation 2: 00110001101010000000 Generation 3: 00110001110100000000 Generation 4: 00110001011000000000 Generation 5: 00110000111000000000 Generation 6: 00110000101000000000 Generation 7: 00110000010000000000 Generation 8: 00110000000000000000 Generation 9: 00110000000000000000
[edit] Befunge
v
" !!! !! ! ! ! ! ! " ,*25 <v
" " ,*25,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,<v
" " ,*25,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,<v
" " ,*25,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,<v
" " ,*25,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,<v
" " ,*25,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,<v
" " ,*25,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,<v
" " ,*25,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,<v
" " ,*25,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,<v
v$< @,*25,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,<
>110p3>:1-10gg" "-4* \:10gg" "-2* \:1+10gg" "-\:54*1+`#v_20p++ :2`#v_ >:4`#v_> >$" "v
>:3`#^_v>:6`|
^ >$$$$320p10g1+:9`v > >$"!"> 20g10g1+p 20g1+:20p
^ v_10p10g
> ^
[edit] Bracmat
( ( evolve
= n z
. @( !arg
: %?n ? @?z
: ?
( ( ( 000
| 001
| 010
| 100
| 111
)
& 0 !n:?n
| (011|101|110)
& 1 !n:?n
)
& ~`
)
?
)
| rev$(str$(!z !n))
)
& 11101101010101001001:?S
& :?seen
& whl
' ( ~(!seen:? !S ?)
& out$!S
& !S !seen:?seen
& evolve$!S:?S
)
);
Output:
11101101010101001001 10111110101010000001 11100011010100000001 10100011101000000001 11000010110000000001 11000001110000000001 11000001010000000001 11000000100000000001 11000000000000000001
[edit] C
#include <stdio.h>output
#include <string.h>
char trans[] = "___#_##_";
#define v(i) (cell[i] != '_')
int evolve(char cell[], char backup[], int len)
{
int i, diff = 0;
for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
/* use left, self, right as binary number bits for table index */
backup[i] = trans[ v(i-1) * 4 + v(i) * 2 + v(i + 1) ];
diff += (backup[i] != cell[i]);
}
strcpy(cell, backup);
return diff;
}
int main()
{
char c[] = "_###_##_#_#_#_#__#__\n",
b[] = "____________________\n";
do { printf(c + 1); } while (evolve(c + 1, b + 1, sizeof(c) - 3));
return 0;
}
###_##_#_#_#_#__#__ #_#####_#_#_#______ _##___##_#_#_______ _##___###_#________ _##___#_##_________ _##____###_________ _##____#_#_________ _##_____#__________ _##________________
Similar to above, but without a backup string:
#include <stdio.h>
char trans[] = "___#_##_";
int evolve(char c[], int len)
{
int i, diff = 0;
# define v(i) ((c[i] & 15) == 1)
# define each for (i = 0; i < len; i++)
each c[i] = (c[i] == '#');
each c[i] |= (trans[(v(i-1)*4 + v(i)*2 + v(i+1))] == '#') << 4;
each diff += (c[i] & 0xf) ^ (c[i] >> 4);
each c[i] = (c[i] >> 4) ? '#' : '_';
# undef each
# undef v
return diff;
}
int main()
{
char c[] = "_###_##_#_#_#_#__#__\n";
do { printf(c + 1); } while (evolve(c + 1, sizeof(c) - 3));
return 0;
}
[edit] C++
Uses std::bitset for efficient packing of bit values.
#include <iostream>
#include <bitset>
#include <string>
const int ArraySize = 20;
const int NumGenerations = 10;
const std::string Initial = "0011101101010101001000";
int main()
{
// + 2 for the fixed ends of the array
std::bitset<ArraySize + 2> array(Initial);
for(int j = 0; j < NumGenerations; ++j)
{
std::bitset<ArraySize + 2> tmpArray(array);
for(int i = ArraySize; i >= 1 ; --i)
{
if(array[i])
std::cout << "#";
else
std::cout << "_";
int val = (int)array[i-1] << 2 | (int)array[i] << 1 | (int)array[i+1];
tmpArray[i] = (val == 3 || val == 5 || val == 6);
}
array = tmpArray;
std::cout << std::endl;
}
}
Output:
_###_##_#_#_#_#__#__ _#_#####_#_#_#______ __##___##_#_#_______ __##___###_#________ __##___#_##_________ __##____###_________ __##____#_#_________ __##_____#__________ __##________________ __##________________
[edit] C#
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
namespace prog
{
class MainClass
{
const int n_iter = 10;
static int[] f = { 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0 };
public static void Main (string[] args)
{
for( int i=0; i<f.Length; i++ )
Console.Write( f[i]==0 ? "-" : "#" );
Console.WriteLine("");
int[] g = new int[f.Length];
for( int n=n_iter; n!=0; n-- )
{
for( int i=1; i<f.Length-1; i++ )
{
if ( (f[i-1] ^ f[i+1]) == 1 ) g[i] = f[i];
else if ( f[i] == 0 && (f[i-1] & f[i+1]) == 1 ) g[i] = 1;
else g[i] = 0;
}
g[0] = ( (f[0] & f[1]) == 1 ) ? 1 : 0;
g[g.Length-1] = ( (f[f.Length-1] & f[f.Length-2]) == 1 ) ? 1 : 0;
int[] tmp = f;
f = g;
g = tmp;
for( int i=0; i<f.Length; i++ )
Console.Write( f[i]==0 ? "-" : "#" );
Console.WriteLine("");
}
}
}
}
[edit] Clojure
(ns one-dimensional-cellular-automata
(:require (clojure.contrib (string :as s))))
(defn next-gen [cells]
(loop [cs cells ncs (s/take 1 cells)]
(let [f3 (s/take 3 cs)]
(if (= 3 (count f3))
(recur (s/drop 1 cs)
(str ncs (if (= 2 (count (filter #(= \# %) f3))) "#" "_")))
(str ncs (s/drop 1 cs))))))
(defn generate [n cells]
(if (= n 0)
'()
(cons cells (generate (dec n) (next-gen cells)))))
one-dimensional-cellular-automata> (doseq [cells (generate 9 "_###_##_#_#_#_#__#__")]
(println cells))
_###_##_#_#_#_#__#__
_#_#####_#_#_#______
__##___##_#_#_______
__##___###_#________
__##___#_##_________
__##____###_________
__##____#_#_________
__##_____#__________
__##________________
nil
[edit] COBOL
Identification division.
Program-id. rc-1d-cell.
Data division.
Working-storage section.
* "Constants."
01 max-gens pic 999 value 9.
01 state-width pic 99 value 20.
01 state-table-init pic x(20) value ".@@@.@@.@.@.@..@..".
01 alive pic x value "@".
01 dead pic x value ".".
* The current state.
01 state-gen pic 999 value 0.
01 state-row.
05 state-row-gen pic zz9.
05 filler pic xx value ": ".
05 state-table.
10 state-cells pic x occurs 20 times.
* The new state.
01 new-state-table.
05 new-state-cells pic x occurs 20 times.
* Pointer into cell table during generational production.
01 cell-index pic 99.
88 at-beginning value 1.
88 is-inside values 2 thru 19.
88 at-end value 20.
* The cell's neighborhood.
01 neighbor-count pic 9.
88 is-comfy value 1.
88 is-ripe value 2.
Procedure division.
Perform Init-state-table.
Perform max-gens times
perform Display-row
perform Next-state
end-perform.
Perform Display-row.
Stop run.
Display-row.
Move state-gen to state-row-gen.
Display state-row.
* Determine who lives and who dies.
Next-state.
Add 1 to state-gen.
Move state-table to new-state-table.
Perform with test after
varying cell-index from 1 by 1
until at-end
perform Count-neighbors
perform Die-off
perform New-births
end-perform.
move new-state-table to state-table.
* Living cell with wrong number of neighbors...
Die-off.
if state-cells(cell-index) = alive and not is-comfy
then move dead to new-state-cells(cell-index).
* Empty cell with exactly two neighbors are...
New-births.
if state-cells(cell-index) = dead and is-ripe
then move alive to new-state-cells(cell-index).
* How many living neighbors does a cell have?
Count-neighbors.
Move 0 to neighbor-count.
if at-beginning or at-end then
add 1 to neighbor-count.
if is-inside and state-cells(cell-index - 1) = alive then
add 1 to neighbor-count.
if is-inside and state-cells(cell-index + 1) = alive then
add 1 to neighbor-count.
