Create a file
You are encouraged to solve this task according to the task description, using any language you may know.
In this task, the job is to create a new empty file called "output.txt" of size 0 bytes and an empty directory called "docs". This should be done twice: once "here", i.e. in the current working directory and once in the filesystem root.
4DOS Batch
<lang 4dos>echos > output.txt mkdir docs
echos > \output.txt mkdir \docs</lang>
Ada
Notes:
- Use Streams_IO to write 0 bytes. File creation with Ada.Text_IO does not create 0 byte files (it inserts EOL/EOF).
- The forward slash (/) notation works in Windows XP as well as Unix/Linux.
<lang ada>with Ada.Streams.Stream_IO, Ada.Directories; use Ada.Streams.Stream_IO, Ada.Directories;
procedure File_Creation is
File_Handle : File_Type;
begin
Create (File_Handle, Out_File, "output.txt");
Close (File_Handle);
Create_Directory("docs");
Create (File_Handle, Out_File, "/output.txt");
Close (File_Handle);
Create_Directory("/docs");
end File_Creation;</lang>
Aikido
<lang aikido> var sout = openout ("output.txt") // in current dir sout.close()
var sout1 = openout ("/output.txt") // in root dir sout1.close()
mkdir ("docs") mkdir ("/docs")
</lang>
Aime
<lang aime># Make a directory using the -mkdir- program void mkdir(text p) {
sshell ss;
b_cast(ss_path(ss), "mkdir");
l_append(ss_argv(ss), "mkdir"); l_append(ss_argv(ss), p);
ss_link(ss);
}
void create_file(text p) {
file f;
f_open(f, p, OPEN_CREATE | OPEN_TRUNCATE | OPEN_WRITEONLY, 00644);
}
void create_pair(text prefix) {
create_file(cat(prefix, "output.txt")); mkdir(cat(prefix, "docs"));
}
integer main(void) {
create_pair("");
create_pair("/");
return 0;
}</lang>
ALGOL 68
Note: file names are Operating System dependent.
- ALGOL 68G does not support pages, and "set" procedure only has 2 arguments.
- ELLA ALGOL 68 also encounters problems with "set" page on linux.
It may be best to to use an operating system provided library. <lang algol68>main:(
INT errno;
PROC touch = (STRING file name)INT:
BEGIN
FILE actual file;
INT errno := open(actual file, file name, stand out channel);
IF errno NE 0 THEN GO TO stop touch FI;
close(actual file); # detach the book and keep it #
errno
EXIT
stop touch:
errno
END;
errno := touch("input.txt");
errno := touch("/input.txt");
# ALGOL 68 has no concept of directories, however a file can have multiple pages, the pages are identified by page number only #
PROC mkpage = (STRING file name, INT page x)INT:
BEGIN
FILE actual file;
INT errno := open(actual file, file name, stand out channel);
IF errno NE 0 THEN GO TO stop mkpage FI;
set(actual file,page x,1,1); # skip to page x, line 1, character 1 #
close(actual file); # detach the new page and keep it #
errno
EXIT
stop mkpage:
errno
END;
errno := mkpage("input.txt",2);
)</lang>
APL
<lang APL> 'output.txt' ⎕ncreate ¯1+⌊/0,⎕nnums
'\output.txt' ⎕ncreate ¯1+⌊/0,⎕nnums
⎕mkdir 'Docs'
⎕mkdir '\Docs'</lang>
AppleScript
AppleScript itself has limited built-in File System access, but folders (directories) can be created by controlling the Mac OS Finder, and files can be created and accessed using the Standard Additions (osax) scripting addition included with AppleScript. Also, the Finder has no concept of the working directory (as it is a GUI). You can however target the frontmost Finder window that is open.
Create a zero-byte text file on the startup disk (root directory). Note: the close command is a memory allocation housekeeping command that should be performed once file access is complete.
<lang AppleScript >close (open for access "output.txt")</lang>
Create a new folder (directory) on the startup disk (root directory).
<lang AppleScript >tell application "Finder" to make new folder at startup disk with properties {name:"docs"}</lang>
Create a zero-byte text file in the frontmost (open) Finder window.
<lang AppleScript >tell application "Finder" to set wd to target of window 1 as string
close (open for access wd & "output.txt")</lang>
Create a new folder (directory) in the frontmost (open) Finder window.
