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The last command tests if source code in ''quine'' is equal to output of executed function ''quine()''. This is true (''1''). |
The last command tests if source code in variable ''quine'' is equal to output of executed function ''quine()''. This is true (''1''). |
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=={{header|Pascal}}== |
=={{header|Pascal}}== |
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Revision as of 05:48, 9 July 2016
You are encouraged to solve this task according to the task description, using any language you may know.
A Quine is a self-referential program that can, without any external access, output its own source. It is named after the philosopher and logician who studied self-reference and quoting in natural language, as for example in the paradox "'Yields falsehood when preceded by its quotation' yields falsehood when preceded by its quotation."
"Source" has one of two meanings. It can refer to the text-based program source. For languages in which program source is represented as a data structure, "source" may refer to the data structure: quines in these languages fall into two categories: programs which print a textual representation of themselves, or expressions which evaluate to a data structure which is equivalent to that expression.
The usual way to code a Quine works similarly to this paradox: The program consists of two identical parts, once as plain code and once quoted in some way (for example, as a character string, or a literal data structure). The plain code then accesses the quoted code and prints it out twice, once unquoted and once with the proper quotation marks added. Often, the plain code and the quoted code have to be nested.
Write a program that outputs its own source code in this way. If the language allows it, you may add a variant that accesses the code directly. You are not allowed to read any external files with the source code. The program should also contain some sort of self-reference, so constant expressions which return their own value which some top-level interpreter will print out. Empty programs producing no output are not allowed.
There are several difficulties that one runs into when writing a quine, mostly dealing with quoting:
- Part of the code usually needs to be stored as a string or structural literal in the language, which needs to be quoted somehow. However, including quotation marks in the string literal itself would be troublesome because it requires them to be escaped, which then necessitates the escaping character (e.g. a backslash) in the string, which itself usually needs to be escaped, and so on.
- Some languages have a function for getting the "source code representation" of a string (i.e. adds quotation marks, etc.); in these languages, this can be used to circumvent the quoting problem.
- Another solution is to construct the quote character from its character code, without having to write the quote character itself. Then the character is inserted into the string at the appropriate places. The ASCII code for double-quote is 34, and for single-quote is 39.
- Newlines in the program may have to be reproduced as newlines in the string, which usually requires some kind of escape sequence (e.g. "\n"). This causes the same problem as above, where the escaping character needs to itself be escaped, etc.
- If the language has a way of getting the "source code representation", it usually handles the escaping of characters, so this is not a problem.
- Some languages allow you to have a string literal that spans multiple lines, which embeds the newlines into the string without escaping.
- Write the entire program on one line, for free-form languages (as you can see for some of the solutions here, they run off the edge of the screen), thus removing the need for newlines. However, this may be unacceptable as some languages require a newline at the end of the file; and otherwise it is still generally good style to have a newline at the end of a file. (The task is not clear on whether a newline is required at the end of the file.) Some languages have a print statement that appends a newline; which solves the newline-at-the-end issue; but others do not.
Next to the Quines presented here, many other versions can be found on the Quine page.
ABAP
I copied one of my examples from http://www.yaabb.de/viewtopic.php?t=44 <lang ABAP>REPORT R NO STANDARD PAGE HEADING LINE-SIZE 67. DATA:A(440),B,C,N(3) TYPE N,I TYPE I,S. A+000 = 'REPORT R NO STANDARD PAGE HEADING LINE-SIZE 6\7.1DATA:A'. A+055 = '(440),B,C,N(\3) TYPE N,I TYPE I,S.?1DO 440 TIMES.3C = A'. A+110 = '+I.3IF B = S.5IF C CA `\\\?\1\3\5\7`.7B = C.5ELSEIF C ='. A+165 = ' `\``.7WRITE ```` NO-GAP.5ELSE.7WRITE C NO-GAP.5ENDIF.3'. A+220 = 'ELSEIF B = `\\`.5WRITE C NO-GAP.5B = S.3ELSEIF B = `\?`'. A+275 = '.5DO 8 TIMES.7WRITE:/ `A+` NO-GAP,N,`= ``` NO-GAP,A+N(\'. A+330 = '5\5) NO-GAP,```.`.7N = N + \5\5.5ENDDO.5B = C.3ELSE.5WR'. A+385 = 'ITE AT /B C NO-GAP.5B = S.3ENDIF.3I = I + \1.1ENDDO. '. DO 440 TIMES.
C = A+I.
IF B = S.
IF C CA '\?1357'.
B = C.
ELSEIF C = '`'.
WRITE ' NO-GAP.
ELSE.
WRITE C NO-GAP.
ENDIF.
ELSEIF B = '\'.
WRITE C NO-GAP.
B = S.
ELSEIF B = '?'.
DO 8 TIMES.
WRITE:/ 'A+' NO-GAP,N,'= NO-GAP,A+N(55) NO-GAP,.'.
N = N + 55.
ENDDO.
B = C.
ELSE.
WRITE AT /B C NO-GAP.
B = S.
ENDIF.
I = I + 1.
ENDDO.</lang> Here is another one, requiring SY-SAPRL >= '620': <lang ABAP>REPORT R NO STANDARD PAGE HEADING.DATA:A TYPE TABLE OF STRING,B(8).APPEND: `REPORT.FORM F TABLES T.NEW-PAGE LINE-SIZE 78.WRITE:'REPORT R NO',` TO A, `'STANDARD PAGE HEADING.DATA:A TYPE TABLE OF STRING,B(8).APPEND:'.LOOP` TO A, `AT T.REPLACE ALL OCCURENCES OF'``' IN T WITH'````'.WRITE:/'``'` TO A, `NO-GAP,T NO-GAP,'`` TO A,'.ENDLOOP.WRITE:AT 78'.','GENERATE',` TO A, `'SUBROUTINE POOL A NAME B.PERFORM F IN PROGRAM (B) TABLES A.'.ENDFORM.` TO A. GENERATE SUBROUTINE POOL A NAME B.PERFORM F IN PROGRAM (B) TABLES A.</lang> Please note that the program still works if you fix the spelling error (s/OCCURENCES/OCCURRENCES/), thus increasing the size of the source code by 1 character.
One more program, created in a 7.0 unicode system, but it should work in any SAP system with SY-SAPRL >= '700', even if you'll have a hard time verifying the correctness just by studying the source code: <lang ABAP>REPORT A NO STANDARD PAGE HEADING LINE-SIZE 72.DATA:C(33),A LIKE TABLE OF C,X(3333) TYPE X,Y TYPE XSTRING.DEFINE A.X+C ='&1'.C = C + 33. END-OF-DEFINITION. DEFINE B.LOOP AT A INTO C &1 &2.WRITE / C.ENDLOOP. END-OF-DEFINITION. A FF060201020280003431303300000000AC030000121F9D02BB522ADA69108AA1C7 . A E8B32FFEC07DD21907936962B28407983089732C8811FC4413FD02A7BFE6690B03 . A 262F72B38EF69EB6A7A71C9F82CF44CC11469E081F86785777F269DE372CE9EC4B . A 5E0A24D8224781128E290E1B7A0ECFF423BEDFD316B43B456FE9AD98E1F0401B31 . A 9E11B3A23F3C865EEB6D028FD532BC69DED831F41DE6F0B59F745E604996373C97 . A 982A2FA9F6C81A86164CCC98D4CC91D22E89AB9A1CCBEB6A97A839A5602BA26AFE . A 7791BF4C2A9DBE6866134E093BD82CA291CF2A57EC67E81017384740EB33E6102A . A 174784531EFEA076A29A7ACAD9EB55CED8316374D3E00D3DEC1CF36E4D4C4EE64E . A 75B28DB568C195BA3DE92F9CC48AAAAF3A4DD9CC6BE899E27C18A3B66ECBF65093 . A FFF1168545878AD10C4F075F588821EF947739516EBF7D99F5851D52F629E8D5AC . A 13EF77291306AA6CABF7B56EC9E273F47997DA3FE146FB2A2C30E3BE22FEA603B4 . A EDB5FBEE64A7637B35B46DD79491EEC2D1A19B26C0ADAAB2FB39F9050000000000 . Y = X.IMPORT A = A FROM DATA BUFFER Y.B TO 13.C = 0.DO 12 TIMES.WRITE:/'A', X+C(33),'.'.C = C + 33.ENDDO.B FROM 14.</lang>
And a final one (cheating, even though not using READ REPORT), it should work in any SAP system with SY-SAPRL >= '46B': <lang ABAP>.REPORT Q NO STANDARD PAGE HEADING LINE-SIZE 72 .DATA QQ(69) OCCURS 0 .DATA Q LIKE QQ WITH HEADER LINE .APPEND 'SYNTAX-TRACE ON.INCLUDE' TO QQ .APPEND SY-REPID TO QQ .APPEND '.' TO QQ .SYNTAX-CHECK FOR QQ MESSAGE Q LINE Q WORD Q TRACE-TABLE Q .LOOP AT Q .CHECK Q(1) = '#' .Q = Q+5 .IF Q < Q OR SY-SAPRL > '5' .SPLIT Q AT INTO Q Q .ENDIF .IF Q < Q OR SY-LINNO < 22 .CHECK Q CA 'Q.' OR Q+4 = 'F' .ENDIF .IF Q < Q OR SY-LINNO > 23 .CHECK Q CA '.' .ENDIF .CHECK Q(1) NA 'IT+' OR Q+1(1) = 'F' .WRITE / '.' NO-GAP .WRITE Q .ENDLOOP .WRITE / '.' .</lang>
ACL2
<lang Lisp>(defun print-quine (quine)
(cw quine quine))
(print-quine "(defun print-quine (quine)
(cw quine quine))
(print-quine ~x0)~%")</lang>
A shorter one:
<lang Lisp>(let((q"(let((q~x0))(cw q q))"))(cw q q))</lang>
Ada
The program text must be in one line.
<lang Ada>with Ada.Text_IO;procedure Self is Q:Character:='"';A:String:="with Ada.Text_IO;procedure Self is Q:Character:='';A:String:=;begin Ada.Text_IO.Put_Line(A(1..49)&Q&A(50..61)&Q&A&Q&A(62..A'Last));end Self;";begin Ada.Text_IO.Put_Line(A(1..49)&Q&A(50..61)&Q&A&Q&A(62..A'Last));end Self;</lang>
Aime
<lang aime>integer f; text s, t;
f = 36; s = "integer f; text s, t;
f = 36; s = \"\";
o_text(cut(s, 0, f)); o_text(cut(s, 0, f - 1)); o_etext(cut(s, f - 1, 2)); o_text(cut(s, f + 1, 8888 - f)); o_text(cut(s, f, 8888 - f)); ";
o_text(cut(s, 0, f)); o_text(cut(s, 0, f - 1)); o_etext(cut(s, f - 1, 2)); o_text(cut(s, f + 1, 8888 - f)); o_text(cut(s, f, 8888 - f));</lang>
ALGOL 68
The following program assumes that the target machine is ASCII, hence the use of character 34 as a double quote. <lang algol68>STRINGa="STRINGa=,q=REPR34;print(a[:8]+q+a+q+a[9:])",q=REPR34;print(a[:8]+q+a+q+a[9:])</lang> The following is a shorter and character set independent - hence portable - implementation. <lang algol68>[]CHARa="[]CHARa="";print(2*a[:9]+2*a[9:])";print(2*a[:9]+2*a[9:])</lang> The original program - from which this is derived - was written by Richard Wendland, who is one of the team who implemented Algol 68 on Honeywell's Multics. The original can be found in Algol Bulletin 46 - 2.1 - Page 5.