* String is easier to enter, but table is easier to work with,
* so move each character of the initialization string to the state-table.
Init-state-table.
Perform with test after
varying cell-index from 1 by 1
until at-end
move state-table-init(cell-index:1) to state-cells(cell-index)
end-perform.
Sample output:
0: .@@@.@@.@.@.@..@.. 1: .@.@@@@@.@.@...... 2: ..@@...@@.@....... 3: ..@@...@@@........ 4: ..@@...@.@........ 5: ..@@....@......... 6: ..@@.............. 7: ..@@.............. 8: ..@@.............. 9: ..@@..............
[edit] CoffeeScript
# We could cheat and count the bits, but let's keep this general.
# . = dead, # = alive, middle cells survives iff one of the configurations
# below is satisified.
survival_scenarios = [
'.##' # happy neighbors
'#.#' # birth
'##.' # happy neighbors
]
b2c = (b) -> if b then '#' else '.'
cell_next_gen = (left_alive, me_alive, right_alive) ->
fingerprint = b2c(left_alive) + b2c(me_alive) + b2c(right_alive)
fingerprint in survival_scenarios
cells_for_next_gen = (cells) ->
# This function assumes a finite array, i.e. cells can't be born outside
# the original array.
(cell_next_gen(cells[i-1], cells[i], cells[i+1]) for i in [0...cells.length])
display = (cells) ->
(b2c(is_alive) for is_alive in cells).join ''
simulate = (cells) ->
while true
console.log display cells
new_cells = cells_for_next_gen cells
break if display(cells) == display(new_cells)
cells = new_cells
console.log "equilibrium achieved"
simulate (c == '#' for c in ".###.##.#.#.#.#..#..")
output
> coffee cellular_automata.coffee
.###.##.#.#.#.#..#..
.#.#####.#.#.#......
..##...##.#.#.......
..##...###.#........
..##...#.##.........
..##....###.........
..##....#.#.........
..##.....#..........
..##................
equilibrium achieved
[edit] Common Lisp
Based upon the Ruby version.
(defun value (x)
(assert (> (length x) 1))
(coerce x 'simple-bit-vector))
(defun count-neighbors-and-self (value i)
(flet ((ref (i)
(if (array-in-bounds-p value i)
(bit value i)
0)))
(declare (inline ref))
(+ (ref (1- i))
(ref i)
(ref (1+ i)))))
(defun next-cycle (value)
(let ((new-value (make-array (length value) :element-type 'bit)))
(loop for i below (length value)
do (setf (bit new-value i)
(if (= 2 (count-neighbors-and-self value i))
1
0)))
new-value))
(defun print-world (value &optional (stream *standard-output*))
(loop for i below (length value)
do (princ (if (zerop (bit value i)) #\. #\#)
stream))
(terpri stream))
CL-USER> (loop for previous-value = nil then value
for value = #*01110110101010100100 then (next-cycle value)
until (equalp value previous-value)
do (print-world value))
.###.##.#.#.#.#..#..
.#.#####.#.#.#......
..##...##.#.#.......
..##...###.#........
..##...#.##.........
..##....###.........
..##....#.#.........
..##.....#..........
..##................
[edit] D
import std.stdio, std.algorithm;
void main() {
enum ngenerations = 10;
enum initial = "0011101101010101001000";
enum table = "00010110";
char[initial.length + 2] A = '0', B = '0';
A[1 .. $-1] = initial;
foreach (_; 0 .. ngenerations) {
foreach (i; 1 .. A.length-1) {
write(A[i] == '0' ? '_' : '#');
int val = (A[i-1]-'0' << 2) | (A[i]-'0' << 1) | (A[i+1]-'0');
B[i] = table[val];
}
swap(A, B);
writeln();
}
}
Output:
__###_##_#_#_#_#__#___ __#_#####_#_#_#_______ ___##___##_#_#________ ___##___###_#_________ ___##___#_##__________ ___##____###__________ ___##____#_#__________ ___##_____#___________ ___##_________________ ___##_________________
[edit] DWScript
const ngenerations = 10;
const table = [0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0];
var a := [0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0];
var b := a;
var i, j : Integer;
for i := 1 to ngenerations do begin
for j := a.low+1 to a.high-1 do begin
if a[j] = 0 then
Print('_')
else Print('#');
var val := (a[j-1] shl 2) or (a[j] shl 1) or a[j+1];
b[j] := table[val];
end;
var tmp := a;
a := b;
b := tmp;
PrintLn('');
end;
Output:
_###_##_#_#_#_#__#__ _#_#####_#_#_#______ __##___##_#_#_______ __##___###_#________ __##___#_##_________ __##____###_________ __##____#_#_________ __##_____#__________ __##________________ __##________________
[edit] E
def step(state, rule) {
var result := state(0, 1) # fixed left cell
for i in 1..(state.size() - 2) {
# Rule function receives the substring which is the neighborhood
result += E.toString(rule(state(i-1, i+2)))
}
result += state(state.size() - 1) # fixed right cell
return result
}
def play(var state, rule, count, out) {
out.print(`0 | $state$\n`)
for i in 1..count {
state := step(state, rosettaRule)
out.print(`$i | $state$\n`)
}
return state
}
def rosettaRule := [
" " => " ",
" #" => " ",
" # " => " ",
" ##" => "#",
"# " => " ",
"# #" => "#",
"## " => "#",
"###" => " ",
].get
? play(" ### ## # # # # # ", rosettaRule, 9, stdout)
0 | ### ## # # # # #
1 | # ##### # # #
2 | ## ## # #
3 | ## ### #
4 | ## # ##
5 | ## ###
6 | ## # #
7 | ## #
8 | ##
9 | ##
# value: " ## "
[edit] Erlang
-module(ca).
-compile(export_all).
run(N,G) ->
run(N,G,0).
run(GN,G,GN) ->
io:fwrite("~B: ",[GN]),
print(G);
run(N,G,GN) ->
io:fwrite("~B: ",[GN]),
print(G),
run(N,next(G),GN+1).
print([]) ->
io:fwrite("~n");
print([0|T]) ->
io:fwrite("_"),
print(T);
print([1|T]) ->
io:fwrite("#"),
print(T).
next([]) ->
[];
next([_]) ->
[0];
next([H,1|_]=G) ->
next(G,[H]);
next([_|_]=G) ->
next(G,[0]).
next([],Acc) ->
lists:reverse(Acc);
next([0,_],Acc) ->
next([],[0|Acc]);
next([1,X],Acc) ->
next([],[X|Acc]);
next([0,X,0|T],Acc) ->
next([X,0|T],[0|Acc]);
next([1,X,0|T],Acc) ->
next([X,0|T],[X|Acc]);
next([0,X,1|T],Acc) ->
next([X,1|T],[X|Acc]);
next([1,0,1|T],Acc) ->
next([0,1|T],[1|Acc]);
next([1,1,1|T],Acc) ->
next([1,1|T],[0|Acc]).
Example execution:
44> ca:run(9,[0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0]).