<lang AppleScript >tell application "Finder" to make new folder at window 1 with properties {name:"docs"}</lang>
--Apl.way 21:20, 9 June 2010 (UTC)
AutoHotkey
<lang AutoHotkey>FileAppend,,output.txt FileCreateDir, docs FileAppend,,c:\output.txt FileCreateDir, c:\docs</lang>
AWK
There's no way to create a directory, except by calling an extern program (like mkdir) to do so. <lang awk>BEGIN {
printf "" > "output.txt" # try to create the file in the root (for *nix-like systems) printf "" > "/output.txt"
}</lang>
BASIC
<lang qbasic>OPEN "output.txt" FOR OUTPUT AS 1 CLOSE OPEN "\output.txt" FOR OUTPUT AS 1 CLOSE</lang>
Batch File
<lang dos>copy nul output.txt copy nul \output.txt</lang>
<lang dos>md docs md \docs</lang>
BBC BASIC
<lang bbcbasic> CLOSE #OPENOUT("output.txt")
CLOSE #OPENOUT("\output.txt")
*MKDIR docs
*MKDIR \docs</lang>
Bracmat
<lang bracmat>put$(,"output.txt",NEW)</lang> Or <lang bracmat>fil$("output.txt",w)</lang> In the latter case the file is still open, so unless the file is implicitly flushed and closed by ending the Bracmat program, you would want to close it explicitly: <lang bracmat>fil$(,SET,-1)</lang> To create a directory we are dependent on the underlying OS. In DOS: <lang bracmat>sys$"mkdir docs"</lang> And in the file system root: <lang bracmat>sys$"mkdir \\docs"</lang>
C
ISO C (directory creation not supported): <lang c>#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
FILE *fh = fopen("output.txt", "w");
fclose(fh);
return 0;
}</lang>
POSIX:
<lang c>#include <sys/stat.h>
- include <unistd.h>
- include <fcntl.h>
int main() { /* permissions are before umask */
int fd = open("output.txt", O_WRONLY|O_CREAT|O_TRUNC, 0640); /* rights 0640 for rw-r----- */
/* or equivalently:
int fd = creat("output.txt", 0640); */ /* rights 0640 for rw-r----- */
close(fd);
mkdir("docs", 0750); /* rights 0750 for rwxr-x--- */
return 0;
}</lang>
(for creation in the filesystem root, replace the filenames by "/output.txt" and "/docs")
C++
Uses some Microsoft library: <lang cpp>#include <fstream>
- include <direct.h>
int main() { std::fstream f( "output.txt", std::ios::out ); f.close(); f.open( "/output.txt", std::ios::out ); f.close();
_mkdir( "docs" ); _mkdir( "/docs" );
return 0; }</lang>
C#
<lang csharp>using System; using System.IO;
class Program {
static void Main(string[] args) {
File.Create("output.txt");
File.Create(@"\output.txt");
Directory.CreateDirectory("docs");
Directory.CreateDirectory(@"\docs");
}
}</lang>
Clojure
<lang lisp>(import '(java.io File)) (.createNewFile (new File "output.txt")) (.mkdir (new File "docs")) (.createNewFile (File. (str (File/separator) "output.txt"))) (.mkdir (File. (str (File/separator) "docs")))</lang>
Common Lisp
Lisp provides open and close commands for I/O with files<lang lisp>(let ((stream (open "output.txt" :direction :output)))
(close stream))</lang>
but it is more common to use with-open-file which has better exception handling. <lang lisp>(with-open-file (stream "output.txt" :direction :output)
;; use the stream here )</lang>
As lisp is capable of being run on many different platforms and no assumptions should be made about the filesystem there are functions to construct paths in a platform independent manner <lang lisp>(let ((paths (list (make-pathname :directory '(:relative "docs"))
(make-pathname :directory '(:absolute "docs"))))) (mapcar #'ensure-directories-exist paths))</lang>
So creating a file called output.txt with an absolute path in the root directory becomes: <lang lisp>(with-open-file
(stream
(make-pathname :directory '(:absolute "") :name "output.txt")
:direction :output))</lang>
On the other hand, if you may depend on the platform's pathname syntax then shorter notation may be used: <lang lisp>(mapcar #'ensure-directories-exist '(#p"docs/" #p"/docs/")))</lang>
D
For file creation, std.file.write function & std.stream.file class are used.
For dir creation, std.file.mkdir is used.
<lang d>module fileio ;
import std.stdio ;
import std.path ;
import std.file ;
import std.stream ;
string[] genName(string name){
string cwd = curdir ~ sep ; // on current directory string root = sep ; // on root name = std.path.getBaseName(name) ; return [cwd ~ name, root ~ name] ;
} void Remove(string target){
if(exists(target)){
if (isfile(target))
std.file.remove(target);
else
std.file.rmdir(target) ;
}
} void testCreate(string filename, string dirname){
// files:
foreach(fn ; genName(filename))
try{
writefln("file to be created : %s", fn) ;
std.file.write(fn, cast(void[])null) ;
writefln("\tsuccess by std.file.write") ; Remove(fn) ;
(new std.stream.File(fn, FileMode.OutNew)).close() ;
writefln("\tsuccess by std.stream") ; Remove(fn) ;
} catch(Exception e) {
writefln(e.msg) ;
}
// dirs:
foreach(dn ; genName(dirname))
try{
writefln("dir to be created : %s", dn) ;
std.file.mkdir(dn) ;
writefln("\tsuccess by std.file.mkdir") ; Remove(dn) ;
} catch(Exception e) {
writefln(e.msg) ;
}
} void main(){
writefln("== test: File & Dir Creation ==") ;
testCreate("output.txt", "docs") ;
}</lang>
Delphi
These functions illustrate two methods for creating text files in Delphi: standard text file I/O and filestreams.