Applesoft BASIC
<lang Applesoft BASIC>10 LIST</lang>
AutoHotkey
All from http://www.autohotkey.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=14336: The "cheating" way: <lang AutoHotkey>FileRead, quine, %A_ScriptFullPath% MsgBox % quine</lang> Another: <lang AutoHotkey>D(n, s) {
global
Loop %n%
{
l := %s%%A_Index%
If l = #
l := "script =" . nl . "( %" . nl . script . nl . ")"
FileAppend %l%%nl%, %A_ScriptDir%\Q.txt
}
} nl := Chr(13) . Chr(10) script = ( % D(n, s) {
global
Loop %n%
{
l := %s%%A_Index%
If l = #
l := "script =" . nl . "( %" . nl . script . nl . ")"
FileAppend %l%%nl%, %A_ScriptDir%\Q.txt
}
} nl := Chr(13) . Chr(10)
StringSplit q, script, %nl% D(q0, "q") ) StringSplit q, script, %nl% D(q0, "q")</lang> Another:
<lang AutoHotkey>quote := Chr(34) sep := Chr(36) nl := Chr(13) . Chr(10) script := "quote := Chr(34)$sep := Chr(36)$nl := Chr(13) . Chr(10)$script := #$s := script$StringReplace script, script, %sep%, %nl%, All$StringReplace script, script, #, %quote%%s%%quote%$FileAppend %script%, %A_ScriptDir%\Q.txt" s := script StringReplace script, script, %sep%, %nl%, All StringReplace script, script, #, %quote%%s%%quote%
FileAppend %script%, %A_ScriptDir%\Q.txt</lang>Another "cheating" method: <lang AutoHotkey>FileCopy, %A_ScriptFullPath%, %A_ScriptDir%\Copy-Of--%A_ScriptName%</lang>
AWK
version 1
<lang AWK> BEGIN{c="BEGIN{c=%c%s%c;printf(c,34,c,34);}";printf(c,34,c,34);} </lang>
version 2
<lang AWK> BEGIN{c="BEGIN{c=%c%s%c;printf c,34,c,34}";printf c,34,c,34} </lang>
Babel
Demonstrating from the commandline:
<lang babel>% bin/babel quine.sp { "{ '{ ' << dup [val 0x22 0xffffff00 ] dup <- << << -> << ' ' << << ' }' << } !" { '{ ' << dup [val 0x22 0xffffff00 ] dup <- << << -> << ' ' << << '}' << } ! }% % % cat quine.sp { "{ '{ ' << dup [val 0x22 0xffffff00 ] dup <- << << -> << ' ' << << ' }' << } !" { '{ ' << dup [val 0x22 0xffffff00 ] dup <- << << -> << ' ' << << '}' << } ! }% %</lang>
Demonstrating in interactive mode:
<lang babel>% bin/babel babel> { "{ '{ ' << dup [val 0x22 0xffffff00 ] dup <- << << -> << ' ' << << ' }' << } !" { '{ ' << dup [val 0x22 0xffffff00 ] dup <- << << -> << ' ' << << '}' << } ! } babel> eval { "{ '{ ' << dup [val 0x22 0xffffff00 ] dup <- << << -> << ' ' << << ' }' << } !" { '{ ' << dup [val 0x22 0xffffff00 ] dup <- << << -> << ' ' << << ' }' << } !}babel> babel></lang>
BASIC
ZX Spectrum Basic
For dialects of BASIC that include the LIST command, Quines are trivial.
<lang qbasic>10 LIST</lang>
For dialects that include the DATA keyword, it is almost as easy.
<lang qbasic>READ d$ DO
READ x$ PRINT x$
LOOP UNTIL LEN(x$) < 1 RESTORE DO
READ x$ PRINT d$; CHR$(34); x$; CHR$(34)
LOOP UNTIL LEN(x$) < 1 END
DATA "DATA " DATA "READ d$" DATA "DO" DATA " READ x$" DATA " PRINT x$" DATA "LOOP UNTIL LEN(x$) < 1" DATA "RESTORE" DATA "DO" DATA " READ x$" DATA " PRINT d$; CHR$(34); x$; CHR$(34)" DATA "LOOP UNTIL LEN(x$) < 1" DATA "END" DATA ""</lang>
bash
<lang sh>mapfile < $0 printf "%s" ${MAPFILE[@]}</lang> <lang sh>history | tail -n 1 | cut -c 8-</lang>
Batch File
<lang dos>@type %0</lang> For Windows 2000 and later only: <lang windowsnt>@type "%~f0"</lang>
BBC BASIC
<lang bbcbasic> PRINT $(PAGE+22)$(PAGE+21):REM PRINT $(PAGE+22)$(PAGE+21):REM</lang>
<lang bbcbasic> PRINT $(PAGE+23)$(PAGE+22):REM PRINT $(PAGE+23)$(PAGE+22):REM</lang>
beeswax
Instruction pointers in beeswax programs can drop values in their own source code (growing the program space, if necessary), or pick up values from everywhere in the source code.
<lang beeswax>_4~++~+.@1~0@D@1J</lang> or <lang beeswax>*4~++~+.@1~0@D@1J</lang>
The instruction pointer starts at the left, travels to the right, and at instruction D the IP drops the current value at the top of its own stack—96, or ASCII value for ` —left of the source code, which changes the program to:
<lang beeswax>`_4~++~+.@1~0@D@1J</lang> or <lang beeswax>`*4~++~+.@1~0@D@1J</lang> respectively.
Arriving at instruction J (jump) the instruction pointer jumps to the newly dropped instruction, which switches the IP to print out mode, and it outputs every encountered symbol or value to STDOUT until it encounters the next ` or the program ends.
A version that does not modify itself:
<lang beeswax>`_4~++~+.}1fJ</lang>
Befunge
The code space is also the data space of a Befunge program. Programs can be read and modified on the fly. This quine works by reading and printing each character of the source. (This is a implicit loop, since the Befunge codespace wraps around.) <lang Befunge>:0g,:66+`#@_1+</lang>
Bob
<lang bob> c=","; n="\n"; q="\""; s="\\"; v=\[ "c=\",\"; n=\"\\n\"; q=\"\\\"\"; s=\"\\\\\";", "v=\\[", "define prtQuote(str) {", " local j,t,v;", " stdout.Display(q);", " for (j=0; j<str.size; j++) {", " t = str.Substring(j,1);", " if (t==q) { stdout.Display(s); }", " if (t==s) { stdout.Display(s); }", " stdout.Display(t);", " }", " stdout.Display(q);", "}", "for(i=0; i<2; i++){ stdout.Display(v[i]); stdout.Display(n); }", "for(i=0; i<v.size-1; i++){ prtQuote(v[i]); stdout.Display(c); stdout.Display(n); }", "prtQuote(v[v.size-1]); stdout.Display(n);", "stdout.Display(v[v.size-1]); stdout.Display(n);", "for(i=2; i<v.size-1; i++){ stdout.Display(v[i]); stdout.Display(n); }", "];" ]; define prtQuote(str) {
local j,t,v;
stdout.Display(q);
for (j=0; j<str.size; j++) {
t = str.Substring(j,1);
if (t==q) { stdout.Display(s); }
if (t==s) { stdout.Display(s); }
stdout.Display(t);
}
stdout.Display(q);
} for(i=0; i<2; i++){ stdout.Display(v[i]); stdout.Display(n); } for(i=0; i<v.size-1; i++){ prtQuote(v[i]); stdout.Display(c); stdout.Display(n); } prtQuote(v[v.size-1]); stdout.Display(n); stdout.Display(v[v.size-1]); stdout.Display(n); for(i=2; i<v.size-1; i++){ stdout.Display(v[i]); stdout.Display(n); } </lang> Bob is a dynamic object-oriented language with syntax similar to C/C++, Java, and JavaScript. Bob was created by David Betz, a former technical editor for DDJ, and the author of XLisp and XScheme, among other languages. <lang bracmat>quine$</lang>
Brainf***
<lang bf>->+>+++>>+>++>+>+++>>+>++>>>+>+>+>++>+>>>>+++>+>>++>+>+++>>++>++>>+>>+>++>++>+>>>>+++>+>>>>++>++>>>>+>>++>+>+++>>>++>>++++++>>+>>++> +>>>>+++>>+++++>>+>+++>>>++>>++>>+>>++>+>+++>>>++>>+++++++++++++>>+>>++>+>+++>+>+++>>>++>>++++>>+>>++>+>>>>+++>>+++++>>>>++>>>>+>+>+ +>>+++>+>>>>+++>+>>>>+++>+>>>>+++>>++>++>+>+++>+>++>++>>>>>>++>+>+++>>>>>+++>>>++>+>+++>+>+>++>>>>>>++>>>+>>>++>+>>>>+++>+>>>+>>++>+ >++++++++++++++++++>>>>+>+>>>+>>++>+>+++>>>++>>++++++++>>+>>++>+>>>>+++>>++++++>>>+>++>>+++>+>+>++>+>+++>>>>>+++>>>+>+>>++>+>+++>>>+ +>>++++++++>>+>>++>+>>>>+++>>++++>>+>+++>>>>>>++>+>+++>>+>++>>>>+>+>++>+>>>>+++>>+++>>>+[[->>+<<]<+]+++++[->+++++++++<]>.[+]>> [<<+++++++[->+++++++++<]>-.------------------->-[-<.<+>>]<[+]<+>>>]<<<[-[-[-[>>+<++++++[->+++++<]]>++++++++++++++<]>+++<]++++++ [->+++++++<]>+<<<-[->>>++<<<]>[->>.<<]<<]</lang>
Burlesque
Using the official interpreter:
<lang burlesque> blsq ) "I'm a quine." "I'm a quine." </lang>
Every string, every number, every block is a quine.
C
<lang c>#include <stdio.h>
static char sym[] = "\n\t\\\"";
int main(void) { const char *code = "#include <stdio.h>%c%cstatic char sym[] = %c%cn%ct%c%c%c%c%c;%c%cint main(void) {%c%cconst char *code = %c%s%c;%c%cprintf(code, sym[0], sym[0], sym[3], sym[2], sym[2], sym[2], sym[2], sym[2], sym[3], sym[3], sym[0], sym[0], sym[0], sym[1], sym[3], code, sym[3], sym[0], sym[1], sym[0], sym[0], sym[1], sym[0], sym[0]);%c%c%creturn 0;%c}%c"; printf(code, sym[0], sym[0], sym[3], sym[2], sym[2], sym[2], sym[2], sym[2], sym[3], sym[3], sym[0], sym[0], sym[0], sym[1], sym[3], code, sym[3], sym[0], sym[1], sym[0], sym[0], sym[1], sym[0], sym[0]);
return 0; } </lang>
Shorter version
<lang c>#include <stdio.h> int main(){char*c="#include <stdio.h>%cint main(){char*c=%c%s%c;printf(c,10,34,c,34,10);return 0;}%c";printf(c,10,34,c,34,10);return 0;} </lang>
C#
<lang csharp>class Program { static void Main() { var s = "class Program {{ static void Main() {{ var s = {0}{1}{0}; System.Console.WriteLine(s, (char)34, s); }} }}"; System.Console.WriteLine(s, (char)34, s); } }</lang>
C++
<lang cpp>#include <iostream>
void quote(char const* c) {
while (*c)
{
switch(*c)
{
case '\\':
std::cout << "\\\\";break;
case '\n':
std::cout << "\\n";break;
case '\"':
std::cout << "\\\"";break;
default:
std::cout << *c;
}
++c;
}
}
int main() {
char const* parts[] = {
"#include <iostream>\n\nvoid quote(char const* c)\n{\n while (*c)\n {\n switch(*c)\n {\n case '\\\\':\n std::cout << \"\\\\\\\\\";break;\n case '\\n':\n std::cout << \"\\\\n\";break;\n case '\\\"':\n std::cout << \"\\\\\\\"\";break;\n default:\n std::cout << *c;\n }\n ++c;\n }\n}\n\nint main()\n{\n char const* parts[] = {\n \"",
"\",\n \"",
"\"\n };\n \n std::cout << parts[0];\n quote(parts[0]);\n std::cout << parts[1];\n quote(parts[1]);\n std::cout << parts[1];\n quote(parts[2]);\n std::cout << parts[2];\n\n return 0;\n}\n"
};
std::cout << parts[0];
quote(parts[0]);
std::cout << parts[1];
quote(parts[1]);
std::cout << parts[1];
quote(parts[2]);
std::cout << parts[2];
return 0;
}</lang>
C1R
The C1R compiler usually copies C solutions from tasks at Rosetta Code. The Quine task is an exception; it gets special treatment in the C1R compiler. <lang c>Quine</lang>
Ceylon
<lang ceylon>shared void run() {print(let (x = """shared void run() {print(let (x = $) x.replaceFirst("$", "\"\"\"" + x + "\"\"\""));}""") x.replaceFirst("$", "\"\"\"" + x + "\"\"\""));}</lang>
Clojure
<lang clojure>((fn [x] (list x (list (quote quote) x))) (quote (fn [x] (list x (list (quote quote) x)))))</lang>
COBOL
Here is one that works with GnuCOBOL, December 2015, by Simon Sobisch, tweaked by Bill Woodger.