0: __###_##_#_#_#_#__#___
1: __#_#####_#_#_#_______
2: ___##___##_#_#________
3: ___##___###_#_________
4: ___##___#_##__________
5: ___##____###__________
6: ___##____#_#__________
7: ___##_____#___________
8: ___##_________________
9: ___##_________________
[edit] Euphoria
include machine.e
function rules(integer tri)
return tri = 3 or tri = 5 or tri = 6
end function
function next_gen(atom gen)
atom new, bit
new = rules(and_bits(gen,3)*2) -- work with the first bit separately
bit = 2
while gen > 0 do
new += bit*rules(and_bits(gen,7))
gen = floor(gen/2) -- shift right
bit *= 2 -- shift left
end while
return new
end function
constant char_clear = '_', char_filled = '#'
procedure print_gen(atom gen)
puts(1, int_to_bits(gen,32) * (char_filled - char_clear) + char_clear)
puts(1,'\n')
end procedure
function s_to_gen(sequence s)
s -= char_clear
return bits_to_int(s)
end function
atom gen, prev
integer n
n = 0
prev = 0
gen = bits_to_int(rand(repeat(2,32))-1)
while gen != prev do
printf(1,"Generation %d: ",n)
print_gen(gen)
prev = gen
gen = next_gen(gen)
n += 1
end while
printf(1,"Generation %d: ",n)
print_gen(gen)
Output:
Generation 0: ####__#_###_#_#_#_#_##___##_##__ Generation 1: ___#___##_##_#_#_#_###___#####__ Generation 2: _______######_#_#_##_#___#___#__ Generation 3: _______#____##_#_####___________ Generation 4: ____________###_##__#___________ Generation 5: ____________#_####______________ Generation 6: _____________##__#______________ Generation 7: _____________##_________________ Generation 8: _____________##_________________
[edit] Factor
USING: bit-arrays io kernel locals math sequences ;
IN: cellular
: bool-sum ( bool1 bool2 -- sum )
[ [ 2 ] [ 1 ] if ]
[ [ 1 ] [ 0 ] if ] if ;
:: neighbours ( index world -- # )
index [ 1 - ] [ 1 + ] bi [ world ?nth ] bi@ bool-sum ;
: count-neighbours ( world -- neighbours )
[ length iota ] keep [ neighbours ] curry map ;
: life-law ( alive? neighbours -- alive? )
swap [ 1 = ] [ 2 = ] if ;
: step ( world -- world' )
dup count-neighbours [ life-law ] ?{ } 2map-as ;
: print-cellular ( world -- )
[ CHAR: # CHAR: _ ? ] "" map-as print ;
: main-cellular ( -- )
?{ f t t t f t t f t f t f t f t f f t f f }
10 [ dup print-cellular step ] times print-cellular ;
MAIN: main-cellular
( scratchpad ) "cellular" run _###_##_#_#_#_#__#__ _#_#####_#_#_#______ __##___##_#_#_______ __##___###_#________ __##___#_##_________ __##____###_________ __##____#_#_________ __##_____#__________ __##________________ __##________________ __##________________
[edit] Fantom
class Automaton
{
static Int[] evolve (Int[] array)
{
return array.map |Int x, Int i -> Int|
{
if (i == 0)
return ( (x + array[1] == 2) ? 1 : 0)
else if (i == array.size-1)
return ( (x + array[-2] == 2) ? 1 : 0)
else if (x + array[i-1] + array[i+1] == 2)
return 1
else
return 0
}
}
public static Void main ()
{
Int[] array := [0,1,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,0]
echo (array.join(""))
Int[] newArray := evolve(array)
while (newArray != array)
{
echo (newArray.join(""))
array = newArray
newArray = evolve(array)
}
}
}
[edit] Forth
: init ( bits count -- )
0 do dup 1 and c, 2/ loop drop ;
20 constant size
create state $2556e size init 0 c,
: .state
cr size 0 do
state i + c@ if ." #" else space then
loop ;
: ctable create does> + c@ ;
ctable rules $68 8 init
: gen
state c@ ( window )
size 0 do
2* state i + 1+ c@ or 7 and
dup rules state i + c!
loop drop ;
: life1d ( n -- )
.state 1 do gen .state loop ;
10 life1d
[edit] Fortran
PROGRAM LIFE_1D
IMPLICIT NONE
LOGICAL :: cells(20) = (/ .FALSE., .TRUE., .TRUE., .TRUE., .FALSE., .TRUE., .TRUE., .FALSE., .TRUE., .FALSE., &
.TRUE., .FALSE., .TRUE., .FALSE., .TRUE., .FALSE., .FALSE., .TRUE., .FALSE., .FALSE. /)
INTEGER :: i
DO i = 0, 9
WRITE(*, "(A,I0,A)", ADVANCE = "NO") "Generation ", i, ": "
CALL Drawgen(cells)
CALL Nextgen(cells)
END DO
CONTAINS
SUBROUTINE Nextgen(cells)
LOGICAL, INTENT (IN OUT) :: cells(:)
LOGICAL :: left, centre, right
INTEGER :: i
left = .FALSE.
DO i = 1, SIZE(cells)-1
centre = cells(i)
right = cells(i+1)
IF (left .AND. right) THEN
cells(i) = .NOT. cells(i)
ELSE IF (.NOT. left .AND. .NOT. right) THEN
cells(i) = .FALSE.
END IF
left = centre
END DO
cells(SIZE(cells)) = left .AND. right
END SUBROUTINE Nextgen
SUBROUTINE Drawgen(cells)
LOGICAL, INTENT (IN OUT) :: cells(:)
INTEGER :: i
DO i = 1, SIZE(cells)
IF (cells(i)) THEN
WRITE(*, "(A)", ADVANCE = "NO") "#"
ELSE
WRITE(*, "(A)", ADVANCE = "NO") "_"
END IF
END DO
WRITE(*,*)
END SUBROUTINE Drawgen
END PROGRAM LIFE_1D
Output
Generation 0: _###_##_#_#_#_#__#__ Generation 1: _#_#####_#_#_#______ Generation 2: __##___##_#_#_______ Generation 3: __##___###_#________ Generation 4: __##___#_##_________ Generation 5: __##____###_________ Generation 6: __##____#_#_________ Generation 7: __##_____#__________ Generation 8: __##________________ Generation 9: __##________________
[edit] Go
package main
import "fmt"
const start = "_###_##_#_#_#_#__#__"
func main() {
g0 := []byte(start)
g1 := []byte(start)
fmt.Println(string(g0))
last := len(g0) - 1
for g := 0; g < 10; g++ {
for i := 1; i < last; i++ {
switch {
case g0[i-1] != g0[i+1]:
g1[i] = g0[i]
case g0[i] == '_':
g1[i] = g0[i-1]
default:
g1[i] = '_'
}
}
fmt.Println(string(g1))
copy(g0, g1)
}
}
Output:
_###_##_#_#_#_#__#__ _#_#####_#_#_#______ __##___##_#_#_______ __##___###_#________ __##___#_##_________ __##____###_________ __##____#_#_________ __##_____#__________ __##________________ __##________________ __##________________
[edit] Groovy
Solution:
def life1D = { self ->
def right = self[1..-1] + [false]
def left = [false] + self[0..-2]
[left, self, right].transpose().collect { hood -> hood.count { it } == 2 }
}
Test:
def cells = ('_###_##_#_#_#_#__#__' as List).collect { it == '#' }
println "Generation 0: ${cells.collect { g -> g ? '#' : '_' }.join()}"
(1..9).each {
cells = life1D(cells)
println "Generation ${it}: ${cells.collect { g -> g ? '#' : '_' }.join()}"
}
Output:
Generation 0: _###_##_#_#_#_#__#__ Generation 1: _#_#####_#_#_#______ Generation 2: __##___##_#_#_______ Generation 3: __##___###_#________ Generation 4: __##___#_##_________ Generation 5: __##____###_________ Generation 6: __##____#_#_________ Generation 7: __##_____#__________ Generation 8: __##________________ Generation 9: __##________________
[edit] Haskell
module Life1D where
import Data.List
import System.Random
import Control.Monad
import Control.Arrow
bnd :: [Char] -> Char
bnd bs =
case bs of
"_##" -> '#'
"#_#" -> '#'
"##_" -> '#'
_ -> '_'
donxt xs = unfoldr(\xs -> case xs of [_,_] -> Nothing ;
_ -> Just (bnd $ take 3 xs, drop 1 xs)) $ '_':xs++"_"
lahmahgaan xs = init.until (liftM2 (==) last (last. init)) (ap (++)(return. donxt. last)) $ [xs, donxt xs]
main = do
g <- newStdGen
let oersoep = map ("_#"!!). take 36 $ randomRs(0,1) g
mapM_ print . lahmahgaan $ oersoep
Some output:
*Life1D> mapM_ print . lahmahgaan $ "_###_##_#_#_#_#__#__"
"_###_##_#_#_#_#__#__"
"_#_#####_#_#_#______"
"__##___##_#_#_______"
"__##___###_#________"
"__##___#_##_________"
"__##____###_________"
"__##____#_#_________"
"__##_____#__________"
"__##________________"
*Life1D> main
"__##_##__#____###__#__#_______#_#_##"
"__#####_______#_#______________#_###"
"__#___#________#________________##_#"
"________________________________###_"
"________________________________#_#_"
"_________________________________#__"
"____________________________________"
[edit] Icon and Unicon
# One dimensional Cellular automaton
record Automaton(size, cells)
procedure make_automaton (size, items)
automaton := Automaton (size, items)
while (*items < size) do push (automaton.cells, 0)
return automaton
end
procedure automaton_display (automaton)
every (write ! automaton.cells)
end
procedure automaton_evolve (automaton)
revised := make_automaton (automaton.size, [])
# do the left-most cell
if ((automaton.cells[1] + automaton.cells[2]) = 2) then
revised.cells[1] := 1
# do the right-most cell
if ((automaton.cells[automaton.size] + automaton.cells[automaton.size-1]) = 2) then
revised.cells[revised.size] := 1
# do the intermediate cells
every (i := 2 to (automaton.size-1)) do {
if ((automaton.cells[i-1] + automaton.cells[i] + automaton.cells[i+1]) = 2) then
revised.cells[i] := 1
}
return revised
end
procedure main ()
automaton := make_automaton (20, [0,1,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,0])
every (1 to 10) do { # generations
automaton_display (automaton)
automaton := automaton_evolve (automaton)
}
end
An alternative approach is to represent the automaton as a string. The following solution takes advantage of the implicit type coercions between string and numeric values in Icon and Unicon. It also surrounds the automaton with a border of 'dead' (always 0) cells to eliminate the need to special case the first and last cells in the automaton. Although the main procedure displays up to the first 10 generations, the evolve procedure fails if a new generation is unchanged from the previous, stopping the generation cycle early.