<lang Delphi> program createFile;
{$APPTYPE CONSOLE}
uses
Classes, SysUtils;
const
filename = 'output.txt';
var
cwdPath, fsPath: string;
// Create empty file in current working directory
function CreateEmptyFile1: Boolean;
var
f: textfile;
begin
// Make path to the file to be created cwdPath := ExtractFilePath(ParamStr(0)) + '1_'+filename;
// Create file
AssignFile(f,cwdPath);
{$I-}
Rewrite(f);
{$I+}
Result := IOResult = 0;
CloseFile(f);
end;
// Create empty file in filesystem root function CreateEmptyFile2: Boolean; var
f: textfile;
begin
// Make path to the file to be created fsPath := ExtractFileDrive(ParamStr(0)) + '\' + '2_'+filename;
// Create file
AssignFile(f,fsPath);
{$I-}
Rewrite(f);
{$I+}
Result := IOResult = 0;
CloseFile(f);
end;
function CreateEmptyFile3: Boolean; var
fs: TFileStream;
begin
// Make path to the file to be created cwdPath := ExtractFilePath(ParamStr(0)) + '3_'+filename;
// Create file fs := TFileStream.Create(cwdPath,fmCreate); fs.Free; Result := FileExists(cwdPath);
end;
function CreateEmptyFile4: Boolean; var
fs: TFileStream;
begin
// Make path to the file to be created fsPath := ExtractFileDrive(ParamStr(0)) + '\' + '4_'+filename;
// Create file fs := TFileStream.Create(fsPath,fmCreate); fs.Free; Result := FileExists(fsPath);
end;
begin
if CreateEmptyFile1 then
Writeln('File created at '+cwdPath)
else
Writeln('Error creating file at '+cwdPath);
if CreateEmptyFile2 then
Writeln('File created at '+fsPath)
else
Writeln('Error creating file at '+fsPath);
if CreateEmptyFile3 then
Writeln('File created at '+cwdPath)
else
Writeln('Error creating file at '+cwdPath);
if CreateEmptyFile4 then
Writeln('File created at '+fsPath)
else
Writeln('Error creating file at '+fsPath);
// Keep console window open Readln;
end.
</lang>
DCL
<lang DCL>open/write output_file output.txt open/write output_file [000000]output.txt create/directory [.docs] create/directory [000000.docs]</lang>
E
<lang e><file:output.txt>.setBytes([]) <file:docs>.mkdir(null) <file:///output.txt>.setBytes([]) <file:///docs>.mkdir(null)</lang>
Erlang
"/" is documented as working on Windows. <lang erlang> -module(new_file). -export([main/0]).
main() -> ok = file:write_file( "output.txt", <<>> ), ok = file:make_dir( "docs" ), ok = file:write_file( filename:join(["/", "output.txt"]), <<>> ), ok = file:make_dir( filename:join(["/", "docs"]) ). </lang>
Euphoria
<lang euphroria>integer fn
-- In the current working directory system("mkdir docs",2) fn = open("output.txt","w") close(fn)
-- In the filesystem root system("mkdir \\docs",2) fn = open("\\output.txt","w") close(fn)</lang>
F#
<lang fsharp>open System.IO
[<EntryPoint>] let main argv =
let fileName = "output.txt"
let dirName = "docs"
for path in ["."; "/"] do
ignore (File.Create(Path.Combine(path, fileName)))
ignore (Directory.CreateDirectory(Path.Combine(path, dirName)))
0</lang>
Factor
<lang factor>USE: io.directories
"output.txt" "/output.txt" [ touch-file ] bi@ "docs" "/docs" [ make-directory ] bi@</lang>
Fancy
<lang fancy>["/", "./"] each: |dir| {
# create '/docs', then './docs'
Directory create: (dir ++ "docs")
# create files /output.txt, then ./output.txt
File open: (dir ++ "output.txt") modes: ['write] with: |f| {
f writeln: "hello, world!"
