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Arithmetic/Rational
From Rosetta Code
Arithmetic/Rational is a programming task. Visitors like you are encouraged to solve it according to the task description, using any language they may happen to know.
The objective of this task is to create a reasonably complete implementation of rational arithmetic in the particular language using the idioms of the language.
For example: Define an new type called frac with binary operator "//" of two integers that returns a structure made up of the numerator and the denominator (as per a rational number).
Further define the appropriate rational unary operators abs and '-', with the binary operators for addition '+', subtraction '-', multiplication '×', division '/', integer division '÷', modulo division, the comparison operators (e.g. '<', '≤', '>', & '≥') and equality operators (e.g. '=' & '≠').
Define standard coercion operators for casting int to frac etc.
If space allows, define standard increment and decrement operators (e.g. '+:=' & '-:=' etc.).
Finally test the operators: Use the new type frac to find all perfect numbers less then 219 by summing the reciprocal of the factors.
[edit] See also
Contents |
[edit] Ada
[edit] ALGOL 68
Works with: ALGOL 68 version Standard - no extensions to language used Works with: ALGOL 68G version Any - tested with release mk15-0.8b.fc9.i386
MODE FRAC = STRUCT( INT num #erator#, den #ominator#);
FORMAT frac repr = $g(-0)"//"g(-0)$;
PROC gcd = (INT a, b) INT: # greatest common divisor #
(a = 0 | b |: b = 0 | a |: ABS a > ABS b | gcd(b, a MOD b) | gcd(a, b MOD a));
PROC lcm = (INT a, b)INT: # least common multiple #
a OVER gcd(a, b) * b;
PROC raise not implemented error = ([]STRING args)VOID: (
put(stand error, ("Not implemented error: ",args, newline));
stop
);
PRIO // = 9; # higher then the ** operator #
OP // = (INT num, den)FRAC: ( # initialise and normalise #
INT common = gcd(num, den);
IF den < 0 THEN
( -num OVER common, -den OVER common)
ELSE
( num OVER common, den OVER common)
FI
);
OP + = (FRAC a, b)FRAC: (
INT common = lcm(den OF a, den OF b);
FRAC result := ( common OVER den OF a * num OF a + common OVER den OF b * num OF b, common );
num OF result//den OF result
);
OP - = (FRAC a, b)FRAC: a + -b,
* = (FRAC a, b)FRAC: (
INT num = num OF a * num OF b,
den = den OF a * den OF b;
INT common = gcd(num, den);
(num OVER common) // (den OVER common)
);
OP / = (FRAC a, b)FRAC: a * FRAC(den OF b, num OF b),# real division #
% = (FRAC a, b)INT: ENTIER (a / b), # integer divison #
%* = (FRAC a, b)FRAC: a/b - FRACINIT ENTIER (a/b), # modulo division #
** = (FRAC a, INT exponent)FRAC:
IF exponent >= 0 THEN
(num OF a ** exponent, den OF a ** exponent )
ELSE
(den OF a ** exponent, num OF a ** exponent )
FI;
OP REALINIT = (FRAC frac)REAL: num OF frac / den OF frac,
FRACINIT = (INT num)FRAC: num // 1,
FRACINIT = (REAL num)FRAC: (
# express real number as a fraction # # a future execise! #
raise not implemented error(("Convert a REAL to a FRAC","!"));
SKIP
);
OP < = (FRAC a, b)BOOL: num OF (a - b) < 0,
> = (FRAC a, b)BOOL: num OF (a - b) > 0,
<= = (FRAC a, b)BOOL: NOT ( a > b ),
>= = (FRAC a, b)BOOL: NOT ( a < b ),
= = (FRAC a, b)BOOL: (num OF a, den OF a) = (num OF b, den OF b),
/= = (FRAC a, b)BOOL: (num OF a, den OF a) /= (num OF b, den OF b);
# Unary operators #
OP - = (FRAC frac)FRAC: (-num OF frac, den OF frac),
ABS = (FRAC frac)FRAC: (ABS num OF frac, ABS den OF frac),
ENTIER = (FRAC frac)INT: (num OF frac OVER den OF frac) * den OF frac;
COMMENT Operators for extended characters set, and increment/decrement "commented out" to save space. COMMENT
Example: searching for Perfect Numbers.