procedure main(A)
A := if *A = 0 then ["01110110101010100100"]
CA := show("0"||A[1]||"0") # add always dead border cells
every CA := show(|evolve(CA)\10) # limit to max of 10 generations
end
procedure show(ca)
write(ca[2:-1]) # omit border cells
return ca
end
procedure evolve(CA)
newCA := repl("0",*CA)
every newCA[i := 2 to (*CA-1)] := (CA[i-1]+CA[i]+CA[i+1] = 2, "1")
return CA ~== newCA # fail if no change
end
A couple of sample runs:
->odca 01110110101010100100 01011111010101000000 00110001101010000000 00110001110100000000 00110001011000000000 00110000111000000000 00110000101000000000 00110000010000000000 00110000000000000000 ->odca 01110110 01110110 01011110 00110010 00110000 ->
[edit] J
life1d=: '_#'{~ (2 = 3+/\ 0,],0:)^:a:
Example use:
life1d ? 20 # 2
_###_##_#_#_#_#__#__
_#_#####_#_#_#______
__##___##_#_#_______
__##___###_#________
__##___#_##_________
__##____###_________
__##____#_#_________
__##_____#__________
__##________________
Alternative implementation:
Rule=:2 :0 NB. , m: number of generations, n: rule number
'_#'{~ (3 ((|.n#:~8#2) {~ #.)\ 0,],0:)^:(i.m)
)
Example use:
9 Rule 104 '#'='_###_##_#_#_#_#__#__'
_###_##_#_#_#_#__#__
_#_#####_#_#_#______
__##___##_#_#_______
__##___###_#________
__##___#_##_________
__##____###_________
__##____#_#_________
__##_____#__________
__##________________
[edit] Java
This example requires a starting generation of at least length two (which is what you need for anything interesting anyway).
public class Life{
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception{
String start= "_###_##_#_#_#_#__#__";
int numGens = 10;
for(int i= 0; i < numGens; i++){
System.out.println("Generation " + i + ": " + start);
start= life(start);
}
}
public static String life(String lastGen){
String newGen= "";
for(int i= 0; i < lastGen.length(); i++){
int neighbors= 0;
if (i == 0){//left edge
neighbors= lastGen.charAt(1) == '#' ? 1 : 0;
} else if (i == lastGen.length() - 1){//right edge
neighbors= lastGen.charAt(i - 1) == '#' ? 1 : 0;
} else{//middle
neighbors= getNeighbors(lastGen.substring(i - 1, i + 2));
}
if (neighbors == 0){//dies or stays dead with no neighbors
newGen+= "_";
}
if (neighbors == 1){//stays with one neighbor
newGen+= lastGen.charAt(i);
}
if (neighbors == 2){//flips with two neighbors
newGen+= lastGen.charAt(i) == '#' ? "_" : "#";
}
}
return newGen;
}
public static int getNeighbors(String group){
int ans= 0;
if (group.charAt(0) == '#') ans++;
if (group.charAt(2) == '#') ans++;
return ans;
}
}
Output:
Generation 0: _###_##_#_#_#_#__#__ Generation 1: _#_#####_#_#_#______ Generation 2: __##___##_#_#_______ Generation 3: __##___###_#________ Generation 4: __##___#_##_________ Generation 5: __##____###_________ Generation 6: __##____#_#_________ Generation 7: __##_____#__________ Generation 8: __##________________ Generation 9: __##________________
In this version, b is replaced by a backup which is local to the evolve method, and the evolve method returns a boolean.
public class Life{
private static char[] trans = "___#_##_".toCharArray();
private static int v(StringBuilder cell, int i){
return (cell.charAt(i) != '_') ? 1 : 0;
}
public static boolean evolve(StringBuilder cell){
boolean diff = false;
StringBuilder backup = new StringBuilder(cell.toString());
for(int i = 1; i < cell.length() - 3; i++){
/* use left, self, right as binary number bits for table index */
backup.setCharAt(i, trans[v(cell, i - 1) * 4 + v(cell, i) * 2
+ v(cell, i + 1)]);
diff = diff || (backup.charAt(i) != cell.charAt(i));
}
cell.delete(0, cell.length());//clear the buffer
cell.append(backup);//replace it with the new generation
return diff;
}
public static void main(String[] args){
StringBuilder c = new StringBuilder("_###_##_#_#_#_#__#__\n");
do{
System.out.printf(c.substring(1));
}while(evolve(c));
}
}
Output:
###_##_#_#_#_#__#__ #_#####_#_#_#______ _##___##_#_#_______ _##___###_#________ _##___#_##_________ _##____###_________ _##____#_#_________ _##_____#__________ _##________________
[edit] JavaScript
The example below expects an array of 1s or 0s, as in the example. It also adds dead cells to both ends, which aren't included in the returned next generation.
state[i-1] refers to the new cell in question, (old[i] == 1) checks if the old cell was alive.
function caStep(old) {
var old = [0].concat(old, [0]); // Surround with dead cells.
var state = []; // The new state.
for (var i=1; i<old.length-1; i++) {
switch (old[i-1] + old[i+1]) {
case 0: state[i-1] = 0; break;
case 1: state[i-1] = (old[i] == 1) ? 1 : 0; break;
case 2: state[i-1] = (old[i] == 1) ? 0 : 1; break;
}
}
return state;
}
Example usage:
alert(caStep([0,1,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,0]));
shows an alert with "0,1,0,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0".
