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Revision as of 17:34, 17 July 2024
![Task](http://static.miraheze.org/rosettacodewiki/thumb/b/ba/Rcode-button-task-crushed.png/64px-Rcode-button-task-crushed.png)
You are encouraged to solve this task according to the task description, using any language you may know.
Let f
be a uniformly-randomly chosen mapping from the numbers 1..N to the numbers 1..N (note: not necessarily a permutation of 1..N; the mapping could produce a number in more than one way or not at all). At some point, the sequence 1, f(1), f(f(1))...
will contain a repetition, a number that occurring for the second time in the sequence.
- Task
Write a program or a script that estimates, for each N
, the average length until the first such repetition.
Also calculate this expected length using an analytical formula, and optionally compare the simulated result with the theoretical one.
This problem comes from the end of Donald Knuth's Christmas tree lecture 2011.
Example of expected output:
N average analytical (error) === ========= ============ ========= 1 1.0000 1.0000 ( 0.00%) 2 1.4992 1.5000 ( 0.05%) 3 1.8784 1.8889 ( 0.56%) 4 2.2316 2.2188 ( 0.58%) 5 2.4982 2.5104 ( 0.49%) 6 2.7897 2.7747 ( 0.54%) 7 3.0153 3.0181 ( 0.09%) 8 3.2429 3.2450 ( 0.07%) 9 3.4536 3.4583 ( 0.14%) 10 3.6649 3.6602 ( 0.13%) 11 3.8091 3.8524 ( 1.12%) 12 3.9986 4.0361 ( 0.93%) 13 4.2074 4.2123 ( 0.12%) 14 4.3711 4.3820 ( 0.25%) 15 4.5275 4.5458 ( 0.40%) 16 4.6755 4.7043 ( 0.61%) 17 4.8877 4.8579 ( 0.61%) 18 4.9951 5.0071 ( 0.24%) 19 5.1312 5.1522 ( 0.41%) 20 5.2699 5.2936 ( 0.45%)
11l
F ffactorial(n)
V result = 1.0
L(i) 2..n
result *= i
R result
V MAX_N = 20
V TIMES = 1000000
F analytical(n)
R sum((1..n).map(i -> ffactorial(@n) / pow(Float(@n), Float(i)) / ffactorial(@n - i)))
F test(n, times)
V count = 0
L(i) 0 .< times
V (x, bits) = (1, 0)
L (bits [&] x) == 0
count++
bits [|]= x
x = 1 << random:(n)
R Float(count) / times
print(" n avg exp. diff\n-------------------------------")
L(n) 1 .. MAX_N
V avg = test(n, TIMES)
V theory = analytical(n)
V diff = (avg / theory - 1) * 100
print(‘#2 #3.4 #3.4 #2.3%’.format(n, avg, theory, diff))
- Output:
n avg exp. diff ------------------------------- 1 1.0000 1.0000 0.000% 2 1.5003 1.5000 0.022% 3 1.8897 1.8889 0.044% 4 2.2170 2.2187 -0.080% 5 2.5099 2.5104 -0.022% 6 2.7736 2.7747 -0.040% 7 3.0182 3.0181 0.001% 8 3.2438 3.2450 -0.037% 9 3.4589 3.4583 0.018% 10 3.6605 3.6602 0.008% 11 3.8517 3.8524 -0.017% 12 4.0373 4.0361 0.032% 13 4.2159 4.2123 0.085% 14 4.3828 4.3820 0.017% 15 4.5465 4.5458 0.016% 16 4.7048 4.7043 0.013% 17 4.8585 4.8579 0.012% 18 5.0042 5.0071 -0.057% 19 5.1465 5.1522 -0.110% 20 5.2907 5.2936 -0.054%
Ada
with Ada.Text_IO; use Ada.Text_IO;
with Ada.Numerics.Generic_Elementary_Functions;
with Ada.Numerics.Discrete_Random;
procedure Avglen is
package IIO is new Ada.Text_IO.Integer_IO (Positive); use IIO;
package LFIO is new Ada.Text_IO.Float_IO (Long_Float); use LFIO;
subtype FactN is Natural range 0..20;
TESTS : constant Natural := 1_000_000;
function Factorial (N : FactN) return Long_Float is
Result : Long_Float := 1.0;
begin
for I in 2..N loop Result := Result * Long_Float(I); end loop;
return Result;
end Factorial;
function Analytical (N : FactN) return Long_Float is
Sum : Long_Float := 0.0;
begin
for I in 1..N loop
Sum := Sum + Factorial(N) / Factorial(N - I) / Long_Float(N)**I;
end loop;
return Sum;
end Analytical;
function Experimental (N : FactN) return Long_Float is
subtype RandInt is Natural range 1..N;
package Random is new Ada.Numerics.Discrete_Random(RandInt);
seed : Random.Generator;
Num : RandInt;
count : Natural := 0;
bits : array(RandInt'Range) of Boolean;
begin
Random.Reset(seed);
for run in 1..TESTS loop
bits := (others => false);
for I in RandInt'Range loop
Num := Random.Random(seed); exit when bits(Num);
bits(Num) := True; count := count + 1;
end loop;
end loop;
return Long_Float(count)/Long_Float(TESTS);
end Experimental;
A, E, err : Long_Float;
begin
Put_Line(" N avg calc %diff");
for I in 1..20 loop
A := Analytical(I); E := Experimental(I); err := abs(E-A)/A*100.0;
Put(I, Width=>2); Put(E ,Aft=>4, exp=>0); Put(A, Aft=>4, exp=>0);
Put(err, Fore=>3, Aft=>3, exp=>0); New_line;
end loop;
end Avglen;
- Output:
N avg calc %diff 1 1.0000 1.0000 0.000 2 1.5000 1.5000 0.003 3 1.8886 1.8889 0.015 4 2.2180 2.2188 0.033 5 2.5104 2.5104 0.000 6 2.7745 2.7747 0.006 7 3.0191 3.0181 0.033 8 3.2433 3.2450 0.052 9 3.4583 3.4583 0.001 10 3.6597 3.6602 0.015 11 3.8524 3.8524 0.001 12 4.0352 4.0361 0.022 13 4.2147 4.2123 0.055 14 4.3853 4.3820 0.075 15 4.5453 4.5458 0.011 16 4.7055 4.7043 0.027 17 4.8592 4.8579 0.028 18 5.0062 5.0071 0.017 19 5.1535 5.1522 0.025 20 5.2955 5.2936 0.035
BBC BASIC
@% = &2040A
MAX_N = 20
TIMES = 1000000
FOR n = 1 TO MAX_N
avg = FNtest(n, TIMES)
theory = FNanalytical(n)
diff = (avg / theory - 1) * 100
PRINT STR$(n), avg, theory, diff "%"
NEXT
END
DEF FNanalytical(n)
LOCAL i, s
FOR i = 1 TO n
s += FNfactorial(n) / n^i / FNfactorial(n-i)
NEXT
= s
DEF FNtest(n, times)
LOCAL i, b, c, x
FOR i = 1 TO times
x = 1 : b = 0
WHILE (b AND x) = 0
c += 1
b OR= x
x = 1 << (RND(n) - 1)
ENDWHILE
NEXT
= c / times
DEF FNfactorial(n)
IF n=1 OR n=0 THEN =1 ELSE = n * FNfactorial(n-1)
- Output:
1 1.0000 1.0000 0.0000% 2 1.4995 1.5000 -0.0366% 3 1.8879 1.8889 -0.0509% 4 2.2193 2.2188 0.0240% 5 2.5105 2.5104 0.0057% 6 2.7755 2.7747 0.0293% 7 3.0199 3.0181 0.0573% 8 3.2396 3.2450 -0.1664% 9 3.4562 3.4583 -0.0609% 10 3.6578 3.6602 -0.0659% 11 3.8523 3.8524 -0.0025% 12 4.0336 4.0361 -0.0602% 13 4.2139 4.2123 0.0366% 14 4.3816 4.3820 -0.0105% 15 4.5432 4.5458 -0.0570% 16 4.7108 4.7043 0.1386% 17 4.8578 4.8579 -0.0018% 18 5.0063 5.0071 -0.0144% 19 5.1564 5.1522 0.0814% 20 5.2945 5.2936 0.0166%
C
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <time.h>
#define MAX_N 20
#define TIMES 1000000
double factorial(int n) {
double f = 1;
int i;
for (i = 1; i <= n; i++) f *= i;
return f;
}
double expected(int n) {
double sum = 0;
int i;
for (i = 1; i <= n; i++)
sum += factorial(n) / pow(n, i) / factorial(n - i);
return sum;
}
int randint(int n) {
int r, rmax = RAND_MAX / n * n;
while ((r = rand()) >= rmax);
return r / (RAND_MAX / n);
}
int test(int n, int times) {
int i, count = 0;
for (i = 0; i < times; i++) {
int x = 1, bits = 0;
while (!(bits & x)) {
count++;
bits |= x;
x = 1 << randint(n);
}
}
return count;
}
int main(void) {
srand(time(0));
puts(" n\tavg\texp.\tdiff\n-------------------------------");
int n;
for (n = 1; n <= MAX_N; n++) {
int cnt = test(n, TIMES);
double avg = (double)cnt / TIMES;
double theory = expected(n);
double diff = (avg / theory - 1) * 100;
printf("%2d %8.4f %8.4f %6.3f%%\n", n, avg, theory, diff);
}
return 0;
}
- Output:
n avg exp. diff ------------------------------- 1 1.0000 1.0000 0.000% 2 1.4998 1.5000 -0.015% 3 1.8879 1.8889 -0.051% 4 2.2181 2.2188 -0.029% 5 2.5107 2.5104 0.012% 6 2.7741 2.7747 -0.021% 7 3.0168 3.0181 -0.044% 8 3.2455 3.2450 0.014% 9 3.4591 3.4583 0.023% 10 3.6596 3.6602 -0.017% 11 3.8519 3.8524 -0.013% 12 4.0384 4.0361 0.059% 13 4.2106 4.2123 -0.042% 14 4.3840 4.3820 0.044% 15 4.5449 4.5458 -0.020% 16 4.7058 4.7043 0.033% 17 4.8549 4.8579 -0.060% 18 5.0084 5.0071 0.026% 19 5.1479 5.1522 -0.084% 20 5.2957 5.2936 0.040%
C#
public class AverageLoopLength {
private static int N = 100000;
private static double analytical(int n) {
double[] factorial = new double[n + 1];
double[] powers = new double[n + 1];
powers[0] = 1.0;
factorial[0] = 1.0;
for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++) {
factorial[i] = factorial[i - 1] * i;
powers[i] = powers[i - 1] * n;
}
double sum = 0;
for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++) {
sum += factorial[n] / factorial[n - i] / powers[i];
}
return sum;
}
private static double average(int n) {
Random rnd = new Random();
double sum = 0.0;
for (int a = 0; a < N; a++) {
int[] random = new int[n];
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
random[i] = rnd.Next(n);
}
var seen = new HashSet<double>(n);
int current = 0;
int length = 0;
while (seen.Add(current)) {
length++;
current = random[current];
}
sum += length;
}
return sum / N;
}
public static void Main(string[] args) {
Console.WriteLine(" N average analytical (error)");
Console.WriteLine("=== ========= ============ =========");
for (int i = 1; i <= 20; i++) {
var average = AverageLoopLength.average(i);
var analytical = AverageLoopLength.analytical(i);
Console.WriteLine("{0,3} {1,10:N4} {2,13:N4} {3,8:N2}%", i, average, analytical, (analytical - average) / analytical * 100);
}
}
}
- Output:
N average analytical (error) === ========= ============ ========= 1 1.0000 1.0000 0.00% 2 1.4999 1.5000 0.01% 3 1.8860 1.8889 0.15% 4 2.2235 2.2188 -0.22% 5 2.5115 2.5104 -0.04% 6 2.7793 2.7747 -0.17% 7 3.0149 3.0181 0.11% 8 3.2457 3.2450 -0.02% 9 3.4559 3.4583 0.07% 10 3.6558 3.6602 0.12% 11 3.8428 3.8524 0.25% 12 4.0270 4.0361 0.22% 13 4.2111 4.2123 0.03% 14 4.3766 4.3820 0.12% 15 4.5535 4.5458 -0.17% 16 4.6989 4.7043 0.11% 17 4.8590 4.8579 -0.02% 18 4.9972 5.0071 0.20% 19 5.1542 5.1522 -0.04% 20 5.3024 5.2936 -0.17%
C++
Partial translation of C using stl and std.
#include <random>
#include <random>
#include <vector>
#include <iostream>
#define MAX_N 20
#define TIMES 1000000
/**
* Used to generate a uniform random distribution
*/
static std::random_device rd; //Will be used to obtain a seed for the random number engine
static std::mt19937 gen(rd()); //Standard mersenne_twister_engine seeded with rd()
static std::uniform_int_distribution<> dis;
int randint(int n) {
int r, rmax = RAND_MAX / n * n;
dis=std::uniform_int_distribution<int>(0,rmax) ;
r = dis(gen);
return r / (RAND_MAX / n);
}
unsigned long long factorial(size_t n) {
//Factorial using dynamic programming to memoize the values.