One line, 150 characters. Some warnings regarding relaxed syntax assumptions when compiled with
cobc -x -free -frelax quine.cob
<lang cobol> linkage section. 78 c value "display 'linkage section. 78 c value ' x'22' c x'222e20' c.". display 'linkage section. 78 c value ' x'22' c x'222e20' c.</lang>
The following two quines were in a gray past (around 2004?) posted to the (currently inaccessible) language forum of the mvsHelp Boards <lang cobol> IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
PROGRAM-ID. GRICE.
ENVIRONMENT DIVISION.
CONFIGURATION SECTION.
SPECIAL-NAMES.
SYMBOLIC CHARACTERS FULL-STOP IS 76.
INPUT-OUTPUT SECTION.
FILE-CONTROL.
SELECT OUTPUT-FILE ASSIGN TO OUTPUT1.
DATA DIVISION.
FILE SECTION.
FD OUTPUT-FILE
RECORDING MODE F
LABEL RECORDS OMITTED.
01 OUTPUT-RECORD PIC X(80).
WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.
01 SUB-X PIC S9(4) COMP.
01 SOURCE-FACSIMILE-AREA.
02 SOURCE-FACSIMILE-DATA.
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" IDENTIFICATION DIVISION. ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" PROGRAM-ID. GRICE. ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" ENVIRONMENT DIVISION. ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" CONFIGURATION SECTION. ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" SPECIAL-NAMES. ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" SYMBOLIC CHARACTERS FULL-STOP".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" IS 76. ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" INPUT-OUTPUT SECTION. ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" FILE-CONTROL. ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" SELECT OUTPUT-FILE ASSIGN TO ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
"OUTPUT1. ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" DATA DIVISION. ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" FILE SECTION. ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" FD OUTPUT-FILE ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" RECORDING MODE F ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" LABEL RECORDS OMITTED. ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" 01 OUTPUT-RECORD ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" PIC X(80). ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" WORKING-STORAGE SECTION. ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" 01 SUB-X ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" PIC S9(4) COMP. ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" 01 SOURCE-FACSIMILE-AREA. ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" 02 SOURCE-FACSIMILE-DATA. ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" 03 FILLER ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" PIC X(40) VALUE ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" 02 SOURCE-FACSIMILE-TABLE RE".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
"DEFINES ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" SOURCE-FACSIMILE-DATA".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
". ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" 03 SOURCE-FACSIMILE OCCU".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
"RS 68. ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" 04 SOURCE-FACSIMILE-".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
"ONE PIC X(40). ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" 04 SOURCE-FACSIMILE-".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
"TWO PIC X(40). ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" 01 FILLER-IMAGE. ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" 02 FILLER ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" PIC X(15) VALUE SPACES. ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" 02 FILLER ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" PIC X VALUE QUOTE. ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" 02 FILLER-DATA ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" PIC X(40). ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" 02 FILLER ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" PIC X VALUE QUOTE. ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" 02 FILLER ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" PIC X VALUE FULL-STOP. ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" 02 FILLER ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" PIC X(22) VALUE SPACES. ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" PROCEDURE DIVISION. ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" MAIN-LINE SECTION. ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" ML-1. ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" OPEN OUTPUT OUTPUT-FILE. ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" MOVE 1 TO SUB-X. ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" ML-2. ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" MOVE SOURCE-FACSIMILE (SUB-X)".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" TO OUTPUT-RECORD. ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" WRITE OUTPUT-RECORD. ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" IF SUB-X < 19 ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" ADD 1 TO SUB-X ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" GO TO ML-2. ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" MOVE 1 TO SUB-X. ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" ML-3. ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" MOVE SOURCE-FACSIMILE (20) TO".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" OUTPUT-RECORD. ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" WRITE OUTPUT-RECORD. ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" MOVE SOURCE-FACSIMILE-ONE (SU".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
"B-X) TO FILLER-DATA. ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" MOVE FILLER-IMAGE TO OUTPUT-R".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
"ECORD. ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" WRITE OUTPUT-RECORD. ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" MOVE SOURCE-FACSIMILE (20) TO".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" OUTPUT-RECORD. ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" WRITE OUTPUT-RECORD. ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" MOVE SOURCE-FACSIMILE-TWO (SU".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
"B-X) TO FILLER-DATA. ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" MOVE FILLER-IMAGE TO OUTPUT-R".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
"ECORD. ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" WRITE OUTPUT-RECORD. ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" IF SUB-X < 68 ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" ADD 1 TO SUB-X ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" GO TO ML-3. ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" MOVE 21 TO SUB-X. ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" ML-4. ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" MOVE SOURCE-FACSIMILE (SUB-X)".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" TO OUTPUT-RECORD. ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" WRITE OUTPUT-RECORD. ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" IF SUB-X < 68 ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" ADD 1 TO SUB-X ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" GO TO ML-4. ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" ML-99. ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" CLOSE OUTPUT-FILE. ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" STOP RUN. ".
03 FILLER PIC X(40) VALUE
" ".
02 SOURCE-FACSIMILE-TABLE REDEFINES
SOURCE-FACSIMILE-DATA.
03 SOURCE-FACSIMILE OCCURS 68.
04 SOURCE-FACSIMILE-ONE PIC X(40).
04 SOURCE-FACSIMILE-TWO PIC X(40).
01 FILLER-IMAGE.
02 FILLER PIC X(15) VALUE SPACES.
02 FILLER PIC X VALUE QUOTE.
02 FILLER-DATA PIC X(40).
02 FILLER PIC X VALUE QUOTE.
02 FILLER PIC X VALUE FULL-STOP.
02 FILLER PIC X(22) VALUE SPACES.
PROCEDURE DIVISION.
MAIN-LINE SECTION.
ML-1.
OPEN OUTPUT OUTPUT-FILE.
MOVE 1 TO SUB-X.
ML-2.
MOVE SOURCE-FACSIMILE (SUB-X) TO OUTPUT-RECORD.
WRITE OUTPUT-RECORD.
IF SUB-X < 19
ADD 1 TO SUB-X
GO TO ML-2.
MOVE 1 TO SUB-X.
ML-3.
MOVE SOURCE-FACSIMILE (20) TO OUTPUT-RECORD.
WRITE OUTPUT-RECORD.
MOVE SOURCE-FACSIMILE-ONE (SUB-X) TO FILLER-DATA.
MOVE FILLER-IMAGE TO OUTPUT-RECORD.
WRITE OUTPUT-RECORD.
MOVE SOURCE-FACSIMILE (20) TO OUTPUT-RECORD.
WRITE OUTPUT-RECORD.
MOVE SOURCE-FACSIMILE-TWO (SUB-X) TO FILLER-DATA.
MOVE FILLER-IMAGE TO OUTPUT-RECORD.
WRITE OUTPUT-RECORD.
IF SUB-X < 68
ADD 1 TO SUB-X
GO TO ML-3.
MOVE 21 TO SUB-X.
ML-4.
MOVE SOURCE-FACSIMILE (SUB-X) TO OUTPUT-RECORD.
WRITE OUTPUT-RECORD.
IF SUB-X < 68
ADD 1 TO SUB-X
GO TO ML-4.
ML-99.
CLOSE OUTPUT-FILE.
STOP RUN.</lang>
<lang cobol> ID DIVISION.
PROGRAM-ID. QUINE.
DATA DIVISION.
WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.
1 X PIC S9(4) COMP.
1 A. 2 B.
3 PIC X(40) VALUE " ID DIVISION. ".
3 PIC X(40) VALUE " ".
3 PIC X(40) VALUE " PROGRAM-ID. QUINE. ".
3 PIC X(40) VALUE " ".
3 PIC X(40) VALUE " DATA DIVISION. ".
3 PIC X(40) VALUE " ".
3 PIC X(40) VALUE " WORKING-STORAGE SECTION. ".
3 PIC X(40) VALUE " ".
3 PIC X(40) VALUE " 1 X PIC S9(4) COMP. ".
3 PIC X(40) VALUE " ".
3 PIC X(40) VALUE " 1 A. 2 B. ".
3 PIC X(40) VALUE " ".
3 PIC X(40) VALUE " 2 T REDEFINES B. 3 TE OCCURS 16. ".
3 PIC X(40) VALUE "4 T1 PIC X(40). 4 T2 PIC X(40). ".
3 PIC X(40) VALUE " 1 F. 2 PIC X(25) VALUE ".
3 PIC X(40) VALUE "' 3 PIC X(40) VALUE '. ".
3 PIC X(40) VALUE " 2 PIC X VALUE QUOTE. 2 FF PIC X(4".
3 PIC X(40) VALUE "0). 2 PIC X VALUE QUOTE. ".
3 PIC X(40) VALUE " 2 PIC X VALUE '.'. ".
3 PIC X(40) VALUE " ".
3 PIC X(40) VALUE " PROCEDURE DIVISION. ".
3 PIC X(40) VALUE " ".
3 PIC X(40) VALUE " PERFORM VARYING X FROM 1 BY 1".
3 PIC X(40) VALUE " UNTIL X > 6 DISPLAY TE (X) ".
3 PIC X(40) VALUE " END-PERFORM PERFORM VARYING X".
3 PIC X(40) VALUE " FROM 1 BY 1 UNTIL X > 16 ".
3 PIC X(40) VALUE " MOVE T1 (X) TO FF DISPLAY F M".
3 PIC X(40) VALUE "OVE T2 (X) TO FF DISPLAY F ".
3 PIC X(40) VALUE " END-PERFORM PERFORM VARYING X".
3 PIC X(40) VALUE " FROM 7 BY 1 UNTIL X > 16 ".
3 PIC X(40) VALUE " DISPLAY TE (X) END-PERFORM ST".
3 PIC X(40) VALUE "OP RUN. ".
2 T REDEFINES B. 3 TE OCCURS 16. 4 T1 PIC X(40). 4 T2 PIC X(40).
1 F. 2 PIC X(25) VALUE ' 3 PIC X(40) VALUE '.
2 PIC X VALUE QUOTE. 2 FF PIC X(40). 2 PIC X VALUE QUOTE.
2 PIC X VALUE '.'.
PROCEDURE DIVISION.
PERFORM VARYING X FROM 1 BY 1 UNTIL X > 6 DISPLAY TE (X)
END-PERFORM PERFORM VARYING X FROM 1 BY 1 UNTIL X > 16
MOVE T1 (X) TO FF DISPLAY F MOVE T2 (X) TO FF DISPLAY F
END-PERFORM PERFORM VARYING X FROM 7 BY 1 UNTIL X > 16
DISPLAY TE (X) END-PERFORM STOP RUN.</lang>
An even smaller one can be found of the site of Tom Dawes-Gamble
CoffeeScript
<lang coffeescript>s="s=#&# ;alert s.replace(/&/,s).replace /#(?=[^&;'(]|';;$)/g, '#';;" ;alert s.replace(/&/,s).replace /#(?=[^&;'(]|';;$)/g, '"';;</lang>
Commodore BASIC
A rather long and unwieldy (although nicely formatted) BASIC quine that doesn't use the 10 LIST cheat. Works on the PET, VIC-20, C-64, C-128, C-16 and Plus/4, CBM-II, and CBM-5x0 series, and probably several non-Commodore BASICs as well, especially those based on Microsoft BASIC.
