One-dimensional cellular automata
From Rosetta Code
You are encouraged to solve this task according to the task description, using any language you may know.
Assume an array of cells with an initial distribution of live and dead cells, and imaginary cells off the end of the array having fixed values.
Cells in the next generation of the array are calculated based on the value of the cell and its left and right nearest neighbours in the current generation. If, in the following table, a live cell is represented by 1 and a dead cell by 0 then to generate the value of the cell at a particular index in the array of cellular values you use the following table:
000 -> 0 # 001 -> 0 # 010 -> 0 # Dies without enough neighbours 011 -> 1 # Needs one neighbour to survive 100 -> 0 # 101 -> 1 # Two neighbours giving birth 110 -> 1 # Needs one neighbour to survive 111 -> 0 # Starved to death.
[edit] Ada
with Ada.Text_IO; use Ada.Text_IO;
procedure Cellular_Automata is
type Petri_Dish is array (Positive range <>) of Boolean;
procedure Step (Culture : in out Petri_Dish) is
Left : Boolean := False;
This : Boolean;
Right : Boolean;
begin
for Index in Culture'First..Culture'Last - 1 loop
Right := Culture (Index + 1);
This := Culture (Index);
Culture (Index) := (This and (Left xor Right)) or (not This and Left and Right);
Left := This;
end loop;
Culture (Culture'Last) := Culture (Culture'Last) and not Left;
end Step;
procedure Put (Culture : Petri_Dish) is
begin
for Index in Culture'Range loop
if Culture (Index) then
Put ('#');
else
Put ('_');
end if;
end loop;
end Put;
Culture : Petri_Dish :=
( False, True, True, True, False, True, True, False, True, False, True,
False, True, False, True, False, False, True, False, False
);
begin
for Generation in 0..9 loop
Put ("Generation" & Integer'Image (Generation) & ' ');
Put (Culture);
New_Line;
Step (Culture);
end loop;
end Cellular_Automata;
The implementation defines Petri dish type with Boolean items identifying whether a place is occupied by a living cell. State transition is determined by a simple Boolean expression of three arguments. Sample output:
Generation 0 _###_##_#_#_#_#__#__ Generation 1 _#_#####_#_#_#______ Generation 2 __##___##_#_#_______ Generation 3 __##___###_#________ Generation 4 __##___#_##_________ Generation 5 __##____###_________ Generation 6 __##____#_#_________ Generation 7 __##_____#__________ Generation 8 __##________________ Generation 9 __##________________
[edit] ALGOL 68
[edit] Using the low level packed arrays of BITS manipulation operators
Works with: ALGOL 68 version Revision 1 - no extensions to language used
Works with: ALGOL 68G version Any - tested with release 1.18.0-9h.tiny
INT stop generation = 9;
INT universe width = 20;
FORMAT alive or dead = $b("#","_")$;
BITS universe := 2r01110110101010100100;
# universe := BIN ( ENTIER ( random * max int ) ); #
INT upb universe = bits width;
INT lwb universe = bits width - universe width + 1;
PROC couple = (BITS parent, INT lwb, upb)BOOL: (
SHORT INT sum := 0;
FOR bit FROM lwb TO upb DO
sum +:= ABS (bit ELEM parent)
OD;
sum = 2
);
FOR generation FROM 0 WHILE
printf(($"Generation "d": "$, generation,
$f(alive or dead)$, []BOOL(universe)[lwb universe:upb universe],
$l$));
# WHILE # generation < stop generation DO
BITS next universe := 2r0;
# process the first event horizon manually #
IF couple(universe,lwb universe,lwb universe + 1) THEN
next universe := 2r10
FI;
# process the middle kingdom in a loop #
FOR bit FROM lwb universe + 1 TO upb universe - 1 DO
IF couple(universe,bit-1,bit+1) THEN
next universe := next universe OR 2r1
FI;
next universe := next universe SHL 1
OD;
# process the last event horizon manually #
IF couple(universe, upb universe - 1, upb universe) THEN
next universe := next universe OR 2r1
FI;
universe := next universe
OD
Output:
Generation 0: _###_##_#_#_#_#__#__ Generation 1: _#_#####_#_#_#______ Generation 2: __##___##_#_#_______ Generation 3: __##___###_#________ Generation 4: __##___#_##_________ Generation 5: __##____###_________ Generation 6: __##____#_#_________ Generation 7: __##_____#__________ Generation 8: __##________________ Generation 9: __##________________
[edit] Using high level BOOL arrays
Works with: ALGOL 68 version Revision 1 - no extensions to language used
Works with: ALGOL 68G version Any - tested with release 1.18.0-9h.tiny
INT stop generation = 9;
<lang algol68>INT stop generation = 9;
INT upb universe = 20;
FORMAT alive or dead = $b("#","_")$;
BITS bits universe := 2r01110110101010100100;
# bits universe := BIN ( ENTIER ( random * max int ) ); #
[upb universe] BOOL universe := []BOOL(bits universe)[bits width - upb universe + 1:];
PROC couple = (REF[]BOOL parent)BOOL: (
SHORT INT sum := 0;
FOR bit FROM LWB parent TO UPB parent DO
sum +:= ABS (parent[bit])
OD;
sum = 2
);
FOR generation FROM 0 WHILE
printf(($"Generation "d": "$, generation,
$f(alive or dead)$, universe,
$l$));
# WHILE # generation < stop generation DO
[UPB universe]BOOL next universe;
# process the first event horizon manually #
next universe[1] := couple(universe[:2]);
# process the middle kingdom in a loop #
FOR bit FROM LWB universe + 1 TO UPB universe - 1 DO
next universe[bit] := couple(universe[bit-1:bit+1])
OD;
# process the last event horizon manually #
next universe[UPB universe] := couple(universe[UPB universe - 1: ]);
universe := next universe
OD
Output:
Generation 0: _###_##_#_#_#_#__#__ Generation 1: _#_#####_#_#_#______ Generation 2: __##___##_#_#_______ Generation 3: __##___###_#________ Generation 4: __##___#_##_________ Generation 5: __##____###_________ Generation 6: __##____#_#_________ Generation 7: __##_____#__________ Generation 8: __##________________ Generation 9: __##________________
[edit] AutoHotkey
ahk discussion
n := 22, n1 := n+1, v0 := v%n1% := 0 ; set grid dimensions, and fixed cells
Loop % n { ; draw a line of checkboxes
v%A_Index% := 0
Gui Add, CheckBox, % "y10 w17 h17 gCheck x" A_Index*17-5 " vv" A_Index
}
Gui Add, Button, x+5 y6, step ; button to step to next generation
Gui Show
Return
Check:
GuiControlGet %A_GuiControl% ; set cells by the mouse
Return
ButtonStep: ; move to next generation
Loop % n
i := A_Index-1, j := i+2, w%A_Index% := v%i%+v%A_Index%+v%j% = 2
Loop % n
GuiControl,,v%A_Index%, % v%A_Index% := w%A_Index%
Return
GuiClose: ; exit when GUI is closed
ExitApp
[edit] BASIC
Works with: QuickBasic version 4.5 Translation of: Java
DECLARE FUNCTION life$ (lastGen$)
DECLARE FUNCTION getNeighbors! (group$)
CLS
start$ = "_###_##_#_#_#_#__#__"
numGens = 10
FOR i = 0 TO numGens - 1
PRINT "Generation"; i; ": "; start$
start$ = life$(start$)
NEXT i
FUNCTION getNeighbors (group$)
ans = 0
IF (MID$(group$, 1, 1) = "#") THEN ans = ans + 1
IF (MID$(group$, 3, 1) = "#") THEN ans = ans + 1
getNeighbors = ans
END FUNCTION
FUNCTION life$ (lastGen$)
newGen$ = ""
FOR i = 1 TO LEN(lastGen$)
neighbors = 0
IF (i = 1) THEN 'left edge
IF MID$(lastGen$, 2, 1) = "#" THEN
neighbors = 1
ELSE
neighbors = 0
END IF
ELSEIF (i = LEN(lastGen$)) THEN 'right edge
IF MID$(lastGen$, LEN(lastGen$) - 1, 1) = "#" THEN
neighbors = 1
ELSE
neighbors = 0
END IF
ELSE 'middle
neighbors = getNeighbors(MID$(lastGen$, i - 1, 3))
END IF
IF (neighbors = 0) THEN 'dies or stays dead with no neighbors
newGen$ = newGen$ + "_"
END IF
IF (neighbors = 1) THEN 'stays with one neighbor
newGen$ = newGen$ + MID$(lastGen$, i, 1)
END IF
IF (neighbors = 2) THEN 'flips with two neighbors
IF MID$(lastGen$, i, 1) = "#" THEN
newGen$ = newGen$ + "_"
ELSE
newGen$ = newGen$ + "#"
END IF
END IF
NEXT i
life$ = newGen$
END FUNCTION
Output:
Generation 0 : _###_##_#_#_#_#__#__ Generation 1 : _#_#####_#_#_#______ Generation 2 : __##___##_#_#_______ Generation 3 : __##___###_#________ Generation 4 : __##___#_##_________ Generation 5 : __##____###_________ Generation 6 : __##____#_#_________ Generation 7 : __##_____#__________ Generation 8 : __##________________ Generation 9 : __##________________
[edit] Befunge
v
" !!! !! ! ! ! ! ! " ,*25 <v
" " ,*25,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,<v
" " ,*25,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,<v
" " ,*25,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,<v
" " ,*25,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,<v
" " ,*25,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,<v
" " ,*25,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,<v
" " ,*25,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,<v
" " ,*25,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,<v
v$< @,*25,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,<
>110p3>:1-10gg" "-4* \:10gg" "-2* \:1+10gg" "-\:54*1+`#v_20p++ :2`#v_ >:4`#v_> >$" "v
>:3`#^_v>:6`|
^ >$$$$320p10g1+:9`v > >$"!"> 20g10g1+p 20g1+:20p
^ v_10p10g
> ^
[edit] C
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#define SPACEDIM 20
#define GENERATION 10
#define ALIVE '#'
#define DEAD '_'
/* what happens out of the space: is the world a circle, or
it really ends? */
#define CCOND 0
char space[SPACEDIM];
char tspace[SPACEDIM];
int rrand(int l)
{
return (int)((double)l*(double)rand()/((double)RAND_MAX+1.0));
}
void initspace(char *s, int d)
{
int i;
static const char *tp = "_###_##_#_#_#_#__#__";
for(i=0; (i < strlen(tp)) && (i<d) ; i++)
{
s[i] = (tp[i] == ALIVE) ? 1 : 0;
}
}
void initspace_random(char *s, int d)
{
int i;
for (i=0; i<d; i++)
{
s[i] = rrand(2);
}
}
/*
count the Number of Alive in the Neighbourhood
two kind of "bound condition" can be choosen
at compile time
*/
int nalive(const char *s, int i, int d)
{
switch ( CCOND )
{
case 0:
return ((i-1)<0 ? 0 : s[i-1]) + ((i+1)<d ? s[i+1] : 0 );
case 1:
return s[ (i+1)%d ] + s[ (i+d-1)%d ];
}
}
void evolve(const char *from, char *to, int d)
{
int i;
for(i=0; i<d; i++)
{
if ( from[i] )
{ /* 0 neighbour is solitude, 2 are one too much; 1, he's a friend */
if ( nalive(from, i, d) == 1 )
{
to[i] = 1;
} else {
to[i] = 0;
}
} else {
if ( nalive(from, i, d) == 2 )
{ /* there must be two, to make a child ... */
to[i] = 1;
} else {
to[i] = 0;
}
}
}
}
void show(const char *s, int d)
{
int i;
for(i=0; i<d; i++)
{
printf("%c", s[i] ? ALIVE : DEAD);
}
printf("\n");
}
int main()
{
int i;
char *from, *to, *t;
initspace(space, SPACEDIM);
from = space; to = tspace;
for(i=0; i<GENERATION; i++)
{
show(from, SPACEDIM);
evolve(from, to, SPACEDIM);
t = from; from = to; to = t;
}
printf("\n");
initspace_random(space, SPACEDIM);
from = space; to = tspace;
for(i=0; i<GENERATION; i++)
{
show(from, SPACEDIM);
evolve(from, to, SPACEDIM);
t = from; from = to; to = t;
}
return 0;
}
The output is:
_###_##_#_#_#_#__#__ _#_#####_#_#_#______ __##___##_#_#_______ __##___###_#________ __##___#_##_________ __##____###_________ __##____#_#_________ __##_____#__________ __##________________ __##________________ #_###__#_#_#_#####_# _##_#___#_#_##___##_ _###_____#_###___##_ _#_#______##_#___##_ __#_______###____##_ __________#_#____##_ ___________#_____##_ _________________##_ _________________##_ _________________##_
[edit] C++
Uses std::bitset for efficient packing of bit values.