static std::vector<unsigned long long>factorials{1,1,2};
for (;factorials.size() <= n;)
factorials.push_back(((unsigned long long) factorials.back())*factorials.size());
return factorials[n];
}
long double expected(size_t n) {
long double sum = 0;
for (size_t i = 1; i <= n; i++)
sum += factorial(n) / pow(n, i) / factorial(n - i);
return sum;
}
int test(int n, int times) {
int i, count = 0;
for (i = 0; i < times; i++) {
unsigned int x = 1, bits = 0;
while (!(bits & x)) {
count++;
bits |= x;
x = static_cast<unsigned int>(1 << randint(n));
}
}
return count;
}
int main() {
puts(" n\tavg\texp.\tdiff\n-------------------------------");
int n;
for (n = 1; n <= MAX_N; n++) {
int cnt = test(n, TIMES);
long double avg = (double)cnt / TIMES;
long double theory = expected(static_cast<size_t>(n));
long double diff = (avg / theory - 1) * 100;
printf("%2d %8.4f %8.4f %6.3f%%\n", n, static_cast<double>(avg), static_cast<double>(theory), static_cast<double>(diff));
}
return 0;
}
- Output:
n avg exp. diff ------------------------------- 1 1.0000 1.0000 0.002% 2 1.4999 1.5000 -0.006% 3 1.8897 1.8889 0.042% 4 2.2177 2.2188 -0.046% 5 2.5109 2.5104 0.018% 6 2.7768 2.7747 0.077% 7 3.0187 3.0181 0.019% 8 3.2448 3.2450 -0.008% 9 3.4600 3.4583 0.049% 10 3.6619 3.6602 0.046% 11 3.8526 3.8524 0.006% 12 4.0391 4.0361 0.076% 13 4.2129 4.2123 0.012% 14 4.3858 4.3820 0.087% 15 4.5469 4.5458 0.023% 16 4.7045 4.7043 0.006% 17 4.8587 4.8579 0.016% 18 5.0071 5.0071 0.001% 19 5.1529 5.1522 0.013% 20 5.2931 5.2936 -0.010%
Clojure
(ns cyclelengths
(:gen-class))
(defn factorial [n]
" n! "
(apply *' (range 1 (inc n)))) ; Use *' (vs. *) to allow arbitrary length arithmetic
(defn pow [n i]
" n^i"
(apply *' (repeat i n)))
(defn analytical [n]
" Analytical Computation "
(->>(range 1 (inc n))
(map #(/ (factorial n) (pow n %) (factorial (- n %)))) ;calc n %))
(reduce + 0)))
;; Number of random times to test each n
(def TIMES 1000000)
(defn single-test-cycle-length [n]
" Single random test of cycle length "
(loop [count 0
bits 0
x 1]
(if (zero? (bit-and x bits))
(recur (inc count) (bit-or bits x) (bit-shift-left 1 (rand-int n)))
count)))
(defn avg-cycle-length [n times]
" Average results of single tests of cycle lengths "
(/
(reduce +
(for [i (range times)]
(single-test-cycle-length n)))
times))
;; Show Results
(println "\tAvg\t\tExp\t\tDiff")
(doseq [q (range 1 21)
:let [anal (double (analytical q))
avg (double (avg-cycle-length q TIMES))
diff (Math/abs (* 100 (- 1 (/ avg anal))))]]
(println (format "%3d\t%.4f\t%.4f\t%.2f%%" q avg anal diff)))
- Output:
Avg Exp Diff 1 1.0000 1.0000 0.00% 2 1.4995 1.5000 0.03% 3 1.8899 1.8889 0.05% 4 2.2178 2.2188 0.04% 5 2.5118 2.5104 0.06% 6 2.7773 2.7747 0.09% 7 3.0177 3.0181 0.02% 8 3.2448 3.2450 0.01% 9 3.4587 3.4583 0.01% 10 3.6594 3.6602 0.02% 11 3.8553 3.8524 0.08% 12 4.0335 4.0361 0.06% 13 4.2113 4.2123 0.03% 14 4.3823 4.3820 0.01% 15 4.5491 4.5458 0.07% 16 4.7035 4.7043 0.02% 17 4.8580 4.8579 0.00% 18 5.0050 5.0071 0.04% 19 5.1543 5.1522 0.04% 20 5.2956 5.2936 0.04%
D
import std.stdio, std.random, std.math, std.algorithm, std.range, std.format;
real analytical(in int n) pure nothrow @safe /*@nogc*/ {
enum aux = (int k) => reduce!q{a * b}(1.0L, iota(n - k + 1, n + 1));
return iota(1, n + 1)
.map!(k => (aux(k) * k ^^ 2) / (real(n) ^^ (k + 1)))
.sum;
}
size_t loopLength(size_t maxN)(in int size, ref Xorshift rng) {
__gshared static bool[maxN + 1] seen;
seen[0 .. size + 1] = false;
int current = 1;
size_t steps = 0;
while (!seen[current]) {
seen[current] = true;
current = uniform(1, size + 1, rng);
steps++;
}
return steps;
}
void main() {
enum maxN = 40;
enum nTrials = 300_000;
auto rng = Xorshift(unpredictableSeed);
writeln(" n average analytical (error)");
writeln("=== ========= ============ ==========");
foreach (immutable n; 1 .. maxN + 1) {
long total = 0;
foreach (immutable _; 0 .. nTrials)
total += loopLength!maxN(n, rng);
immutable average = total / real(nTrials);
immutable an = n.analytical;
immutable percentError = abs(an - average) / an * 100;
immutable errorS = format("%2.4f", percentError);
writefln("%3d %9.5f %12.5f (%7s%%)",
n, average, an, errorS);
}
}
- Output:
n average analytical (error) === ========= ============ ========== 1 1.00000 1.00000 ( 0.0000%) 2 1.50017 1.50000 ( 0.0111%) 3 1.88932 1.88889 ( 0.0226%) 4 2.21795 2.21875 ( 0.0362%) 5 2.51159 2.51040 ( 0.0474%) 6 2.77373 2.77469 ( 0.0345%) 7 3.01894 3.01814 ( 0.0264%) 8 3.24734 3.24502 ( 0.0716%) 9 3.45876 3.45832 ( 0.0127%) 10 3.66595 3.66022 ( 0.1567%) 11 3.85000 3.85237 ( 0.0616%) 12 4.03532 4.03607 ( 0.0187%) 13 4.20879 4.21235 ( 0.0843%) 14 4.37664 4.38203 ( 0.1230%) 15 4.54986 4.54581 ( 0.0892%) 16 4.70431 4.70426 ( 0.0010%) 17 4.85640 4.85787 ( 0.0302%) 18 5.01359 5.00706 ( 0.1303%) 19 5.15487 5.15220 ( 0.0519%) 20 5.29486 5.29358 ( 0.0241%) 21 5.43276 5.43150 ( 0.0231%) 22 5.56570 5.56620 ( 0.0088%) 23 5.70611 5.69788 ( 0.1443%) 24 5.82618 5.82675 ( 0.0098%) 25 5.94846 5.95298 ( 0.0759%) 26 6.07440 6.07672 ( 0.0381%) 27 6.20717 6.19811 ( 0.1461%) 28 6.31546 6.31729 ( 0.0290%) 29 6.44201 6.43437 ( 0.1187%) 30 6.54592 6.54946 ( 0.0540%) 31 6.65818 6.66265 ( 0.0671%) 32 6.77215 6.77405 ( 0.0279%) 33 6.88381 6.88372 ( 0.0013%) 34 6.99790 6.99175 ( 0.0880%) 35 7.10990 7.09820 ( 0.1648%) 36 7.20391 7.20316 ( 0.0104%) 37 7.30085 7.30667 ( 0.0796%) 38 7.40366 7.40880 ( 0.0693%) 39 7.51864 7.50959 ( 0.1204%) 40 7.60255 7.60911 ( 0.0863%)
Delphi
program Average_loop_length;
{$APPTYPE CONSOLE}
uses
System.SysUtils,
System.Math;
const
MAX_N = 20;
TIMES = 1000000;
function Factorial(const n: Double): Double;
begin
Result := 1;
if n > 1 then
Result := n * Factorial(n - 1);
end;
function Expected(const n: Integer): Double;
var
i: Integer;
begin
Result := 0;
for i := 1 to n do
Result := Result + (factorial(n) / Power(n, i) / factorial(n - i));
end;
function Test(const n, times: Integer): integer;
var
i, x, bits: Integer;
begin
Result := 0;
for i := 0 to times - 1 do
begin
x := 1;
bits := 0;
while ((bits and x) = 0) do
begin
inc(Result);
bits := bits or x;
x := 1 shl random(n);
end;
end;
end;
var
n, cnt: Integer;
avg, theory, diff: Double;
begin
Randomize;
Writeln(#10' tavg'^I'exp.'^I'diff'#10'-------------------------------');
for n := 1 to MAX_N do
begin
cnt := test(n, times);
avg := cnt / times;
theory := expected(n);
diff := (avg / theory - 1) * 100;
writeln(format('%2d %8.4f %8.4f %6.3f%%', [n, avg, theory, diff]));
end;
readln;
end.
- Output:
tavg exp. diff ------------------------------- 1 1,0000 1,0000 0,000% 2 1,4985 1,5000 -0,101% 3 1,8896 1,8889 0,037% 4 2,2195 2,2188 0,035% 5 2,5103 2,5104 -0,003% 6 2,7746 2,7747 -0,005% 7 3,0176 3,0181 -0,017% 8 3,2458 3,2450 0,023% 9 3,4572 3,4583 -0,032% 10 3,6623 3,6602 0,057% 11 3,8494 3,8524 -0,078% 12 4,0373 4,0361 0,029% 13 4,2114 4,2123 -0,023% 14 4,3834 4,3820 0,032% 15 4,5449 4,5458 -0,020% 16 4,7030 4,7043 -0,027% 17 4,8574 4,8579 -0,009% 18 5,0063 5,0071 -0,014% 19 5,1506 5,1522 -0,030% 20 5,2960 5,2936 0,046%
EasyLang
func average n reps .
for r to reps
f[] = [ ]
for i to n
f[] &= random n
.
seen[] = [ ]
len seen[] n
x = 1
while seen[x] = 0
seen[x] = 1
x = f[x]
count += 1
.
.
return count / reps
.
func analytical n .
s = 1
t = 1
for i = n - 1 downto 1
t = t * i / n
s += t
.
return s
.
print " N average analytical (error)"
print "=== ======= ========== ======="
for n to 20
avg = average n 1e6
ana = analytical n
err = (avg - ana) / ana * 100
numfmt 0 2
write n
numfmt 4 9
print avg & ana & err & "%"
.
EchoLisp
(lib 'math) ;; Σ aka (sigma f(n) nfrom nto)
(define (f-count N (times 100000))
(define count 0)
(for ((i times))
;; new random f mapping from 0..N-1 to 0..N-1
;; (f n) is NOT (random N)
;; because each call (f n) must return the same value
(define f (build-vector N (lambda(i) (random N))))
(define hits (make-vector N))
(define n 0)
(while (zero? [hits n])
(++ count)
(vector+= hits n 1)
(set! n [f n])))
(// count times))
(define (f-anal N)
(Σ (lambda(i) (// (! N) (! (- N i)) (^ N i))) 1 N))
(decimals 5)
(define (f-print (maxN 21))
(for ((N (in-range 1 maxN)))
(define fc (f-count N))
(define fa (f-anal N))
(printf "%3d %10d %10d %10.2d %%" N fc fa (// (abs (- fa fc)) fc 0.01))))
- Output:
(f-print) 1 1 1 0 % 2 1.49908 1.5 0.06 % 3 1.89059 1.88889 0.09 % 4 2.21709 2.21875 0.07 % 5 2.50629 2.5104 0.16 % 6 2.77027 2.77469 0.16 % 7 3.01739 3.01814 0.02 % 8 3.23934 3.24502 0.18 % 9 3.45862 3.45832 0.01 % 10 3.65959 3.66022 0.02 % 11 3.85897 3.85237 0.17 % 12 4.04188 4.03607 0.14 % 13 4.21226 4.21235 0 % 14 4.38021 4.38203 0.04 % 15 4.54158 4.54581 0.09 % 16 4.70633 4.70426 0.04 % 17 4.86109 4.85787 0.07 % 18 4.99903 5.00706 0.16 % 19 5.15873 5.1522 0.13 % 20 5.30243 5.29358 0.17 %
Elixir
defmodule RC do
def factorial(0), do: 1
def factorial(n), do: Enum.reduce(1..n, 1, &(&1 * &2))
def loop_length(n), do: loop_length(n, MapSet.new)
defp loop_length(n, set) do
r = :rand.uniform(n)
if r in set, do: MapSet.size(set), else: loop_length(n, MapSet.put(set, r))
end
def task(runs) do
IO.puts " N average analytical (error) "
IO.puts "=== ========= ========== ========="
Enum.each(1..20, fn n ->
avg = Enum.reduce(1..runs, 0, fn _,sum -> sum + loop_length(n) end) / runs
analytical = Enum.reduce(1..n, 0, fn i,sum ->
sum + (factorial(n) / :math.pow(n, i) / factorial(n-i))
end)
:io.format "~3w ~9.4f ~9.4f (~6.2f%)~n", [n, avg, analytical, abs(avg/analytical - 1)*100]
end)
end
end
runs = 1_000_000
RC.task(runs)
- Output:
N average analytical (error) === ========= ========== ========= 1 1.0000 1.0000 ( 0.00%) 2 1.5001 1.5000 ( 0.00%) 3 1.8892 1.8889 ( 0.02%) 4 2.2189 2.2188 ( 0.01%) 5 2.5113 2.5104 ( 0.04%) 6 2.7749 2.7747 ( 0.01%) 7 3.0185 3.0181 ( 0.01%) 8 3.2456 3.2450 ( 0.02%) 9 3.4612 3.4583 ( 0.08%) 10 3.6573 3.6602 ( 0.08%) 11 3.8524 3.8524 ( 0.00%) 12 4.0357 4.0361 ( 0.01%) 13 4.2102 4.2123 ( 0.05%) 14 4.3813 4.3820 ( 0.02%) 15 4.5422 4.5458 ( 0.08%) 16 4.7057 4.7043 ( 0.03%) 17 4.8581 4.8579 ( 0.01%) 18 5.0045 5.0071 ( 0.05%) 19 5.1533 5.1522 ( 0.02%) 20 5.2951 5.2936 ( 0.03%)
F#
But uses the Gamma function instead of factorials.
open System
let gamma z =
let lanczosCoefficients = [76.18009172947146;-86.50532032941677;24.01409824083091;-1.231739572450155;0.1208650973866179e-2;-0.5395239384953e-5]
let rec sumCoefficients acc i coefficients =
match coefficients with
| [] -> acc
| h::t -> sumCoefficients (acc + (h/i)) (i+1.0) t
let gamma = 5.0
let x = z - 1.0
Math.Pow(x + gamma + 0.5, x + 0.5) * Math.Exp( -(x + gamma + 0.5) ) * Math.Sqrt( 2.0 * Math.PI ) * sumCoefficients 1.000000000190015 (x + 1.0) lanczosCoefficients
let factorial n = gamma ((float n) + 1.)
let expected n =
seq {for i in 1 .. n do yield (factorial n) / System.Math.Pow((float n), (float i)) / (factorial (n - i)) }
|> Seq.sum
let r = System.Random()
let trial n =
let count = ref 0
let x = ref 1
let bits = ref 0
while (!bits &&& !x) = 0 do
count := !count + 1
bits := !bits ||| !x
x := 1 <<< r.Next(n)
!count
let tested n times = (float (Seq.sum (seq { for i in 1 .. times do yield (trial n) }))) / (float times)
let results = seq {
for n in 1 .. 20 do
let avg = tested n 1000000
let theory = expected n
yield n, avg, theory
}
[<EntryPoint>]
let main argv =
printfn " N average analytical (error)"
printfn "------------------------------------"
results
|> Seq.iter (fun (n, avg, theory) ->
printfn "%2i %2.6f %2.6f %+2.3f%%" n avg theory ((avg / theory - 1.) * 100.))