<lang basic>10 DATA 49,54,48,32,78,61,51,51,48,13,49,55,48,32,68,73,77,32,65,40,78,41,13 20 DATA 49,56,48,32,70,79,82,32,73,61,48,32,84,79,32,78,13,49,57,48,32,58,32 30 DATA 82,69,65,68,32,65,40,73,41,13,50,48,48,32,78,69,88,84,32,73,13,50,49 40 DATA 48,32,70,79,82,32,73,61,48,32,84,79,32,49,52,32,13,50,50,48,32,58,32 50 DATA 80,82,73,78,84,32,77,73,68,36,40,83,84,82,36,40,40,73,43,49,41,42,49 60 DATA 48,41,44,50,41,59,34,32,68,65,84,65,32,34,59,77,73,68,36,40,83,84,82 70 DATA 36,40,65,40,73,42,50,51,41,41,44,50,41,59,13,50,51,48,32,58,32,70,79 80 DATA 82,32,74,61,49,32,84,79,32,50,50,13,50,52,48,32,58,32,32,32,75,61,73 90 DATA 42,50,51,43,74,13,50,53,48,32,58,32,32,32,73,70,32,75,32,60,61,32,78 100 DATA 32,84,72,69,78,32,80,82,73,78,84,32,34,44,34,59,77,73,68,36,40,83,84 110 DATA 82,36,40,65,40,75,41,41,44,50,41,59,13,50,54,48,32,58,32,78,69,88,84 120 DATA 32,74,13,50,55,48,32,58,32,80,82,73,78,84,13,50,56,48,32,78,69,88,84 130 DATA 32,73,13,50,57,48,32,70,79,82,32,73,61,48,32,84,79,32,78,13,51,48,48 140 DATA 32,58,32,80,82,73,78,84,32,67,72,82,36,40,65,40,73,41,41,59,13,51,49 150 DATA 48,32,78,69,88,84,32,73,13 160 N=330 170 DIM A(N) 180 FOR I=0 TO N 190 : READ A(I) 200 NEXT I 210 FOR I=0 TO 14 220 : PRINT MID$(STR$((I+1)*10),2);" DATA ";MID$(STR$(A(I*23)),2); 230 : FOR J=1 TO 22 240 : K=I*23+J 250 : IF K <= N THEN PRINT ",";MID$(STR$(A(K)),2); 260 : NEXT J 270 : PRINT 280 NEXT I 290 FOR I=0 TO N 300 : PRINT CHR$(A(I)); 310 NEXT I</lang>
Common Lisp
There are many simple ways to write a quine in Common Lisp, since source can be quoted and manipulated; this one defines an anonymous function, which is applied to its own source, which writes out that application of itself to its source. Note that Common Lisp by default does not distinguish cases. <lang lisp>((lambda (s) (print (list s (list 'quote s))))
'(lambda (s) (print (list s (list 'quote s)))))</lang>
This one does the same thing using quasiquote (template) syntax; in some implementations it may not print nicely (but will still work): <lang lisp>((lambda (s) (print `(,s ',s))) '(lambda (s) (print `(,s ',s))))</lang>
This program's source contains an explicit reference to itself, which it prints in a manner preserving that reference: <lang lisp>#1=(write '#1# :circle t)</lang>
or another version (the former version cause looping in SBCL 1.0.56): <lang lisp>#1=(progn (setq *print-circle* t) (write '#1#))</lang>
This is an example using format and explicit referencing: <lang lisp>(format t #1='"(format t #1='~s #1#)" #1#)</lang>
An example using REPL variables: <lang lisp>(write -)</lang>
D
This Quine outputs its own source both during compiling and running. <lang d>const auto s=`const auto q="const auto s=\x60"~s~"\x60; mixin(s);";import std.stdio;void main(){writefln(q);pragma(msg,q);}`; mixin(s); </lang> NB: last line should be CRLF to match pragma's newline output behaviour.
Dao
Dao's BNF-like meta-programming macro supports quoting expressions as strings, which allow writing a quine as the following: <lang dao>syntax{Q $EXP}as{io.writef('syntax{Q $EXP}as{%s}Q %s',\'$EXP\',\'$EXP\')}Q io.writef('syntax{Q $EXP}as{%s}Q %s',\'$EXP\',\'$EXP\')</lang>
dc
<lang dc>[91PP93P[dx]P]dx</lang>
Déjà Vu
<lang dejavu>"!print !. dup" !print !. dup</lang>
E
<lang e>" =~ x; println(E.toQuote(x),x)" =~ x; println(E.toQuote(x),x)</lang>
Elixir
<lang elixir>a = <<"a = ~p~n:io.fwrite(a,[a])~n">>
- io.fwrite(a,[a])</lang>
Erlang
<lang Erlang> -module(quine). -export([do/0]).
do() -> Txt=txt(), io:format("~s~ntxt() ->~n~w.~n",[Txt,Txt]), halt(). txt() -> [45,109,111,100,117,108,101,40,113,117,105,110,101,41,46,10,45,101,120,112,111,114,116,40,91,100,111,47,48,93,41,46,10,10,100,111,40,41,32,45,62,32,84,120,116,61,116,120,116,40,41,44,32,105,111,58,102,111,114,109,97,116,40,34,126,115,126,110,116,120,116,40,41,32,45,62,126,110,126,119,46,126,110,34,44,91,84,120,116,44,84,120,116,93,41,44,32,104,97,108,116,40,41,46].
</lang>
ERRE
<lang ERRE>PROGRAM QUINE BEGIN READ(D$,Y$) LOOP
READ(X$) EXIT IF LEN(X$)<1 PRINT(X$)
END LOOP RESTORE LOOP
READ(X$) EXIT IF LEN(X$)<1 PRINT(D$;CHR$(34);X$;CHR$(34);CHR$(41))
END LOOP PRINT(D$;CHR$(34);CHR$(34);CHR$(41)) PRINT(Y$) DATA("DATA(") DATA("END PROGRAM") DATA("PROGRAM QUINE") DATA("BEGIN") DATA("READ(D$,Y$)") DATA("LOOP") DATA(" READ(X$)") DATA(" EXIT IF LEN(X$)<1") DATA(" PRINT(X$)") DATA("END LOOP") DATA("RESTORE") DATA("LOOP") DATA(" READ(X$)") DATA(" EXIT IF LEN(X$)<1") DATA(" PRINT(D$;CHR$(34);X$;CHR$(34);CHR$(41))") DATA("END LOOP") DATA("PRINT(D$;CHR$(34);CHR$(34);CHR$(41))") DATA("PRINT(Y$)") DATA("") END PROGRAM</lang>
Euphoria
<lang euphoria>constant p="constant p=%s%s%s printf(1,p,{34,p,34})" printf(1,p,{34,p,34})</lang>
F#
Using .NET string formatting <lang fsharp>let s = "let s = {0}{1}{0} in System.Console.WriteLine(s, char 34, s);;" in System.Console.WriteLine(s, char 34, s);;</lang> Using Printf library <lang fsharp>(fun s c -> printf s c s.Value c) "(fun s c -> printf s c s.Value c) %c%s%c <| char 34;;" <| char 34;;</lang>
Factor
With printf: <lang factor>"%s [ 34 1string dup surround ] keep printf" [ 34 1string dup surround ] keep printf</lang> With prettyprinter: <lang factor>"[ pprint ] [ write ] bi"[ pprint ] [ write ] bi</lang>
Fish
All the zeros and +'s on the first line are just for aesthetic purposes. Only two zeros are needed, although the v at the end must line up. <lang fish> 00000000000000000000++++++++++++++++++ v 2[$:{:@]$g:0=?v >o:4a*=?!v~1+:3=?;0ao>
>~" "^ >1+ ^</lang>
Forth
A large number of quine methods are listed here, the simplest of which is: <lang forth>SOURCE TYPE</lang>
Fortran
F90+
Fortran allows the start of a text literal to be marked by either an apostrophe or a double quote and the end by the corresponding character. Doubling is used to signify that the delimiter appears within a literal. <lang fortran>character*46::s='("character*46::s=",3a,";print s,39,s,39;end")';print s,39,s,39;end</lang>
- Output:
character*46::s='("character*46::s=",3a,";print s,39,s,39;end")';print s,39,s,39;end
In ASCII, character 39 is an apostrophe. When run, the last "print" is preceded by three spaces after the semicolon that do not appear in the source. This wouldn't worry a Fortran compiler, because spaces are ignored outside text literals. More troublesome is that the first letter of the output appears in column one, and, being the letter "c", that marks a comment. This is why the text lighlighting has rendered the source text in italic. Later Fortran compilers may disregard this comment formalism in favour of the now standard in-line comment starter of an exclamation mark, and for them, the source would not be a comment.
Older Fortran
This reverts to fixed-format source form, relying on the format code / to signify a new line so that ASCII control characters need not be represented. Code Tn means "tab" to column n - no ASCII tab characters are involved. And difficulty with quoted strings is avoided by using the Hollerith form, nH, signifying that n characters follow the H as a text literal. <lang Fortran> WRITE(6,100)
STOP
100 FORMAT(6X,12HWRITE(6,100)/6X,4HSTOP/
.42H 100 FORMAT(6X,12HWRITE(6,100)/6X,4HSTOP/ ,2(/5X,67H.
.42H 100 FORMAT(6X,12HWRITE(6,100)/6X,4HSTOP/ ,2(/5X,67H.
.)/T48,2H)/T1,5X2(21H.)/T48,2H)/T1,5X2(21H)/
.T62,10H)/6X3HEND)T1,5X2(28H.T62,10H)/6X3HEND)T1,5X2(28H)/6X3HEND)
END</lang>
And indeed, exactly that opaque gibberish is written, with leading spaces to column seven and full stops in column six to mark a continuation. This was checked by UltraCompare, not just by eye!
Nostalgia note
I remember when this challenge came up, way back in 1966 --- FORTRAN was the game in town, and there existed a feature (well, really, a bug) that allowed an IBM FORTRAN program under IBM's OS/PCP/MFT/MVT [no HASP] to REWIND the default input stream (which were punched cards, and REWIND of course, was only intended for reel-to-reel tapes), which essentially then allowed the program to read it's own source, and then it was a simple matter to PRINT it.
The current CONTROL DATA FORTRAN had a feature that allowed the FORTRAN programmer to WRITE and then re-read I/O (the feature could've been called the REREAD statement, the WRITE may have been to device 0). If one didn't WRITE, just REREAD, the file stream then pointed to the source just read, thus allowing access to the FORTRAN program's source.
This challenge was extended to other languages, the concept was to print the actual source of the program, not use a recursive (or some derivative) method. There were some very clever (and obtuse and/or obscure) methods presented. A lot of operating systems, being in their infancy, had loopholes that allowed programmers to access files in their own job stream.
Another challenge at that time was to write a multi-language program (with NO changes) that would compile (or assemble) in various languages (without errors, of course) and produce the identical output. There were some very creative uses of "comments". --- Gerard Schildberger.
Free Pascal
<lang freepascal>const s=';begin writeln(#99#111#110#115#116#32#115#61#39,s,#39,s);readln;end.';begin writeln(#99#111#110#115#116#32#115#61#39,s,#39,s);readln;end.</lang>
Frink
This is not a particularly clever nor concise quine, but it is indeed a quine. <lang frink>d="633d636861725b33345d3b653d643b7072696e745b22643d2463246424635c6e222b28653d7e25732f285b612d7a302d395d7b327d292f636861725b7061727365496e745b24312c31365d5d2f6567295d" c=char[34];e=d;print["d=$c$d$c\n"+(e=~%s/([a-z0-9]{2})/char[parseInt[$1,16]]/eg)]</lang> A more concise quine is: <lang frink>1</lang>
Gema
<lang gema>*=$1@quote{$1}\}\n@abort;@{\*\=\$1\@quote\{\$1\}\\\}\\n\@abort\;\@\{}</lang>
Go
<lang go>package main
import "fmt"
func main() { a := "package main\n\nimport \"fmt\"\n\nfunc main() {\n\ta := %q\n\tfmt.Printf(a, a)\n}\n" fmt.Printf(a, a) }</lang>
Groovy
There are several ways to do this. Here are five: <lang groovy>s="s=%s;printf s,s.inspect()";printf s,s.inspect()</lang> <lang groovy>evaluate s='char q=39;print"evaluate s=$q$s$q"'</lang> <lang groovy>s="s=%c%s%c;printf s,34,s,34";printf s,34,s,34</lang> <lang groovy>s='s=%c%s%1$c;printf s,39,s';printf s,39,s</lang> <lang groovy>printf _='printf _=%c%s%1$c,39,_',39,_</lang> Also Groovy has a trivial solution of an empty (0 length) file even though that isn't an allowable solution here.
GW-BASIC
<lang qbasic>10 LIST</lang>
Haskell
(Haskell does not provide access to a source-code equivalent representation of the code at runtime.)