}
}</lang>
Forth
There is no means to create directories in ANS Forth. <lang forth> s" output.txt" w/o create-file throw ( fileid) drop s" /output.txt" w/o create-file throw ( fileid) drop</lang>
Fortran
Don't know a way of creating directories in Fortran <lang fortran>OPEN (UNIT=5, FILE="output.txt", STATUS="NEW") ! Current directory CLOSE (UNIT=5) OPEN (UNIT=5, FILE="/output.txt", STATUS="NEW") ! Root directory CLOSE (UNIT=5)</lang>
friendly interactive shell
<lang fishshell>touch {/,}output.txt # create both /output.txt and output.txt mkdir {/,}docs # create both /docs and docs</lang>
FunL
<lang funl>import io.File
File( 'output.txt' ).createNewFile() File( File.separator + 'output.txt' ).createNewFile() File( 'docs' ).mkdir() File( File.separator + 'docs' ).mkdir()</lang>
Go
<lang go>package main
import (
"fmt" "os"
)
func createFile(fn string) {
// create new; don't overwrite an existing file.
f, err := os.Create(fn)
if err != nil {
fmt.Println(err)
return
}
fmt.Println("file", fn, "created!")
f.Close()
}
func createDir(dn string) {
err := os.Mkdir(dn, 0666)
if err != nil {
fmt.Println(err)
return
}
fmt.Println("directory", dn, "created!")
}
func main() {
createFile("input.txt")
createFile("/input.txt")
createDir("docs")
createDir("/docs")
}</lang>
Groovy
<lang groovy>new File("output.txt").createNewFile() new File(File.separator + "output.txt").createNewFile() new File("docs").mkdir() new File(File.separator + "docs").mkdir()</lang>
Haskell
<lang haskell>import System.Directory
createFile name = writeFile name ""
main = do
createFile "output.txt" createDirectory "docs" createFile "/output.txt" createDirectory "/docs"</lang>
HicEst
<lang hicest>SYSTEM(DIR="\docs") ! create argument if not existent, make it current OPEN(FILE="output.txt", "NEW") ! in current directory
SYSTEM(DIR="C:\docs") ! create C:\docs if not existent, make it current OPEN(FILE="output.txt", "NEW") ! in C:\docs </lang>
Icon and Unicon
Icon does not support 'mkdir' - otherwise the Unicon code below will work. A work around would be to use 'system' to invoke command line to create a directory. <lang Unicon>every dir := !["./","/"] do {
close(open(f := dir || "input.txt","w")) |stop("failure for open ",f)
mkdir(f := dir || "docs") |stop("failure for mkdir ",f)
}</lang>
Note: Icon and Unicon accept both / and \ for directory separators.
J
The conjunction !: with a scalar 1 to the left (1!:) provides the underlying cross-platform support for working with files.
<lang j> 1!:2 <'/output.txt' NB. write an empty file
1!:5 <'/docs' NB. create a directory</lang>
However a number of libraries provide a more convenient/conventional interface to that underlying functionality. <lang j>require 'files' NB. create two empty files named /output.txt and output.txt fwrite '/output.txt' ; 'output.txt'
require 'general/dirutils' NB. addon package NB. create two directories: /docs and docs: dircreate '/docs' ; 'docs'</lang>
Finally note that writing a file in J creates that file. In typical use, files are referred to by name, and the entire contents of the file are written. (Appends and partial writes are also supported but they are more complicated than the typical case.)
See Also
- http://www.jsoftware.com/help/learning/28.htm
- http://www.jsoftware.com/help/jforc/input_and_output.htm
- http://www.jsoftware.com/jwiki/Studio/Mapped%20Files
Java
<lang java>import java.io.*; public class CreateFileTest { public static void main(String args[]) { try { new File("output.txt").createNewFile(); new File(File.separator + "output.txt").createNewFile(); new File("docs").mkdir(); new File(File.separator + "docs").mkdir(); } catch (IOException e) { System.err.println(e.getMessage()); } } }</lang>
JCL
<lang JCL> // EXEC PGM=IEFBR14 //* CREATE EMPTY FILE NAMED "OUTPUT.TXT" (file names upper case only) //ANYNAME DD UNIT=SYSDA,SPACE=(0,0),DSN=OUTPUT.TXT,DISP=(,CATLG) //* CREATE DIRECTORY (PARTITIONED DATA SET) NAMED "DOCS" //ANYNAME DD UNIT=SYSDA,SPACE=(TRK,(1,1)),DSN=DOCS,DISP=(,CATLG) </lang>
K
Directory creation is OS-dependent
<lang K> "output.txt" 1: ""
"/output.txt" 1: "" \ mkdir docs \ mkdir /docs</lang>
LabVIEW
This image is a VI Snippet, an executable image of LabVIEW code. The LabVIEW version is shown on the top-right hand corner. You can download it, then drag-and-drop it onto the LabVIEW block diagram from a file browser, and it will appear as runnable, editable code.
Lasso
<lang Lasso>// create file local(f) = file handle => { #f->close }
- f->openWriteOnly('output.txt')
// make directory, just like a file local(d = dir('docs'))
- d->create
// create file in root file system (requires permissions at user OS level) local(f) = file handle => { #f->close }
- f->openWriteOnly('//output.txt')
// create directory in root file system (requires permissions at user OS level) local(d = dir('//docs'))
- d->create</lang>
Liberty BASIC
Filenames without drive and directory info. refer to the same directory as the LB program is running from.