0
- Output:
N average analytical (error) ------------------------------------ 1 1.000000 1.000000 +0.000% 2 1.498934 1.500000 -0.071% 3 1.889318 1.888889 +0.023% 4 2.219397 2.218750 +0.029% 5 2.510618 2.510400 +0.009% 6 2.771914 2.774691 -0.100% 7 3.014726 3.018139 -0.113% 8 3.245022 3.245018 +0.000% 9 3.457096 3.458316 -0.035% 10 3.660337 3.660216 +0.003% 11 3.849770 3.852372 -0.068% 12 4.038977 4.036074 +0.072% 13 4.213248 4.212348 +0.021% 14 4.380451 4.382029 -0.036% 15 4.541868 4.545807 -0.087% 16 4.704117 4.704258 -0.003% 17 4.858934 4.857871 +0.022% 18 5.004236 5.007063 -0.056% 19 5.154166 5.152196 +0.038% 20 5.298119 5.293585 +0.086%
Factor
The loop-length
word is more or less a translation of the inner loop of C's test
function.
USING: formatting fry io kernel locals math math.factorials
math.functions math.ranges random sequences ;
: (analytical) ( m n -- x )
[ drop factorial ] [ ^ /f ] [ - factorial / ] 2tri ;
: analytical ( n -- x )
dup [1,b] [ (analytical) ] with map-sum ;
: loop-length ( n -- x )
[ 0 0 1 [ 2dup bitand zero? ] ] dip
'[ [ 1 + ] 2dip bitor 1 _ random shift ] while 2drop ;
:: average-loop-length ( n #tests -- x )
0 #tests [ n loop-length + ] times #tests / ;
: stats ( n -- avg exp )
[ 1,000,000 average-loop-length ] [ analytical ] bi ;
: .line ( n -- )
dup stats 2dup / 1 - 100 *
"%2d %8.4f %8.4f %6.3f%%\n" printf ;
" n\tavg\texp.\tdiff\n-------------------------------" print
20 [1,b] [ .line ] each
- Output:
n avg exp. diff ------------------------------- 1 1.0000 1.0000 0.000% 2 1.4993 1.5000 -0.044% 3 1.8877 1.8889 -0.064% 4 2.2193 2.2188 0.023% 5 2.5099 2.5104 -0.021% 6 2.7728 2.7747 -0.068% 7 3.0165 3.0181 -0.056% 8 3.2442 3.2450 -0.026% 9 3.4574 3.4583 -0.027% 10 3.6622 3.6602 0.054% 11 3.8537 3.8524 0.033% 12 4.0365 4.0361 0.010% 13 4.2094 4.2123 -0.070% 14 4.3819 4.3820 -0.004% 15 4.5469 4.5458 0.023% 16 4.7028 4.7043 -0.031% 17 4.8571 4.8579 -0.016% 18 5.0049 5.0071 -0.043% 19 5.1519 5.1522 -0.005% 20 5.2927 5.2936 -0.017%
FreeBASIC
Const max_N = 20, max_ciclos = 1000000
Function Factorial(Byval N As Integer) As Double
Dim As Double d: d = 1
If N = 0 Then Factorial = 1: Exit Function
While (N > 1)
d *= N
N -= 1
Wend
Factorial = d
End Function
Function Analytical(N As Integer) As Double
Dim As Double i, sum = 0
For i = 1 To N
sum += Factorial(N) / N^i / Factorial(N-i)
Next i
Return sum
End Function
Function Average(N As Integer, ciclos As Double) As Double
Dim As Integer i, x, bits, sum = 0
For i = 0 To ciclos - 1
x = 1 : bits = 0
While (bits And x) = 0
sum += 1
bits Or= x
x = 1 Shl (Rnd * (N - 1))
Wend
Next i
Return sum / ciclos
End Function
Randomize Timer
Print " N promedio analitico (error)"
Print "--- ---------- ----------- ----------"
For N As Integer = 1 To max_N
Dim As Double avg = Average(N, max_ciclos)
Dim As Double ana = Analytical(N)
Dim As Double diff = abs(avg-ana) / ana * 100
Print Using " ## #####.###0 #####.###0 ###.#0%"; N; avg; ana; diff
Next N
Sleep
FutureBasic
_nmax = 20
_times = 1000000
local fn Average( n as long, times as long ) as double
long i, x
double b, c = 0
for i = 0 to times
x = 1 : b = 0
while ( b and x ) == 0
c++
b = b || x
x = 1 << ( rnd(n) - 1 )
wend
next
end fn = c / times
local fn Analyltic( n as long ) as double
double nn = (double)n
double term = 1.0
double sum = 1.0
long i
for i = nn - 1 to i >= 1 step -1
term = term * i / nn
sum = sum + term
next
end fn = sum
local fn DoIt
long n
double average, theory, difference
window 1
printf @"\nSamples tested: %ld\n", _times
print " N Average Analytical (error)"
print "=== ========= ============ ========="
for n = 1 to _nmax
average = fn Average( n, _times )
theory = fn Analyltic( n )
difference = ( average / theory - 1) * 100
printf @"%3d %9.4f %9.4f %10.4f%%", n, average, theory, difference
next
end fn
randomize
fn DoIt
HandleEvents
- Output:
Number of tests performed: 1000000 N Average Analytical (error) === ========= ============ ========= 1 1.0000 1.0000 0.0001% 2 1.4999 1.5000 -0.0070% 3 1.8877 1.8889 -0.0630% 4 2.2187 2.2188 -0.0011% 5 2.5102 2.5104 -0.0065% 6 2.7735 2.7747 -0.0438% 7 3.0173 3.0181 -0.0273% 8 3.2478 3.2450 0.0854% 9 3.4569 3.4583 -0.0424% 10 3.6604 3.6602 0.0060% 11 3.8506 3.8524 -0.0449% 12 4.0361 4.0361 0.0003% 13 4.2148 4.2123 0.0582% 14 4.3845 4.3820 0.0559% 15 4.5454 4.5458 -0.0079% 16 4.7056 4.7043 0.0288% 17 4.8558 4.8579 -0.0428% 18 5.0143 5.0071 0.1450% 19 5.1509 5.1522 -0.0254% 20 5.2985 5.2936 0.0929%
Go
package main
import (
"fmt"
"math"
"math/rand"
)
const nmax = 20
func main() {
fmt.Println(" N average analytical (error)")
fmt.Println("=== ========= ============ =========")
for n := 1; n <= nmax; n++ {
a := avg(n)
b := ana(n)
fmt.Printf("%3d %9.4f %12.4f (%6.2f%%)\n",
n, a, b, math.Abs(a-b)/b*100)
}
}
func avg(n int) float64 {
const tests = 1e4
sum := 0
for t := 0; t < tests; t++ {
var v [nmax]bool
for x := 0; !v[x]; x = rand.Intn(n) {
v[x] = true
sum++
}
}
return float64(sum) / tests
}
func ana(n int) float64 {
nn := float64(n)
term := 1.
sum := 1.
for i := nn - 1; i >= 1; i-- {
term *= i / nn
sum += term
}
return sum
}
- Output:
N average analytical (error) === ========= ============ ========= 1 1.0000 1.0000 ( 0.00%) 2 1.5007 1.5000 ( 0.05%) 3 1.8959 1.8889 ( 0.37%) 4 2.2138 2.2188 ( 0.22%) 5 2.5013 2.5104 ( 0.36%) 6 2.7940 2.7747 ( 0.70%) 7 3.0197 3.0181 ( 0.05%) 8 3.2715 3.2450 ( 0.82%) 9 3.4147 3.4583 ( 1.26%) 10 3.6758 3.6602 ( 0.43%) 11 3.8672 3.8524 ( 0.38%) 12 4.0309 4.0361 ( 0.13%) 13 4.2153 4.2123 ( 0.07%) 14 4.3380 4.3820 ( 1.00%) 15 4.5030 4.5458 ( 0.94%) 16 4.7563 4.7043 ( 1.11%) 17 4.8616 4.8579 ( 0.08%) 18 4.9933 5.0071 ( 0.27%) 19 5.1534 5.1522 ( 0.02%) 20 5.3031 5.2936 ( 0.18%)
Haskell
import System.Random
import qualified Data.Set as S
import Text.Printf
findRep :: (Random a, Integral a, RandomGen b) => a -> b -> (a, b)
findRep n gen = findRep' (S.singleton 1) 1 gen
where
findRep' seen len gen'
| S.member fx seen = (len, gen'')
| otherwise = findRep' (S.insert fx seen) (len + 1) gen''
where
(fx, gen'') = randomR (1, n) gen'
statistical :: (Integral a, Random b, Integral b, RandomGen c, Fractional d) =>
a -> b -> c -> (d, c)
statistical samples size gen =
let (total, gen') = sar samples gen 0
in ((fromIntegral total) / (fromIntegral samples), gen')
where
sar 0 gen' acc = (acc, gen')
sar samples' gen' acc =
let (len, gen'') = findRep size gen'
in sar (samples' - 1) gen'' (acc + len)
factorial :: (Integral a) => a -> a
factorial n = foldl (*) 1 [1..n]
analytical :: (Integral a, Fractional b) => a -> b
analytical n = sum [fromIntegral num /
fromIntegral (factorial (n - i)) /
fromIntegral (n ^ i) |
i <- [1..n]]
where num = factorial n
test :: (Integral a, Random b, Integral b, PrintfArg b, RandomGen c) =>
a -> [b] -> c -> IO c
test _ [] gen = return gen
test samples (x:xs) gen = do
let (st, gen') = statistical samples x gen
an = analytical x
err = abs (st - an) / st * 100.0
str = printf "%3d %9.4f %12.4f (%6.2f%%)\n"
x (st :: Float) (an :: Float) (err :: Float)
putStr str
test samples xs gen'
main :: IO ()
main = do
putStrLn " N average analytical (error)"
putStrLn "=== ========= ============ ========="
let samples = 10000 :: Integer
range = [1..20] :: [Integer]
_ <- test samples range $ mkStdGen 0
return ()
N average analytical (error) === ========= ============ ========= 1 1.0000 1.0000 ( 0.00%) 2 1.4941 1.5000 ( 0.39%) 3 1.8895 1.8889 ( 0.03%) 4 2.2246 2.2188 ( 0.26%) 5 2.5158 2.5104 ( 0.21%) 6 2.7875 2.7747 ( 0.46%) 7 3.0425 3.0181 ( 0.80%) 8 3.2157 3.2450 ( 0.91%) 9 3.4534 3.4583 ( 0.14%) 10 3.6561 3.6602 ( 0.11%) 11 3.8357 3.8524 ( 0.43%) 12 4.0291 4.0361 ( 0.17%) 13 4.1819 4.2123 ( 0.73%) 14 4.3469 4.3820 ( 0.81%) 15 4.4942 4.5458 ( 1.15%) 16 4.7093 4.7043 ( 0.11%) 17 4.8288 4.8579 ( 0.60%) 18 5.0021 5.0071 ( 0.10%) 19 5.1980 5.1522 ( 0.88%) 20 5.2961 5.2936 ( 0.05%)
J
First, let's consider an exact, brute force approach.
Since J array indices start at 0, we'll work with 0..N-1 instead of 1..N, dealing with the difference at the boundaries.
We can implement f as {&LIST where LIST is an arbitrary list of N numbers, each picked independently from the range 0..(N-1). We can incrementally build the described sequence using (, f@{:) - here we extend the sequence by applying f to the last element of the sequence. Since we are only concerned with the sequence up to the point of the first repeat, we can select the unique values giving us (~.@, f@{:). This routine stops changing when we reach the desired length, so we can repeatedly apply it forever. For example:
(~.@, {&0 0@{:)^:_] 0
0
(~.@, {&0 0@{:)^:_] 1
1 0
Once we have the sequence, we can count how many elements are in it.
0 0 ([: # (] ~.@, {:@] { [)^:_) 1
2
Meanwhile, we can also generate all possible values of 1..N by counting out N^N values and breaking out the result as a base N list of digits.
(#.inv i.@^~)2
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1
All that's left is to count the lengths of all possible sequences for all possible distinct instances of f and average the results:
(+/ % #)@,@((#.inv i.@^~) ([: # (] ~.@, {:@] { [)^:_)"1 0/ i.)1
1
(+/ % #)@,@((#.inv i.@^~) ([: # (] ~.@, {:@] { [)^:_)"1 0/ i.)2
1.5
(+/ % #)@,@((#.inv i.@^~) ([: # (] ~.@, {:@] { [)^:_)"1 0/ i.)3
1.88889
(+/ % #)@,@((#.inv i.@^~) ([: # (] ~.@, {:@] { [)^:_)"1 0/ i.)4
2.21875
(+/ % #)@,@((#.inv i.@^~) ([: # (] ~.@, {:@] { [)^:_)"1 0/ i.)5
2.5104
(+/ % #)@,@((#.inv i.@^~) ([: # (] ~.@, {:@] { [)^:_)"1 0/ i.)6
2.77469
Meanwhile the analytic solution (derived by reading the Ada implementation) looks like this:
ana=: +/@(!@[ % !@- * ^) 1+i.
ana"0]1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1.5 1.88889 2.21875 2.5104 2.77469
To get our simulation, we can take the exact approach and replace the part that generates all possible values for f with a random mechanism. Since the task does not specify how long to run the simulation, and to make this change easy, we'll use N*1e4 tests.
sim=: (+/ % #)@,@((]?@$~1e4,]) ([: # (] ~.@, {:@] { [)^:_)"1 0/ i.)
sim"0]1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1.5034 1.8825 2.22447 2.51298 2.76898
The simulation approach is noticeably slower than the analytic approach, while being less accurate.
Finally, we can generate our desired results:
(;:'N average analytic error'),:,.each(;ana"0 ([;];-|@%[) sim"0)1+i.20
+--+-------+--------+-----------+
|N |average|analytic|error |
+--+-------+--------+-----------+
| 1| 1| 1 | 0|
| 2| 1.5|1.49955 | 0.0003|
| 3|1.88889| 1.8928 | 0.00207059|
| 4|2.21875|2.23082 | 0.00544225|
| 5| 2.5104|2.52146 | 0.00440567|
| 6|2.77469|2.78147 | 0.00244182|
| 7|3.01814| 3.0101 | 0.00266346|
| 8|3.24502|3.25931 | 0.00440506|
| 9|3.45832|3.45314 | 0.00149532|
|10|3.66022| 3.6708 | 0.00289172|
|11|3.85237|3.84139 | 0.00285049|
|12|4.03607|4.03252 |0.000881304|
|13|4.21235|4.18358 | 0.00682833|
|14|4.38203|4.38791 | 0.00134132|
|15|4.54581|4.54443 |0.000302246|
|16|4.70426|4.71351 | 0.00196721|
|17|4.85787|4.85838 |0.000104089|
|18|5.00706|5.00889 |0.000365752|
|19| 5.1522|5.14785 |0.000843052|
|20|5.29358|5.28587 | 0.00145829|
+--+-------+--------+-----------+
Here, error is the difference between the two values divided by the analytic value.