In Haskell, function arguments are not surrounded by parentheses, which permits a simple quine where there is only the unquoted code followed by the quoted code. <lang haskell>let q s = putStrLn (s ++ show s) in q "let q s = putStrLn (s ++ show s) in q "</lang>
It is also possible to eliminate one or both of the variables (point-free style): the let can be replaced with a lambda. (. is function composition.)
<lang haskell>(\s -> putStrLn (s ++ show s)) "(\\s -> putStrLn (s ++ show s)) "</lang>
<lang haskell>(putStrLn . \s -> s ++ show s) "(putStrLn . \\s -> s ++ show s) "</lang>
and s can be replaced by ap, which when applied to functions has the effect of the S combinator:
<lang haskell>import Control.Monad.Reader
(putStrLn . ap (++) show) "(putStrLn . ap (++) show) "</lang>
Since Haskell is a purely functional language, it is better at evaluating to things than printing them out. The following expression evaluates to a string of itself: <lang haksell>ap(++)show"ap(++)show"</lang>
Finally, here is a standalone program (the preceding examples only work in the REPL): <lang haskell>main = putStrLn $ (++) <*> show $ "main = putStrLn $ (++) <*> show $ "</lang>
Hoon
Unfortunately, this is quite a long quine due to the pretty-printing that is employeed. A majority of the code is fixing up the printed result of the array so it can be ran directly. <lang Hoon>!: :- %say |= [^ [~ ~]] =+ ^= s ((list ,@tas) ~['!: :- %say |= [^ [~ ~]] =+ ^= s ((list ,@tas) ~[' 'x' ']) :- %noun (,tape (turn s |=(a=@tas ?:(=(a %x) (crip `(list ,@tas)`(turn s |=(b=@tas =+([s=?:(=(b %x) " " "") m=(trip ~~~27.)] (crip :(welp s m (trip b) m s)))))) a))))']) :- %noun (,tape (turn s |=(a=@tas ?:(=(a %x) (crip `(list ,@tas)`(turn s |=(b=@tas =+([s=?:(=(b %x) " " "") m=(trip ~~~27.)] (crip :(welp s m (trip b) m s)))))) a))))</lang>
Two much shorter quines were created and tweeted from the @urbit_ twitter account, which might be more interesting: <lang Hoon>=-(`@t`(rap 3 - (scot %uw -) ")") 0wwai8F.8y0Fb.i1Tti.kwt6Z.zsOww.bi0P8.71xsy.xwt41.wa2QZ)</lang>1 <lang Hoon>=<(`_""`~[. `@`39 . `@`10.535] '=<(`_""`~[. `@`39 . `@`10.535] ')</lang>2
HQ9+
Any program with a single “Q” is a quine. The simplest possible such program is just this: <lang hq9plus>Q</lang>
HTML + CSS
This solution uses CSS to print out the source itself, e.g. the "direct accessing" method. Doesn't work in Internet Explorer; try it in one of Opera, Firefox, Safari, Chromium etc. <lang css><!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML/CSS Quine</title> <style type="text/css"> * { font: 10pt monospace; }
head, style { display: block; } style { white-space: pre; }
style:before { content: "\3C""!DOCTYPE html\3E" "\A\3Chtml\3E\A" "\3Chead\3E\A" "\9\3Ctitle\3E""HTML/CSS Quine""\3C/title\3E\A" "\9\3Cstyle type=\22text/css\22\3E"; } style:after { content: "\3C/style\3E\A" "\3C/head\3E\A" "\3C""body\3E\3C/body\3E\A" "\3C/html\3E"; } </style> </head> <body></body> </html></lang>
Icon and Unicon
<lang icon>procedure main();x:="write(\"procedure main();x:=\",image(x));write(x);end" write("procedure main();x:=",image(x));write(x);end</lang>
Io
<lang io>thisMessage print</lang>
Inform 7
<lang inform7>R is a room. To quit: (- quit; -). When play begins: say entry 1 in Q; say Q in brace notation; quit. Q is a list of text variable. Q is {"R is a room. To quit: (- quit; -). When play begins: say entry 1 in Q; say Q in brace notation; quit. Q is a list of text variable. Q is "}</lang>
J
Technically, the empty program in J is a quine, as it has an empty result. For example:
<lang J> </lang>
Also, many many numbers in J are quines. For example (result not shown, here, for clarity): <lang J>0 </lang>
Note: this implementation assumes that J is being used interactively. If J is being used in a command line script, having the script read and output itself would be a better approach. And it's not clear whether quines are a relevant concept in a none textual context (such as a windowing environment).
And other solutions are also possible.
Java
Copied from The Quine Page
Author: Bertram Felgenhauer
<lang java>class S{public static void main(String[]a){String s="class S{public static void main(String[]a){String s=;char c=34;System.out.println(s.substring(0,52)+c+s+c+s.substring(52));}}";char c=34;System.out.println(s.substring(0,52)+c+s+c+s.substring(52));}}</lang>
<lang java>class S{public static void main(String[]a){String p="class S{public static void main(String[]a){String p=%c%s%1$c;System.out.printf(p,34,p);}}";System.out.printf(p,34,p);}}</lang>
JavaScript
1.7.0
<lang javascript>(function(){print("("+arguments.callee.toString().replace(/\s/g,)+")()");})()</lang>
Using eval
1.7.0
This version doesn't use arguments.callee.toString() to return the string representation of itself. Instead, it relies on eval(). <lang javascript>var code='var q=String.fromCharCode(39);print("var code="+q+code+q+";eval(code)")';eval(code)</lang>
Replacing String
<lang JavaScript>(function(){str=["(function(){str=[F].join(String.fromCharCode(34));str=str.replace(/F/,String.fromCharCode(34)+str+String.fromCharCode(34));console.log(str)})()"].join(String.fromCharCode(34));str=str.replace(/F/,String.fromCharCode(34)+str+String.fromCharCode(34));console.log(str)})()</lang>
Another Method
<lang javascript>var a=function () {var b="var a="+a.toString()+"\;a()";alert(b)};a()</lang>
Joy
<lang Joy>"dup put putchars 10 putch." dup put putchars 10 putch.</lang>
Julia
<lang Julia> x="println(\"x=\$(repr(x))\\n\$x\")" println("x=$(repr(x))\n$x") </lang>
In Julia, $x in a string literal interpolates the value of the variable into the string. $(expression) evaluates the expression and interpolates the result into the string. Normally, the string value "hi\tworld" would be inserted without quotation marks and with a literal tab. The repr function returns a string value that contains quotation marks and in which the literal tab is replaced by the characters \t. When the result of the repr function is interpolated, the result is what you would type into your code to create that string literal.
Lasso
In template mode, any text that doesn't include Lasso tags is a trivial quine, because it is passed through unmodified by the interpreter. But here is a more traditional quine:
<lang lasso>var(a=(:10,39,118,97,114,40,97,61,40,58,39,10,36,97,45,62,106,111,105,110,40,39,44,39,41,10,39,41,41,39,10,118,97,114,40,98,61,98,121,116,101,115,41,10,36,97,45,62,102,111,114,101,97,99,104,32,61,62,32,123,32,36,98,45,62,105,109,112,111,114,116,56,98,105,116,115,40,35,49,41,32,125,10,36,98,45,62,97,115,83,116,114,105,110,103)) 'var(a=(:' $a->join(',') '))' var(b=bytes) $a->foreach => { $b->import8bits(#1) } $b->asString</lang>
Liberty BASIC
<lang lb>s$ = "s$ = : Print Left$(s$, 5) + chr$(34) + s$ + chr$(34) + Mid$(s$, 5)" : Print Left$(s$, 5) + chr$(34) + s$ + chr$(34) + Mid$(s$, 5)</lang>
Lisp
Lisp has a mechanism to quote code without the need to use strings: <lang lisp>((lambda (x) (list x (list 'quote x)))
'(lambda (x) (list x (list 'quote x))))</lang>
Logo
Somewhat brute-force.. <lang logo>make "a [ 116 121 112 101 32 34 124 109 97 107 101 32 34 97 32 91 124 10 102 111 114 101 97 99 104 32 58 97 32 91 32 116 121 112 101 32 119 111 114 100 32 34 124 32 124 32 63 32 93 10 112 114 105 110 116 32 34 124 32 93 124 10 102 111 114 101 97 99 104 32 58 97 32 91 32 116 121 112 101 32 99 104 97 114 32 63 32 93 10 98 121 101 10 ] type "|make "a [| foreach :a [ type word "| | ? ] print "| ]| foreach :a [ type char ? ] bye</lang>
Lua
<lang lua>s=[[io.write('s=[','[',s,']','];',s)]];io.write('s=[','[',s,']','];',s)</lang>
M4
<lang m4>define(`quine',``$1(`$1')) quine(`define(`quine',``$1(`$1')) quine')</lang>
Mathematica
<lang Mathematica>a="Print[\"a=\",InputForm[a],\";\",a]";Print["a=",InputForm[a],";",a]</lang>
or
<lang Mathematica>(#1[#0[#1]] &)[Defer]</lang>
or
<lang Mathematica>ToString[#0][] & []</lang>
or
<lang Mathematica>Unevaluated[1989^1989]</lang>
or
<lang Mathematica>x</lang> :)
MATLAB / Octave
The example works for functions and scripts stored as m-files. It does not work for functions defined only in the workspace. <lang Matlab> function quine()
fid = fopen([mfilename,'.m']);
while ~feof(fid)
printf('%s\n',fgetl(fid));
end;
fclose(fid);
end;</lang>
or <lang Matlab> function quine()
type(mfilename); end;</lang>
Without accessing the file: <lang Matlab>function quine; y = 'function quine; y = %c%s%c; fprintf(1, y, 39, y, 39)\n'; fprintf(1, y, 39, y, 39)</lang>
Maxima
<lang maxima>/* Using ?format from the unerlying Lisp system */
lambda([],block([q:ascii(34),s:"lambda([],block([q:ascii(34),s:~A~A~A],print(?format(false,s,q,s,q))))()$"],print(?format(false,s,q,s,q))))()$</lang>
MUMPS
<lang MUMPS>QUINE
NEW I,L SET I=0 FOR SET I=I+1,L=$TEXT(+I) Q:L="" WRITE $TEXT(+I),! KILL I,L QUIT
SMALL
S %=0 F W $T(+$I(%)),! Q:$T(+%)=""</lang>
Both of the routines will work, but the second has the minor advantage of only using one variable instead of two.