FRAC sum:= FRACINIT 0;
FORMAT perfect = $b(" perfect!","")$;
FOR i FROM 2 TO 2**19 DO
INT candidate := i;
FRAC sum := 1 // candidate;
REAL real sum := 1 / candidate;
FOR factor FROM 2 TO ENTIER sqrt(candidate) DO
IF candidate MOD factor = 0 THEN
sum := sum + 1 // factor + 1 // ( candidate OVER factor);
real sum +:= 1 / factor + 1 / ( candidate OVER factor)
FI
OD;
IF den OF sum = 1 THEN
printf(($"Sum of reciprocal factors of "g(-0)" = "g(-0)" exactly, about "g(0,real width) f(perfect)l$,
candidate, ENTIER sum, real sum, ENTIER sum = 1))
FI
OD
Output:
Sum of reciprocal factors of 6 = 1 exactly, about 1.0000000000000000000000000001 perfect! Sum of reciprocal factors of 28 = 1 exactly, about 1.0000000000000000000000000001 perfect! Sum of reciprocal factors of 120 = 2 exactly, about 2.0000000000000000000000000002 Sum of reciprocal factors of 496 = 1 exactly, about 1.0000000000000000000000000001 perfect! Sum of reciprocal factors of 672 = 2 exactly, about 2.0000000000000000000000000001 Sum of reciprocal factors of 8128 = 1 exactly, about 1.0000000000000000000000000001 perfect! Sum of reciprocal factors of 30240 = 3 exactly, about 3.0000000000000000000000000002 Sum of reciprocal factors of 32760 = 3 exactly, about 3.0000000000000000000000000003 Sum of reciprocal factors of 523776 = 2 exactly, about 2.0000000000000000000000000005
[edit] C
[edit] Common Lisp
Common Lisp has rational numbers built-in and integrated with all other number types. Common Lisp's number system is not extensible so reimplementing rational arithmetic would require all-new operator names.
(loop for candidate from 2 below (expt 2 19)
for sum = (+ (/ candidate)
(loop for factor from 2 to (isqrt candidate)
when (zerop (mod candidate factor))
sum (+ (/ factor) (/ (floor candidate factor)))))
when (= sum 1)
collect candidate)
[edit] Forth
\ Rationals can use any double cell operations: 2!, 2@, 2dup, 2swap, etc.
\ Uses the stack convention of the built-in "*/" for int * frac -> int
: numerator drop ;
: denominator nip ;
: s>rat 1 ; \ integer to rational (n/1)
: rat>s / ; \ integer
: rat>frac mod ; \ fractional part
: rat>float swap s>f s>f f/ ;
: rat. swap 1 .r [char] / emit . ;
\ normalize: factors out gcd and puts sign into numerator
: gcd ( a b -- gcd ) begin ?dup while tuck mod repeat ;
: rat-normalize ( rat -- rat ) 2dup gcd tuck / >r / r> ;
: rat-abs swap abs swap ;
: rat-negate swap negate swap ;
: 1/rat over 0< if negate swap negate else swap then ;
: rat+ ( a b c d -- ad+bc bd )
rot 2dup * >r
rot * >r * r> +
r> rat-normalize ;
: rat- rat-negate rat+ ;
: rat* ( a b c d -- ac bd )
rot * >r * r> rat-normalize ;
: rat/ swap rat* ;
: rat-equal d= ;
: rat-less ( a b c d -- ad<bc )
-rot * >r * r> < ;
: rat-more 2swap rat-less ;
: rat-inc tuck + swap ;
: rat-dec tuck - swap ;
[edit] Fortran
Works with: Fortran version 90 and later
module module_rational
implicit none
private
public :: rational
public :: rational_simplify
public :: assignment (=)
public :: operator (//)
public :: operator (+)
public :: operator (-)
public :: operator (*)
public :: operator (/)
public :: operator (<)
public :: operator (<=)
public :: operator (>)
public :: operator (>=)
public :: operator (==)
public :: operator (/=)
public :: abs
public :: int
public :: modulo
type rational
integer :: numerator
integer :: denominator
end type rational
interface assignment (=)
module procedure assign_rational_int, assign_rational_real
end interface
interface operator (//)
module procedure make_rational
end interface
interface operator (+)
module procedure rational_add
end interface
interface operator (-)
module procedure rational_minus, rational_subtract
end interface
interface operator (*)
module procedure rational_multiply
end interface
interface operator (/)
module procedure rational_divide
end interface
interface operator (<)
module procedure rational_lt
end interface
interface operator (<=)
module procedure rational_le
end interface
interface operator (>)
module procedure rational_gt
end interface
interface operator (>=)
module procedure rational_ge
end interface
interface operator (==)
module procedure rational_eq
end interface
interface operator (/=)
module procedure rational_ne
end interface
interface abs
module procedure rational_abs
end interface
interface int
module procedure rational_int
end interface
interface modulo