Java
This uses a 0-based index (0, 1, ..., n-1) as opposed to the 1-based index (1, 2, ..., n) specified in the question, because it fits better with the native structure of Java.
import java.util.HashSet;
import java.util.Random;
import java.util.Set;
public class AverageLoopLength {
private static final int N = 100000;
//analytical(n) = sum_(i=1)^n (n!/(n-i)!/n**i)
private static double analytical(int n) {
double[] factorial = new double[n + 1];
double[] powers = new double[n + 1];
powers[0] = 1.0;
factorial[0] = 1.0;
for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++) {
factorial[i] = factorial[i - 1] * i;
powers[i] = powers[i - 1] * n;
}
double sum = 0;
//memoized factorial and powers
for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++) {
sum += factorial[n] / factorial[n - i] / powers[i];
}
return sum;
}
private static double average(int n) {
Random rnd = new Random();
double sum = 0.0;
for (int a = 0; a < N; a++) {
int[] random = new int[n];
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
random[i] = rnd.nextInt(n);
}
Set<Integer> seen = new HashSet<>(n);
int current = 0;
int length = 0;
while (seen.add(current)) {
length++;
current = random[current];
}
sum += length;
}
return sum / N;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println(" N average analytical (error)");
System.out.println("=== ========= ============ =========");
for (int i = 1; i <= 20; i++) {
double avg = average(i);
double ana = analytical(i);
System.out.println(String.format("%3d %9.4f %12.4f (%6.2f%%)", i, avg, ana, ((ana - avg) / ana * 100)));
}
}
}
Julia
using Printf
analytical(n::Integer) = sum(factorial(n) / big(n) ^ i / factorial(n - i) for i = 1:n)
function test(n::Integer, times::Integer = 1000000)
c = 0
for i = range(0, times)
x, bits = 1, 0
while (bits & x) == 0
c += 1
bits |= x
x = 1 << rand(0:(n - 1))
end
end
return c / times
end
function main(n::Integer)
println(" n\tavg\texp.\tdiff\n-------------------------------")
for n in 1:n
avg = test(n)
theory = analytical(n)
diff = (avg / theory - 1) * 100
@printf(STDOUT, "%2d %8.4f %8.4f %6.3f%%\n", n, avg, theory, diff)
end
end
main(20)
- Output:
n avg exp. diff ------------------------------- 1 1.0000 1.0000 0.000% 2 1.4998 1.5000 -0.015% 3 1.8895 1.8889 0.034% 4 2.2171 2.2188 -0.075% 5 2.5082 2.5104 -0.088% 6 2.7729 2.7747 -0.063% 7 3.0171 3.0181 -0.033% 8 3.2439 3.2450 -0.034% 9 3.4578 3.4583 -0.016% 10 3.6616 3.6602 0.038% 11 3.8525 3.8524 0.004% 12 4.0353 4.0361 -0.020% 13 4.2126 4.2123 0.006% 14 4.3835 4.3820 0.034% 15 4.5428 4.5458 -0.067% 16 4.7027 4.7043 -0.033% 17 4.8560 4.8579 -0.039% 18 5.0054 5.0071 -0.033% 19 5.1492 5.1522 -0.058% 20 5.2896 5.2936 -0.076%
Kotlin
const val NMAX = 20
const val TESTS = 1000000
val rand = java.util.Random()
fun avg(n: Int): Double {
var sum = 0
for (t in 0 until TESTS) {
val v = BooleanArray(NMAX)
var x = 0
while (!v[x]) {
v[x] = true
sum++
x = rand.nextInt(n)
}
}
return sum.toDouble() / TESTS
}
fun ana(n: Int): Double {
val nn = n.toDouble()
var term = 1.0
var sum = 1.0
for (i in n - 1 downTo 1) {
term *= i / nn
sum += term
}
return sum
}
fun main(args: Array<String>) {
println(" N average analytical (error)")
println("=== ========= ============ =========")
for (n in 1..NMAX) {
val a = avg(n)
val b = ana(n)
println(String.format("%3d %6.4f %10.4f (%4.2f%%)", n, a, b, Math.abs(a - b) / b * 100.0))
}
}
Sample output:
- Output:
N average analytical (error) === ========= ============ ========= 1 1.0000 1.0000 (0.00%) 2 1.5004 1.5000 (0.03%) 3 1.8890 1.8889 (0.00%) 4 2.2179 2.2188 (0.04%) 5 2.5108 2.5104 (0.02%) 6 2.7738 2.7747 (0.03%) 7 3.0178 3.0181 (0.01%) 8 3.2482 3.2450 (0.10%) 9 3.4572 3.4583 (0.03%) 10 3.6608 3.6602 (0.02%) 11 3.8545 3.8524 (0.06%) 12 4.0378 4.0361 (0.04%) 13 4.2131 4.2123 (0.02%) 14 4.3795 4.3820 (0.06%) 15 4.5481 4.5458 (0.05%) 16 4.7044 4.7043 (0.00%) 17 4.8610 4.8579 (0.06%) 18 5.0027 5.0071 (0.09%) 19 5.1498 5.1522 (0.05%) 20 5.2941 5.2936 (0.01%)
Liberty BASIC
MAXN = 20
TIMES = 10000'00
't0=time$("ms")
FOR n = 1 TO MAXN
avg = FNtest(n, TIMES)
theory = FNanalytical(n)
diff = (avg / theory - 1) * 100
PRINT n, avg, theory, using("##.####",diff); "%"
NEXT
't1=time$("ms")
'print t1-t0; " ms"
END
function FNanalytical(n)
FOR i = 1 TO n
s = s+ FNfactorial(n) / n^i / FNfactorial(n-i)
NEXT
FNanalytical = s
end function
function FNtest(n, times)
FOR i = 1 TO times
x = 1 : b = 0
WHILE (b AND x) = 0
c = c + 1
b = b OR x
x = 2^int(n*RND(1))
WEND
NEXT
FNtest = c / times
end function
function FNfactorial(n)
IF n=1 OR n=0 THEN FNfactorial=1 ELSE FNfactorial= n * FNfactorial(n-1)
end function
- Output:
1 1 1 0.0000% 2 1.4759 1.5 -1.6067% 3 1.8868 1.88888889 -0.1106% 4 2.2139 2.21875 -0.2186% 5 2.4784 2.5104 -1.2747% 6 2.7888 2.77469136 0.5085% 7 2.9846 3.0181387 -1.1112% 8 3.2645 3.24501801 0.6004% 9 3.464 3.45831574 0.1644% 10 3.6602 3.66021568 -0.0004% 11 3.8255 3.85237205 -0.6975% 12 4.019 4.03607368 -0.4230% 13 4.2033 4.21234791 -0.2148% 14 4.3985 4.38202942 0.3759% 15 4.5868 4.54580729 0.9018% 16 4.6705 4.70425825 -0.7176% 17 4.8807 4.85787082 0.4699% 18 4.9759 5.0070631 -0.6224% 19 5.1755 5.1521962 0.4523% 20 5.2792 5.29358459 -0.2717%
Lua
function average(n, reps)
local count = 0
for r = 1, reps do
local f = {}
for i = 1, n do f[i] = math.random(n) end
local seen, x = {}, 1
while not seen[x] do
seen[x], x, count = true, f[x], count+1
end
end
return count / reps
end
function analytical(n)
local s, t = 1, 1
for i = n-1, 1, -1 do t=t*i/n s=s+t end
return s
end
print(" N average analytical (error)")
print("=== ========= ============ =========")
for n = 1, 20 do
local avg, ana = average(n, 1e6), analytical(n)
local err = (avg-ana) / ana * 100
print(string.format("%3d %9.4f %12.4f (%6.3f%%)", n, avg, ana, err))
end
- Output:
N average analytical (error) === ========= ============ ========= 1 1.0000 1.0000 ( 0.000%) 2 1.5002 1.5000 ( 0.014%) 3 1.8896 1.8889 ( 0.037%) 4 2.2176 2.2188 (-0.054%) 5 2.5094 2.5104 (-0.038%) 6 2.7732 2.7747 (-0.054%) 7 3.0186 3.0181 ( 0.016%) 8 3.2440 3.2450 (-0.031%) 9 3.4554 3.4583 (-0.085%) 10 3.6625 3.6602 ( 0.063%) 11 3.8534 3.8524 ( 0.026%) 12 4.0354 4.0361 (-0.016%) 13 4.2111 4.2123 (-0.031%) 14 4.3839 4.3820 ( 0.043%) 15 4.5453 4.5458 (-0.012%) 16 4.7054 4.7043 ( 0.024%) 17 4.8596 4.8579 ( 0.035%) 18 5.0099 5.0071 ( 0.056%) 19 5.1553 5.1522 ( 0.060%) 20 5.2901 5.2936 (-0.066%)
Mathematica / Wolfram Language
Grid@Prepend[
Table[{n, #[[1]], #[[2]],
Row[{Round[10000 Abs[#[[1]] - #[[2]]]/#[[2]]]/100., "%"}]} &@
N[{Mean[Array[
Length@NestWhileList[#, 1, UnsameQ[##] &, All] - 1 &[# /.
MapIndexed[#2[[1]] -> #1 &,
RandomInteger[{1, n}, n]] &] &, 10000]],
Sum[n! n^(n - k - 1)/(n - k)!, {k, n}]/n^(n - 1)}, 5], {n, 1,
20}], {"N", "average", "analytical", "error"}]
- Output:
N average analytical error 1 1.0000 1.0000 0.% 2 1.5017 1.5000 0.11% 3 1.8910 1.8889 0.11% 4 2.2334 2.2188 0.66% 5 2.5090 2.5104 0.06% 6 2.8092 2.7747 1.24% 7 3.0468 3.0181 0.95% 8 3.2253 3.2450 0.61% 9 3.4695 3.4583 0.32% 10 3.6661 3.6602 0.16% 11 3.8662 3.8524 0.36% 12 4.0393 4.0361 0.08% 13 4.2232 4.2123 0.26% 14 4.3496 4.3820 0.74% 15 4.5706 4.5458 0.55% 16 4.6963 4.7043 0.17% 17 4.8548 4.8579 0.06% 18 5.0671 5.0071 1.2% 19 5.1702 5.1522 0.35% 20 5.2264 5.2936 1.27%
Nim
import random, math, strformat
randomize()
const
maxN = 20
times = 1_000_000
proc factorial(n: int): float =
result = 1
for i in 1 .. n:
result *= i.float
proc expected(n: int): float =
for i in 1 .. n:
result += factorial(n) / pow(n.float, i.float) / factorial(n - i)
proc test(n, times: int): int =
for i in 1 .. times:
var
x = 1
bits = 0
while (bits and x) == 0:
inc result
bits = bits or x
x = 1 shl rand(n - 1)
echo " n\tavg\texp.\tdiff"
echo "-------------------------------"
for n in 1 .. maxN:
let cnt = test(n, times)
let avg = cnt.float / times
let theory = expected(n)
let diff = (avg / theory - 1) * 100
echo fmt"{n:2} {avg:8.4f} {theory:8.4f} {diff:6.3f}%"
- Output:
n avg exp. diff ------------------------------- 1 1.0000 1.0000 0% 2 1.5001 1.5000 0.008% 3 1.8884 1.8889 -0.025% 4 2.2187 2.2187 -0.000% 5 2.5098 2.5104 -0.025% 6 2.7752 2.7747 0.017% 7 3.0175 3.0181 -0.020% 8 3.2411 3.2450 -0.120% 9 3.4565 3.4583 -0.054% 10 3.6599 3.6602 -0.010% 11 3.8555 3.8524 0.081% 12 4.0381 4.0361 0.051% 13 4.2124 4.2123 0.000% 14 4.3813 4.3820 -0.017% 15 4.5471 4.5458 0.027% 16 4.7009 4.7043 -0.072% 17 4.8589 4.8579 0.021% 18 5.0054 5.0071 -0.034% 19 5.1554 5.1522 0.061% 20 5.2915 5.2936 -0.040%
Oberon-2
MODULE AvgLoopLen;
(* Oxford Oberon-2 *)
IMPORT Random, Out;
PROCEDURE Fac(n: INTEGER; f: REAL): REAL;
BEGIN
IF n = 0 THEN
RETURN f
ELSE
RETURN Fac(n - 1,n*f)
END
END Fac;
PROCEDURE Power(n,i: INTEGER): REAL;
VAR
p: REAL;
BEGIN
p := 1.0;
WHILE i > 0 DO p := p * n; DEC(i) END;
RETURN p
END Power;
PROCEDURE Abs(x: REAL): REAL;
BEGIN
IF x < 0 THEN RETURN -x ELSE RETURN x END
END Abs;
PROCEDURE Analytical(n: INTEGER): REAL;
VAR
i: INTEGER;
res: REAL;
BEGIN
res := 0.0;
FOR i := 1 TO n DO
res := res + (Fac(n,1.0) / Power(n,i) / Fac(n - i,1.0));
END;
RETURN res
END Analytical;
PROCEDURE Averages(n: INTEGER): REAL;
CONST
times = 100000;
VAR
rnds: SET;
r,count,i: INTEGER;
BEGIN
count := 0; i := 0;
WHILE i < times DO
rnds := {};
LOOP
r := Random.Roll(n);
IF r IN rnds THEN EXIT ELSE INCL(rnds,r); INC(count) END
END;
INC(i)
END;
RETURN count / times
END Averages;
VAR
i: INTEGER;
av,an,df: REAL;
BEGIN
Random.Randomize;
Out.String(" Averages Analytical Diff% ");Out.Ln;
FOR i := 1 TO 20 DO
Out.Int(i,3); Out.String(": ");
av := Averages(i);an := Analytical(i);df := Abs(av - an) / an * 100.0;
Out.Fixed(av,10,4);Out.Fixed(an,11,4);Out.Fixed(df,10,4);Out.Ln
END
END AvgLoopLen.