NASM
Compiles to the source code when -f raw <lang ASM>%define a "%define " %define b "db " %define c "%deftok " %define d "a, 97, 32, 34, a, 34, 10, a, 98, 32, 34, b, 34, 10, a, 99, 32, 34, c, 34, 10, a, 100, 32, 34, d, 34, 10, c, 101, 32, 100, 10, b, 101, 10" %deftok e d db e</lang>
NetRexx
<lang NetRexx>/* NetRexx */ options replace format comments java crossref savelog symbols nobinary
Q = "'" S = "\\" N = "\n" A = "&" code = [ -
'/* NetRexx */', -
'options replace format comments java crossref savelog symbols nobinary', -
, -
'Q = "&QS"', -
'S = "&ESC"', -
'N = "&NL"', -
'A = "&"', -
'code = [ -', -
'&REP', -
' ]', -
, -
'pgm = ""', -
'txt = ""', -
'loop t_ = 0 for code.length', -
' txt = txt || " " || Q || code[t_] || Q || ", -" || N', -
' end t_', -
'txt = txt.strip("T", N)', -
'txt = txt.delstr(txt.lastpos(","), 1)', -
, -
'K = ""', -
'K[0] = 5', -
'K[1] = A"NL"', -
'K[2] = A"AMP"', -
'K[3] = A"ESC"', -
'K[4] = A"QS"', -
'K[5] = A"REP"', -
'loop c_ = 0 for code.length', -
' loop v_ = 1 to K[0]', -
' T = K[v_]', -
' if code[c_].pos(T) <> 0 then do', -
' parse code[c_] pre(T)post', -
' select case T', -
' when K[1] then do', -
' code[c_] = pre || S || "n" || post', -
' end', -
' when K[2] then do', -
' code[c_] = pre || A || post', -
' end', -
' when K[3] then do', -
' code[c_] = pre || S || S || post', -
' end', -
' when K[4] then do', -
' code[c_] = pre || Q || post', -
' end', -
' when K[5] then do', -
' code[c_] = txt', -
' end', -
' otherwise nop', -
' end', -
' end', -
' end v_', -
' pgm = pgm || code[c_].strip("T") || N', -
' end c_', -
'pgm = pgm.strip("T", N) || N', -
'say pgm', -
, -
'return', -
-
]
pgm = "" txt = "" loop t_ = 0 for code.length
txt = txt || " " || Q || code[t_] || Q || ", -" || N end t_
txt = txt.strip("T", N) txt = txt.delstr(txt.lastpos(","), 1)
K = "" K[0] = 5 K[1] = A"NL" K[2] = A"AMP" K[3] = A"ESC" K[4] = A"QS" K[5] = A"REP" loop c_ = 0 for code.length
loop v_ = 1 to K[0]
T = K[v_]
if code[c_].pos(T) <> 0 then do
parse code[c_] pre(T)post
select case T
when K[1] then do
code[c_] = pre || S || "n" || post
end
when K[2] then do
code[c_] = pre || A || post
end
when K[3] then do
code[c_] = pre || S || S || post
end
when K[4] then do
code[c_] = pre || Q || post
end
when K[5] then do
code[c_] = txt
end
otherwise nop
end
end
end v_
pgm = pgm || code[c_].strip("T") || N
end c_
pgm = pgm.strip("T", N) || N say pgm
return</lang>
NewLISP
<lang NewLISP> (lambda (s) (print (list s (list 'quote s)))) </lang>
Nim
The empty program is a quine in Nim: <lang nim></lang>
Another quine: <lang nim>const x = "var x = echo x[0..7],chr(34),x,chr(34),chr(10),x[8 .. -1]" echo x[0..7],chr(34),x,chr(34),chr(10),x[8 .. -1]</lang>
This quine prints its own sourcecode at compiletime as well as at runtime: <lang nim>const x = "const x = |const y = x[0..9]&34.chr&x&34.chr&10.chr&x[11..100]&10.chr&x[102..115]&10.chr&x[117 .. -1]|static: echo y|echo y" const y = x[0..9]&34.chr&x&34.chr&10.chr&x[11..100]&10.chr&x[102..115]&10.chr&x[117 .. -1] static: echo y echo y</lang> Compile with: nim --verbosity:0 c quine
OCaml
(newline included) <lang ocaml>(fun p -> Printf.printf p (string_of_format p)) "(fun p -> Printf.printf p (string_of_format p)) %S;;\n";;</lang>
Alternative: (newline included) <lang ocaml>(fun s -> Printf.printf "%s%S;;\n" s s) "(fun s -> Printf.printf \"%s%S;;\\n\" s s) ";;</lang>
Oforth
<lang Oforth>"dup 34 emit print 34 emit BL emit print" dup 34 emit print 34 emit BL emit print</lang>
ooRexx
The samples shown at REXX are valid ooRexx programs.
OxygenBasic
<lang oxygenbasic> 'RUNTIME COMPILING
source="print source"
a=compile source : call a : freememory a </lang>
Oz
A one-liner that uses the ASCII code for " to avoid "quoted quotes". We put the value assignment to the end by using multithreading and implicit synchronization on the dataflow variable I.
<lang oz>declare I in thread {System.showInfo I#[34]#I#[34]} end I ="declare I in thread {System.showInfo I#[34]#I#[34]} end I ="</lang>
PARI/GP
<lang parigp>quine=()->quine</lang>
Output of interpreter:
gp > quine ()->quine gp > quine() ()->quine gp > quine == quine() 1
The last command tests if source code in variable quine is equal to output of executed function quine(). This is true (1).
Pascal
A modification of one Pascal example (Author: Oliver Heen) from http://www.nyx.net/~gthompso/self_pasc.txt. This example includes newline at the end. <lang pascal>const s=';begin writeln(#99#111#110#115#116#32#115#61#39,s,#39,s)end.';begin writeln(#99#111#110#115#116#32#115#61#39,s,#39,s)end.</lang>
This version does compile in Free Pascal and UCSD Pascal. Newline included. <lang pascal>program Quine(Output);const A='program Quine(Output);const A=';B='begin writeln(A,char(39),A,char(39),char(59),char(66),char(61),char(39),B,char(39),char(59),B)end.';begin writeln(A,char(39),A,char(39),char(59),char(66),char(61),char(39),B,char(39),char(59),B)end.</lang>
Perl
This relatively simple Perl example imitates the C example. <lang perl>$s = q($s = q(%s); printf($s, $s); ); printf($s, $s); </lang> Note the terminating newline.
Self-reading (some consider cheating)
Accessing source code via DATA filehandle:<lang Perl>seek(DATA, 0, 0);
print
__DATA__</lang>
even simpler:
<lang Perl>open ME, $0 and print <ME>;</lang>
<lang Perl>open 0; print <0>;</lang>
Quine Generator
Perhaps the simplest quine in Perl 5 is: <lang Perl>$_=q{print"\$_=q{$_};eval"};eval</lang> By carefully examining the code, you will find that you can insert any valid perl sentences before and after the print statement in q{}. It is just a few lines of codes away before you come up with a quine generator that turns a given perl script into a quine. Note this quine generator itself is a quine.
cf. http://blog.livedoor.jp/dankogai/archives/51519405.html
<lang Perl>{local$_=q{
{
package Quine;
use strict;
use warnings;
our $VERSION = sprintf "%d.%02d", q$Revision: 0.2 $ =~ /(\d+)/g;
my $head = '{local$_=q' . "\x7B\n";
my $tail = 'print"{local\$_=q{$_};eval}\n"' . "\x7D;eval}\n";
sub new {
my $class = shift;
my $quine = $head . shift;
my $ret = shift || 1;
my $ln = ( $quine =~ tr/\n/\n/ );
$ln++;
$quine .= "return $ret if caller(1)or(caller)[2]!=$ln;$tail";
bless \$quine, $class;
}
sub from_file {
my ( $class, $fn, $ret ) = @_;
local $/;
open my $fh, '<', $fn or die "$fn : $!";
my $src = <$fh>;
close $fh;
$class->new( $src, $ret );
}
sub quine { ${ $_[0] } }
=head1 NAME
Quine - turn your perl modules/apps into a true quine!
=head1 VERSION
$Id: Quine.pm,v 0.2 2010/09/15 20:23:53 dankogai Exp dankogai $
=head1 SYNOPSIS
use Quine;
print Quine->from_file("woot.pl")->quine;
print Quine->from_file("moot.psgi", '$app')->quine;
=cut } return 1 if caller(1);print"{local\$_=q{$_};eval}\n"};eval}</lang>
Perl 6
<lang perl6>my &f = {say $^s, $^s.perl;}; f "my \&f = \{say \$^s, \$^s.perl;}; f " </lang> Note the terminating newline.
A more compact, but still purely functional, approach: <lang perl6>{.fmt($_).say}(<{.fmt($_).say}(<%s>)>) </lang> Note again the terminating newline.
Phix
Credit: Aidan Bindoff <lang Phix>constant c="constant c=%sprintf(1,c,{34&c&34})"printf(1,c,{34&c&34})</lang>
PHP
<lang php><?php $p = '<?php $p = %c%s%c; printf($p,39,$p,39); ?> '; printf($p,39,$p,39); ?></lang> Note the terminating newline.
Technically, anything outside of <?php , <script language="php">, <? (deprecated) or <% (deprecated) tags is automatically echoed by PHP allowing for easier inclusion of HTML in PHP documents. So the following is a quine:
Rosetta code :).
PicoLisp
Using 'quote'
Note that 'quote' in PicoLisp corresponds to 'lambda' in other Lisps <lang PicoLisp>('((X) (list (lit X) (lit X))) '((X) (list (lit X) (lit X))))</lang>
- Output:
-> ('((X) (list (lit X) (lit X))) '((X) (list (lit X) (lit X))))
Using 'let'
<lang PicoLisp>(let X '(list 'let 'X (lit X) X) (list 'let 'X (lit X) X))</lang>
- Output:
-> (let X '(list 'let 'X (lit X) X) (list 'let 'X (lit X) X))
Plain TeX
Output to terminal
This assumes the filename of the source file to be ‘q.tex’, and the banner from vanilla Knuth’s TeX: <lang plainTeX>This is TeX, Version 3.1415926 (no format preloaded) (q.tex \output {\message {\output \the \output \end }\batchmode }\end </lang>
Output to dvi
<lang plainTeX> \let~\expandafter\def\0{~\ttraggedright~\let~\s~\string~\def~~~{~\s~~~\s~}~\output~ ~{~}~\s~\let~~~\expandafter~\s~\def~\s~\0~\s~{~\0~\s~}~\s~\0~\end}\0</lang>
PL/I
The following code, containing 709 significant bytes, compiles completely clean using the old MVS PL/I V2.3.0 Compiler, using the default 2,72,1 margins: <lang PL/I> s:proc options(main)reorder;dcl sysprint file,m(7)init(
' s:proc options(main)reorder\dcl sysprint file,m(7)init(',
' *)char(99),i,j,(translate,substr)builtin,c char\i=1\j=n',
' \do i=1 to 6\put skip list( ')\do j=2 to 56\c=substr',
' (m(i),j)\put edit(c)(a)\n:proc\put list(translate(m(i),',
' 5ex,e0x))\end n\if c=''' then put edit(c)(a)\end\ ',
' put edit(',)(a(50))\end\do i=2 to 6\j=n\end\end s\ ',
*)char(99),i,j,(translate,substr)builtin,c char;i=1;j=n
;do i=1 to 6;put skip list(' );do j=2 to 56;c=substr
(m(i),j);put edit(c)(a);n:proc;put list(translate(m(i),
'5e'x,'e0'x));end n;if c=' then put edit(c)(a);end;
put edit(,')(a(50));end;do i=2 to 6;j=n;end;end s;</lang>
An even smaller version (believed to be the smallest possible PL/I Quine), containing 326 significant bytes, shows the unique capabilities of the same old V2.3.0 compiler in being able to generate correct code, ovecoming 2 pre-processor errors, 8 severe errors, 10 errors, 6 warnings and 2 informational messages. It requires the following non-default compile options, 'M,MAR(1,90),C'. <lang PL/I>%dcl z%z='put edit';proc options(main;q='put list(m;do i=1,2;z(q)skip;do j= 1to 78c=substr(m(i),j;if c=q z(c;z(c;end;z(q',';dcl(c,q)char,m(2)char(99)init( '%dcl z%z=put edit;proc options(main;q='''put list(m;do i=1,2;z(q)skip;do j=', '1to 78c=substr(m(i),j;if c=q z(c;z(c;end;z(q,;dcl(c,q)char,m(2)char(99)init(',</lang>
The equivalent version that compiles with the newer z/OS Enterprise PL/I compilers, coming in at 434 significant bytes and requiring the following two compiler options, 'm,margins(1,80,0)', is: <lang PL/I>%dcl z;%z="put edit";w:proc options(main);q="'";put list(m)do i=1,2,3;z (q)(a)skip;do j=1to 71;c=substr(m(i),j)if c=q then z(c)(a)z(c)(a)end;if i<3then z(q,",")(a)else z(q,";")(a)end;dcl(c,q)char,m(3)char(99)init( '%dcl z;%z="put edit";w:proc options(main);q="";put list(m)do i=1,2,3;z', '(q)(a)skip;do j=1to 71;c=substr(m(i),j)if c=q then z(c)(a)z(c)(a)end;if', 'i<3then z(q,",")(a)else z(q,";")(a)end;dcl(c,q)char,m(3)char(99)init( ';</lang>
PowerBASIC
This is technically based on the BASIC code above, but is in fact a complete rewrite. <lang powerbasic>FUNCTION PBMAIN () AS LONG
REDIM s(1 TO DATACOUNT) AS STRING
o$ = READ$(1)
d$ = READ$(2)
FOR n& = 1 TO DATACOUNT
s(n&) = READ$(n&)
NEXT
OPEN o$ FOR OUTPUT AS 1
FOR n& = 3 TO DATACOUNT - 1
PRINT #1, s(n&)
NEXT
PRINT #1,
FOR n& = 1 TO DATACOUNT
PRINT #1, d$ & $DQ & s(n&) & $DQ
NEXT
PRINT #1, s(DATACOUNT)
CLOSE
DATA "output.src" DATA " DATA " DATA "FUNCTION PBMAIN () AS LONG" DATA " REDIM s(1 TO DATACOUNT) AS STRING" DATA " o$ = READ$(1)" DATA " d$ = READ$(2)" DATA " FOR n& = 1 TO DATACOUNT" DATA " s(n&) = READ$(n&)" DATA " NEXT" DATA " OPEN o$ FOR OUTPUT AS 1" DATA " FOR n& = 3 TO DATACOUNT - 1" DATA " PRINT #1, s(n&)" DATA " NEXT" DATA " PRINT #1," DATA " FOR n& = 1 TO DATACOUNT" DATA " PRINT #1, d$ & $DQ & s(n&) & $DQ" DATA " NEXT" DATA " PRINT #1, s(DATACOUNT)" DATA " CLOSE" DATA "END FUNCTION"
END FUNCTION</lang>
PowerShell
<lang powershell>$d='$d={0}{1}{0}{2}Write-Host -NoNewLine ($d -f [char]39,$d,"`r`n")'
Write-Host -NoNewLine ($d -f [char]39,$d,"`r`n")</lang>
Note that neither the code nor its output include a new line at the end. This can be changed by removing the -NoNewLine parameter and appending a new line to the end of the file. However, Windows generally does not have the convention of a line terminator but rather a line separator, thus the usefulness of having a new line at the end of a file can be debated here.