#include <iostream>
#include <bitset>
#include <string>
const int ArraySize = 20;
const int NumGenerations = 10;
const std::string Initial = "0011101101010101001000";
int main()
{
// + 2 for the fixed ends of the array
std::bitset<ArraySize + 2> array(Initial);
for(int j = 0; j < NumGenerations; ++j)
{
std::bitset<ArraySize + 2> tmpArray(array);
for(int i = ArraySize; i >= 1 ; --i)
{
if(array[i])
std::cout << "#";
else
std::cout << "_";
int val = (int)array[i-1] << 2 | (int)array[i] << 1 | (int)array[i+1];
tmpArray[i] = (val == 3 || val == 5 || val == 6);
}
array = tmpArray;
std::cout << std::endl;
}
}
Output:
_###_##_#_#_#_#__#__ _#_#####_#_#_#______ __##___##_#_#_______ __##___###_#________ __##___#_##_________ __##____###_________ __##____#_#_________ __##_____#__________ __##________________ __##________________
[edit] Clojure
(ns one-dimensional-cellular-automata
(:require (clojure.contrib (string :as s))))
(defn next-gen [cells]
(loop [cs cells ncs (s/take 1 cells)]
(let [f3 (s/take 3 cs)]
(if (= 3 (count f3))
(recur (s/drop 1 cs)
(str ncs (if (= 2 (count (filter #(= \# %) f3))) "#" "_")))
(str ncs (s/drop 1 cs))))))
(defn generate [n cells]
(if (= n 0)
'()
(cons cells (generate (dec n) (next-gen cells)))))
one-dimensional-cellular-automata> (doseq [cells (generate 9 "_###_##_#_#_#_#__#__")]
(println cells))
_###_##_#_#_#_#__#__
_#_#####_#_#_#______
__##___##_#_#_______
__##___###_#________
__##___#_##_________
__##____###_________
__##____#_#_________
__##_____#__________
__##________________
nil
[edit] Common Lisp
Based upon the Ruby version.
(defun value (x)
(assert (> (length x) 1))
(coerce x 'simple-bit-vector))
(defun count-neighbors-and-self (value i)
(flet ((ref (i)
(if (array-in-bounds-p value i)
(bit value i)
0)))
(declare (inline ref))
(+ (ref (1- i))
(ref i)
(ref (1+ i)))))
(defun next-cycle (value)
(let ((new-value (make-array (length value) :element-type 'bit)))
(loop for i below (length value)
do (setf (bit new-value i)
(if (= 2 (count-neighbors-and-self value i))
1
0)))
new-value))
(defun print-world (value &optional (stream *standard-output*))
(loop for i below (length value)
do (princ (if (zerop (bit value i)) #\. #\#)
stream))
(terpri stream))
CL-USER> (loop for previous-value = nil then value
for value = #*01110110101010100100 then (next-cycle value)
until (equalp value previous-value)
do (print-world value))
.###.##.#.#.#.#..#..
.#.#####.#.#.#......
..##...##.#.#.......
..##...###.#........
..##...#.##.........
..##....###.........
..##....#.#.........
..##.....#..........
..##................