- Output:
Averages Analytical Diff% 1: 1.0000 1.0000 0.0000 2: 1.5015 1.5000 0.0993 3: 1.8868 1.8889 0.1085 4: 2.2187 2.2188 0.0005 5: 2.5119 2.5104 0.0578 6: 2.7785 2.7747 0.1366 7: 3.0184 3.0181 0.0090 8: 3.2435 3.2450 0.0471 9: 3.4585 3.4583 0.0056 10: 3.6549 3.6602 0.1463 11: 3.8559 3.8524 0.0918 12: 4.0452 4.0361 0.2264 13: 4.2097 4.2123 0.0628 14: 4.3740 4.3820 0.1830 15: 4.5583 4.5458 0.2739 16: 4.7001 4.7043 0.0882 17: 4.8654 4.8579 0.1556 18: 5.0157 5.0071 0.1731 19: 5.1515 5.1522 0.0135 20: 5.2930 5.2936 0.0105
PARI/GP
expected(n)=sum(i=1,n,n!/(n-i)!/n^i,0.);
test(n, times)={
my(ct);
for(i=1,times,
my(x=1,bits);
while(!bitand(bits,x),ct++; bits=bitor(bits,x); x = 1<<random(n))
);
ct
};
TIMES=1000000;
{for(n=1,20,
my(cnt=test(n, TIMES),avg=cnt/TIMES,ex=expected(n),diff=(avg/ex-1)*100.);
print(n"\t"avg*1."\t"ex*1."\t"diff);
)}
- Output:
1 1.0000 1.0000 0.E-7 2 1.4998 1.5000 -0.012933 3 1.8891 1.8889 0.013559 4 2.2198 2.2188 0.047369 5 2.5095 2.5104 -0.034616 6 2.7744 2.7747 -0.010248 7 3.0177 3.0181 -0.012945 8 3.2467 3.2450 0.050600 9 3.4611 3.4583 0.080278 10 3.6595 3.6602 -0.018651 11 3.8541 3.8524 0.044880 12 4.0428 4.0361 0.16690 13 4.2116 4.2123 -0.017921 14 4.3825 4.3820 0.011150 15 4.5467 4.5458 0.020562 16 4.7087 4.7043 0.095058 17 4.8573 4.8579 -0.011997 18 5.0080 5.0071 0.018312 19 5.1530 5.1522 0.015970 20 5.2970 5.2936 0.065143
Perl
use List::Util qw(sum reduce);
sub find_loop {
my($n) = @_;
my($r,@seen);
while () { $seen[$r] = $seen[($r = int(1+rand $n))] ? return sum @seen : 1 }
}
print " N empiric theoric (error)\n";
print "=== ========= ============ =========\n";
my $MAX = 20;
my $TRIALS = 1000;
for my $n (1 .. $MAX) {
my $empiric = ( sum map { find_loop($n) } 1..$TRIALS ) / $TRIALS;
my $theoric = sum map { (reduce { $a*$b } $_**2, ($n-$_+1)..$n ) / $n ** ($_+1) } 1..$n;
printf "%3d %9.4f %12.4f (%5.2f%%)\n",
$n, $empiric, $theoric, 100 * ($empiric - $theoric) / $theoric;
}
- Output:
N empiric theoric (error) === ========= ============ ========= 1 1.0000 1.0000 ( 0.00%) 2 1.4950 1.5000 (-0.33%) 3 1.9190 1.8889 ( 1.59%) 4 2.2400 2.2188 ( 0.96%) 5 2.5120 2.5104 ( 0.06%) 6 2.7500 2.7747 (-0.89%) 7 3.0360 3.0181 ( 0.59%) 8 3.2600 3.2450 ( 0.46%) 9 3.4440 3.4583 (-0.41%) 10 3.6670 3.6602 ( 0.19%) 11 3.8340 3.8524 (-0.48%) 12 4.0450 4.0361 ( 0.22%) 13 4.2160 4.2123 ( 0.09%) 14 4.4420 4.3820 ( 1.37%) 15 4.5600 4.5458 ( 0.31%) 16 4.7940 4.7043 ( 1.91%) 17 4.7830 4.8579 (-1.54%) 18 4.9140 5.0071 (-1.86%) 19 5.2490 5.1522 ( 1.88%) 20 5.2930 5.2936 (-0.01%)
Phix
constant MAX = 20, ITER = 1000000 function expected(integer n) atom sum = 0 for i=1 to n do sum += factorial(n) / power(n,i) / factorial(n-i) end for return sum end function function test(integer n) integer count = 0, x, bits for i=1 to ITER do x = 1 bits = 0 while not and_bits(bits,x) do count += 1 bits = or_bits(bits,x) x = power(2,rand(n)-1) end while end for return count/ITER end function atom av, ex puts(1," n avg. exp. (error%)\n"); puts(1,"== ====== ====== ========\n"); for n=1 to MAX do av = test(n) ex = expected(n) printf(1,"%2d %8.4f %8.4f (%5.3f%%)\n", {n,av,ex,abs(1-av/ex)*100}) end for
- Output:
n avg. exp. (error%) == ====== ====== ======== 1 1.0000 1.0000 (0.000%) 2 1.5003 1.5000 (0.018%) 3 1.8880 1.8889 (0.046%) 4 2.2176 2.2188 (0.052%) 5 2.5104 2.5104 (0.001%) 6 2.7734 2.7747 (0.046%) 7 3.0198 3.0181 (0.055%) 8 3.2464 3.2450 (0.042%) 9 3.4562 3.4583 (0.062%) 10 3.6618 3.6602 (0.043%) 11 3.8511 3.8524 (0.033%) 12 4.0357 4.0361 (0.009%) 13 4.2158 4.2123 (0.083%) 14 4.3843 4.3820 (0.052%) 15 4.5410 4.5458 (0.105%) 16 4.7084 4.7043 (0.087%) 17 4.8603 4.8579 (0.049%) 18 5.0044 5.0071 (0.052%) 19 5.1516 5.1522 (0.011%) 20 5.2955 5.2936 (0.037%)
Phixmonti
include ..\Utilitys.pmt
20 var MAX
100000 var ITER
def factorial 1 swap for * endfor enddef
def expected /# n -- n #/
>ps
0
tps for var i
tps factorial tps i power / tps i - factorial / +
endfor
ps> drop
enddef
def condition over over bitand not enddef
def test /# n -- n #/
0 >ps
ITER for var i
0 1
condition while
ps> 1 + >ps
bitor
over rand * 1 + int 1 - 2 swap power
condition endwhile
drop drop
endfor
drop ps> ITER /
enddef
def printAll len for get print 9 tochar print endfor enddef
( "n" "avg." "exp." "(error%)" ) printAll drop nl
( "==" "======" "======" "========" ) printAll drop nl
MAX for var n
n test
n expected
n rot rot over over / 1 swap - abs 100 * 4 tolist printAll drop nl
endfor
- Output:
n avg. exp. (error%) == ====== ====== ======== 1 1 1 0 2 1.50119 1.5 0.0793333 3 1.89076 1.88889 0.0990588 4 2.22164 2.21875 0.130254 5 2.50989 2.5104 0.0203155 6 2.78108 2.77469 0.230247 7 3.02431 3.01814 0.204474 8 3.24594 3.24502 0.0284126 9 3.46167 3.45832 0.096991 10 3.66691 3.66022 0.182894 11 3.84558 3.85237 0.176308 12 4.03174 4.03607 0.107374 13 4.21113 4.21235 0.0289129 14 4.37294 4.38203 0.207425 15 4.54199 4.54581 0.0839738 16 4.69651 4.70426 0.164707 17 4.8463 4.85787 0.238187 18 5.01786 5.00706 0.215633 19 5.15783 5.1522 0.109348 20 5.29575 5.29358 0.0409064 === Press any key to exit ===
PicoLisp
(scl 4)
(seed (in "/dev/urandom" (rd 8)))
(de fact (N)
(if (=0 N) 1 (apply * (range 1 N))) )
(de analytical (N)
(sum
'((I)
(/
(* (fact N) 1.0)
(** N I)
(fact (- N I)) ) )
(range 1 N) ) )
(de testing (N)
(let (C 0 N (dec N) X 0 B 0 I 1000000)
(do I
(zero B)
(one X)
(while (=0 (& B X))
(inc 'C)
(setq
B (| B X)
X (** 2 (rand 0 N)) ) ) )
(*/ C 1.0 I) ) )
(let F (2 8 8 6)
(tab F "N" "Avg" "Exp" "Diff")
(for I 20
(let (A (testing I) B (analytical I))
(tab F
I
(round A 4)
(round B 4)
(round
(*
(abs (- (*/ A 1.0 B) 1.0))
100 )
2 ) ) ) ) )
(bye)
PowerShell
function Get-AnalyticalLoopAverage ( [int]$N )
{
# Expected loop average = sum from i = 1 to N of N! / (N-i)! / N^(N-i+1)
# Equivalently, Expected loop average = sum from i = 1 to N of F(i)
# where F(N) = 1, and F(i) = F(i+1)*i/N
$LoopAverage = $Fi = 1
If ( $N -eq 1 ) { return $LoopAverage }
ForEach ( $i in ($N-1)..1 )
{
$Fi *= $i / $N
$LoopAverage += $Fi
}
return $LoopAverage
}
function Get-ExperimentalLoopAverage ( [int]$N, [int]$Tests = 100000 )
{
If ( $N -eq 1 ) { return 1 }
# Using 0 through N-1 instead of 1 through N for speed and simplicity
$NMO = $N - 1
# Create array to hold mapping function
$F = New-Object int[] ( $N )
$Count = 0
$Random = New-Object System.Random
ForEach ( $Test in 1..$Tests )
{
# Map each number to a random number
ForEach ( $i in 0..$NMO )
{
$F[$i] = $Random.Next( $N )
}
# For each number...
ForEach ( $i in 0..$NMO )
{
# Add the number to the list
$List = @()
$Count++
$List += $X = $i
# If loop does not yet exist in list...
While ( $F[$X] -notin $List )
{
# Go to the next mapped number and add it to the list
$Count++
$List += $X = $F[$X]
}
}
}
$LoopAvereage = $Count / $N / $Tests
return $LoopAvereage
}
Note: The use of the [pscustomobject] type accelerator to simplify making the test result table look pretty requires PowerShell 3.0.
# Display results for N = 1 through 20
ForEach ( $N in 1..20 )
{
$AnalyticalAverage = Get-AnalyticalLoopAverage $N
$ExperimentalAverage = Get-ExperimentalLoopAverage $N
[pscustomobject] @{
N = $N.ToString().PadLeft( 2, ' ' )
Analytical = $AnalyticalAverage.ToString( '0.00000000' )
Experimental = $ExperimentalAverage.ToString( '0.00000000' )
'Error (%)' = ( [math]::Abs( $AnalyticalAverage - $ExperimentalAverage ) / $AnalyticalAverage * 100 ).ToString( '0.00000000' )
}
}
- Output:
N Analytical Experimental Error (%) - ---------- ------------ --------- 1 1.00000000 1.00000000 0.00000000 2 1.50000000 1.49985500 0.00966667 3 1.88888889 1.88713000 0.09311765 4 2.21875000 2.22103500 0.10298592 5 2.51040000 2.51069200 0.01163161 6 2.77469136 2.77264833 0.07363070 7 3.01813870 3.01547143 0.08837474 8 3.24501801 3.25003875 0.15472163 9 3.45831574 3.45067667 0.22089013 10 3.66021568 3.65659000 0.09905646 11 3.85237205 3.85669273 0.11215626 12 4.03607368 4.03813500 0.05107253 13 4.21234791 4.20946231 0.06850349 14 4.38202942 4.38458786 0.05838465 15 4.54580729 4.54466400 0.02515032 16 4.70425825 4.70146375 0.05940356 17 4.85787082 4.86807647 0.21008483 18 5.00706310 5.01939278 0.24624572 19 5.15219620 5.15179263 0.00783296 20 5.29358459 5.29214950 0.02710991
Python
from __future__ import division # Only necessary for Python 2.X
from math import factorial
from random import randrange
MAX_N = 20
TIMES = 1000000
def analytical(n):
return sum(factorial(n) / pow(n, i) / factorial(n -i) for i in range(1, n+1))
def test(n, times):
count = 0
for i in range(times):
x, bits = 1, 0
while not (bits & x):
count += 1
bits |= x
x = 1 << randrange(n)
return count / times
if __name__ == '__main__':
print(" n\tavg\texp.\tdiff\n-------------------------------")
for n in range(1, MAX_N+1):
avg = test(n, TIMES)
theory = analytical(n)
diff = (avg / theory - 1) * 100
print("%2d %8.4f %8.4f %6.3f%%" % (n, avg, theory, diff))
- Output:
n avg exp. diff ------------------------------- 1 1.0000 1.0000 0.000% 2 1.5006 1.5000 0.037% 3 1.8887 1.8889 -0.012% 4 2.2190 2.2188 0.011% 5 2.5101 2.5104 -0.012% 6 2.7750 2.7747 0.012% 7 3.0158 3.0181 -0.076% 8 3.2447 3.2450 -0.009% 9 3.4586 3.4583 0.009% 10 3.6598 3.6602 -0.010% 11 3.8510 3.8524 -0.036% 12 4.0368 4.0361 0.017% 13 4.2099 4.2123 -0.058% 14 4.3784 4.3820 -0.083% 15 4.5484 4.5458 0.058% 16 4.7045 4.7043 0.006% 17 4.8611 4.8579 0.067% 18 5.0074 5.0071 0.007% 19 5.1534 5.1522 0.024% 20 5.2927 5.2936 -0.017%
Quackery
[ $ "bigrat.qky" loadfile ] now!