Full pathnames including drive name and directory can be used- back-slash separated.
<lang lb>
nomainwin
open "output.txt" for output as #f close #f
result = mkdir( "F:\RC") if result <>0 then notice "Directory not created!": end
open "F:\RC\output.txt" for output as #f close #f
end </lang>
LFE
<lang lisp> (: file write_file '"output.txt" '"Some data") (: file make_dir '"docs") (: file write_file '"/output.txt" '"Some data") (: file make_dir '"/docs") </lang>
Lua
Create File
<lang lua>io.open("output.txt", "w"):close() io.open("\\output.txt", "w"):close()</lang>
Create Directory
This solution sends the command to the OS shell.
<lang lua>os.execute("mkdir docs") os.execute("mkdir \\docs")</lang>
A more portable solution requires a library such as LuaFileSystem.
<lang lua>require "lfs" lfs.mkdir("docs") lfs.mkdir("/docs")</lang>
Mathematica
<lang Mathematica> SetDirectory@NotebookDirectory[]; t = OpenWrite["output.txt"] Close[t] s = OpenWrite[First@FileNameSplit[$InstallationDirectory] <> "\\output.txt"] Close[s]
(*In root directory*) CreateDirectory["\\docs"] (*In current operating directory*) CreateDirectory[Directory[]<>"\\docs"] (* "<>" is shorthand for "StringJoin[left,right]" *)
</lang>
MATLAB / Octave
<lang Matlab> fid = fopen('output.txt','w'); fclose(fid); fid = fopen('/output.txt','w'); fclose(fid); mkdir('docs'); mkdir('/docs');</lang>
Maxima
<lang maxima>f: openw("/output.txt"); close(f);
f: openw("output.txt"); close(f);
/* Maxima has no function to create directories, but one can use the underlying Lisp system */
- lisp (mapcar #'ensure-directories-exist '("docs/" "/docs/"))</lang>
MAXScript
<lang maxscript>-- Here f = createFile "output.txt" close f makeDir (sysInfo.currentDir + "\docs") -- System root f = createFile "\output.txt" close f makeDir ("c:\docs")</lang>
Mercury
<lang mercury>:- module create_file.
- - interface.
- - import_module io.
- - pred main(io::di, io::uo) is det.
- - implementation.
- - import_module dir.
main(!IO) :-
create_file("output.txt", !IO),
create_file("/output.txt", !IO),
create_dir("docs", !IO),
create_dir("/docs", !IO).
- - pred create_file(string::in, io::di, io::uo) is det.
create_file(FileName, !IO) :-
io.open_output(FileName, Result, !IO),
(
Result = ok(File),
io.close_output(File, !IO)
;
Result = error(Error),
print_io_error(Error, !IO)
).
- - pred create_dir(string::in, io::di, io::uo) is det.
create_dir(DirName, !IO) :-
dir.make_single_directory(DirName, Result, !IO),
(
Result = ok
;
Result = error(Error),
print_io_error(Error, !IO)
).
- - pred print_io_error(io.error::in, io::di, io::uo) is det.
print_io_error(Error, !IO) :-
io.stderr_stream(Stderr, !IO), io.write_string(Stderr, io.error_message(Error), !IO), io.nl(Stderr, !IO), io.set_exit_status(1, !IO).</lang>
Mirah
<lang mirah>import java.io.File
File.new('output.txt').createNewFile() File.new('docs').mkdir() File.new("docs#{File.separator}output.txt").createNewFile() </lang>
Modula-3
<lang modula3>MODULE FileCreation EXPORTS Main;
IMPORT FS, File, OSError, IO, Stdio;
VAR file: File.T;
BEGIN
TRY
file := FS.OpenFile("output.txt");
file.close();
FS.CreateDirectory("docs");
file := FS.OpenFile("/output.txt");
file.close();
FS.CreateDirectory("/docs");
EXCEPT
| OSError.E => IO.Put("Error creating file or directory.\n", Stdio.stderr);
END;
END FileCreation.</lang>
Nemerle
<lang Nemerle>using System; using System.IO;
module CreateFile {
Main() : void
{
unless (File.Exists("output.txt")) File.Create("output.txt"); // here
// returns a FileStream object which we're ignoring
try {
unless (File.Exists(@"\output.txt")) File.Create(@"\output.txt"); // root
}
catch {
|e is UnauthorizedAccessException => Console.WriteLine(
"Cannot create file in root directory without Administrator priveleges.")