[edit] D
import std.stdio, std.algorithm;
void main() {
enum ngenerations = 10;
enum initial = "0011101101010101001000";
enum table = "00010110";
auto A = new char[initial.length + 2];
A[] = '0';
auto B = A.dup;
A[1 .. $-1] = initial;
foreach (_; 0 .. ngenerations) {
foreach (i; 1 .. A.length-1) {
write(A[i] == '0' ? '_' : '#');
int val = (A[i-1]-'0' << 2) | (A[i]-'0' << 1) | (A[i+1]-'0');
B[i] = table[val];
}
swap(A, B);
writeln();
}
}
Output:
__###_##_#_#_#_#__#___ __#_#####_#_#_#_______ ___##___##_#_#________ ___##___###_#_________ ___##___#_##__________ ___##____###__________ ___##____#_#__________ ___##_____#___________ ___##_________________ ___##_________________
[edit] E
def step(state, rule) {
var result := state(0, 1) # fixed left cell
for i in 1..(state.size() - 2) {
# Rule function receives the substring which is the neighborhood
result += E.toString(rule(state(i-1, i+2)))
}
result += state(state.size() - 1) # fixed right cell
return result
}
def play(var state, rule, count, out) {
out.print(`0 | $state$\n`)
for i in 1..count {
state := step(state, rosettaRule)
out.print(`$i | $state$\n`)
}
return state
}
def rosettaRule := [
" " => " ",
" #" => " ",
" # " => " ",
" ##" => "#",
"# " => " ",
"# #" => "#",
"## " => "#",
"###" => " ",
].get
? play(" ### ## # # # # # ", rosettaRule, 9, stdout)
0 | ### ## # # # # #
1 | # ##### # # #
2 | ## ## # #
3 | ## ### #
4 | ## # ##
5 | ## ###
6 | ## # #
7 | ## #
8 | ##
9 | ##
# value: " ## "
[edit] Factor
USING: bit-arrays io kernel locals math sequences ;
IN: cellular
: bool-sum ( bool1 bool2 -- sum )
[ [ 2 ] [ 1 ] if ]
[ [ 1 ] [ 0 ] if ] if ;
:: neighbours ( index world -- # )
index [ 1 - ] [ 1 + ] bi [ world ?nth ] bi@ bool-sum ;
: count-neighbours ( world -- neighbours )
[ length iota ] keep [ neighbours ] curry map ;
: life-law ( alive? neighbours -- alive? )
swap [ 1 = ] [ 2 = ] if ;
: step ( world -- world' )
dup count-neighbours [ life-law ] ?{ } 2map-as ;
: print-cellular ( world -- )
[ CHAR: # CHAR: _ ? ] "" map-as print ;
: main-cellular ( -- )
?{ f t t t f t t f t f t f t f t f f t f f }
10 [ dup print-cellular step ] times print-cellular ;
MAIN: main-cellular
( scratchpad ) "cellular" run
_###_##_#_#_#_#__#__
_#_#####_#_#_#______
__##___##_#_#_______
__##___###_#________
__##___#_##_________
__##____###_________
__##____#_#_________
__##_____#__________
__##________________
__##________________
__##________________
[edit] Forth
: init ( bits count -- )
0 do dup 1 and c, 2/ loop drop ;
20 constant size
create state $2556e size init 0 c,
: .state
cr size 0 do
state i + c@ if ." #" else space then
loop ;
: ctable create does> + c@ ;
ctable rules $68 8 init
: gen
state c@ ( window )
size 0 do
2* state i + 1+ c@ or 7 and
dup rules state i + c!
loop drop ;
: life1d ( n -- )
.state 1 do gen .state loop ;
10 life1d
[edit] Fortran
Works with: Fortran version 90 and later
PROGRAM LIFE_1D
IMPLICIT NONE
LOGICAL :: cells(20) = (/ .FALSE., .TRUE., .TRUE., .TRUE., .FALSE., .TRUE., .TRUE., .FALSE., .TRUE., .FALSE., &
.TRUE., .FALSE., .TRUE., .FALSE., .TRUE., .FALSE., .FALSE., .TRUE., .FALSE., .FALSE. /)
INTEGER :: i
DO i = 0, 9
WRITE(*, "(A,I0,A)", ADVANCE = "NO") "Generation ", i, ": "
CALL Drawgen(cells)
CALL Nextgen(cells)
END DO
CONTAINS
SUBROUTINE Nextgen(cells)
LOGICAL, INTENT (IN OUT) :: cells(:)
LOGICAL :: left, centre, right
INTEGER :: i
left = .FALSE.
DO i = 1, SIZE(cells)-1
centre = cells(i)
right = cells(i+1)
IF (left .AND. right) THEN
cells(i) = .NOT. cells(i)
ELSE IF (.NOT. left .AND. .NOT. right) THEN
cells(i) = .FALSE.
END IF
left = centre
END DO
cells(SIZE(cells)) = left .AND. right
END SUBROUTINE Nextgen
SUBROUTINE Drawgen(cells)
LOGICAL, INTENT (IN OUT) :: cells(:)
INTEGER :: i
DO i = 1, SIZE(cells)
IF (cells(i)) THEN
WRITE(*, "(A)", ADVANCE = "NO") "#"
ELSE
WRITE(*, "(A)", ADVANCE = "NO") "_"
END IF
END DO
WRITE(*,*)
END SUBROUTINE Drawgen
END PROGRAM LIFE_1D
Output
Generation 0: _###_##_#_#_#_#__#__ Generation 1: _#_#####_#_#_#______ Generation 2: __##___##_#_#_______ Generation 3: __##___###_#________ Generation 4: __##___#_##_________ Generation 5: __##____###_________ Generation 6: __##____#_#_________ Generation 7: __##_____#__________ Generation 8: __##________________ Generation 9: __##________________
[edit] Haskell
module Life1D where
import Data.List
import System.Random
import Control.Monad
import Control.Arrow
bnd :: [Char] -> Char
bnd bs =
case bs of
"_##" -> '#'
"#_#" -> '#'
"##_" -> '#'
_ -> '_'
donxt xs = unfoldr(\xs -> case xs of [_,_] -> Nothing ;
_ -> Just (bnd $ take 3 xs, drop 1 xs)) $ '_':xs++"_"
lahmahgaan xs = init.until (liftM2 (==) last (last. init)) (ap (++)(return. donxt. last)) $ [xs, donxt xs]
main = do
g <- newStdGen
let oersoep = map ("_#"!!). take 36 $ randomRs(0,1) g
mapM_ print . lahmahgaan $ oersoep
Some output:
*Life1D> mapM_ print . lahmahgaan $ "_###_##_#_#_#_#__#__"
"_###_##_#_#_#_#__#__"
"_#_#####_#_#_#______"
"__##___##_#_#_______"
"__##___###_#________"
"__##___#_##_________"
"__##____###_________"
"__##____#_#_________"
"__##_____#__________"
"__##________________"
*Life1D> main
"__##_##__#____###__#__#_______#_#_##"
"__#####_______#_#______________#_###"
"__#___#________#________________##_#"
"________________________________###_"
"________________________________#_#_"
"_________________________________#__"
"____________________________________"
[edit] J
life1d=: '_#'{~ (2 = 3+/\ 0,],0:)^:a:
Example use:
life1d ? 20 # 2
_###_##_#_#_#_#__#__
_#_#####_#_#_#______
__##___##_#_#_______
__##___###_#________
__##___#_##_________
__##____###_________
__##____#_#_________
__##_____#__________
__##________________
[edit] Java
This example requires a starting generation of at least length two (which is what you need for anything interesting anyway).