module procedure rational_modulo
end interface
contains
recursive function gcd (i, j) result (res)
integer, intent (in) :: i
integer, intent (in) :: j
integer :: res
if (j == 0) then
res = i
else
res = gcd (j, modulo (i, j))
end if
end function gcd
function rational_simplify (r) result (res)
type (rational), intent (in) :: r
type (rational) :: res
integer :: g
g = gcd (r % numerator, r % denominator)
res = r % numerator / g // r % denominator / g
end function rational_simplify
function make_rational (numerator, denominator) result (res)
integer, intent (in) :: numerator
integer, intent (in) :: denominator
type (rational) :: res
res = rational (numerator, denominator)
end function make_rational
subroutine assign_rational_int (res, i)
type (rational), intent (out), volatile :: res
integer, intent (in) :: i
res = i // 1
end subroutine assign_rational_int
subroutine assign_rational_real (res, x)
type (rational), intent(out), volatile :: res
real, intent (in) :: x
integer :: x_floor
real :: x_frac
x_floor = floor (x)
x_frac = x - x_floor
if (x_frac == 0) then
res = x_floor // 1
else
res = (x_floor // 1) + (1 // floor (1 / x_frac))
end if
end subroutine assign_rational_real
function rational_add (r, s) result (res)
type (rational), intent (in) :: r
type (rational), intent (in) :: s
type (rational) :: res
res = r % numerator * s % denominator + r % denominator * s % numerator // &
& r % denominator * s % denominator
end function rational_add
function rational_minus (r) result (res)
type (rational), intent (in) :: r
type (rational) :: res
res = - r % numerator // r % denominator
end function rational_minus
function rational_subtract (r, s) result (res)
type (rational), intent (in) :: r
type (rational), intent (in) :: s
type (rational) :: res
res = r % numerator * s % denominator - r % denominator * s % numerator // &
& r % denominator * s % denominator
end function rational_subtract
function rational_multiply (r, s) result (res)
type (rational), intent (in) :: r
type (rational), intent (in) :: s
type (rational) :: res
res = r % numerator * s % numerator // r % denominator * s % denominator
end function rational_multiply
function rational_divide (r, s) result (res)
type (rational), intent (in) :: r
type (rational), intent (in) :: s
type (rational) :: res
res = r % numerator * s % denominator // r % denominator * s % numerator
end function rational_divide
function rational_lt (r, s) result (res)
type (rational), intent (in) :: r
type (rational), intent (in) :: s
type (rational) :: r_simple
type (rational) :: s_simple
logical :: res
r_simple = rational_simplify (r)
s_simple = rational_simplify (s)
res = r_simple % numerator * s_simple % denominator < &
& s_simple % numerator * r_simple % denominator
end function rational_lt
function rational_le (r, s) result (res)
type (rational), intent (in) :: r
type (rational), intent (in) :: s
type (rational) :: r_simple
type (rational) :: s_simple
logical :: res
r_simple = rational_simplify (r)
s_simple = rational_simplify (s)
res = r_simple % numerator * s_simple % denominator <= &
& s_simple % numerator * r_simple % denominator
end function rational_le
function rational_gt (r, s) result (res)
type (rational), intent (in) :: r
type (rational), intent (in) :: s
type (rational) :: r_simple
type (rational) :: s_simple
logical :: res
r_simple = rational_simplify (r)
s_simple = rational_simplify (s)
res = r_simple % numerator * s_simple % denominator > &
& s_simple % numerator * r_simple % denominator
end function rational_gt
function rational_ge (r, s) result (res)
type (rational), intent (in) :: r
type (rational), intent (in) :: s
type (rational) :: r_simple
type (rational) :: s_simple
logical :: res
r_simple = rational_simplify (r)
s_simple = rational_simplify (s)
res = r_simple % numerator * s_simple % denominator >= &
& s_simple % numerator * r_simple % denominator
end function rational_ge
function rational_eq (r, s) result (res)
type (rational), intent (in) :: r
type (rational), intent (in) :: s
logical :: res
res = r % numerator * s % denominator == s % numerator * r % denominator
end function rational_eq
function rational_ne (r, s) result (res)
type (rational), intent (in) :: r
type (rational), intent (in) :: s
logical :: res
res = r % numerator * s % denominator /= s % numerator * r % denominator
end function rational_ne