[edit] K
f:{2=+/(0,x,0)@(!#x)+/:!3}
Example usage:
`0:"_X"@f\0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
_XXX_XX_X_X_X_X__X__
_X_XXXXX_X_X_X______
__XX___XX_X_X_______
__XX___XXX_X________
__XX___X_XX_________
__XX____XXX_________
__XX____X_X_________
__XX_____X__________
__XX________________
[edit] Liberty BASIC
' [RC] 'One-dimensional cellular automata'
global rule$, state$
rule$ ="00010110" ' Rule 22 decimal
state$ ="0011101101010101001000"
for j =1 to 20
oldState$ =state$
state$ ="0"
for k =2 to 32
NHood$ =mid$( oldState$, k -1, 3) ' pick 3 char neighbourhood and turn binary string to decimal
vNHood =0
for kk =3 to 1 step -1
vNHood =vNHood +val( mid$( NHood$, kk, 1)) *2^( 3 -kk)
next kk
' .... & use it to index into rule$ to find appropriate new value
state$ =state$ +mid$( rule$, vNHood +1, 1)
next k
print state$
next j
end
[edit] Locomotive Basic
10 MODE 1:n=10:READ w:DIM x(w+1),x2(w+1):FOR i=1 to w:READ x(i):NEXT
20 FOR k=1 TO n
30 FOR j=1 TO w
40 IF x(j) THEN PRINT "#"; ELSE PRINT "_";
50 IF x(j-1)+x(j)+x(j+1)=2 THEN x2(j)=1 ELSE x2(j)=0
60 NEXT:PRINT
70 FOR j=1 TO w:x(j)=x2(j):NEXT
80 NEXT
90 DATA 20,0,1,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,0
Output:
[edit] Logo
make "cell_list [0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0]
make "generations 9
to evolve :n
ifelse :n=1 [make "nminus1 item :cell_count :cell_list][make "nminus1 item :n-1 :cell_list]
ifelse :n=:cell_count[make "nplus1 item 1 :cell_list][make "nplus1 item :n+1 :cell_list]
ifelse ((item :n :cell_list)=0) [
ifelse (and (:nminus1=1) (:nplus1=1)) [output 1][output (item :n :cell_list)]
][
ifelse (and (:nminus1=1) (:nplus1=1)) [output 0][
ifelse and (:nminus1=0) (:nplus1=0) [output 0][output (item :n :cell_list)]]
]
end
to CA_1D :cell_list :generations
make "cell_count count :cell_list
(print ")
make "printout "
repeat :cell_count [
make "printout word :printout ifelse (item repcount :cell_list)=1 ["#]["_]
]
(print "Generation "0: :printout)
repeat :generations [
(make "cell_list_temp [])
repeat :cell_count[
(make "cell_list_temp (lput (evolve repcount) :cell_list_temp))
]
make "cell_list :cell_list_temp
make "printout "
repeat :cell_count [
make "printout word :printout ifelse (item repcount :cell_list)=1 ["#]["_]
]
(print "Generation word repcount ": :printout)
]
end
CA_1D :cell_list :generations
Sample Output:
Generation 0: _###_##_#_#_#_#__#__ Generation 1: _#_#####_#_#_#______ Generation 2: __##___##_#_#_______ Generation 3: __##___###_#________ Generation 4: __##___#_##_________ Generation 5: __##____###_________ Generation 6: __##____#_#_________ Generation 7: __##_____#__________ Generation 8: __##________________ Generation 9: __##________________
[edit] Lua
num_iterations = 9
f = { 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0 }
function Output( f, l )
io.write( l, ": " )
for i = 1, #f do
local c
if f[i] == 1 then c = '#' else c = '_' end
io.write( c )
end
print ""
end
Output( f, 0 )
for l = 1, num_iterations do
local g = {}
for i = 2, #f-1 do
if f[i-1] + f[i+1] == 1 then
g[i] = f[i]
elseif f[i] == 0 and f[i-1] + f[i+1] == 2 then
g[i] = 1
else
g[i] = 0
end
end
if f[1] == 1 and f[2] == 1 then g[1] = 1 else g[1] = 0 end
if f[#f] == 1 and f[#f-1] == 1 then g[#f] = 1 else g[#f] = 0 end
f, g = g, f
Output( f, l )
end
0: _###_##_#_#_#_#__#__ 1: _#_#####_#_#_#______ 2: __##___##_#_#_______ 3: __##___###_#________ 4: __##___#_##_________ 5: __##____###_________ 6: __##____#_#_________ 7: __##_____#__________ 8: __##________________ 9: __##________________
[edit] M4
divert(-1)
define(`set',`define(`$1[$2]',`$3')')
define(`get',`defn(`$1[$2]')')
define(`setrange',`ifelse(`$3',`',$2,`define($1[$2],$3)`'setrange($1,
incr($2),shift(shift(shift($@))))')')
dnl throw in sentinels at each end (0 and size+1) to make counting easy
define(`new',`set($1,size,eval($#-1))`'setrange($1,1,
shift($@))`'set($1,0,0)`'set($1,$#,0)')
define(`for',
`ifelse($#,0,``$0'',
`ifelse(eval($2<=$3),1,
`pushdef(`$1',$2)$4`'popdef(`$1')$0(`$1',incr($2),$3,`$4')')')')
define(`show',
`for(`k',1,get($1,size),`get($1,k) ')')
dnl swap(`a',a,`b') using arg stack for temp
define(`swap',`define(`$1',$3)`'define(`$3',$2)')
define(`nalive',
`eval(get($1,decr($2))+get($1,incr($2)))')
setrange(`live',0,0,1,0)
setrange(`dead',0,0,0,1)
define(`nv',
`ifelse(get($1,z),0,`get(dead,$3)',`get(live,$3)')')
define(`evolve',
`for(`z',1,get($1,size),
`set($2,z,nv($1,z,nalive($1,z)))')')
new(`a',0,1,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,0)
set(`b',size,get(`a',size))`'set(`b',0,0)`'set(`b',incr(get(`a',size)),0)
define(`x',`a')
define(`y',`b')
divert
for(`j',1,10,
`show(x)`'evolve(`x',`y')`'swap(`x',x,`y')
')`'show(x)
Output:
0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
[edit] Mathematica
Built-in function:
CellularAutomaton[{{0,0,_}->0,{0,1,0}->0,{0,1,1}->1,{1,0,0}->0,{1,0,1}->1,{1,1,0}->1,{1,1,1}->0},{{1,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,1},0},12]
Print @@@ (% /. {1 -> "#", 0 -> "."});
gives back:
###.##.#.#.#.#..#
#.#####.#.#.#....
.##...##.#.#.....
.##...###.#......
.##...#.##.......
.##....###.......
.##....#.#.......
.##.....#........
.##..............
.##..............
.##..............
.##..............
.##..............
[edit] Modula-3
Modula-3 provides a module Word for doing bitwise operations, but it segfaults when trying to use BOOLEAN types, so we use INTEGER instead.
MODULE Cell EXPORTS Main;
IMPORT IO, Fmt, Word;
VAR culture := ARRAY [0..19] OF INTEGER {0, 1, 1, 1,
0, 1, 1, 0,
1, 0, 1, 0,
1, 0, 1, 0,
0, 1, 0, 0};
PROCEDURE Step(VAR culture: ARRAY OF INTEGER) =
VAR left: INTEGER := 0;
this, right: INTEGER;
BEGIN
FOR i := FIRST(culture) TO LAST(culture) - 1 DO
right := culture[i + 1];
this := culture[i];
culture[i] :=
Word.Or(Word.And(this, Word.Xor(left, right)), Word.And(Word.Not(this), Word.And(left, right)));
left := this;
END;
culture[LAST(culture)] := Word.And(culture[LAST(culture)], Word.Not(left));
END Step;
PROCEDURE Put(VAR culture: ARRAY OF INTEGER) =
BEGIN
FOR i := FIRST(culture) TO LAST(culture) DO
IF culture[i] = 1 THEN
IO.PutChar('#');
ELSE
IO.PutChar('_');
END;
END;
END Put;
BEGIN
FOR i := 0 TO 9 DO
IO.Put("Generation " & Fmt.Int(i) & " ");
Put(culture);
IO.Put("\n");
Step(culture);
END;
END Cell.