[ tuck space swap of
join
swap split drop echo$ ] is lecho$ ( $ n --> )
[ 1 swap times [ i 1+ * ] ] is ! ( n --> n )
[ 0 n->v rot
dup temp put
times
[ temp share ! n->v
temp share i 1+ - ! n->v
v/
temp share i 1+ ** n->v
v/ v+ ]
temp release ] is expected ( n --> n/d )
[ -1 temp put
0
[ 1 temp tally
over random bit
2dup & not while
| again ]
2drop drop
temp take ] is trial ( n --> n )
[ tuck 0 swap
times
[ over trial + ]
nip swap reduce ] is trials ( n n --> n/d )
[ say " n average expected difference"
cr
say "-- ------- -------- ----------"
cr
20 times
[ i^ 1+ dup 10 < if sp echo
2 times sp
i^ 1+ 1000000 trials
2dup 7 point$ 10 lecho$
i^ 1+ expected
2dup 7 point$ 11 lecho$
v/ 1 n->v v- 100 1 v* vabs
7 point$ echo$ say "%" cr ] ] is task ( --> )
- Output:
n average expected difference -- ------- -------- ---------- 1 1 1 0% 2 1.499195 1.5 0.0536667% 3 1.88936 1.8888889 0.0249412% 4 2.220728 2.21875 0.0891493% 5 2.508183 2.5104 0.0883126% 6 2.773072 2.7746914 0.0583617% 7 3.019331 3.0181387 0.0395045% 8 3.243534 3.245018 0.0457318% 9 3.45625 3.4583157 0.0597327% 10 3.658848 3.6602157 0.0373661% 11 3.850874 3.8523721 0.0388865% 12 4.032375 4.0360737 0.0916404% 13 4.212238 4.2123479 0.0026093% 14 4.383076 4.3820294 0.0238834% 15 4.544029 4.5458073 0.0391192% 16 4.706797 4.7042582 0.0539671% 17 4.856011 4.8578708 0.0382847% 18 5.004107 5.0070631 0.0590386% 19 5.152561 5.1521962 0.0070805% 20 5.288056 5.2935846 0.1044394%
R
expected <- function(size) {
result <- 0
for (i in 1:size) {
result <- result + factorial(size) / size^i / factorial(size -i)
}
result
}
knuth <- function(size) {
v <- sample(1:size, size, replace = TRUE)
visit <- vector('logical',size)
place <- 1
visit[[1]] <- TRUE
steps <- 0
repeat {
place <- v[[place]]
steps <- steps + 1
if (visit[[place]]) break
visit[[place]] <- TRUE
}
steps
}
cat(" N average analytical (error)\n")
cat("=== ========= ============ ==========\n")
for (num in 1:20) {
average <- mean(replicate(1e6, knuth(num)))
analytical <- expected(num)
error <- abs(average/analytical-1)*100
cat(sprintf("%3d%11.4f%14.4f ( %4.4f%%)\n", num, round(average,4), round(analytical,4), round(error,2)))
}
- Output:
N average analytical (error) === ========= ============ ========== 1 1.0000 1.0000 ( 0.0000%) 2 1.5002 1.5000 ( 0.0100%) 3 1.8892 1.8889 ( 0.0100%) 4 2.2190 2.2188 ( 0.0100%) 5 2.5108 2.5104 ( 0.0200%) 6 2.7751 2.7747 ( 0.0200%) 7 3.0177 3.0181 ( 0.0100%) 8 3.2472 3.2450 ( 0.0700%) 9 3.4582 3.4583 ( 0.0000%) 10 3.6600 3.6602 ( 0.0100%) 11 3.8530 3.8524 ( 0.0200%) 12 4.0366 4.0361 ( 0.0100%) 13 4.2085 4.2123 ( 0.0900%) 14 4.3814 4.3820 ( 0.0100%) 15 4.5446 4.5458 ( 0.0300%) 16 4.7063 4.7043 ( 0.0400%) 17 4.8555 4.8579 ( 0.0500%) 18 5.0099 5.0071 ( 0.0600%) 19 5.1567 5.1522 ( 0.0900%) 20 5.2940 5.2936 ( 0.0100%)
Racket
#lang racket
(require (only-in math factorial))
(define (analytical n)
(for/sum ([i (in-range 1 (add1 n))])
(/ (factorial n) (expt n i) (factorial (- n i)))))
(define (test n times)
(define (count-times seen times)
(define x (random n))
(if (memq x seen) times (count-times (cons x seen) (add1 times))))
(/ (for/fold ([count 0]) ([i times]) (count-times '() count))
times))
(define (test-table max-n times)
(displayln " n avg theory error\n------------------------")
(for ([i (in-range 1 (add1 max-n))])
(define average (test i times))
(define theory (analytical i))
(define difference (* (abs (sub1 (/ average theory))) 100))
(displayln (~a (~a i #:width 2 #:align 'right)
" " (real->decimal-string average 4)
" " (real->decimal-string theory 4)
" " (real->decimal-string difference 4)
"%"))))
(test-table 20 10000)
- Output:
n avg theory error ------------------------ 1 1.0000 1.0000 0.0000% 2 1.5082 1.5000 0.5467% 3 1.8966 1.8889 0.4082% 4 2.2251 2.2188 0.2862% 5 2.5138 2.5104 0.1354% 6 2.7582 2.7747 0.5943% 7 3.0253 3.0181 0.2373% 8 3.2293 3.2450 0.4844% 9 3.4602 3.4583 0.0545% 10 3.6831 3.6602 0.6252% 11 3.8459 3.8524 0.1680% 12 4.0348 4.0361 0.0316% 13 4.1896 4.2123 0.5400% 14 4.3555 4.3820 0.6054% 15 4.5678 4.5458 0.4838% 16 4.6950 4.7043 0.1968% 17 4.8524 4.8579 0.1126% 18 5.0224 5.0071 0.3063% 19 5.1017 5.1522 0.9801% 20 5.3316 5.2936 0.7181%
Raku
(formerly Perl 6)
constant MAX_N = 20;
constant TRIALS = 100;
for 1 .. MAX_N -> $N {
my $empiric = TRIALS R/ [+] find-loop(random-mapping $N).elems xx TRIALS;
my $theoric = [+]
map -> $k { $N ** ($k + 1) R/ [×] flat $k**2, $N - $k + 1 .. $N }, 1 .. $N;
FIRST say " N empiric theoric (error)";
FIRST say "=== ========= ============ =========";
printf "%3d %9.4f %12.4f (%4.2f%%)\n",
$N, $empiric, $theoric, 100 × abs($theoric - $empiric) / $theoric;
}
sub random-mapping { hash .list Z=> .roll($_) given ^$^size }
sub find-loop { 0, | %^mapping{*} ...^ { (%){$_}++ } }
- Example:
N empiric theoric (error) === ========= ============ ========= 1 1.0000 1.0000 (0.00%) 2 1.5600 1.5000 (4.00%) 3 1.7800 1.8889 (5.76%) 4 2.1800 2.2188 (1.75%) 5 2.6200 2.5104 (4.37%) 6 2.8300 2.7747 (1.99%) 7 3.1200 3.0181 (3.37%) 8 3.1400 3.2450 (3.24%) 9 3.4500 3.4583 (0.24%) 10 3.6700 3.6602 (0.27%) 11 3.8300 3.8524 (0.58%) 12 4.3600 4.0361 (8.03%) 13 3.9000 4.2123 (7.42%) 14 4.4900 4.3820 (2.46%) 15 4.9500 4.5458 (8.89%) 16 4.9800 4.7043 (5.86%) 17 4.9100 4.8579 (1.07%) 18 4.9700 5.0071 (0.74%) 19 5.1000 5.1522 (1.01%) 20 5.2300 5.2936 (1.20%)
REXX
This REXX program automatically adjusts the precision (decimal digits) to be used based on the size of the
factorial (product) for RUNS.
Also note that the ! (factorial function) uses memoization for optimization.
/*REXX program computes the average loop length mapping a random field 1···N ───► 1···N */
parse arg runs tests seed . /*obtain optional arguments from the CL*/
if runs =='' | runs =="," then runs = 40 /*Not specified? Then use the default.*/
if tests =='' | tests =="," then tests= 1000000 /* " " " " " " */
if datatype(seed, 'W') then call random ,, seed /*Is integer? For RAND repeatability.*/
!.=0; !.0=1 /*used for factorial (!) memoization.*/
numeric digits 100000 /*be able to calculate 25k! if need be.*/
numeric digits max(9, length( !(runs) ) ) /*set the NUMERIC DIGITS for !(runs). */
say right( runs, 24) 'runs' /*display number of runs we're using.*/
say right( tests, 24) 'tests' /* " " " tests " " */
say right( digits(), 24) 'digits' /* " " " digits " " */
say
say " N average exact % error " /* ◄─── title, header ►────────┐ */
hdr=" ═══ ═════════ ═════════ ═════════"; pad=left('',3) /* ◄────────┘ */
say hdr
do #=1 for runs; av=fmtD( exact(#) ) /*use four digits past decimal point. */
xa=fmtD( exper(#) ) /* " " " " " " */
say right(#,9) pad xa pad av pad fmtD( abs(xa-av) * 100 / av) /*show values.*/
end /*#*/
say hdr /*display the final header (some bars).*/
exit /*stick a fork in it, we're all done. */
/*──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
!: procedure expose !.; parse arg z; if !.z\==0 then return !.z
!=1; do j=2 for z -1; !=!*j; !.j=!; end; /*compute factorial*/ return !
/*──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
exact: parse arg x; s=0; do j=1 for x; s=s + !(x) / !(x-j) / x**j; end; return s
/*──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
exper: parse arg n; k=0; do tests; $.=0 /*do it TESTS times.*/
do n; r=random(1, n); if $.r then leave
$.r=1; k=k + 1 /*bump the counter. */
end /*n*/
end /*tests*/
return k/tests
/*──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
fmtD: parse arg y,d; d=word(d 4, 1); y=format(y, , d); parse var y w '.' f
if f=0 then return w || left('', d +1); return y
- output when using the default inputs:
40 runs 1000000 tests 48 digits N average exact % error ═══ ═════════ ═════════ ═════════ 1 1 1 0 2 1.4964 1.5000 0.2400 3 1.8876 1.8889 0.0688 4 2.2222 2.2188 0.1532 5 2.5104 2.5104 0 6 2.7758 2.7747 0.0396 7 3.0194 3.0181 0.0431 8 3.2608 3.2450 0.4869 9 3.4565 3.4583 0.0520 10 3.6583 3.6602 0.0519 11 3.8513 3.8524 0.0286 12 4.0401 4.0361 0.0991 13 4.2133 4.2123 0.0237 14 4.3835 4.3820 0.0342 15 4.5445 4.5458 0.0286 16 4.6672 4.7043 0.7886 17 4.8575 4.8579 0.0082 18 5.0105 5.0071 0.0679 19 5.1517 5.1522 0.0097 20 5.2903 5.2936 0.0623 21 5.4328 5.4315 0.0239 22 5.5674 5.5662 0.0216 23 5.6990 5.6979 0.0193 24 5.8353 5.8268 0.1459 25 5.9536 5.9530 0.0101 26 6.0801 6.0767 0.0560 27 6.1997 6.1981 0.0258 28 6.3197 6.3173 0.0380 29 6.4328 6.4344 0.0249 30 6.5485 6.5495 0.0153 31 6.6615 6.6627 0.0180 32 6.7102 6.7740 0.9418 33 6.8826 6.8837 0.0160 34 6.9878 6.9917 0.0558 35 7.0996 7.0982 0.0197 36 7.2054 7.2032 0.0305 37 7.3073 7.3067 0.0082 38 7.4089 7.4088 0.0013 39 7.5052 7.5096 0.0586 40 7.6151 7.6091 0.0789 ═══ ═════════ ═════════ ═════════
RPL
This task is an opportunity to showcase several useful instructions - CON, SEQ
and ∑
- which avoid to use a FOR..NEXT
loop, to create a constant array, to generate a list of random numbers and to calculate a finite sum.
« 0 → n times count « 1 times FOR j n { } + 0 CON « n RAND * CEIL » 'z' 1 n 1 SEQ 1 WHILE 3 PICK OVER GET NOT REPEAT ROT OVER 1 PUT ROT ROT OVER SWAP GET 'count' 1 STO+ END 3 DROPN NEXT count times / » » 'XPRMT' STO « { } DUP 1 20 FOR n SWAP n 1000 XPRMT + SWAP 'j' 1 n 'n!/n^j/(n-j)!' ∑ + NEXT DUP2 SWAP %CH ABS 2 FIX "%" ADD STD » 'TASK' STO
- Output:
3: { 1 1.497 1.882 2.2 2.468 2.823 3 3.258 3.475 3.647 3.854 4.003 4.234 4.46 4.589 4.767 4.852 4.929 5.154 5.251 } 2: { 1 1.5 1.88888888889 2.21875 2.5104 2.77469135802 3.0181387007 3.24501800538 3.45831574488 3.66021568 3.85237205073 4.03607367511 4.21234791298 4.38202942438 4.54580728514 4.70425824709 4.85787082081 5.00706309901 5.15219620097 5.29358458601 } 1:{ "0.00%" "0.20%" "0.36%" "0.85%" "1.69%" "1.74%" "0.60%" "0.40%" "0.48%" "0.36%" "0.04%" "0.82%" "0.51%" "1.78%" "0.95%" "1.33%" "0.12%" "1.56%" "0.04%" "0.80%" }
Ruby
Ruby does not have a factorial method, not even in it's math library.