}
unless (Directory.Exists("docs")) Directory.CreateDirectory("docs");
// returns a DirectoryInfo object which we're ignoring
unless (Directory.Exists(@"\docs")) Directory.CreateDirectory(@"\docs");
// no Exception for directory creation
}
}</lang>
NetRexx
<lang NetRexx>/* NetRexx */ options replace format comments java crossref symbols nobinary
fName = ; fName[0] = 2; fName[1] = '.' || File.separator || 'output.txt'; fName[2] = File.separator || 'output.txt' dName = ; dName[0] = 2; dName[1] = '.' || File.separator || 'docs'; dName[2] = File.separator || 'docs'
do
loop i_ = 1 to fName[0] say fName[i_] fc = File(fName[i_]).createNewFile() if fc then say 'File' fName[i_] 'created successfully.' else say 'File' fName[i_] 'aleady exists.' end i_
loop i_ = 1 to dName[0] say dName[i_] dc = File(dName[i_]).mkdir() if dc then say 'Directory' dName[i_] 'created successfully.' else say 'Directory' dName[i_] 'aleady exists.' end i_
catch iox = IOException
iox.printStackTrace
end
return </lang>
Nimrod
<lang nimrod>import os
open("output.txt", fmWrite).close() createDir("docs")
open(DirSep & "output.txt", fmWrite).close() createDir(DirSep & "docs")</lang>
<lang nimrod>import os const directories = ["/", "./"] for directory in directories:
open(directory & "output.txt", fmWrite).close() createDir(directory & "docs")</lang>
Objective-C
<lang objc>NSFileManager *fm = [NSFileManager defaultManager];
[fm createFileAtPath:@"output.txt" contents:[NSData data] attributes:nil]; // Pre-OS X 10.5 [fm createDirectoryAtPath:@"docs" attributes:nil]; // OS X 10.5+ [fm createDirectoryAtPath:@"docs" withIntermediateDirectories:NO attributes:nil error:NULL];</lang>
Objeck
<lang objeck> use IO;
bundle Default {
class FileExample {
function : Main(args : String[]) ~ Nil {
file := FileWriter->New("output.txt");
file->Close();
file := FileWriter->New("/output.txt");
file->Close();
Directory->Create("docs");
Directory->Create("/docs");
}
}
} </lang>
OCaml
<lang ocaml># let oc = open_out "output.txt" in
close_out oc;;
- : unit = ()
- Unix.mkdir "docs" 0o750 ;; (* rights 0o750 for rwxr-x--- *)
- : unit = ()</lang>
(for creation in the filesystem root, replace the filenames by "/output.txt" and "/docs")
Oz
<lang oz>for Dir in ["/" "./"] do
File = {New Open.file init(name:Dir#"output.txt" flags:[create])}
in
{File close}
{OS.mkDir Dir#"docs" ['S_IRUSR' 'S_IWUSR' 'S_IXUSR' 'S_IXGRP']}
end</lang>
Pascal
The Pascal & Delphi Standard Libraries support all of this functionality.
<lang pascal-delphi> program in out;
var
f : textfile;
begin
assignFile(f,'/output.txt');
rewrite(f);
close(f);
makedir('/docs');
assignFile(f,'/docs/output.txt');
rewrite(f);
close(f);
end; </lang>
Perl
<lang perl>use File::Spec::Functions qw(catfile rootdir); { # here
open my $fh, '>', 'output.txt'; mkdir 'docs';
}; { # root dir
open my $fh, '>', catfile rootdir, 'output.txt'; mkdir catfile rootdir, 'docs';
};</lang>
Without Perl Modules
Current directory <lang perl>perl -e 'qx(touch output.txt)' perl -e 'mkdir docs'</lang>
Root directory <lang perl>perl -e 'qx(touch /output.txt)' perl -e 'mkdir "/docs"'</lang>
For comparison with Perl 6 <lang perl>for my $prefix (qw( ./ / )) {
mkdir "${prefix}docs";
open my $FH, '>', "${prefix}docs/output.txt";
}</lang> Cleanup <lang perl>unlink $_ for qw(/docs/output.txt ./docs/output.txt); rmdir $_ for qw(/docs ./docs);</lang>
Perl 6
<lang perl6> for '.', -> $prefix {
mkdir "$prefix/docs"; open "$prefix/output.txt", :w;
} </lang>
PHP
<lang php><?php touch('output.txt'); mkdir('docs'); touch('/output.txt'); mkdir('/docs'); ?></lang>
PicoLisp
<lang PicoLisp>(out "output.txt") # Empty output (call 'mkdir "docs") # Call external (out "/output.txt") (call 'mkdir "/docs")</lang>
Pike
<lang pike>import Stdio;
int main(){
write_file("input.txt","",0100);
write_file("/input.txt","",0100);
}</lang>
PL/I
<lang PL/I> open file (output) title ('/OUTPUT.TXT,type(text),recsize(100)' ); close file (output); </lang>
PowerShell
<lang powershell>New-Item output.txt -ItemType File New-Item \output.txt -ItemType File New-Item docs -ItemType Directory New-Item \docs -ItemType Directory</lang>
ProDOS
<lang ProDOS>makedirectory docs changedirectory docs makenewfile output.txt</lang>
PureBasic
<lang PureBasic>CreateFile(0,"output.txt"):CloseFile(0) CreateDirectory("docs") CreateFile(0,"/output.txt"):CloseFile(0) CreateDirectory("/docs")</lang>