public class Life{
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception{
String start= "_###_##_#_#_#_#__#__";
int numGens = 10;
for(int i= 0; i < numGens; i++){
System.out.println("Generation " + i + ": " + start);
start= life(start);
}
}
public static String life(String lastGen){
String newGen= "";
for(int i= 0; i < lastGen.length(); i++){
int neighbors= 0;
if (i == 0){//left edge
neighbors= lastGen.charAt(1) == '#' ? 1 : 0;
} else if (i == lastGen.length() - 1){//right edge
neighbors= lastGen.charAt(i - 1) == '#' ? 1 : 0;
} else{//middle
neighbors= getNeighbors(lastGen.substring(i - 1, i + 2));
}
if (neighbors == 0){//dies or stays dead with no neighbors
newGen+= "_";
}
if (neighbors == 1){//stays with one neighbor
newGen+= lastGen.charAt(i);
}
if (neighbors == 2){//flips with two neighbors
newGen+= lastGen.charAt(i) == '#' ? "_" : "#";
}
}
return newGen;
}
public static int getNeighbors(String group){
int ans= 0;
if (group.charAt(0) == '#') ans++;
if (group.charAt(2) == '#') ans++;
return ans;
}
}
Output:
Generation 0: _###_##_#_#_#_#__#__ Generation 1: _#_#####_#_#_#______ Generation 2: __##___##_#_#_______ Generation 3: __##___###_#________ Generation 4: __##___#_##_________ Generation 5: __##____###_________ Generation 6: __##____#_#_________ Generation 7: __##_____#__________ Generation 8: __##________________ Generation 9: __##________________
[edit] JavaScript
The example below expects an array of 1s or 0s, as in the example. It also adds dead cells to both ends, which aren't included in the returned next generation.
state[i-1] refers to the new cell in question, (old[i] == 1) checks if the old cell was alive.
function caStep(old) {
var old = [0].concat(old, [0]); // Surround with dead cells.
var state = []; // The new state.
for (var i=1; i<old.length-1; i++) {
switch (old[i-1] + old[i+1]) {
case 0: state[i-1] = 0; break;
case 1: state[i-1] = (old[i] == 1) ? 1 : 0; break;
case 2: state[i-1] = (old[i] == 1) ? 0 : 1; break;
}
}
return state;
}
Example usage:
alert(caStep([0,1,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,0]));
shows an alert with "0,1,0,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0".
[edit] Logo
Works with: UCB Logo
make "cell_list [0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0]
make "generations 9
to evolve :n
ifelse :n=1 [make "nminus1 item :cell_count :cell_list][make "nminus1 item :n-1 :cell_list]
ifelse :n=:cell_count[make "nplus1 item 1 :cell_list][make "nplus1 item :n+1 :cell_list]
ifelse ((item :n :cell_list)=0) [
ifelse (and (:nminus1=1) (:nplus1=1)) [output 1][output (item :n :cell_list)]
][
ifelse (and (:nminus1=1) (:nplus1=1)) [output 0][
ifelse and (:nminus1=0) (:nplus1=0) [output 0][output (item :n :cell_list)]]
]
end
to CA_1D :cell_list :generations
make "cell_count count :cell_list
(print ")
make "printout "
repeat :cell_count [
make "printout word :printout ifelse (item repcount :cell_list)=1 ["#]["_]
]
(print "Generation "0: :printout)
repeat :generations [
(make "cell_list_temp [])
repeat :cell_count[
(make "cell_list_temp (lput (evolve repcount) :cell_list_temp))
]
make "cell_list :cell_list_temp
make "printout "
repeat :cell_count [
make "printout word :printout ifelse (item repcount :cell_list)=1 ["#]["_]
]
(print "Generation word repcount ": :printout)
]
end
CA_1D :cell_list :generations
Sample Output:
Generation 0: _###_##_#_#_#_#__#__ Generation 1: _#_#####_#_#_#______ Generation 2: __##___##_#_#_______ Generation 3: __##___###_#________ Generation 4: __##___#_##_________ Generation 5: __##____###_________ Generation 6: __##____#_#_________ Generation 7: __##_____#__________ Generation 8: __##________________ Generation 9: __##________________
[edit] M4
divert(-1)
define(`set',`define(`$1[$2]',`$3')')
define(`get',`defn(`$1[$2]')')
define(`setrange',`ifelse(`$3',`',$2,`define($1[$2],$3)`'setrange($1,
incr($2),shift(shift(shift($@))))')')
dnl throw in sentinels at each end (0 and size+1) to make counting easy
define(`new',`set($1,size,eval($#-1))`'setrange($1,1,
shift($@))`'set($1,0,0)`'set($1,$#,0)')
define(`for',
`ifelse($#,0,``$0'',
`ifelse(eval($2<=$3),1,
`pushdef(`$1',$2)$4`'popdef(`$1')$0(`$1',incr($2),$3,`$4')')')')
define(`show',
`for(`k',1,get($1,size),`get($1,k) ')')
dnl swap(`a',a,`b') using arg stack for temp
define(`swap',`define(`$1',$3)`'define(`$3',$2)')
define(`nalive',
`eval(get($1,decr($2))+get($1,incr($2)))')
setrange(`live',0,0,1,0)
setrange(`dead',0,0,0,1)
define(`nv',
`ifelse(get($1,z),0,`get(dead,$3)',`get(live,$3)')')
define(`evolve',
`for(`z',1,get($1,size),
`set($2,z,nv($1,z,nalive($1,z)))')')
new(`a',0,1,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,0)
set(`b',size,get(`a',size))`'set(`b',0,0)`'set(`b',incr(get(`a',size)),0)
define(`x',`a')
define(`y',`b')
divert
for(`j',1,10,
`show(x)`'evolve(`x',`y')`'swap(`x',x,`y')
')`'show(x)
Output:
0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
[edit] Mathematica
Built-in function:
CellularAutomaton[{{0,0,_}->0,{0,1,0}->0,{0,1,1}->1,{1,0,0}->0,{1,0,1}->1,{1,1,0}->1,{1,1,1}->0},{{1,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,1},0},12]
Print @@@ (% /. {1 -> "#", 0 -> "."});
gives back:
###.##.#.#.#.#..#
#.#####.#.#.#....