class Integer
def factorial
self == 0 ? 1 : (1..self).inject(:*)
end
end
def rand_until_rep(n)
rands = {}
loop do
r = rand(1..n)
return rands.size if rands[r]
rands[r] = true
end
end
runs = 1_000_000
puts " N average exp. diff ",
"=== ======== ======== ==========="
(1..20).each do |n|
sum_of_runs = runs.times.inject(0){|sum, _| sum += rand_until_rep(n)}
avg = sum_of_runs / runs.to_f
analytical = (1..n).inject(0){|sum, i| sum += (n.factorial / (n**i).to_f / (n-i).factorial)}
puts "%3d %8.4f %8.4f (%8.4f%%)" % [n, avg, analytical, (avg/analytical - 1)*100]
end
- Output:
N average exp. diff === ======== ======== =========== 1 1.0000 1.0000 ( 0.0000%) 2 1.4999 1.5000 ( -0.0054%) 3 1.8886 1.8889 ( -0.0158%) 4 2.2181 2.2188 ( -0.0293%) 5 2.5107 2.5104 ( 0.0110%) 6 2.7717 2.7747 ( -0.1074%) 7 3.0167 3.0181 ( -0.0484%) 8 3.2442 3.2450 ( -0.0257%) 9 3.4597 3.4583 ( 0.0394%) 10 3.6572 3.6602 ( -0.0821%) 11 3.8502 3.8524 ( -0.0562%) 12 4.0357 4.0361 ( -0.0084%) 13 4.2139 4.2123 ( 0.0360%) 14 4.3805 4.3820 ( -0.0360%) 15 4.5481 4.5458 ( 0.0505%) 16 4.7030 4.7043 ( -0.0265%) 17 4.8582 4.8579 ( 0.0075%) 18 5.0078 5.0071 ( 0.0151%) 19 5.1568 5.1522 ( 0.0893%) 20 5.2885 5.2936 ( -0.0961%)
Rust
extern crate rand;
use rand::{ThreadRng, thread_rng};
use rand::distributions::{IndependentSample, Range};
use std::collections::HashSet;
use std::env;
use std::process;
fn help() {
println!("usage: average_loop_length <max_N> <trials>");
}
fn main() {
let args: Vec<String> = env::args().collect();
let mut max_n: u32 = 20;
let mut trials: u32 = 1000;
match args.len() {
1 => {}
3 => {
max_n = args[1].parse::<u32>().unwrap();
trials = args[2].parse::<u32>().unwrap();
}
_ => {
help();
process::exit(0);
}
}
let mut rng = thread_rng();
println!(" N average analytical (error)");
println!("=== ========= ============ =========");
for n in 1..(max_n + 1) {
let the_analytical = analytical(n);
let the_empirical = empirical(n, trials, &mut rng);
println!(" {:>2} {:3.4} {:3.4} ( {:>+1.2}%)",
n,
the_empirical,
the_analytical,
100f64 * (the_empirical / the_analytical - 1f64));
}
}
fn factorial(n: u32) -> f64 {
(1..n + 1).fold(1f64, |p, n| p * n as f64)
}
fn analytical(n: u32) -> f64 {
let sum: f64 = (1..(n + 1))
.map(|i| factorial(n) / (n as f64).powi(i as i32) / factorial(n - i))
.fold(0f64, |a, v| a + v);
sum
}
fn empirical(n: u32, trials: u32, rng: &mut ThreadRng) -> f64 {
let sum: f64 = (0..trials)
.map(|_t| {
let mut item = 1u32;
let mut seen = HashSet::new();
let range = Range::new(1u32, n + 1);
for step in 0..n {
if seen.contains(&item) {
return step as f64;
}
seen.insert(item);
item = range.ind_sample(rng);
}
n as f64
})
.fold(0f64, |a, v| a + v);
sum / trials as f64
}
- Output:
Using default arguments:
N average analytical (error) === ========= ============ ========= 1 1.0000 1.0000 ( +0.00%) 2 1.4992 1.5000 ( -0.05%) 3 1.8881 1.8889 ( -0.04%) 4 2.2177 2.2188 ( -0.05%) 5 2.5107 2.5104 ( +0.01%) 6 2.7752 2.7747 ( +0.02%) 7 3.0172 3.0181 ( -0.03%) 8 3.2452 3.2450 ( +0.01%) 9 3.4628 3.4583 ( +0.13%) 10 3.6606 3.6602 ( +0.01%) 11 3.8515 3.8524 ( -0.02%) 12 4.0348 4.0361 ( -0.03%) 13 4.2105 4.2123 ( -0.04%) 14 4.3835 4.3820 ( +0.03%) 15 4.5477 4.5458 ( +0.04%) 16 4.7042 4.7043 ( -0.00%) 17 4.8580 4.8579 ( +0.00%) 18 5.0076 5.0071 ( +0.01%) 19 5.1554 5.1522 ( +0.06%) 20 5.2911 5.2936 ( -0.05%)
Scala
import scala.util.Random
object AverageLoopLength extends App {
val factorial: LazyList[Double] = 1 #:: factorial.zip(LazyList.from(1)).map(n => n._2 * factorial(n._2 - 1))
val results = for (n <- 1 to 20;
avg = tested(n, 1000000);
theory = expected(n)
) yield (n, avg, theory, (avg / theory - 1) * 100)
def expected(n: Int): Double = (for (i <- 1 to n) yield factorial(n) / Math.pow(n, i) / factorial(n - i)).sum
def tested(n: Int, times: Int): Double = (for (i <- 1 to times) yield trial(n)).sum / times
def trial(n: Int): Double = {
var count = 0
var x = 1
var bits = 0
while ((bits & x) == 0) {
count = count + 1
bits = bits | x
x = 1 << Random.nextInt(n)
}
count
}
println("n avg exp diff")
println("------------------------------------")
results foreach { n => {
println(f"${n._1}%2d ${n._2}%2.6f ${n._3}%2.6f ${n._4}%2.3f%%")
}
}
}
- Output:
n avg exp diff ------------------------------------ 1 1.000000 1.000000 0.000% 2 1.499894 1.500000 -0.007% 3 1.887826 1.888889 -0.056% 4 2.217514 2.218750 -0.056% 5 2.510049 2.510400 -0.014% 6 2.773658 2.774691 -0.037% 7 3.016585 3.018139 -0.051% 8 3.246865 3.245018 0.057% 9 3.458683 3.458316 0.011% 10 3.660361 3.660216 0.004% 11 3.852663 3.852372 0.008% 12 4.036970 4.036074 0.022% 13 4.213653 4.212348 0.031% 14 4.385226 4.382029 0.073% 15 4.545667 4.545807 -0.003% 16 4.705559 4.704258 0.028% 17 4.854056 4.857871 -0.079% 18 5.007146 5.007063 0.002% 19 5.148767 5.152196 -0.067% 20 5.292875 5.293585 -0.013%
Scheme
(import (scheme base)
(scheme write)
(srfi 1 lists)
(only (srfi 13 strings) string-pad-right)
(srfi 27 random-bits))
(define (analytical-function n)
(define (factorial n)
(fold * 1 (iota n 1)))
;
(fold (lambda (i sum)
(+ sum
(/ (factorial n) (expt n i) (factorial (- n i)))))
0
(iota n 1)))
(define (simulation n runs)
(define (single-simulation)
(random-source-randomize! default-random-source)
(let ((vec (make-vector n #f)))
(let loop ((count 0)
(num (random-integer n)))
(if (vector-ref vec num)
count
(begin (vector-set! vec num #t)
(loop (+ 1 count)
(random-integer n)))))))
;;
(let loop ((total 0)
(run runs))
(if (zero? run)
(/ total runs)
(loop (+ total (single-simulation))
(- run 1)))))
(display " N average formula (error) \n")
(display "=== ========= ========= =========\n")
(for-each
(lambda (n)
(let ((simulation (inexact (simulation n 10000)))
(formula (inexact (analytical-function n))))
(display
(string-append
" "
(string-pad-right (number->string n) 3)
" "
(string-pad-right (number->string simulation) 6)
" "
(string-pad-right (number->string formula) 6)
" ("
(string-pad-right
(number->string (* 100 (/ (- simulation formula) formula)))
5)
"%)"))
(newline)))
(iota 20 1))
- Output:
N average formula (error) === ========= ========= ========= 1 1.0 1.0 (0.0 %) 2 1.5018 1.5 (0.120%) 3 1.8863 1.8888 (-0.13%) 4 2.2154 2.2187 (-0.15%) 5 2.5082 2.5104 (-0.08%) 6 2.7613 2.7746 (-0.48%) 7 3.036 3.0181 (0.591%) 8 3.2656 3.2450 (0.634%) 9 3.455 3.4583 (-0.09%) 10 3.682 3.6602 (0.595%) 11 3.8233 3.8523 (-0.75%) 12 4.0409 4.0360 (0.119%) 13 4.2471 4.2123 (0.825%) 14 4.3577 4.3820 (-0.55%) 15 4.5351 4.5458 (-0.23%) 16 4.7181 4.7042 (0.294%) 17 4.8877 4.8578 (0.614%) 18 5.0239 5.0070 (0.336%) 19 5.1216 5.1521 (-0.59%) 20 5.2717 5.2935 (-0.41%)
Seed7
$ include "seed7_05.s7i";
include "float.s7i";
const integer: TESTS is 1000000;
const func float: factorial (in integer: number) is func
result
var float: factorial is 1.0;
local
var integer: i is 0;
begin
for i range 2 to number do
factorial *:= flt(i);
end for;
end func;
const func float: analytical (in integer: number) is func
result
var float: sum is 0.0;
local
var integer: i is 0;
begin
for i range 1 to number do
sum +:= factorial(number) / factorial(number - i) / flt(number)**i;
end for;
end func;
const func float: experimental (in integer: number) is func
result
var float: experimental is 0.0;
local
var integer: run is 0;
var set of integer: seen is EMPTY_SET;
var integer: current is 1;
var integer: count is 0;
begin
for run range 1 to TESTS do
current := 1;
seen := EMPTY_SET;
while current not in seen do
incr(count);
incl(seen, current);
current := rand(1, number);
end while;
end for;
experimental := flt(count) / flt(TESTS);
end func;
const proc: main is func
local
var integer: number is 0;
var float: analytical is 0.0;
var float: experimental is 0.0;
var float: err is 0.0;
begin
writeln(" N avg calc %diff");
for number range 1 to 20 do
analytical := analytical(number);
experimental := experimental(number);
err := abs(experimental - analytical) / analytical * 100.0;
writeln(number lpad 2 <& experimental digits 4 lpad 7 <&
analytical digits 4 lpad 7 <& err digits 3 lpad 7);
end for;
end func;
- Output:
N avg calc %diff 1 1.0000 1.0000 0.000 2 1.4999 1.5000 0.005 3 1.8891 1.8889 0.010 4 2.2196 2.2188 0.040 5 2.5073 2.5104 0.122 6 2.7744 2.7747 0.010 7 3.0186 3.0181 0.015 8 3.2463 3.2450 0.040 9 3.4592 3.4583 0.027 10 3.6597 3.6602 0.013 11 3.8549 3.8524 0.066 12 4.0374 4.0361 0.033 13 4.2115 4.2123 0.019 14 4.3835 4.3820 0.033 15 4.5474 4.5458 0.035 16 4.7017 4.7043 0.055 17 4.8558 4.8579 0.043 18 5.0096 5.0071 0.051 19 5.1522 5.1522 0.000 20 5.2907 5.2936 0.054
Sidef
func find_loop(n) {
var seen = Hash()
loop {
with (irand(1, n)) { |r|
seen.has(r) ? (return seen.len) : (seen{r} = true)
}
}
}
print " N empiric theoric (error)\n";
print "=== ========= ============ =========\n";
define MAX = 20
define TRIALS = 1000
for n in (1..MAX) {
var empiric = (1..TRIALS -> sum { find_loop(n) } / TRIALS)
var theoric = (1..n -> sum {|k| prod(n - k + 1 .. n) * k**2 / n**(k+1) })
printf("%3d %9.4f %12.4f (%5.2f%%)\n",
n, empiric, theoric, 100*(empiric-theoric)/theoric)
}
- Output:
N empiric theoric (error) === ========= ============ ========= 1 1.0000 1.0000 ( 0.00%) 2 1.4990 1.5000 (-0.07%) 3 1.8560 1.8889 (-1.74%) 4 2.1730 2.2188 (-2.06%) 5 2.5440 2.5104 ( 1.34%) 6 2.7490 2.7747 (-0.93%) 7 3.0390 3.0181 ( 0.69%) 8 3.1820 3.2450 (-1.94%) 9 3.4520 3.4583 (-0.18%) 10 3.6580 3.6602 (-0.06%) 11 3.9650 3.8524 ( 2.92%) 12 3.9920 4.0361 (-1.09%) 13 4.1270 4.2123 (-2.03%) 14 4.3710 4.3820 (-0.25%) 15 4.5520 4.5458 ( 0.14%) 16 4.7120 4.7043 ( 0.16%) 17 4.9400 4.8579 ( 1.69%) 18 5.0070 5.0071 (-0.00%) 19 5.2370 5.1522 ( 1.65%) 20 5.2940 5.2936 ( 0.01%)
Simula
BEGIN
REAL PROCEDURE FACTORIAL(N); INTEGER N;
BEGIN
REAL RESULT;
INTEGER I;
RESULT := 1.0;
FOR I := 2 STEP 1 UNTIL N DO
RESULT := RESULT * I;
FACTORIAL := RESULT;
END FACTORIAL;
REAL PROCEDURE ANALYTICAL (N); INTEGER N;
BEGIN
REAL SUM, RN;
INTEGER I;
RN := N;
FOR I := 1 STEP 1 UNTIL N DO
BEGIN
SUM := SUM + FACTORIAL(N) / FACTORIAL(N - I) / RN ** I;
END;
ANALYTICAL := SUM;
END ANALYTICAL;
REAL PROCEDURE EXPERIMENTAL(N); INTEGER N;
BEGIN
INTEGER NUM;
INTEGER COUNT;
INTEGER RUN;
FOR RUN := 1 STEP 1 UNTIL TESTS DO
BEGIN
BOOLEAN ARRAY BITS(1:N);
INTEGER I;
FOR I := 1 STEP 1 UNTIL N DO
BEGIN
NUM := RANDINT(1,N,SEED);
IF BITS(NUM) THEN GOTO L;
BITS(NUM) := TRUE;
COUNT := COUNT + 1;
END FOR I;
L:
END FOR RUN;
EXPERIMENTAL := COUNT / TESTS;
END EXPERIMENTAL;
INTEGER SEED, TESTS;
SEED := ININT;
TESTS := 1000000;
BEGIN
REAL A, E, ERR;
INTEGER I;
OUTTEXT(" N AVG CALC %DIFF"); OUTIMAGE;
FOR I := 1 STEP 1 UNTIL 20 DO
BEGIN
A := ANALYTICAL(I);
E := EXPERIMENTAL(I);
ERR := (ABS(E-A)/A)*100.0;
OUTINT(I, 2);
OUTFIX(E, 4, 7);
OUTFIX(A, 4, 10);
OUTFIX(ERR, 4, 10);
OUTIMAGE;
END FOR I;
END;
END
- Input:
678
- Output:
N AVG CALC %DIFF 1 1.0000 1.0000 0.0000 2 1.4999 1.5000 0.0075 3 1.8890 1.8889 0.0072 4 2.2182 2.2188 0.0243 5 2.5105 2.5104 0.0027 6 2.7746 2.7747 0.0025 7 3.0164 3.0181 0.0590 8 3.2447 3.2450 0.0110 9 3.4567 3.4583 0.0453 10 3.6622 3.6602 0.0539 11 3.8503 3.8524 0.0546 12 4.0373 4.0361 0.0300 13 4.2105 4.2123 0.0445 14 4.3819 4.3820 0.0027 15 4.5475 4.5458 0.0376 16 4.7056 4.7043 0.0295 17 4.8559 4.8579 0.0396 18 5.0105 5.0071 0.0694 19 5.1541 5.1522 0.0376 20 5.2961 5.2936 0.0467
Tcl
# Generate a list of the numbers increasing from $a to $b
proc range {a b} {
for {set result {}} {$a <= $b} {incr a} {lappend result $a}
return $result
}
# Computing the expected value analytically
proc tcl::mathfunc::factorial n {
::tcl::mathop::* {*}[range 2 $n]
}
proc Analytical {n} {
set sum 0.0
foreach x [range 1 $n] {
set sum [expr {$sum + factorial($n) / factorial($n-$x) / double($n)**$x}]
}
return $sum
}
# Determining an approximation to the value experimentally
proc Experimental {n numTests} {
set count 0
set u0 [lrepeat $n 1]
foreach run [range 1 $numTests] {
set unseen $u0
for {set i 0} {[lindex $unseen $i]} {incr count} {
lset unseen $i 0
set i [expr {int(rand()*$n)}]
}
}
return [expr {$count / double($numTests)}]
}
# Tabulate the results in exactly the original format
puts " N average analytical (error)"
puts "=== ========= ============ ========="
foreach n [range 1 20] {
set a [Analytical $n]
set e [Experimental $n 100000]
puts [format "%3d %9.4f %12.4f (%6.2f%%)" $n $e $a [expr {abs($e-$a)/$a*100.0}]]
}
- Output:
N average analytical (error) === ========= ============ ========= 1 1.0000 1.0000 ( 0.00%) 2 1.5003 1.5000 ( 0.02%) 3 1.8881 1.8889 ( 0.04%) 4 2.2228 2.2188 ( 0.18%) 5 2.5109 2.5104 ( 0.02%) 6 2.7804 2.7747 ( 0.20%) 7 3.0223 3.0181 ( 0.14%) 8 3.2456 3.2450 ( 0.02%) 9 3.4598 3.4583 ( 0.04%) 10 3.6590 3.6602 ( 0.03%) 11 3.8527 3.8524 ( 0.01%) 12 4.0390 4.0361 ( 0.07%) 13 4.2156 4.2123 ( 0.08%) 14 4.3821 4.3820 ( 0.00%) 15 4.5527 4.5458 ( 0.15%) 16 4.6952 4.7043 ( 0.19%) 17 4.8530 4.8579 ( 0.10%) 18 4.9912 5.0071 ( 0.32%) 19 5.1578 5.1522 ( 0.11%) 20 5.2992 5.2936 ( 0.11%)
uBasic/4tH
This is about the limit of what you can do with uBasic/4tH. Since it is an integer BASIC, it uses what has become known in the Forth community as "Brodie math". The last 14 bits of an 64-bit integer are used to represent the fraction, so basically it is a form of "fixed point math". This, of course, leads inevitably to rounding errors. After step 14 the number is too large to fit in a 64-bit integer - so at that point it simply breaks down. Performance is another issue.