Python
<lang python>import os for directory in ['/', './']:
open(directory + 'output.txt', 'w').close() # create /output.txt, then ./output.txt os.mkdir(directory + 'docs') # create directory /docs, then ./docs</lang>
Exception-safe way to create file:
<lang python>from __future__ import with_statement import os def create(directory):
with open(os.path.join(directory, "output.txt"), "w"):
pass
os.mkdir(os.path.join(directory, "docs"))
create(".") # current directory create("/") # root directory</lang>
R
<lang R>f <- file("output.txt", "w") close(f)
- it may fails and the exact syntax to achieve the root
- changes according to the operating system
f <- file("/output.txt", "w") close(f)
success <- dir.create("docs") success <- dir.create("/docs")</lang>
Racket
<lang Racket>#lang racket
(display-to-file "" "output.txt") (make-directory "docs") (display-to-file "" "/output.txt") (make-directory "/docs")</lang>
Raven
<lang raven>"" as str str 'output.txt' write str '/output.txt' write 'docs' mkdir '/docs' mkdir</lang>
REBOL
<lang REBOL>; Creating in current directory:
write %output.txt "" make-dir %docs/
- Creating in root directory
write %/output.txt "" make-dir %/docs/ </lang>
Retro
There are no facilities in Retro to create directories.
<lang Retro>with files' "output.txt" :w open close drop "/output.txt" :w open close drop</lang>
REXX
This REXX version works under Microsoft Windows (any version). <lang rexx>/*REXX pgm creates a new empty file and directory; in curr dir and root.*/
do 2 /*perform three statements twice.*/
'COPY NUL output.txt' /*copy a "null" (empty) file. */
'MKDIR DOCS' /*make a directory (aka: folder).*/
'CD \' /*change currect dir to the root.*/
end /*2*/ /*now, go and perform them again.*/
/*stick a fork in it, we're done.*/</lang>
Ruby
<lang ruby>['/', './'].each{|dir|
Dir.mkdir(dir + 'docs') # create '/docs', then './docs'
File.open(dir + 'output.txt', 'w') {} # create empty file /output.txt, then ./output.txt
}</lang>
Run BASIC
<lang RunBasic>open "output.txt" for output as #f close #f
dirOk = mkdir( "f:\doc") if not(dirOk) then print "Directory not created!": end
open "f:\doc\output.txt" for output as #f close #f</lang>
Scala
<lang scala>import java.io.File
object CreateFile extends App {
try { new File("output.txt").createNewFile() }
catch { case e: Exception => println(s"Exception caught: $e with creating output.txt") }
try { new File(s"${File.separator}output.txt").createNewFile() }
catch { case e: Exception => println(s"Exception caught: $e with creating ${File.separator}output.txt") }
try { new File("docs").mkdir() }
catch { case e: Exception => println(s"Exception caught: $e with creating directory docs") }
try { new File(s"${File.separator}docs").mkdir() }
catch { case e: Exception => println(s"Exception caught: $e with creating directory ${File.separator}docs") }
}</lang>
Scheme
<lang scheme>(open-output-file "output.txt") (open-output-file "/output.txt")</lang> Results:
> file output.txt output.txt: empty > file /output.txt /output.txt: empty
I am not aware of any standard way of creating directories in Scheme.
Seed7
Seed7 uses a standard path representation to make paths operating system independent. In the standard path representation a / is used as path delimiter and drive letters like C: must be written as /c instead. Creating files and directories in a file system root may need privileges, so the program may fail, when it is started by a normal user.
<lang seed7>$ include "seed7_05.s7i";
include "osfiles.s7i";
const proc: main is func
local
var file: aFile is STD_NULL;
begin
aFile := open("output.txt", "w");
close(aFile);
mkdir("docs");
aFile := open("/output.txt", "w");
close(aFile);
mkdir("/docs");
end func;</lang>
Under Windows each filesystem has its own root. Therefore you need to replace "/output.txt" and "/docs" with "/c/output.txt" and "/c/docs".
Sidef
<lang ruby># Here %f'output.txt' -> create; %d'docs' -> create;
- Root dir
Dir.root + %f'output.txt' -> create; Dir.root + %d'docs' -> create;</lang>
Slate
File creation locally: <lang slate>(File newNamed: 'output.txt') touch. (Directory current / 'output.txt') touch.</lang>
File creation at root: <lang slate>(File newNamed: '/output.txt') touch. (Directory root / 'output.txt') touch.</lang>
Smalltalk
Squeak has no notion of 'current directory' because it isn't tied to the shell that created it.