Output:
Generation 0 _###_##_#_#_#_#__#__ Generation 1 _#_#####_#_#_#______ Generation 2 __##___##_#_#_______ Generation 3 __##___###_#________ Generation 4 __##___#_##_________ Generation 5 __##____###_________ Generation 6 __##____#_#_________ Generation 7 __##_____#__________ Generation 8 __##________________ Generation 9 __##________________
[edit] Nial
(life.nial)
% we need a way to write a values and pass the same back
wi is rest link [write, pass]
% calculate the neighbors by rotating the array left and right and joining them
neighbors is pack [pass, sum [-1 rotate, 1 rotate]]
% calculate the individual birth and death of a single array element
igen is fork [ = [ + [first, second], 3 first], 0 first, = [ + [first, second], 2 first], 1 first, 0 first ]
% apply that to the array
nextgen is each igen neighbors
% 42
life is fork [ > [sum pass, 0 first], life nextgen wi, pass ]
Using it
|loaddefs 'life.nial'
|I := [0,1,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,0]
|life I
[edit] Nimrod
import math
randomize()
type
TBoolArray = array[0..30, bool] # an array that is indexed with 0..10
TSymbols = tuple[on: char , off: char]
const
num_turns = 20
symbols:TSymbols = ('#',' ')
proc `==` (x:TBoolArray,y:TBoolArray): bool =
if len(x) != len(y):
return False
for i in 0..(len(x)-1):
if x[i] != y[i]:
return False
return True
proc count_neighbours(map:TBoolArray , tile:int):int =
result = 0
if tile != len(map)-1 and map[tile+1]:
result += 1
if tile != 0 and map[tile-1]:
result += 1
proc print_map(map:TBoolArray, symbols:TSymbols) =
for i in map:
if i:
write(stdout,symbols[0])
else:
write(stdout,symbols[1])
write(stdout,"\n")
proc random_map(): TBoolArray =
var map = [False,False,False,False,False,False,False,False,False,False,False,
False,False,False,False,False,False,False,False,False,False,False,
False,False,False,False,False,False,False,False,False]
for i in 0..(len(map)-1):
map[i] = bool(random(2))
return map
#make the map
var map:TBoolArray
map = random_map()
print_map(map,symbols)
for i in 0..num_turns:
var new_map = map
for j in 0..(len(map)-1):
if map[j]:
if count_neighbours(map, j) == 2 or
count_neighbours(map, j) == 0:
new_map[j] = False
else:
if count_neighbours(map, j) == 2:
new_map[j] = True
if new_map == map:
print_map(map,symbols)
break
map = new_map
print_map(map,symbols)
Example output:
# # ### ## ##### ### ####
## #### # ### ### #
#### # # ### #
# # ## ##
#####
# #
[edit] OCaml
let get g i =
try g.(i)
with _ -> 0
let next_cell g i =
match get g (i-1), get g (i), get g (i+1) with
| 0, 0, 0 -> 0
| 0, 0, 1 -> 0
| 0, 1, 0 -> 0
| 0, 1, 1 -> 1
| 1, 0, 0 -> 0
| 1, 0, 1 -> 1
| 1, 1, 0 -> 1
| 1, 1, 1 -> 0
| _ -> assert(false)
let next g =
let old_g = Array.copy g in
for i = 0 to pred(Array.length g) do
g.(i) <- (next_cell old_g i)
done
let print_g g =
for i = 0 to pred(Array.length g) do
if g.(i) = 0
then print_char '_'
else print_char '#'
done;
print_newline()
put the code above in a file named "life.ml", and then use it in the ocaml toplevel like this:
#use "life.ml" ;;
let iter n g =
for i = 0 to n do
Printf.printf "Generation %d: " i; print_g g;
next g;
done
;;
let g_of_string str =
let f = (function '_' -> 0 | '#' -> 1 | _ -> assert false) in
Array.init (String.length str) (fun i -> f str.[i])
;;
# iter 9 (g_of_string "_###_##_#_#_#_#__#__") ;;
Generation 0: _###_##_#_#_#_#__#__
Generation 1: _#_#####_#_#_#______
Generation 2: __##___##_#_#_______
Generation 3: __##___###_#________
Generation 4: __##___#_##_________
Generation 5: __##____###_________
Generation 6: __##____#_#_________
Generation 7: __##_____#__________
Generation 8: __##________________
Generation 9: __##________________
- : unit = ()
[edit] Oz
declare
A0 = {List.toTuple unit "_###_##_#_#_#_#__#__"}
MaxGenerations = 9
Rules = unit('___':&_
'__#':&_
'_#_':&_
'_##':&#
'#__':&_
'#_#':&#
'##_':&#
'###':&_)
fun {Evolve A}
{Record.mapInd A
fun {$ I V}
Left = {CondSelect A I-1 &_}
Right = {CondSelect A I+1 &_}
Env = {String.toAtom [Left V Right]}
in
Rules.Env
end
}
end
fun lazy {Iterate X F}
X|{Iterate {F X} F}
end
in
for
I in 0..MaxGenerations
A in {Iterate A0 Evolve}
do
{System.showInfo "Gen. "#I#": "#{Record.toList A}}
end
Output:
Gen. 0: _###_##_#_#_#_#__#__ Gen. 1: _#_#####_#_#_#______ Gen. 2: __##___##_#_#_______ Gen. 3: __##___###_#________ Gen. 4: __##___#_##_________ Gen. 5: __##____###_________ Gen. 6: __##____#_#_________ Gen. 7: __##_____#__________ Gen. 8: __##________________ Gen. 9: __##________________
[edit] PARI/GP
This version defines the fixed cells to the left and right as dead; of course other versions are possible. This function generates one generation from a previous one, passed as a 0-1 vector.
step(v)=my(u=vector(#v),k);u[1]=v[1]&v[2];u[#u]=v[#v]&v[#v-1];for(i=2,#v-1,k=v[i-1]+v[i+1];u[i]=if(v[i],k==1,k==2));u;
[edit] Perl
Use regexp to extract and substitute cells while the string changes
Convert cells to zeros and ones to set complement state
$_="_###_##_#_#_#_#__#__\n";
do {
y/01/_#/;
print;
y/_#/01/;
s/(?<=(.))(.)(?=(.))/$1 == $3 ? $1 ? 1-$2 : 0 : $2/eg;
} while ($x ne $_ and $x=$_);
Use hash for complement state
$_="_###_##_#_#_#_#__#__\n";
%h=qw(# _ _ #);
do {
print;
s/(?<=(.))(.)(?=(.))/$1 eq $3 ? $1 eq "_" ? "_" : $h{$2} : $2/eg;
} while ($x ne $_ and $x=$_);
Both versions output:
_###_##_#_#_#_#__#__ _#_#####_#_#_#______ __##___##_#_#_______ __##___###_#________ __##___#_##_________ __##____###_________ __##____#_#_________ __##_____#__________ __##________________
[edit] Perl 6
Short though it is, this solution even detects stability. Z+ is a zip metaop with addition, and X== is a cross metaop with equality. (Crossing with a scalar always producing a list of the same length.) We have taken the slight liberty of defining a wraparound universe, but it doesn't matter for this example.
my @c = <_ #>;
my @array = '_###_##_#_#_#_#__#__'.comb.map: { $_ eq '#' };
repeat until @array eqv my @prev {
say @c[@prev = @array];
@array = ((@array Z+ @array.rotate(1)) Z+ @array.rotate(-1)) X== 2;
}
Output:
_###_##_#_#_#_#__#__ _#_#####_#_#_#______ __##___##_#_#_______ __##___###_#________ __##___#_##_________ __##____###_________ __##____#_#_________ __##_____#__________ __##________________
[edit] PicoLisp
(let Cells (chop "_###_##_#_#_#_#__#__")
(do 10
(prinl Cells)
(setq Cells
(make
(link "_")
(map
'((L)
(case (head 3 L)
(`(mapcar chop '("___" "__#" "_#_" "#__" "###"))
(link "_") )
(`(mapcar chop '("_##" "#_#" "##_"))
(link "#") ) ) )
Cells )
(link "_") ) ) ) )
Output:
_###_##_#_#_#_#__#__ _#_#####_#_#_#______ __##___##_#_#_______ __##___###_#________ __##___#_##_________ __##____###_________ __##____#_#_________ __##_____#__________ __##________________ __##________________
[edit] Prolog
Works ith SWI-Prolog.
one_dimensional_cellular_automata(L) :-
maplist(my_write, L), nl,
length(L, N),
length(LN, N),
% there is a 0 before the beginning
compute_next([0 |L], LN),
( L \= LN -> one_dimensional_cellular_automata(LN); true).
% All the possibilites
compute_next([0, 0, 0 | R], [0 | R1]) :-
compute_next([0, 0 | R], R1).
compute_next([0, 0, 1 | R], [0 | R1]) :-
compute_next([0, 1 | R], R1).
compute_next([0, 1, 0 | R], [0 | R1]) :-
compute_next([1, 0 | R], R1).
compute_next([0, 1, 1 | R], [1 | R1]) :-
compute_next([1, 1 | R], R1).
compute_next([1, 0, 0 | R], [0 | R1]) :-
compute_next([0, 0 | R], R1).
compute_next([1, 0, 1 | R], [1 | R1]) :-
compute_next([0, 1 | R], R1).
compute_next([1, 1, 0 | R], [1 | R1]) :-
compute_next([1, 0 | R], R1).
compute_next([1, 1, 1 | R], [0 | R1]) :-
compute_next([1, 1 | R], R1).
% the last four possibilies =>
% we consider that there is à 0 after the end
compute_next([0, 0], [0]).
compute_next([1, 0], [0]).
compute_next([0, 1], [0]).
compute_next([1, 1], [1]).
my_write(0) :-
write(.).
my_write(1) :-
write(#).
one_dimensional_cellular_automata :-
L = [0,1,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,0],
one_dimensional_cellular_automata(L).
Output :
?- one_dimensional_cellular_automata. .###.##.#.#.#.#..#.. .#.#####.#.#.#...... ..##...##.#.#....... ..##...###.#........ ..##...#.##......... ..##....###......... ..##....#.#......... ..##.....#.......... ..##................ true .