.##...##.#.#.....
.##...###.#......
.##...#.##.......
.##....###.......
.##....#.#.......
.##.....#........
.##..............
.##..............
.##..............
.##..............
.##..............
[edit] Modula-3
Translation of: Ada
Modula-3 provides a module Word for doing bitwise operations, but it segfaults when trying to use BOOLEAN types, so we use INTEGER instead.
MODULE Cell EXPORTS Main;
IMPORT IO, Fmt, Word;
VAR culture := ARRAY [0..19] OF INTEGER {0, 1, 1, 1,
0, 1, 1, 0,
1, 0, 1, 0,
1, 0, 1, 0,
0, 1, 0, 0};
PROCEDURE Step(VAR culture: ARRAY OF INTEGER) =
VAR left: INTEGER := 0;
this, right: INTEGER;
BEGIN
FOR i := FIRST(culture) TO LAST(culture) - 1 DO
right := culture[i + 1];
this := culture[i];
culture[i] :=
Word.Or(Word.And(this, Word.Xor(left, right)), Word.And(Word.Not(this), Word.And(left, right)));
left := this;
END;
culture[LAST(culture)] := Word.And(culture[LAST(culture)], Word.Not(left));
END Step;
PROCEDURE Put(VAR culture: ARRAY OF INTEGER) =
BEGIN
FOR i := FIRST(culture) TO LAST(culture) DO
IF culture[i] = 1 THEN
IO.PutChar('#');
ELSE
IO.PutChar('_');
END;
END;
END Put;
BEGIN
FOR i := 0 TO 9 DO
IO.Put("Generation " & Fmt.Int(i) & " ");
Put(culture);
IO.Put("\n");
Step(culture);
END;
END Cell.
Output:
Generation 0 _###_##_#_#_#_#__#__ Generation 1 _#_#####_#_#_#______ Generation 2 __##___##_#_#_______ Generation 3 __##___###_#________ Generation 4 __##___#_##_________ Generation 5 __##____###_________ Generation 6 __##____#_#_________ Generation 7 __##_____#__________ Generation 8 __##________________ Generation 9 __##________________
[edit] Nial
(life.nial)
% we need a way to write a values and pass the same back
wi is rest link [write, pass]
% calculate the neighbors by rotating the array left and right and joining them
neighbors is pack [pass, sum [-1 rotate, 1 rotate]]
% calculate the individual birth and death of a single array element
igen is fork [ = [ + [first, second], 3 first], 0 first, = [ + [first, second], 2 first], 1 first, 0 first ]
% apply that to the array
nextgen is each igen neighbors
% 42
life is fork [ > [sum pass, 0 first], life nextgen wi, pass ]
Using it
|loaddefs 'life.nial'
|I := [0,1,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,0]
|life I
[edit] OCaml
let get g i =
try g.(i)
with _ -> 0
let next_cell g i =
match get g (i-1), get g (i), get g (i+1) with
| 0, 0, 0 -> 0
| 0, 0, 1 -> 0
| 0, 1, 0 -> 0
| 0, 1, 1 -> 1
| 1, 0, 0 -> 0
| 1, 0, 1 -> 1
| 1, 1, 0 -> 1
| 1, 1, 1 -> 0
| _ -> assert(false)
let next g =
let old_g = Array.copy g in
for i = 0 to pred(Array.length g) do
g.(i) <- (next_cell old_g i)
done
let print_g g =
for i = 0 to pred(Array.length g) do
if g.(i) = 0
then print_char '_'
else print_char '#'
done;
print_newline()
put the code above in a file named "life.ml", and then use it in the ocaml toplevel like this:
#use "life.ml" ;;
let iter n g =
for i = 0 to n do
Printf.printf "Generation %d: " i; print_g g;
next g;
done
;;
let g_of_string str =
let f = (function '_' -> 0 | '#' -> 1 | _ -> assert false) in
Array.init (String.length str) (fun i -> f str.[i])
;;
# iter 9 (g_of_string "_###_##_#_#_#_#__#__") ;;
Generation 0: _###_##_#_#_#_#__#__
Generation 1: _#_#####_#_#_#______
Generation 2: __##___##_#_#_______
Generation 3: __##___###_#________
Generation 4: __##___#_##_________
Generation 5: __##____###_________
Generation 6: __##____#_#_________
Generation 7: __##_____#__________
Generation 8: __##________________
Generation 9: __##________________
- : unit = ()
[edit] Oz
declare
A0 = {List.toTuple unit "_###_##_#_#_#_#__#__"}
MaxGenerations = 9
Rules = unit('___':&_
'__#':&_
'_#_':&_
'_##':&#
'#__':&_
'#_#':&#
'##_':&#
'###':&_)
fun {Evolve A}
{Record.mapInd A
fun {$ I V}
Left = {CondSelect A I-1 &_}
Right = {CondSelect A I+1 &_}
Env = {String.toAtom [Left V Right]}
in
Rules.Env
end
}
end
fun lazy {Iterate X F}
X|{Iterate {F X} F}
end
in
for
I in 0..MaxGenerations
A in {Iterate A0 Evolve}
do
{System.showInfo "Gen. "#I#": "#{Record.toList A}}
end
Output:
Gen. 0: _###_##_#_#_#_#__#__ Gen. 1: _#_#####_#_#_#______ Gen. 2: __##___##_#_#_______ Gen. 3: __##___###_#________ Gen. 4: __##___#_##_________ Gen. 5: __##____###_________ Gen. 6: __##____#_#_________ Gen. 7: __##_____#__________ Gen. 8: __##________________ Gen. 9: __##________________
[edit] Perl 6
Works with: Rakudo Star version 2010.08
Short though it is, this solution even detects stability. Z+ is a zip metaop with addition, and X== is a cross metaop with equality. (Crossing with a scalar always producing a list of the same length.) We have taken the slight liberty of defining a wraparound universe, but it doesn't matter for this example.