function rational_abs (r) result (res)
type (rational), intent (in) :: r
type (rational) :: res
res = sign (r % numerator, r % denominator) // r % denominator
end function rational_abs
function rational_int (r) result (res)
type (rational), intent (in) :: r
integer :: res
res = r % numerator / r % denominator
end function rational_int
function rational_modulo (r) result (res)
type (rational), intent (in) :: r
integer :: res
res = modulo (r % numerator, r % denominator)
end function rational_modulo
end module module_rational
Example:
program perfect_numbers
use module_rational
implicit none
integer, parameter :: n_min = 2
integer, parameter :: n_max = 2 ** 19 - 1
integer :: n
integer :: factor
type (rational) :: sum
do n = n_min, n_max
sum = 1 // n
factor = 2
do
if (factor * factor >= n) then
exit
end if
if (modulo (n, factor) == 0) then
sum = rational_simplify (sum + (1 // factor) + (factor // n))
end if
factor = factor + 1
end do
if (sum % numerator == 1 .and. sum % denominator == 1) then
write (*, '(i0)') n
end if
end do
end program perfect_numbers
Output:
6
28
496
8128
[edit] Haskell
Haskell provides a Rational type, which is really an alias for Ratio Integer (Ratio being a polymorphic type implementing rational numbers for any Integral type of numerators and denominators). The fraction is constructed using the % operator.
import Data.Ratio
-- simply prints all the perfect numbers
main = mapM_ print [candidate
| candidate <- [2 .. 2^19],
getSum candidate == 1]
where getSum candidate = 1 % candidate +
sum [1 % factor + 1 % (candidate `div` factor)
| factor <- [2 .. floor(sqrt(fromIntegral(candidate)))],
candidate `mod` factor == 0]
For a sample implementation of Ratio, see the Haskell 98 Report.
[edit] J
J implements rational numbers:
3r4*2r5
3r10
That said, note that J's floating point numbers work just fine for the stated problem:
is_perfect_rational=: 2 = (1 + i.) +/@:%@([ #~ 0 = |) ]
faster version (but the problem, as stated, is still tremendously inefficient):
factors=: */&>@{@((^ i.@>:)&.>/)@q:~&__
is_perfect_rational=: 2= +/@:%@,@factors
Exhaustive testing would take forever:
I.is_perfect_rational@"0 i.2^19
6 28 496 8128
I.is_perfect_rational@x:@"0 i.2^19x
6 28 496 8128
More limited testing takes reasonable amounts of time:
(#~ is_perfect_rational"0) (* <:@+:) 2^i.10x
6 28 496 8128
[edit] JavaScript
See Rational Arithmetic/JavaScript
[edit] Lua
function gcd(a,b) return a == 0 and b or gcd(b % a, a) end
do
local function coerce(a, b)
if type(a) == "number" then return rational(a, 1), b end
if type(b) == "number" then return a, rational(b, 1) end
return a, b
end
rational = setmetatable({
__add = function(a, b)
local a, b = coerce(a, b)
return rational(a.num * b.den + a.den * b.num, a.den * b.den)
end,
__sub = function(a, b)
local a, b = coerce(a, b)
return rational(a.num * b.den - a.den * b.num, a.den * b.den)
end,
__mul = function(a, b)
local a, b = coerce(a, b)
return rational(a.num * b.num, a.den * b.den)
end,
__div = function(a, b)
local a, b = coerce(a, b)
return rational(a.num * b.den, a.den * b.num)
end,
__pow = function(a, b)
if type(a) == "number" then return a ^ (b.num / b.den) end
return rational(a.num ^ b, a.den ^ b) --runs into a problem if these aren't integers
end,
__concat = function(a, b)
if getmetatable(a) == rational then return a.num .. "/" .. a.den .. b end
return a .. b.num .. "/" .. b.den
end,
__unm = function(a) return rational(-a.num, -a.den) end}, {
__call = function(z, a, b) return setmetatable({num = a / gcd(a, b),den = b / gcd(a, b)}, z) end} )
end
print(rational(2, 3) + rational(3, 5) - rational(1, 10) .. "") --> 7/6
print((rational(4, 5) * rational(5, 9)) ^ rational(1, 2) .. "") --> 2/3
print(rational(45, 60) / rational(5, 2) .. "") --> 3/10
print(5 + rational(1, 3) .. "") --> 16/3
function findperfs(n)
local ret = {}
for i = 1, n do
sum = rational(1, i)
for fac = 2, i^.5 do
if i % fac == 0 then
sum = sum + rational(1, fac) + rational(fac, i)
end
end
if sum.den == sum.num then
ret[#ret + 1] = i
end
end
return table.concat(ret, '\n')
end
print(findperfs(2^19))
[edit] Mathematica
Mathematica has full support for fractions built-in. If one divides two exact numbers it will be left as a fraction if it can't be simplified. Comparison, addition, division, product et cetera are built-in:
4/16
3/8
8/4
4Pi/2
16!/10!