<lang smalltalk>(FileDirectory on: 'c:\') newFileNamed: 'output.txt'; createDirectory: 'docs'.</lang>
In GNU Smalltalk you can do instead:
<lang smalltalk>ws := (File name: 'output.txt') writeStream. ws close. Directory create: 'docs'.
ws := (File name: '/output.txt') writeStream. ws close. Directory create: '/docs'.</lang>
SNOBOL4
<lang SNOBOL4> output(.file,1,'output.txt'); endfile(1) ;* Macro Spitbol
- output(.file,1,,'output.txt'); endfile(1) ;* CSnobol
host(1,'mkdir docs')
output(.file,1,'/output.txt'); endfile(1) ;* Macro Spitbol
- output(.file,1,,'/output.txt'); endfile(1) ;* CSnobol
host(1,'mkdir /docs')
end</lang>
Standard ML
<lang sml>let val out = TextIO.openOut "output.txt" in
TextIO.closeOut out
end;
OS.FileSys.mkDir "docs";</lang>
(for creation in the filesystem root, replace the filenames by "/output.txt" and "/docs")
Tcl
Assuming that we're supposed to create two files and two directories (one each here and one each in the file system root) and further assuming that the code is supposed to be portable, i.e. work on win, linux, MacOS (the task is really not clear):
<lang tcl>close [open output.txt w] close [open [file nativename /output.txt] w]
file mkdir docs file mkdir [file nativename /docs]</lang>
Toka
<lang toka>needs shell " output.txt" "W" file.open file.close " /output.txt" "W" file.open file.close
( Create the directories with permissions set to 777) " docs" &777 mkdir " /docs" &777 mkdir</lang>
TUSCRIPT
<lang tuscript> $$ MODE TUSCRIPT - create file ERROR/STOP CREATE ("output.txt",FDF-o,-std-) - create directory ERROR/STOP CREATE ("docs",project,-std-) </lang>
Vedit macro language
When closing a file, Vedit saves it only if it has been modified. Therefore, in order to create an empty file, we first insert a character in the file and then delete it. <lang vedit>// In current directory File_Open("input.txt") Ins_Char(' ') Del_Char(-1) Buf_Close() File_Mkdir("docs")
// In the root directory File_Open("/input.txt") Ins_Char(' ') Del_Char(-1) Buf_Close() File_Mkdir("/docs")</lang>
Visual Basic .NET
Platform: .NET
<lang vbnet> 'Current Directory IO.Directory.CreateDirectory("docs") IO.File.Create("output.txt").Close()
'Root
IO.Directory.CreateDirectory("\docs") IO.File.Create("\output.txt").Close()
'Root, platform independent
IO.Directory.CreateDirectory(IO.Path.DirectorySeparatorChar & "docs") IO.File.Create(IO.Path.DirectorySeparatorChar & "output.txt").Close()</lang>
UNIX Shell
<lang bash>touch output.txt /output.txt # create both output.txt and /output.txt mkdir /docs mkdir docs # create both /docs and docs</lang>
<lang bash>touch {/,}output.txt # create both /output.txt and output.txt mkdir {/,}docs # create both /docs and docs</lang>
X86 Assembly
<lang asm>
- syscall numbers for readability.
- ]
%define sys_mkdir 39 %define sys_creat 8
section .data fName db 'doc/output.txt',0 rfName db '/output.txt',0 dName db 'doc',0
err_msg db "Something went wrong! :[",0xa err_len equ $-err_msg
section .text global _start
_start:
nop mov ebx, dName ; Directory name mov eax, sys_mkdir ; Specify sys_mkdir call mov ecx, 0750o ; permission (rwxr-x---) int 0x80 ; Make kernel call
mov ebx, fName ; File name mov eax, sys_creat ; Specify sys_creat call mov ecx, 0640o ; permission (rw-r-----) int 0x80 ; Make kernel call test eax, eax ; eax AND eax js _ragequit ; If EAX is less than zero
; THEN Display Message Error
mov ebx, rfName ; File name Root mov eax, sys_creat ; Specify sys_creat call mov ecx, 0777o ; permission (rwxrwxrwx) int 0x80 ; Make kernel call cmp eax, 0 jle _exit ; IF EAX is less or equal than zero
; THEN jump to EXIT
; ELSE Display Message Error
_ragequit: mov edx, err_len ; Pass offset of the message error mov ecx, err_msg ; Pass the length of the message error mov eax, 4 ; Specify sys_write call mov ebx, 2 ; Specify File Descriptor 2: Error Output int 0x80 ; Make kernel call
_exit: push 0x1 mov eax, 1 ; Code for Exit Syscall push eax int 0x80 ; Make kernel call ret </lang>
ZX Spectrum Basic
The ZX Spectrum saves to a tape recorder and does not have subdirectories. Here we create an empty file named OUTPUT of zero bytes. We can use any start address, because the file is empty. Here we write zero bytes from address 16384:
<lang zxbasic>SAVE "OUTPUT" CODE 16384,0</lang>
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