my @c = <_ #>;
my @array = '_###_##_#_#_#_#__#__'.comb.map: { $_ eq '#' };
repeat until @array eqv my @prev {
say @c[@prev = @array];
@array = ((@array Z+ @array.rotate(1)) Z+ @array.rotate(-1)) X== 2;
}
Output:
_###_##_#_#_#_#__#__
_#_#####_#_#_#______
__##___##_#_#_______
__##___###_#________
__##___#_##_________
__##____###_________
__##____#_#_________
__##_____#__________
__##________________
[edit] PicoLisp
(let Cells (chop "_###_##_#_#_#_#__#__")
(do 10
(prinl Cells)
(setq Cells
(make
(link "_")
(map
'((L)
(case (head 3 L)
(`(mapcar chop '("___" "__#" "_#_" "#__" "###"))
(link "_") )
(`(mapcar chop '("_##" "#_#" "##_"))
(link "#") ) ) )
Cells )
(link "_") ) ) ) )
Output:
_###_##_#_#_#_#__#__ _#_#####_#_#_#______ __##___##_#_#_______ __##___###_#________ __##___#_##_________ __##____###_________ __##____#_#_________ __##_____#__________ __##________________ __##________________
[edit] PureBasic
EnableExplicitOutput:
Dim cG.i(21)
Dim nG.i(21)
Define.i n, Gen
DataSection
Data.i 0,1,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,0
EndDataSection
For n=1 To 20
Read.i cG(n)
Next
OpenConsole()
Repeat
Print("Generation "+Str(Gen)+": ")
For n=1 To 20
Print(Chr(95-cG(n)*60))
Next
Gen +1
PrintN("")
For n=1 To 20
If (cG(n) And (cG(n-1) XOr cg(n+1))) Or (Not cG(n) And (cG(n-1) And cg(n+1)))
nG(n)=1
Else
nG(n)=0
EndIf
Next
Swap cG() , nG()
Until Gen > 9
PrintN("Press any key to exit"): Repeat: Until Inkey() <> ""
Generation 0: _###_##_#_#_#_#__#__ Generation 1: _#_#####_#_#_#______ Generation 2: __##___##_#_#_______ Generation 3: __##___###_#________ Generation 4: __##___#_##_________ Generation 5: __##____###_________ Generation 6: __##____#_#_________ Generation 7: __##_____#__________ Generation 8: __##________________ Generation 9: __##________________
[edit] Python
import random
printdead, printlive = '_#'
maxgenerations = 10
cellcount = 20
offendvalue = '0'
universe = ''.join(random.choice('01') for i in range(cellcount))
neighbours2newstate = {
'000': '0',
'001': '0',
'010': '0',
'011': '1',
'100': '0',
'101': '1',
'110': '1',
'111': '0',
}
for i in range(maxgenerations):
print "Generation %3i: %s" % ( i,
universe.replace('0', printdead).replace('1', printlive) )
universe = offendvalue + universe + offendvalue
universe = ''.join(neighbours2newstate[universe[i:i+3]] for i in range(cellcount))
Sample output:
Generation 0: _###_##_#_#_#_#__#__ Generation 1: _#_#####_#_#_#______ Generation 2: __##___##_#_#_______ Generation 3: __##___###_#________ Generation 4: __##___#_##_________ Generation 5: __##____###_________ Generation 6: __##____#_#_________ Generation 7: __##_____#__________ Generation 8: __##________________ Generation 9: __##________________The following implementation uses boolean operations to realize the function.
import random
nquads = 5
maxgenerations = 10
fmt = '%%0%ix'%nquads
nbits = 4*nquads
a = random.getrandbits(nbits) << 1
#a = int('01110110101010100100', 2) << 1
endmask = (2<<nbits)-2;
endvals = 0<<(nbits+1) | 0
tr = ('____', '___#', '__#_', '__##', '_#__', '_#_#', '_##_', '_###',
'#___', '#__#', '#_#_', '#_##', '##__', '##_#', '###_', '####' )
for i in range(maxgenerations):
print "Generation %3i: %s" % (i,(''.join(tr[int(t,16)] for t in (fmt%(a>>1)))))
a |= endvals
a = ((a&((a<<1) | (a>>1))) ^ ((a<<1)&(a>>1))) & endmask
[edit] R
set.seed(15797, kind="Mersenne-Twister")
maxgenerations = 10
cellcount = 20
offendvalue = FALSE
## Cells are alive if TRUE, dead if FALSE
universe <- c(offendvalue,
sample( c(TRUE, FALSE), cellcount, replace=TRUE),
offendvalue)
## List of patterns in which the cell stays alive
stayingAlive <- lapply(list(c(1,1,0),
c(1,0,1),
c(0,1,0)), as.logical)
## x : length 3 logical vector
## map: list of length 3 logical vectors that map to patterns
## in which x stays alive
deadOrAlive <- function(x, map) list(x) %in% map
cellularAutomata <- function(x, map) {
c(x[1], apply(embed(x, 3), 1, deadOrAlive, map=map), x[length(x)])
}
deadOrAlive2string <- function(x) {
paste(ifelse(x, '#', '_'), collapse="")
}
for (i in 1:maxgenerations) {
universe <- cellularAutomata(universe, stayingAlive)
cat(format(i, width=3), deadOrAlive2string(universe), "\n")
}
Sample output,
1 _##_____####_#___#_#__ 2 _##_____#__##_____#___ 3 _##________##_________ 4 _##________##_________ 5 _##________##_________ 6 _##________##_________ 7 _##________##_________ 8 _##________##_________ 9 _##________##_________ 10 _##________##_________
[edit] Ruby
def evolve(ary)
new = Array.new(ary.length)
new[0] = (ary[0] == 1 and ary[1] == 1) ? 1 : 0
(1..new.length - 2).each {|i| new[i] = ary[i-1] + ary[i] + ary[i+1] == 2 ? 1 : 0}
new[-1] = (ary[-2] == 1 and ary[-1] == 1) ? 1 : 0
new
end
def printit(ary)
s = ary.join("")
s.gsub!(/1/,"#")
s.gsub!(/0/,".")