Sqrt[9/16]
Sqrt[3/4]
(23/12)^5
2 + 1/(1 + 1/(3 + 1/4))
1/2+1/3+1/5
8/Pi+Pi/8 //Together
13/17 + 7/31
Sum[1/n,{n,1,100}] (*summation of 1/1 + 1/2 + 1/3 + 1/4+ .........+ 1/99 + 1/100*)
1/2-1/3
a=1/3;a+=1/7
1/4==2/8
1/4>3/8
Pi/E >23/20
1/3!=123/370
Sin[3]/Sin[2]>3/20
Numerator[6/9]
Denominator[6/9]
gives back:
1/4
3/8
2
2 Pi
5765760
3/4
Sqrt[3]/2
6436343 / 248832
47/17
31/30
(64+Pi^2) / (8 Pi)
522 / 527
14466636279520351160221518043104131447711 / 2788815009188499086581352357412492142272
1/6
10/21
True
False
True
True
True
2
3
As you can see, Mathematica automatically handles fraction as exact things, it doesn't evaluate the fractions to a float. It only does this when either the numerator or the denominator is not exact. I only showed integers above, but Mathematica can handle symbolic fraction in the same and complete way:
c/(2 c)
(b^2 - c^2)/(b - c) // Cancel
1/2 + b/c // Together
gives back:
1/2
b+c
(2 b+c) / (2 c)
Moreover it does simplification like Sin[x]/Cos[x] => Tan[x]. Division, addition, subtraction, powering and multiplication of a list (of any dimension) is automatically threaded over the elements:
1+2*{1,2,3}^3
gives back:
{3, 17, 55}
To check for perfect numbers in the range 1 to 2^25 we can use:
found={};
CheckPerfect[num_Integer]:=If[Total[1/Divisors[num]]==2,AppendTo[found,num]];
Do[CheckPerfect[i],{i,1,2^25}];
found
gives back:
{6, 28, 496, 8128, 33550336}
Final note; approximations of fractions to any precision can be found using the function N.
[edit] Objective-C
See Rational Arithmetic/Objective-C
[edit] OCaml
OCaml's Num library implements arbitrary-precision rational numbers:
#load "nums.cma";;
open Num;;
for candidate = 2 to 1 lsl 19 do
let sum = ref (num_of_int 1 // num_of_int candidate) in
for factor = 2 to truncate (sqrt (float candidate)) do
if candidate mod factor = 0 then
sum := !sum +/ num_of_int 1 // num_of_int factor
+/ num_of_int 1 // num_of_int (candidate / factor)
done;
if is_integer_num !sum then
Printf.printf "Sum of recipr. factors of %d = %d exactly %s\n%!"