Prolog
One method to produce a quine is to read the data structures that hold the source code: <lang Prolog>quine :- listing(quine).</lang>
Producing a quine without cheating is more complex. The following program produces a data structure equivalent to the program itself, then outputs it:
<lang Prolog>quine:-asserta(a((quine:-asserta(a(A,B)),a(C,D+E),a(D,E),numbervars(C),write(C),write(.)),A+B)),a(F,G+H),a(G,H),numbervars(F),write(F),write(.).</lang>
The use of numbervars is a GNU Prolog extension that fixes the variable names in the output to be single letters, in alphabetical order by appearance, and thus match the original program. Removing it, the quine still works, but the variable names in the output will probably be different; thus, it will produce a program equivalent to itself, rather than an exact copy of itself.
A version that is source-code-centric rather than AST-centric, and does not rely on any built-in facilities for formatted printing, might look as follows:
<lang Prolog>% Tested with SWI-Prolog version 7.1.37
- - initialization(main).
before(Lines) :- Lines = [
"% Tested with SWI-Prolog version 7.1.37", ":- initialization(main).", "", "before(Lines) :- Lines = ["
].
after(Lines) :- Lines = [
"].", "", "% replaces quotes by harmless ats", "% replaces backslashes by harmless slashes", "% replaces linebreaks by harmless sharps", "maskCode(34, 64).", "maskCode(92, 47).", "maskCode(10, 35).", "maskCode(X, X).", "", "% Encodes dangerous characters in a string", "encode(D, S) :- ", " string_codes(D, DC),", " maplist(maskCode, DC, SC),", " string_codes(S, SC).", "", "decode(S, D) :- ", " string_codes(S, SC),", " maplist(maskCode, DC, SC),", " string_codes(D, DC).", "", "% writes each entry indented by two spaces,", "% enclosed in quotes and separated by commas,", "% with a newline between the list entries.", "mkStringList([],@@).", "mkStringList([Single],Out) :-", " atomics_to_string([@ /@@, Single, @/@@], Out).", "", "mkStringList([H|T], Res) :-", " mkStringList(T, TailRes),", " atomics_to_string([@ /@@, H, @/@,/n@, TailRes], Res).", "", "quine(Q) :- ", " before(BeforeEncoded),", " after(AfterEncoded),", " maplist(decode, BeforeEncoded, BeforeDecoded),", " maplist(decode, AfterEncoded, AfterDecoded),", " atomic_list_concat(BeforeDecoded, @/n@, B),", " atomic_list_concat(AfterDecoded, @/n@, A),", " mkStringList(BeforeEncoded, BeforeData),", " mkStringList(AfterEncoded, AfterData),", " Center = @/n]./n/nafter(Lines) :- Lines = [/n@,", " atomic_list_concat([", " B, @/n@, BeforeData, ", " Center, ", " AfterData, @/n@, A, @/n@", " ], Q).", "", "main :- (quine(Q), write(Q);true),halt.", "% line break in the end of file is important"
].
% replaces quotes by harmless ats % replaces backslashes by harmless slashes % replaces linebreaks by harmless sharps maskCode(34, 64). maskCode(92, 47). maskCode(10, 35). maskCode(X, X).
% Encodes dangerous characters in a string encode(D, S) :-
string_codes(D, DC), maplist(maskCode, DC, SC), string_codes(S, SC).
decode(S, D) :-
string_codes(S, SC), maplist(maskCode, DC, SC), string_codes(D, DC).
% writes each entry indented by two spaces, % enclosed in quotes and separated by commas, % with a newline between the list entries. mkStringList([],""). mkStringList([Single],Out) :-
atomics_to_string([" \"", Single, "\""], Out).
mkStringList([H|T], Res) :-
mkStringList(T, TailRes), atomics_to_string([" \"", H, "\",\n", TailRes], Res).
quine(Q) :-
before(BeforeEncoded),
after(AfterEncoded),
maplist(decode, BeforeEncoded, BeforeDecoded),
maplist(decode, AfterEncoded, AfterDecoded),
atomic_list_concat(BeforeDecoded, "\n", B),
atomic_list_concat(AfterDecoded, "\n", A),
mkStringList(BeforeEncoded, BeforeData),
mkStringList(AfterEncoded, AfterData),
Center = "\n].\n\nafter(Lines) :- Lines = [\n",
atomic_list_concat([
B, "\n", BeforeData,
Center,
AfterData, "\n", A, "\n"
], Q).
main :- (quine(Q), write(Q);true),halt. % line break in the end of file is important </lang> It could be made shorter. This version contains some introns that have been used for code generation (like the encode/2 predicate, that is not really needed).
PureBasic
<lang PureBasic>s$="s$= : Debug Mid(s$,1,3)+Chr(34)+s$+Chr(34)+Mid(s$,4,100)" : Debug Mid(s$,1,3)+Chr(34)+s$+Chr(34)+Mid(s$,4,100)</lang>
Python
Python's %r format conversion uses the repr() function to return a string containing the source code representation of its argument: <lang python>x = 'x = %r\nprint(x %% x)' print(x % x)</lang>
With the new str.format: <lang python>x = 'x = {!r};print(x.format(x))';print(x.format(x))</lang>
After creating the file "Quine.py" with the following source, running the program will spit the code back out on a terminal window:
<lang python>import sys; sys.stdout.write(open(sys.argv[0]).read())</lang> Note: actually an empty file could be treated as python quine too.
<lang python>import sys,inspect;sys.stdout.write(inspect.getsource(inspect.currentframe()))</lang>
Due to Leon Naley (name guessed) from devshed python forum
I think I just thought of the shortest quine for python I think there can ever be! (except a blank program)
make a program with this single line in it <lang python> print(__file__[:-3]) </lang> and name the file print(__file__[:-3]).py
and run the file!
bash example command: <lang bash>$ python print\(__file__\[\:-3\]\).py print(__file__[:-3]) </lang>
Python 3, from same thread at same forum, created by wewhgyih, tested by LambertDW. Works on unix and Windows7. On Windows7 I commanded python "print(__file__)" . <lang bash> $ cat print\(__file__\) print(__file__) $ python print\(__file__\) print(__file__) </lang> I saw this clever solution somewhere some time ago (dont' remember the source.) Assuming the input does not have to be a correct program... <lang>$ cat reproducing.py
File "reproducing.py", line 1 File "reproducing.py", line 1 ^
IndentationError: unexpected indent
$ python reproducing.py
File "reproducing.py", line 1 File "reproducing.py", line 1 ^
IndentationError: unexpected indent</lang>
R
Adapted from the C version in this list. <lang R>(function(){x<-intToUtf8(34);s<-"(functio = 3 TO DATACOUNT - 1"
DATA " PRINT #1, s(nn(){x<-intToUtf8(34);s<-%s%s%s;cat(sprintf(s,x,s,x))})()";cat(sprintf(s,x,s,x))})()</lang>
Another version, perhaps more understandable. <lang R> src <- "\nwriteLines(c(paste(\"src <-\", encodeString(src, quote='\"')), src))"
writeLines(c(paste("src <-", encodeString(src, quote='"')), src)) </lang>
Racket
The classic: <lang racket> ((λ (x) `(,x ',x)) '(λ (x) `(,x ',x))) </lang>
Including the lang line: <lang racket>
- lang racket
((λ(x)(printf "#lang racket\n(~a\n ~s)" x x))
"(λ(x)(printf \"#lang racket\\n(~a\\n ~s)\" x x))")
</lang>
REBOL
<lang REBOL>rebol [] q: [print ["rebol [] q:" mold q "do q"]] do q</lang>
REXX
version 1
<lang rexx>/*REXX program outputs itself.*/ do j=1 for sourceline(); say sourceline(j); end</lang>
- Output:
/*REXX program outputs itself.*/ do j=1 for sourceline(); say sourceline(j); end
version 2
<lang rexx>/*REXX program outputs its own source including comments and blank lines.*/
do k=1 for sourceline()
say sourceline(k)
end /*k*/</lang>
- Output:
/*REXX program outputs its own source including comments and blank lines.*/
do k=1 for sourceline()
say sourceline(k)
end /*k*/
version 3
A version that doesn't use sourceline() which is kind of a cheat.
Error?
The rest of this conversation moved to Talk
<lang rexx>/* Rexx */
Q = "'" Queue '/* Rexx */' Queue Queue 'Q = "$"' Queue '&QQQ' Queue Queue 'X = 0' Queue 'Do while Queued() \= 0' Queue ' Parse pull code' Queue ' X = X + 1; codel.0 = X; codel.X = code' Queue ' End' Queue Queue 'Do x_ = 1 for codel.0' Queue ' line = codel.x_' Queue ' If abbrev(line, "Q = ") then Do' Queue ' line = translate(line, Q, "$")' Queue ' End' Queue ' If line = "&QQQ" then Do' Queue ' Do y_ = 1 to codel.0' Queue ' qline = codel.y_' Queue ' Say "Queue" Q || qline || Q' Queue ' End y_' Queue ' End' Queue ' else Do' Queue ' Say line' Queue ' End' Queue ' End x_' Queue
X = 0 Do while Queued() \= 0
Parse pull code X = X + 1; codel.0 = X; codel.X = code End
Do x_ = 1 for codel.0
line = codel.x_
If abbrev(line, "Q = ") then Do
line = translate(line, Q, "$")
End
If line = "&QQQ" then Do
Do y_ = 1 to codel.0
qline = codel.y_
Say "Queue" Q || qline || Q
End y_
End
else Do
Say line
End
End x_
</lang>
Ring
<lang ring>v = "see substr(`v = ` + char(34) + `@` + char(34) + nl + `@` ,`@`,v)" see substr(`v = ` + char(34) + `@` + char(34) + nl + `@` ,`@`,v)</lang>
Ruby
Found online:
$ ruby -e '_="_=%p;puts _%%_";puts _%_' _="_=%p;puts _%%_";puts _%_ $ ruby -e '_="_=%p;puts _%%_";puts _%_' | ruby _="_=%p;puts _%%_";puts _%_
more readably: <lang ruby>x = "x = %p; puts x %% x"; puts x % x</lang> The %p specifier outputs the result of calling the .inspect method on the argument.