puts s
end
ary = [0,1,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,0]
printit ary
while ary != new=evolve(ary)
printit new
ary = new
end
.###.##.#.#.#.#..#.. .#.#####.#.#.#...... ..##...##.#.#....... ..##...###.#........ ..##...#.##......... ..##....###......... ..##....#.#......... ..##.....#.......... ..##................
[edit] Scala
Works with: Scala version 2.8
def cellularAutomata(s: String) = {
def it = Iterator.iterate(s) ( generation =>
("_%s_" format generation).iterator
sliding 3
map (_ count (_ == '#'))
map Map(2 -> "#").withDefaultValue("_")
mkString
)
(it drop 1) zip it takeWhile Function.tupled(_ != _) map (_._2) foreach println
}
Sample:
scala> cellularAutomata("_###_##_#_#_#_#__#__")
_###_##_#_#_#_#__#__
_#_#####_#_#_#______
__##___##_#_#_______
__##___###_#________
__##___#_##_________
__##____###_________
__##____#_#_________
__##_____#__________
[edit] Scheme
Works with: Scheme version R5RS
(define (next-generation left petri-dish right)
(if (null? petri-dish)
(list)
(cons (if (= (+ left
(car petri-dish)
(if (null? (cdr petri-dish))
right
(cadr petri-dish)))
2)
1
0)
(next-generation (car petri-dish) (cdr petri-dish) right))))
(define (display-evolution petri-dish generations)
(if (not (zero? generations))
(begin (display petri-dish)
(newline)
(display-evolution (next-generation 0 petri-dish 0)
(- generations 1)))))
(display-evolution (list 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0) 10)
Output:
(1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0)
(1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0)
(0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0)
(0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0)
(0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0)
(0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0)
(0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0)
(0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0)
(0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0)
(0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0)
[edit] Tcl
proc evolve {a} {
set new [list]
for {set i 0} {$i < [llength $a]} {incr i} {
lappend new [fate $a $i]
}
return $new
}
proc fate {a i} {
return [expr {[sum $a $i] == 2}]
}
proc sum {a i} {
set sum 0
set start [expr {$i - 1 < 0 ? 0 : $i - 1}]
set end [expr {$i + 1 >= [llength $a] ? $i : $i + 1}]
for {set j $start} {$j <= $end} {incr j} {
incr sum [lindex $a $j]
}
return $sum
}
proc print {a} {
puts [string map {0 _ 1 #} [join $a ""]]
}
proc parse {s} {
return [split [string map {_ 0 # 1} $s] ""]
}
set array [parse "_###_##_#_#_#_#__#__"]
print $array
while {[set new [evolve $array]] ne $array} {
set array $new
print $array
}
[edit] Ursala
Three functions are defined. Rule takes a neighborhood of three cells to the succeeding value of the middle one, step takes a list of cells to its successor by applying the rule across a sliding window, and evolve takes an initial list of cells to a list of those evolving from it according to the rule. The cells are maintained as a list of booleans (0 and &) but are converted to characters for presentation in the example code.
#import std
#import nat
rule = -$<0,0,0,&,0,&,&,0>@rSS zipp0*ziD iota8
step = rule*+ swin3+ :/0+ --<0>
evolve "n" = @iNC ~&x+ rep"n" ^C/step@h ~&
#show+
example = ~&?(`#!,`.!)** evolve10 <0,&,&,&,0,&,&,0,&,0,&,0,&,0,0,&,0,0>
output:
.###.##.#.#.#..#.. .#.#####.#.#...... ..##...##.#....... ..##...###........ ..##...#.#........ ..##....#......... ..##.............. ..##.............. ..##.............. ..##.............. ..##..............
[edit] Vedit macro language
This implementation writes the calculated patterns into an edit buffer, where the results can viewed and saved into a file if required. The edit buffer also acts as storage during calculations.
IT("Gen 0: ..###.##.#.#.#.#..#.....") // initial pattern
#9 = Cur_Col
for (#8 = 1; #8 < 10; #8++) { // 10 generations
Goto_Col(7)
Reg_Empty(20)
while (Cur_Col < #9-1) {
if (Match("|{##|!#,#.#,|!###}")==0) {
Reg_Set(20, "#", APPEND)
} else {
Reg_Set(20, ".", APPEND)
}
Char
}
EOL IN
IT("Gen ") Num_Ins(#8, LEFT+NOCR) IT(": ")
Reg_Ins(20)
}
Sample output:
Gen 0: ..###.##.#.#.#.#..#.....
Gen 1: ..#.#####.#.#.#.........
Gen 2: ...##...##.#.#..........
Gen 3: ...##...###.#...........
Gen 4: ...##...#.##............
Gen 5: ...##....###............
Gen 6: ...##....#.#............
Gen 7: ...##.....#.............
Gen 8: ...##...................
Gen 9: ...##...................
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