M = 14
T = 100000
If Info("wordsize") < 64 Then Print "This program requires a 64-bit uBasic" : End
Print "N\tavg\tcalc\t%diff"
For n = 1 To M
a = FUNC(_Test(n, T))
h = FUNC(_Analytical(n))
d = FUNC(_Fmul(FUNC(_Fdiv(a, h)) - FUNC(_Ntof(1)), FUNC(_Ntof(100))))
Print n; "\t";
Proc _Fprint (a) : Print "\t";
Proc _Fprint (h) : Print "\t";
Proc _Fprint (d) : Print "%"
Next
End
_Analytical
Param (1)
Local (3)
c@ = 0
For b@ = 1 To a@
d@ = FUNC(_Fdiv(FUNC(_Factorial(a@)), a@^b@))
c@ = c@ + FUNC(_Fdiv (d@, FUNC(_Ntof(FUNC(_Factorial(a@-b@))))))
Next
Return (c@)
_Test
Param (2)
Local (4)
e@ = 0
For c@ = 1 To b@
f@ = 1 : d@ = 0
Do While AND(d@, f@) = 0
e@ = e@ + 1
d@ = OR(d@, f@)
f@ = SHL(1, Rnd(a@))
Loop
Next
Return (FUNC(_Fdiv(e@, b@)))
_Factorial
Param(1)
If (a@ = 1) + (a@ = 0) Then Return (1)
Return (a@ * FUNC(_Factorial(a@-1)))
_Fmul Param (2) : Return ((a@*b@)/16384)
_Fdiv Param (2) : Return ((a@*16384)/b@)
_Ftoi Param (1) : Return ((10000*a@)/16384)
_Itof Param (1) : Return ((16384*a@)/10000)
_Ntof Param (1) : Return (16384*a@)
_Fprint Param (1) : a@ = FUNC(_Ftoi(a@)) : Print Using "+?.####";a@; : Return
- Output:
N avg calc %diff 1 1.0000 1.0000 0.0000% 2 1.4985 1.5000 -0.0976% 3 1.8869 1.8887 -0.1037% 4 2.2192 2.2187 0.0183% 5 2.5130 2.5103 0.1037% 6 2.7761 2.7745 0.0549% 7 3.0264 3.0180 0.2746% 8 3.2504 3.2449 0.1647% 9 3.4528 3.4581 -0.1525% 10 3.6651 3.6599 0.1403% 11 3.8543 3.8521 0.0549% 12 4.0364 4.0357 0.0122% 13 4.2153 4.2119 0.0793% 14 4.3866 4.3815 0.1098% 0 OK, 0:392
Unicon
link printf, factors
$define MAX_N 20
$define TIMES 1000000
$define RAND_MAX 2147483647
procedure expected(n)
local sum := 0
every i := 1 to n do
sum +:= factorial(n) / (n ^ i) / factorial(n - i)
return sum
end
procedure test(n, times)
local i, count := 0, x, bits
every i := 0 to times-1 do {
x := 1
bits := 0
while iand(bits, x)=0 do {
count +:= 1
bits := ior(bits, x)
x := ishift(1 , ?n-1)
}
}
return count
end
procedure main(void)
local n, cnt, avg, theory, diff
write(" n\tavg\texp.\tdiff\n", repl("-",29))
every n := 1 to MAX_N do {
cnt := test(n, TIMES)
avg := real(cnt) / TIMES
theory := expected(n)
diff := (avg / theory - 1) * 100
printf("%2d %8.4r %8.4r %6.3r%%\n", n, avg, theory, diff)
}
return 0
end
- Output:
n avg exp. diff ----------------------------- 1 1.0000 1.0000 0.000% 2 1.5008 1.5000 0.056% 3 1.8879 1.8889 -0.051% 4 2.2208 2.2188 0.091% 5 2.5127 2.5104 0.093% 6 2.7759 2.7747 0.044% 7 3.0175 3.0181 -0.023% 8 3.2425 3.2450 -0.079% 9 3.4571 3.4583 -0.034% 10 3.6613 3.6602 0.029% 11 3.8493 3.8524 -0.081% 12 4.0384 4.0361 0.058% 13 4.2133 4.2123 0.023% 14 4.3804 4.3820 -0.037% 15 4.5475 4.5458 0.038% 16 4.7049 4.7043 0.014% 17 4.8575 4.8579 -0.008% 18 5.0088 5.0071 0.035% 19 5.1533 5.1522 0.021% 20 5.2893 5.2936 -0.081%
VBA
Const MAX = 20
Const ITER = 1000000
Function expected(n As Long) As Double
Dim sum As Double
For i = 1 To n
sum = sum + WorksheetFunction.Fact(n) / n ^ i / WorksheetFunction.Fact(n - i)
Next i
expected = sum
End Function
Function test(n As Long) As Double
Dim count As Long
Dim x As Long, bits As Long
For i = 1 To ITER
x = 1
bits = 0
Do While Not bits And x
count = count + 1
bits = bits Or x
x = 2 ^ (Int(n * Rnd()))
Loop
Next i
test = count / ITER
End Function
Public Sub main()
Dim n As Long
Debug.Print " n avg. exp. (error%)"
Debug.Print "== ====== ====== ========"
For n = 1 To MAX
av = test(n)
ex = expected(n)
Debug.Print Format(n, "@@"); " "; Format(av, "0.0000"); " ";
Debug.Print Format(ex, "0.0000"); " ("; Format(Abs(1 - av / ex), "0.000%"); ")"
Next n
End Sub
- Output:
n avg. exp. (error%) == ====== ====== ======== 1 1,0000 1,0000 (0,000%) 2 1,4994 1,5000 (0,041%) 3 1,8893 1,8889 (0,023%) 4 2,2187 2,2188 (0,001%) 5 2,5107 2,5104 (0,010%) 6 2,7769 2,7747 (0,080%) 7 3,0162 3,0181 (0,064%) 8 3,2472 3,2450 (0,066%) 9 3,4603 3,4583 (0,056%) 10 3,6577 3,6602 (0,070%) 11 3,8527 3,8524 (0,010%) 12 4,0361 4,0361 (0,001%) 13 4,2121 4,2123 (0,005%) 14 4,3825 4,3820 (0,010%) 15 4,5466 4,5458 (0,016%) 16 4,7023 4,7043 (0,041%) 17 4,8567 4,8579 (0,025%) 18 5,0031 5,0071 (0,079%) 19 5,1530 5,1522 (0,016%) 20 5,2958 5,2936 (0,041%)
VBScript
Ported from the VBA version. I added some precalculations to speed it up
Const MAX = 20
Const ITER = 100000
Function expected(n)
Dim sum
ni=n
For i = 1 To n
sum = sum + fact(n) / ni / fact(n-i)
ni=ni*n
Next
expected = sum
End Function
Function test(n )
Dim coun,x,bits
For i = 1 To ITER
x = 1
bits = 0
Do While Not bits And x
count = count + 1
bits = bits Or x
x =shift(Int(n * Rnd()))
Loop
Next
test = count / ITER
End Function
'VBScript formats numbers but does'nt align them!
function rf(v,n,s) rf=right(string(n,s)& v,n):end function
'some precalculations to speed things up...
dim fact(20),shift(20)
fact(0)=1:shift(0)=1
for i=1 to 20
fact(i)=i*fact(i-1)
shift(i)=2*shift(i-1)
next
Dim n
Wscript.echo "For " & ITER &" iterations"
Wscript.Echo " n avg. exp. (error%)"
Wscript.Echo "== ====== ====== =========="
For n = 1 To MAX
av = test(n)
ex = expected(n)
Wscript.Echo rf(n,2," ")& " "& rf(formatnumber(av, 4),7," ") & " "& _
rf(formatnumber(ex,4),6," ")& " ("& rf(Formatpercent(1 - av / ex,4),8," ") & ")"
Next
Output
For 100000 iterations n avg. exp. (error%) == ====== ====== ========== 1 1.0000 1.0000 ( 0.0000%) 2 1.4982 1.5000 ( 0.0012%) 3 1.8909 1.8889 (-0.0010%) 4 2.2190 2.2188 (-0.0001%) 5 2.5102 2.5104 ( 0.0001%) 6 2.7789 2.7747 (-0.0015%) 7 3.0230 3.0181 (-0.0016%) 8 3.2449 3.2450 ( 0.0000%) 9 3.4543 3.4583 ( 0.0012%) 10 3.6714 3.6602 (-0.0031%) 11 3.8559 3.8524 (-0.0009%) 12 4.0345 4.0361 ( 0.0004%) 13 4.2141 4.2123 (-0.0004%) 14 4.3762 4.3820 ( 0.0013%) 15 4.5510 4.5458 (-0.0011%) 16 4.6979 4.7043 ( 0.0014%) 17 4.8628 4.8579 (-0.0010%) 18 5.0081 5.0071 (-0.0002%) 19 5.1518 5.1522 ( 0.0001%) 20 5.2906 5.2936 ( 0.0006%)
V (Vlang)
import rand
import math
const nmax = 20
fn main() {
println(" N average analytical (error)")
println("=== ========= ============ =========")
for n := 1; n <= nmax; n++ {
a := avg(n)
b := ana(n)
println("${n:3} ${a:9.4f} ${b:12.4f} (${math.abs(a-b)/b*100:6.2f}%)" )
}
}
fn avg(n int) f64 {
tests := int(1e4)
mut sum := 0
for _ in 0..tests {
mut v := [nmax]bool{}
for x := 0; !v[x]; {
v[x] = true
sum++
x = rand.intn(n) or {0}
}
}
return f64(sum) / tests
}
fn ana(n int) f64 {
nn := f64(n)
mut term := 1.0
mut sum := 1.0
for i := nn - 1; i >= 1; i-- {
term *= i / nn
sum += term
}
return sum
}
- Output:
Sample output:
N average analytical (error) === ========= ============ ========= 1 1.0000 1.0000 ( 0.00%) 2 1.4967 1.5000 ( 0.22%) 3 1.8970 1.8889 ( 0.43%) 4 2.2151 2.2188 ( 0.16%) 5 2.5044 2.5104 ( 0.24%) 6 2.7884 2.7747 ( 0.49%) 7 3.0356 3.0181 ( 0.58%) 8 3.2468 3.2450 ( 0.05%) 9 3.4692 3.4583 ( 0.31%) 10 3.6538 3.6602 ( 0.18%) 11 3.8325 3.8524 ( 0.52%) 12 4.0674 4.0361 ( 0.78%) 13 4.2199 4.2123 ( 0.18%) 14 4.3808 4.3820 ( 0.03%) 15 4.5397 4.5458 ( 0.13%) 16 4.6880 4.7043 ( 0.35%) 17 4.8554 4.8579 ( 0.05%) 18 5.0311 5.0071 ( 0.48%) 19 5.1577 5.1522 ( 0.11%) 20 5.2995 5.2936 ( 0.11%)
Wren
import "random" for Random
import "./fmt" for Fmt
var nmax = 20
var rand = Random.new()
var avg = Fn.new { |n|
var tests = 1e4
var sum = 0
for (t in 0...tests) {
var v = List.filled(nmax, false)
var x = 0
while (!v[x]) {
v[x] = true
sum = sum + 1
x = rand.int(n)
}
}
return sum/tests
}
var ana = Fn.new { |n|
if (n < 2) return 1
var term = 1
var sum = 1
for (i in n-1..1) {
term = term * i / n
sum = sum + term
}
return sum
}
System.print(" N average analytical (error)")
System.print("=== ========= ============ =========")
for (n in 1..nmax) {
var a = avg.call(n)
var b = ana.call(n)
var e = (a - b).abs/ b * 100
Fmt.print("$3d $9.4f $12.4f ($6.2f\%)", n, a, b, e)
}
- Output:
Sample output:
N average analytical (error) === ========= ============ ========= 1 1.0000 1.0000 ( 0.00%) 2 1.4967 1.5000 ( 0.22%) 3 1.8970 1.8889 ( 0.43%) 4 2.2151 2.2188 ( 0.16%) 5 2.5044 2.5104 ( 0.24%) 6 2.7884 2.7747 ( 0.49%) 7 3.0356 3.0181 ( 0.58%) 8 3.2468 3.2450 ( 0.05%) 9 3.4692 3.4583 ( 0.31%) 10 3.6538 3.6602 ( 0.18%) 11 3.8325 3.8524 ( 0.52%) 12 4.0674 4.0361 ( 0.78%) 13 4.2199 4.2123 ( 0.18%) 14 4.3808 4.3820 ( 0.03%) 15 4.5397 4.5458 ( 0.13%) 16 4.6880 4.7043 ( 0.35%) 17 4.8554 4.8579 ( 0.05%) 18 5.0311 5.0071 ( 0.48%) 19 5.1577 5.1522 ( 0.11%) 20 5.2995 5.2936 ( 0.11%)
zkl
const N=20;
(" N average analytical (error)").println();
("=== ========= ============ =========").println();
foreach n in ([1..N]){
a := avg(n);
b := ana(n);
"%3d %9.4f %12.4f (%6.2f%%)".fmt(
n, a, b, ((a-b)/b*100)).println();
}
fcn f(n){ (0).random(n) }
fcn avg(n){
tests := 0d10_000;
sum := 0;
do(tests){
v:=(0).pump(n,List,T(Void,False)).copy();
while(1){
z := f(n);
if(v[z]) break;
v[z] = True;
sum += 1;
}
}
return(sum.toFloat() / tests);
}
fcn fact(n) { (1).reduce(n,fcn(N,n){N*n},1.0) } //-->Float
fcn ana(n){
n=n.toFloat();
(1).reduce(n,'wrap(sum,i){ sum+fact(n)/n.pow(i)/fact(n-i) },0.0);
}
- Output:
N average analytical (error) === ========= ============ ========= 1 1.0000 1.0000 ( 0.00%) 2 1.5053 1.5000 ( 0.35%) 3 1.8899 1.8889 ( 0.05%) 4 2.2384 2.2188 ( 0.89%) 5 2.5090 2.5104 ( -0.06%) 6 2.7824 2.7747 ( 0.28%) 7 3.0449 3.0181 ( 0.89%) 8 3.2430 3.2450 ( -0.06%) 9 3.4744 3.4583 ( 0.47%) 10 3.6693 3.6602 ( 0.25%) 11 3.8833 3.8524 ( 0.80%) 12 4.0225 4.0361 ( -0.34%) 13 4.1899 4.2123 ( -0.53%) 14 4.4135 4.3820 ( 0.72%) 15 4.5807 4.5458 ( 0.77%) 16 4.7304 4.7043 ( 0.56%) 17 4.8437 4.8579 ( -0.29%) 18 4.9838 5.0071 ( -0.46%) 19 5.1767 5.1522 ( 0.48%) 20 5.2723 5.2936 ( -0.40%)
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