[edit] PureBasic
EnableExplicitOutput:
Dim cG.i(21)
Dim nG.i(21)
Define.i n, Gen
DataSection
Data.i 0,1,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,0
EndDataSection
For n=1 To 20
Read.i cG(n)
Next
OpenConsole()
Repeat
Print("Generation "+Str(Gen)+": ")
For n=1 To 20
Print(Chr(95-cG(n)*60))
Next
Gen +1
PrintN("")
For n=1 To 20
If (cG(n) And (cG(n-1) XOr cg(n+1))) Or (Not cG(n) And (cG(n-1) And cg(n+1)))
nG(n)=1
Else
nG(n)=0
EndIf
Next
Swap cG() , nG()
Until Gen > 9
PrintN("Press any key to exit"): Repeat: Until Inkey() <> ""
Generation 0: _###_##_#_#_#_#__#__ Generation 1: _#_#####_#_#_#______ Generation 2: __##___##_#_#_______ Generation 3: __##___###_#________ Generation 4: __##___#_##_________ Generation 5: __##____###_________ Generation 6: __##____#_#_________ Generation 7: __##_____#__________ Generation 8: __##________________ Generation 9: __##________________
[edit] Python
import random
printdead, printlive = '_#'
maxgenerations = 10
cellcount = 20
offendvalue = '0'
universe = ''.join(random.choice('01') for i in range(cellcount))
neighbours2newstate = {
'000': '0',
'001': '0',
'010': '0',
'011': '1',
'100': '0',
'101': '1',
'110': '1',
'111': '0',
}
for i in range(maxgenerations):
print "Generation %3i: %s" % ( i,
universe.replace('0', printdead).replace('1', printlive) )
universe = offendvalue + universe + offendvalue
universe = ''.join(neighbours2newstate[universe[i:i+3]] for i in range(cellcount))
Sample output:
Generation 0: _###_##_#_#_#_#__#__ Generation 1: _#_#####_#_#_#______ Generation 2: __##___##_#_#_______ Generation 3: __##___###_#________ Generation 4: __##___#_##_________ Generation 5: __##____###_________ Generation 6: __##____#_#_________ Generation 7: __##_____#__________ Generation 8: __##________________ Generation 9: __##________________The following implementation uses boolean operations to realize the function.
import random
nquads = 5
maxgenerations = 10
fmt = '%%0%ix'%nquads
nbits = 4*nquads
a = random.getrandbits(nbits) << 1
#a = int('01110110101010100100', 2) << 1
endmask = (2<<nbits)-2;
endvals = 0<<(nbits+1) | 0
tr = ('____', '___#', '__#_', '__##', '_#__', '_#_#', '_##_', '_###',
'#___', '#__#', '#_#_', '#_##', '##__', '##_#', '###_', '####' )
for i in range(maxgenerations):
print "Generation %3i: %s" % (i,(''.join(tr[int(t,16)] for t in (fmt%(a>>1)))))
a |= endvals
a = ((a&((a<<1) | (a>>1))) ^ ((a<<1)&(a>>1))) & endmask
[edit] R
set.seed(15797, kind="Mersenne-Twister")
maxgenerations = 10
cellcount = 20
offendvalue = FALSE
## Cells are alive if TRUE, dead if FALSE
universe <- c(offendvalue,
sample( c(TRUE, FALSE), cellcount, replace=TRUE),
offendvalue)
## List of patterns in which the cell stays alive
stayingAlive <- lapply(list(c(1,1,0),
c(1,0,1),
c(0,1,0)), as.logical)
## x : length 3 logical vector
## map: list of length 3 logical vectors that map to patterns
## in which x stays alive
deadOrAlive <- function(x, map) list(x) %in% map
cellularAutomata <- function(x, map) {
c(x[1], apply(embed(x, 3), 1, deadOrAlive, map=map), x[length(x)])
}
deadOrAlive2string <- function(x) {
paste(ifelse(x, '#', '_'), collapse="")
}
for (i in 1:maxgenerations) {
universe <- cellularAutomata(universe, stayingAlive)
cat(format(i, width=3), deadOrAlive2string(universe), "\n")
}
Sample output,
1 _##_____####_#___#_#__ 2 _##_____#__##_____#___ 3 _##________##_________ 4 _##________##_________ 5 _##________##_________ 6 _##________##_________ 7 _##________##_________ 8 _##________##_________ 9 _##________##_________ 10 _##________##_________
[edit] Racket
#lang racket
(define (update cells)
(for/list ([crowding (map +
(append '(0) (drop-right cells 1))
cells
(append (drop cells 1) '(0)))])
(if (= 2 crowding) 1 0)))
(define (life-of cells time)
(unless (zero? time)
(displayln cells)
(life-of (update cells) (sub1 time))))
(life-of '(0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0)
10)
#| (0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0)
(0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0)
(0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0)
(0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0)
(0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0)
(0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0)
(0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0)
(0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0)
(0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0)
(0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0) |#
[edit] Retro
{{
: $, ( $- ) withLength [ @+ , ] times @ , ;
create this ".###.##.#.#.#.#..#.." $,
create next this getLength allot
create group "..." $,
variable neighbours
: reset 0 !neighbours ;
: hasNeighbour? @ '# = [ neighbours ++ ] ifTrue ;
: countNeighboursOnEdge '# = [ 1 ] [ 0 ] if !neighbours ;
: flip dup this + @ '# = [ '. ] [ '# ] if ;
: extract dup this + 1- group 3 copy ;
: count
( left ) [ 0 = ] [ @this countNeighboursOnEdge ] when
( right ) [ 19 = ] [ this 19 + @ countNeighboursOnEdge ] when
( middle ) reset extract group dup 2 + 2hasNeighbour? ;
: process
reset count @neighbours
[ 0 = ] [ drop dup next + '. swap ! ] when
[ 1 = ] [ drop dup this + @ over next + ! ] when
[ 2 = ] [ drop flip over next + ! ] when
drop ;
: generation
0 this getLength
[ process 1+ ] times drop
next this withLength copy ;
---reveal---
: generations
cr 0 swap [ [ this swap "%d %s\n" puts ] sip generation 1+ ] times drop ;
}}
Sample Output:
10 generations 0 .###.##.#.#.#.#..#.. 1 .#.#####.#.#.#...... 2 ..##...##.#.#....... 3 ..##...###.#........ 4 ..##...#.##......... 5 ..##....###......... 6 ..##....#.#......... 7 ..##.....#.......... 8 ..##................ 9 ..##................
[edit] Ruby
def evolve(ary)
new = Array.new(ary.length)
new[0] = (ary[0] == 1 and ary[1] == 1) ? 1 : 0
(1..new.length - 2).each {|i| new[i] = ary[i-1] + ary[i] + ary[i+1] == 2 ? 1 : 0}
new[-1] = (ary[-2] == 1 and ary[-1] == 1) ? 1 : 0
new
end
def printit(ary)
s = ary.join("")
s.gsub!(/1/,"#")
s.gsub!(/0/,".")
puts s
end
ary = [0,1,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,0]
printit ary
while ary != new=evolve(ary)
printit new
ary = new
end
.###.##.#.#.#.#..#.. .#.#####.#.#.#...... ..##...##.#.#....... ..##...###.#........ ..##...#.##......... ..##....###......... ..##....#.#......... ..##.....#.......... ..##................
[edit] Scala
def cellularAutomata(s: String) = {
def it = Iterator.iterate(s) ( generation =>
("_%s_" format generation).iterator
sliding 3
map (_ count (_ == '#'))
map Map(2 -> "#").withDefaultValue("_")
mkString
)
(it drop 1) zip it takeWhile Function.tupled(_ != _) map (_._2) foreach println
}
Sample:
scala> cellularAutomata("_###_##_#_#_#_#__#__")
_###_##_#_#_#_#__#__
_#_#####_#_#_#______
__##___##_#_#_______
__##___###_#________
__##___#_##_________
__##____###_________
__##____#_#_________
__##_____#__________
[edit] Scheme
(define (next-generation left petri-dish right)
(if (null? petri-dish)
(list)
(cons (if (= (+ left
(car petri-dish)
(if (null? (cdr petri-dish))
right
(cadr petri-dish)))
2)
1
0)
(next-generation (car petri-dish) (cdr petri-dish) right))))
(define (display-evolution petri-dish generations)
(if (not (zero? generations))
(begin (display petri-dish)
(newline)
(display-evolution (next-generation 0 petri-dish 0)
(- generations 1)))))
(display-evolution (list 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0) 10)
Output:
(1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0) (1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0) (0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0) (0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0) (0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0) (0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0) (0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0) (0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0) (0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0) (0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0)
[edit] Seed7
A graphical cellular automaton can be found here.