even shorter (by a few characters): <lang ruby>puts <<e*2,'e' puts <<e*2,'e' e</lang>
perhaps the simplest: <lang ruby>eval s="puts'eval s='+s.inspect"</lang>
One (maybe a bit verbose) version, to be appended to the end of any file. This doesn't work in IRB, because it isn't a file. <lang ruby> f = File.open __FILE__ f.each_line do |line|
puts line
f.close </lang>
Rust
A short quine (works with Rust 1.3.0):
<lang rust>fn main() {
let x = "fn main() {\n let x = ";
let y = "print!(\"{}{:?};\n let y = {:?};\n {}\", x, x, y, y)\n}\n";
print!("{}{:?};
let y = {:?};
{}", x, x, y, y)
}</lang>
Using the method on Wikipedia (0.9-pre-compatible, does not compile on Rust 1.0.0 and newer): <lang rust> fn main() {
let q = 34u8;
let p = 44u8;
let l = [
"fn main()",
"{",
" let q = 34u8;",
" let p = 44u8;",
" let l = [",
" ",
" ];",
" let mut i = 0;",
" while i < 5",
" {",
" println(l[i]);",
" i+=1;",
" }",
" i = 0;",
" while i < l.len()",
" {",
" print(l[5]);",
" print((q as char).to_str());",
" print(l[i]);",
" print((q as char).to_str());",
" println((p as char).to_str());",
" i+=1;",
" }",
" i = 6;",
" while i < l.len()",
" {",
" println(l[i]);",
" i+=1;",
" }",
"}",
];
let mut i = 0;
while i < 5
{
println(l[i]);
i+=1;
}
i = 0;
while i < l.len()
{
print(l[5]);
print((q as char).to_str());
print(l[i]);
print((q as char).to_str());
println((p as char).to_str());
i+=1;
}
i = 6;
while i < l.len()
{
println(l[i]);
i+=1;
}
} </lang>
Scala
script: <lang scala>val q = "\"" * 3 val c = """val q = "\"" * 3 val c = %s%s%s println(c format (q, c, q)) """ println(c format (q, c, q))</lang>
application: <lang scala>object Quine {
def main(args: Array[String]) {
val q = "\"" * 3
val c = """object Quine {
def main(args: Array[String]) {
val q = "\"" * 3
val c = %s%s%s
println(c format (q, c, q))
}
}"""
println(c format (q, c, q)) }
}</lang>
script, using printf with indexed arguments (proposed here: http://www.codecommit.com/blog/scala/useless-hackery-a-scala-quine): <lang scala> val x="val x=%c%s%1$c;printf(x,34,x)";printf(x,34,x) </lang>
Scheme
<lang scheme>((lambda (s) (display (list s (list (quote quote) s)))) (quote (lambda (s) (display (list s (list (quote quote) s))))))</lang> or more "directly" (and classically) <lang scheme>((lambda (q) (quasiquote ((unquote q) (quote (unquote q))))) (quote (lambda (q) (quasiquote ((unquote q) (quote (unquote q)))))))</lang> which is a long-hand for "cute" <lang scheme>((lambda (q) `(,q ',q)) '(lambda (q) `(,q ',q)))</lang>
Seed7
<lang seed7>$ include "seed7_05.s7i"; const array string: prog is []( "$ include \"seed7_05.s7i\";", "const array string: prog is [](", "const proc: main is func", " local var integer: number is 0;", " begin", " for number range 1 to 2 do writeln(prog[number]); end for;", " for number range 1 to 11 do", " writeln(literal(prog[number]) <& \",\");", " end for;", " writeln(literal(prog[12]) <& \");\");", " for number range 3 to 12 do writeln(prog[number]); end for;", " end func;"); const proc: main is func
local var integer: number is 0;
begin
for number range 1 to 2 do writeln(prog[number]); end for;
for number range 1 to 11 do
writeln(literal(prog[number]) <& ",");
end for;
writeln(literal(prog[12]) <& ");");
for number range 3 to 12 do writeln(prog[number]); end for;
end func;</lang>
Original source: [1]
Sidef
With printf(): <lang ruby>s = %(s = %%(%s); printf(s, s); ); printf(s, s);</lang>
With HERE-doc: <lang ruby>say(<<e*2, 'e') say(<<e*2, 'e') e</lang>
Smalltalk
(newline included) <lang smalltalk>[:s| Transcript show: s, s printString; cr ] value: '[:s| Transcript show: s, s printString; cr ] value: ' </lang>
(newline included)
<lang smalltalk>' print; displayNl' print; displayNl </lang>
SPL
There is a bootstrapper for a Quine in SPL. The actual Quine is quite large (3.1 million to 180 thousand lines in this case).
Standard ML
(newline included) <lang sml>(fn s => print (s ^ "\"" ^ String.toString s ^ "\";\n")) "(fn s => print (s ^ \"\\\"\" ^ String.toString s ^ \"\\\";\\n\")) ";</lang>
(without newline) <lang sml>(fn y=>(fn x=>(print(x^y^x^y)))) (implode[chr(34)])"(fn y=>(fn x=>(print(x^y^x^y)))) (implode[chr(34)])"</lang>
Swift
(newline included) <lang swift>({print($0+$0.debugDescription+")")})("({print($0+$0.debugDescription+\")\")})(")</lang>
(newline included) <lang swift>{println($0+$0.debugDescription+")")}("{println($0+$0.debugDescription+\")\")}(")</lang>
Tcl
There are a number of excellent quines in the Tcl wiki[2], the most useful for real-world programming probably the one that uses [info] to read the source of the currently running script. But that would be like opening its own source file.
The most straightforward one in the spirit of Quine is probably the one that uses [join], which appends the elements in the list given in its first argument with a "joining string" which is given in the second element of the list. For example the three-element list {} A B (the first element of which is an empty list): <lang tcl>join { {} A B } any_string => any_stringAany_stringB</lang> If "A" and "B" are replaced by literal (i.e. escaped) opening and closing curled braces, the result becomes valid Tcl code: <lang tcl>join { {} \{ \} } something => something{something}</lang> and re-assembling these parts with a connecting string that is exactly this operation of re-assembly: <lang tcl>join { {} \{ \} } { join { {} \{ \} } } => join { {} \{ \} } { join { {} \{ \} } }</lang>
Turbo Pascal
The following code was tested in Turbo Pascal 5.5 under DOSbox DOS, and using gpc 4.1. It assumes ASCII. <lang pascal>program quine;
const
apos: Char = Chr(39);
comma: Char = Chr(44);
lines: Array[1..17] of String[80] = (
'program quine;', , 'const', ' apos: Char = Chr(39);', ' comma: Char = Chr(44);', ' lines: Array[1..17] of String[80] = (', ' );', , 'var', ' num: Integer;', , 'begin', ' for num := 1 to 6 do writeln(lines[num]);', ' for num := 1 to 16 do writeln(apos, lines[num], apos, comma);', '% writeln(apos, lines[17], apos);', ' for num := 7 to 17 do writeln(lines[num]);', 'end.'
);
var
num: Integer;
begin
for num := 1 to 6 do writeln(lines[num]);
for num := 1 to 16 do writeln(apos, lines[num], apos, comma);
writeln(apos, lines[17], apos);
for num := 7 to 17 do writeln(lines[num]);
end.</lang>
TXR
A suite for four variations on a theme. The first three use HTML encoding to avoid solving quoting problem. The third stops using to encode newlines, but instead represents the coded portion of the program as a list of lines rather than a string containing newlines encoded in some other way. The fourth dispenses with the HTML crutch and solves the quoting problem with a filter defined in the program itself.
"double filtered"
<lang txr>@(deffilter me ("ME" "@(bind me "ME") @(output) @@(deffilter me ("ME" "@{me :filter me}")) @{me :filter (me :from_html)} @(end)")) @(bind me "ME") @(output) @@(deffilter me ("ME" "@{me :filter me}")) @{me :filter (me :from_html)} @(end)</lang>
"straight up"
<lang txr>@(bind me "@(output) @@(bind me "@me") @{me :filter :from_html} @(end)") @(output) @@(bind me "@me") @{me :filter :from_html} @(end)</lang>
"code free"
<lang txr>@(bind me ("@(output)" "@@(bind me (@(rep)"@me" @(last)"@me"@(end)))" "@(repeat)" "@{me :filter :from_html}" "@(end)" "@(end)")) @(output) @@(bind me (@(rep)"@me" @(last)"@me"@(end))) @(repeat) @{me :filter :from_html} @(end) @(end)</lang>
"404"
<lang txr>@(bind me ("@(deffilter q (*'**'*' *'*/*'*') (*'**/*' *'*/*/*') (*'*****' *'***'))" "@(output)" "@@(bind me (@(rep)*'@me*' @(last)*'@me*'@(end)))" "@(repeat)" "@{me :filter q}" "@(end)" "@(end)")) @(deffilter q ("*'" "\"") ("*/" "\\") ("**" "*")) @(output) @@(bind me (@(rep)"@me" @(last)"@me"@(end))) @(repeat) @{me :filter q} @(end) @(end)</lang>
UNIX Shell
A cheat that reads its own source code, because $0 is the path to the script:
<lang bash>#!/bin/sh cat < "$0"</lang>
A cheat that reads its own input using the history command (only works in an interactive shell): <lang bash>history | tail -n 1 | cut -c 8-</lang>
A real quine that doesn't cheat:
<lang bash>{ string=`cat` printf "$string" "$string" echo echo END-FORMAT } <<'END-FORMAT' { string=`cat` printf "$string" "$string" echo echo END-FORMAT } <<'END-FORMAT' %s END-FORMAT</lang>
V
First we need a function that can print a list as a library. <lang v>[p [put ' 'put] map ' ' puts].</lang> with that, the quine reduces to quine.v: <lang v>[dup puts p] dup puts p</lang>
Using it:
$./v quine.v
<lang v>[dup puts p] dup puts p</lang>
VHDL
<lang VHDL>LIBRARY ieee; USE std.TEXTIO.all; entity quine is end entity quine; architecture beh of quine is
type str_array is array(1 to 20) of string(1 to 80); constant src : str_array := ( "LIBRARY ieee; USE std.TEXTIO.all; ", "entity quine is end entity quine; ", "architecture beh of quine is ", " type str_array is array(1 to 20) of string(1 to 80); ", " constant src : str_array := ( ", "begin ", " process variable l : line; begin ", " for i in 1 to 5 loop write(l, src(i)); writeline(OUTPUT, l); end loop; ", " for i in 1 to 20 loop ", " write(l, character'val(32)&character'val(32)); ", " write(l, character'val(32)&character'val(32)); ", " write(l, character'val(34)); write(l, src(i)); write(l,character'val(34));", " if i /= 20 then write(l, character'val(44)); ", " else write(l, character'val(41)&character'val(59)); end if; ", " writeline(OUTPUT, l); ", " end loop; ", " for i in 6 to 20 loop write(l, src(i)); writeline(OUTPUT, l); end loop; ", " wait; ", " end process; ", "end architecture beh; ");
begin
process variable l : line; begin
for i in 1 to 5 loop write(l, src(i)); writeline(OUTPUT, l); end loop;
for i in 1 to 20 loop
write(l, character'val(32)&character'val(32));
write(l, character'val(32)&character'val(32));
write(l, character'val(34)); write(l, src(i)); write(l,character'val(34));
if i /= 20 then write(l, character'val(44));
else write(l, character'val(41)&character'val(59)); end if;
writeline(OUTPUT, l);
end loop;
for i in 6 to 20 loop write(l, src(i)); writeline(OUTPUT, l); end loop;
wait;
end process;
end architecture beh;</lang> NOTE: ModelSim escapes each line in the console output with "# ".
zkl
The simplest is the zkl REPL and integers <lang zkl>zkl: 123 123</lang>
<lang zkl>s:="s:=%c%s%c;print(s.fmt(34,s,34));";print(s.fmt(34,s,34));</lang>
<lang zkl> a:="a:=;q:=(34).toChar();print(a[0,3]+q+a+q+a[3,*]);";q:=(34).toChar();print(a[0,3]+q+a+q+a[3,*]);</lang>
<lang zkl>reg c=0'|"|,s="reg c=0'|%c|,s=%c%s%c;s.fmt(c,c,s,c).print();";s.fmt(c,c,s,c).print();</lang>
Create a file with: <lang zkl>File(__FILE__).readln().print()</lang> and run it: $ zkl foo.zkl to generate the contents.
We can also write a quine tester since print both sends the results to the output device and returns them: <lang zkl>fcn testQuine(quine){
Compiler.Compiler.compileText(quine).__constructor(); out:=vm.regX;
println("\ndiff>>",quine-out,"<<");
}</lang>
testQuine(0'|s:="s:=%c%s%c;print(s.fmt(34,s,34));";print(s.fmt(34,s,34));|); s:="s:=%c%s%c;print(s.fmt(34,s,34));";print(s.fmt(34,s,34)); diff>><<
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