candidate (int_of_num !sum) (if int_of_num !sum = 1 then "perfect!" else "")
done;;
It might be implemented like this:
[insert implementation here]
[edit] Perl
Perl's Math::BigRat core module implements arbitrary-precision rational numbers. The bigrat pragma can be used to turn on transparent BigRat support:
use bigrat;
foreach my $candidate (2 .. 2**19) {
my $sum = 1 / $candidate;
foreach my $factor (2 .. sqrt($candidate)+1) {
if ($candidate % $factor == 0) {
$sum += 1 / $factor + 1 / ($candidate / $factor);
}
}
if ($sum->denominator() == 1) {
print "Sum of recipr. factors of $candidate = $sum exactly ", ($sum == 1 ? "perfect!" : ""), "\n";
}
}
It might be implemented like this:
[insert implementation here]
[edit] Python
Works with: Python version 3.0
Python 3's standard library already implements a Fraction class:
from fractions import Fraction
for candidate in range(2, 2**19):
sum = Fraction(1, candidate)
for factor in range(2, int(candidate**0.5)+1):
if candidate % factor == 0:
sum += Fraction(1, factor) + Fraction(1, candidate // factor)
if sum.denominator == 1:
print("Sum of recipr. factors of %d = %d exactly %s" %
(candidate, int(sum), "perfect!" if sum == 1 else ""))
It might be implemented like this:
def lcm(a, b):
return a // gcd(a,b) * b
def gcd(u, v):
return gcd(v, u%v) if v else abs(u)
class Fraction:
def __init__(self, numerator, denominator):
common = gcd(numerator, denominator)
self.numerator = numerator//common
self.denominator = denominator//common
def __add__(self, frac):
common = lcm(self.denominator, frac.denominator)
n = common // self.denominator * self.numerator + common // frac.denominator * frac.numerator
return Fraction(n, common)
def __sub__(self, frac):
return self.__add__(-frac)
def __neg__(self):
return Fraction(-self.numerator, self.denominator)
def __abs__(self):
return Fraction(abs(self.numerator), abs(self.denominator))
def __mul__(self, frac):
return Fraction(self.numerator * frac.numerator, self.denominator * frac.denominator)
def __div__(self, frac):
return self.__mul__(frac.reciprocal())
def reciprocal(self):
return Fraction(self.denominator, self.numerator)
def __cmp__(self, n):
return int(float(self) - float(n))
def __float__(self):
return float(self.numerator / self.denominator)
def __int__(self):
return (self.numerator // self.denominator)
[edit] Ruby
Ruby's standard library already implements a Rational class:
require 'rational'
for candidate in 2 .. 2**19:
sum = Rational(1, candidate)
for factor in 2 ... candidate**0.5
if candidate % factor == 0
sum += Rational(1, factor) + Rational(1, candidate / factor)
end
end
if sum.denominator == 1
puts "Sum of recipr. factors of %d = %d exactly %s" %
[candidate, sum.to_i, sum == 1 ? "perfect!" : ""]
end
end
It might be implemented like this:
[insert implementation here]
[edit] Slate
Slate uses infinite-precision fractions transparently.
54 / 7.
20 reciprocal.
(5 / 6) reciprocal.
(5 / 6) as: Float.
[edit] Smalltalk
Smalltalk uses naturally and transparently fractions (through the class Fraction):
st> 54/7 54/7 st> 54/7 + 1 61/7 st> 54/7 < 50 true st> 20 reciprocal 1/20 st> (5/6) reciprocal 6/5 st> (5/6) asFloat 0.8333333333333334
Works with: GNU Smalltalk
| sum |
2 to: (2 raisedTo: 19) do: [ :candidate |
sum := candidate reciprocal.
2 to: (candidate sqrt) do: [ :factor |
( (candidate \\ factor) = 0 )
ifTrue: [
sum := sum + (factor reciprocal) + ((candidate / factor) reciprocal)
]
].
( (sum denominator) = 1 )
ifTrue: [
('Sum of recipr. factors of %1 = %2 exactly %3' %
{ candidate printString .
(sum asInteger) printString .
( sum = 1 ) ifTrue: [ 'perfect!' ]
ifFalse: [ ' ' ] }) displayNl
]
].
[edit] Tcl
[edit] TI-89 BASIC
While TI-89 BASIC has built-in rational and symbolic arithmetic, it does not have user-defined data types.
Categories: Programming Tasks | Arithmetic operations | Ada | ALGOL 68 | C | Common Lisp | Forth | Fortran | Haskell | J | JavaScript | Lua | Mathematica | Objective-C | OCaml | Perl | Python | Ruby | Slate | Smalltalk | Tcl | TI-89 BASIC