$ include "seed7_05.s7i";
const string: start is "_###_##_#_#_#_#__#__";
const proc: main is func
local
var string: g0 is start;
var string: g1 is start;
var integer: generation is 0;
var integer: i is 0;
begin
writeln(g0);
for generation range 0 to 9 do
for i range 2 to pred(length(g0)) do
if g0[i-1] <> g0[i+1] then
g1 @:= [i] g0[i];
elsif g0[i] = '_' then
g1 @:= [i] g0[i-1];
else
g1 @:= [i] '_'
end if;
end for;
writeln(g1);
g0 := g1;
end for;
end func;
Output:
_###_##_#_#_#_#__#__ _#_#####_#_#_#______ __##___##_#_#_______ __##___###_#________ __##___#_##_________ __##____###_________ __##____#_#_________ __##_____#__________ __##________________ __##________________ __##________________
[edit] Tcl
proc evolve {a} {
set new [list]
for {set i 0} {$i < [llength $a]} {incr i} {
lappend new [fate $a $i]
}
return $new
}
proc fate {a i} {
return [expr {[sum $a $i] == 2}]
}
proc sum {a i} {
set sum 0
set start [expr {$i - 1 < 0 ? 0 : $i - 1}]
set end [expr {$i + 1 >= [llength $a] ? $i : $i + 1}]
for {set j $start} {$j <= $end} {incr j} {
incr sum [lindex $a $j]
}
return $sum
}
proc print {a} {
puts [string map {0 _ 1 #} [join $a ""]]
}
proc parse {s} {
return [split [string map {_ 0 # 1} $s] ""]
}
set array [parse "_###_##_#_#_#_#__#__"]
print $array
while {[set new [evolve $array]] ne $array} {
set array $new
print $array
}
[edit] Ursala
Three functions are defined. Rule takes a neighborhood of three cells to the succeeding value of the middle one, step takes a list of cells to its successor by applying the rule across a sliding window, and evolve takes an initial list of cells to a list of those evolving from it according to the rule. The cells are maintained as a list of booleans (0 and &) but are converted to characters for presentation in the example code.
#import std
#import nat
rule = -$<0,0,0,&,0,&,&,0>@rSS zipp0*ziD iota8
step = rule*+ swin3+ :/0+ --<0>
evolve "n" = @iNC ~&x+ rep"n" ^C/step@h ~&
#show+
example = ~&?(`#!,`.!)** evolve10 <0,&,&,&,0,&,&,0,&,0,&,0,&,0,0,&,0,0>
output:
.###.##.#.#.#..#.. .#.#####.#.#...... ..##...##.#....... ..##...###........ ..##...#.#........ ..##....#......... ..##.............. ..##.............. ..##.............. ..##.............. ..##..............
[edit] Vedit macro language
This implementation writes the calculated patterns into an edit buffer, where the results can viewed and saved into a file if required. The edit buffer also acts as storage during calculations.
IT("Gen 0: ..###.##.#.#.#.#..#.....") // initial pattern
#9 = Cur_Col
for (#8 = 1; #8 < 10; #8++) { // 10 generations
Goto_Col(7)
Reg_Empty(20)
while (Cur_Col < #9-1) {
if (Match("|{##|!#,#.#,|!###}")==0) {
Reg_Set(20, "#", APPEND)
} else {
Reg_Set(20, ".", APPEND)
}
Char
}
EOL IN
IT("Gen ") Num_Ins(#8, LEFT+NOCR) IT(": ")
Reg_Ins(20)
}
Sample output:
Gen 0: ..###.##.#.#.#.#..#.....
Gen 1: ..#.#####.#.#.#.........
Gen 2: ...##...##.#.#..........
Gen 3: ...##...###.#...........
Gen 4: ...##...#.##............
Gen 5: ...##....###............
Gen 6: ...##....#.#............
Gen 7: ...##.....#.............
Gen 8: ...##...................
Gen 9: ...##...................
[edit] Visual Basic .NET
This implementation is run from the command line. The command is followed by a string of either 1's or #'s for an active cell, or 0's or _'s for an inactive one.
Imports System.Text
Module CellularAutomata
Private Enum PetriStatus
Active
Stable
Dead
End Enum
Function Main(ByVal cmdArgs() As String) As Integer
If cmdArgs.Length = 0 Or cmdArgs.Length > 1 Then
Console.WriteLine("Command requires string of either 1s and 0s or #s and _s.")
Return 1
End If
Dim petriDish As BitArray
Try
petriDish = InitialisePetriDish(cmdArgs(0))
Catch ex As Exception
Console.WriteLine(ex.Message)
Return 1
End Try
Dim generation As Integer = 0
Dim ps As PetriStatus = PetriStatus.Active
Do While True
If ps = PetriStatus.Stable Then
Console.WriteLine("Sample stable after {0} generations.", generation - 1)
Exit Do
Else
Console.WriteLine("{0}: {1}", generation.ToString("D3"), BuildDishString(petriDish))
If ps = PetriStatus.Dead Then
Console.WriteLine("Sample dead after {0} generations.", generation)
Exit Do
End If
End If
ps = GetNextGeneration(petriDish)
generation += 1
Loop
Return 0
End Function
Private Function InitialisePetriDish(ByVal Sample As String) As BitArray
Dim PetriDish As New BitArray(Sample.Length)
Dim dead As Boolean = True
For i As Integer = 0 To Sample.Length - 1
Select Case Sample.Substring(i, 1)
Case "1", "#"
PetriDish(i) = True
dead = False
Case "0", "_"
PetriDish(i) = False
Case Else
Throw New Exception("Illegal value in string position " & i)
Return Nothing
End Select
Next
If dead Then
Throw New Exception("Entered sample is dead.")
Return Nothing
End If
Return PetriDish
End Function
Private Function GetNextGeneration(ByRef PetriDish As BitArray) As PetriStatus
Dim petriCache = New BitArray(PetriDish.Length)
Dim neighbours As Integer
Dim stable As Boolean = True
Dim dead As Boolean = True
For i As Integer = 0 To PetriDish.Length - 1
neighbours = 0
If i > 0 AndAlso PetriDish(i - 1) Then neighbours += 1
If i < PetriDish.Length - 1 AndAlso PetriDish(i + 1) Then neighbours += 1
petriCache(i) = (PetriDish(i) And neighbours = 1) OrElse (Not PetriDish(i) And neighbours = 2)
If PetriDish(i) <> petriCache(i) Then stable = False
If petriCache(i) Then dead = False
Next
PetriDish = petriCache
If dead Then Return PetriStatus.Dead
If stable Then Return PetriStatus.Stable
Return PetriStatus.Active
End Function
Private Function BuildDishString(ByVal PetriDish As BitArray) As String
Dim sw As New StringBuilder()
For Each b As Boolean In PetriDish
sw.Append(IIf(b, "#", "_"))
Next
Return sw.ToString()
End Function
End Module
Output:
C:\>CellularAutomata _###_##_#_#_#_#__#__ 000: _###_##_#_#_#_#__#__ 001: _#_#####_#_#_#______ 002: __##___##_#_#_______ 003: __##___###_#________ 004: __##___#_##_________ 005: __##____###_________ 006: __##____#_#_________ 007: __##_____#__________ 008: __##________________ Sample stable after 8 generations.
[edit] XPL0
code ChOut=8, CrLf=9;
int Gen, Now, New, I;
[Now:= $076A_A400;
for Gen:= 1 to 10 do
[for I:= 31 downto 0 do ChOut(0, if Now & 1<<I then ^# else ^_);
CrLf(0);
New:= 0;
for I:= 30 downto 1 do
case Now>>(I-1) & 7 of %011, %101, %110: New:= New ! 1<<I other;
Now:= New;
];
]
Output:
_____###_##_#_#_#_#__#__________ _____#_#####_#_#_#______________ ______##___##_#_#_______________ ______##___###_#________________ ______##___#_##_________________ ______##____###_________________ ______##____#_#_________________ ______##_____#__________________ ______##________________________ ______##________________________
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