Isqrt (integer square root) of X
You are encouraged to solve this task according to the task description, using any language you may know.
Sometimes a function is needed to find the integer square root of X, where X can be a real non─negative number.
Often X is actually a non─negative integer.
For the purposes of this task, X can be an integer or a real number, but if it simplifies things in your computer programming language, assume it's an integer.
One of the most common uses of Isqrt is in the division of an integer by all factors (or
primes) up to the
√ X of that
integer, either to find the factors of that integer, or to determine primality.
An alternative method for finding the Isqrt of a number is to
calculate: floor( sqrt(X) )
- where sqrt is the square root function for non─negative real numbers, and
- where floor is the floor function for real numbers.
If the hardware supports the computation of (real) square roots, the above method might be a faster method for
small numbers that don't have very many significant (decimal) digits.
However, floating point arithmetic is limited in the number of (binary or decimal) digits that it can support.
- Pseudo─code using quadratic residue
For this task, the integer square root of a non─negative number will be computed using a version of quadratic residue, which has the advantage that no floating point calculations are used, only integer arithmetic.
Furthermore, the two divisions can be performed by bit shifting, and the one multiplication can also be be performed by bit shifting or additions.
The disadvantage is the limitation of the size of the largest integer that a particular computer programming language can support.
Pseudo─code of a procedure for finding the integer square root of X (all variables are integers):
q ◄── 1 /*initialize Q to unity. */
/*find a power of 4 that's greater than X.*/
perform while q <= x /*perform while Q <= X. */
q ◄── q * 4 /*multiply Q by four. */
end /*perform*/
/*Q is now greater than X.*/
z ◄── x /*set Z to the value of X.*/
r ◄── 0 /*initialize R to zero. */
perform while q > 1 /*perform while Q > unity. */
q ◄── q ÷ 4 /*integer divide by four. */
t ◄── z - r - q /*compute value of T. */
r ◄── r ÷ 2 /*integer divide by two. */
if t >= 0 then do
z ◄── t /*set Z to value of T. */
r ◄── r + q /*compute new value of R. */
end
end /*perform*/
/*R is now the Isqrt(X). */
/* Sidenote: Also, Z is now the remainder after square root (i.e. */
/* R^2 + Z = X, so if Z = 0 then X is a perfect square). */
Another version for the (above) 1st perform is:
perform until q > X /*perform until Q > X. */
q ◄── q * 4 /*multiply Q by four. */
end /*perform*/
Integer square roots of some values:
Isqrt( 0) is 0 Isqrt(60) is 7 Isqrt( 99) is 9 Isqrt( 1) is 1 Isqrt(61) is 7 Isqrt(100) is 10 Isqrt( 2) is 1 Isqrt(62) is 7 Isqrt(102) is 10 Isqrt( 3) is 1 Isqrt(63) is 7 Isqrt( 4) is 2 Isqrt(64) is 8 Isqet(120) is 10 Isqrt( 5) is 2 Isqrt(65) is 8 Isqrt(121) is 11 Isqrt( 6) is 2 Isqrt(66) is 8 Isqrt(122) is 11 Isqrt( 7) is 2 Isqrt(67) is 8 Isqrt( 8) is 2 Isqrt(68) is 8 Isqrt(143) is 11 Isqrt( 9) is 3 Isqrt(69) is 8 Isqrt(144) is 12 Isqrt(10) is 3 Isqrt(70) is 8 Isqrt(145) is 12
- Task
Compute and show all output here (on this page) for:
- the
Isqrtof the integers from 0 ───► 65 (inclusive), shown in a horizontal format. - the
Isqrtof the odd powers from 71 ───► 773 (inclusive), shown in a vertical format. - use commas in the displaying of larger numbers.
- the
You can show more numbers for the 2nd requirement if the displays fits on one screen on Rosetta Code.
If your computer programming language only supports smaller integers, show what you can.
- Related tasks
ALGOL 68
Implements the task pseudo-code. <lang algol68>BEGIN # Integer square roots #
PR precision 200 PR
# returns the integer square root of x; x must be >= 0 #
PROC isqrt = ( LONG LONG INT x )LONG LONG INT:
IF x < 0 THEN print( ( "Negative number in isqrt", newline ) );stop
ELIF x < 2 THEN x
ELSE
# x is greater than 1 #
# find a power of 4 that's greater than x #
LONG LONG INT q := 1;
WHILE q <= x DO q *:= 4 OD;
# find the root #
LONG LONG INT z := x;
LONG LONG INT r := 0;
WHILE q > 1 DO
q OVERAB 4;
LONG LONG INT t = z - r - q;
r OVERAB 2;
IF t >= 0 THEN
z := t;
r +:= q
FI
OD;
r
FI; # isqrt #
# returns a string representation of n with commas #
PROC commatise = ( LONG LONG INT n )STRING:
BEGIN
STRING result := "";
STRING unformatted = whole( n, 0 );
INT ch count := 0;
FOR c FROM UPB unformatted BY -1 TO LWB unformatted DO
IF ch count <= 2 THEN ch count +:= 1
ELSE ch count := 1; "," +=: result
FI;
unformatted[ c ] +=: result
OD;
result
END; # commatise #
# left-pads a string to at least n characters #
PROC pad left = ( STRING s, INT n )STRING:
BEGIN
STRING result := s;
WHILE ( UPB result - LWB result ) + 1 < n DO " " +=: result OD;
result
END; # pad left #
# task test cases #
print( ( "Integer square roots of 0..65", newline ) );
FOR i FROM 0 TO 65 DO print( ( " ", whole( isqrt( i ), 0 ) ) ) OD;
print( ( newline ) );
# integer square roots of odd powers of 7 #
print( ( "Integer square roots of 7^n", newline ) );
print( ( " n|", pad left( "7^n", 82 ), "|", pad left( "isqrt(7^n)", 42 ), newline ) );
LONG LONG INT p7 := 7;
FOR p BY 2 TO 73 DO
print( ( whole( p, -2 )
, "|"
, pad left( commatise( p7 ), 82 )
, "|"
, pad left( commatise( isqrt( p7 ) ), 42 )
, newline
)
);
p7 *:= 49
OD
END</lang>
- Output:
Integer square roots of 0..65 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 Integer square roots of 7^n n| 7^n| isqrt(7^n) 1| 7| 2 3| 343| 18 5| 16,807| 129 7| 823,543| 907 9| 40,353,607| 6,352 11| 1,977,326,743| 44,467 13| 96,889,010,407| 311,269 15| 4,747,561,509,943| 2,178,889 17| 232,630,513,987,207| 15,252,229 19| 11,398,895,185,373,143| 106,765,608 21| 558,545,864,083,284,007| 747,359,260 23| 27,368,747,340,080,916,343| 5,231,514,822 25| 1,341,068,619,663,964,900,807| 36,620,603,758 27| 65,712,362,363,534,280,139,543| 256,344,226,312 29| 3,219,905,755,813,179,726,837,607| 1,794,409,584,184 31| 157,775,382,034,845,806,615,042,743| 12,560,867,089,291 33| 7,730,993,719,707,444,524,137,094,407| 87,926,069,625,040 35| 378,818,692,265,664,781,682,717,625,943| 615,482,487,375,282 37| 18,562,115,921,017,574,302,453,163,671,207| 4,308,377,411,626,977 39| 909,543,680,129,861,140,820,205,019,889,143| 30,158,641,881,388,842 41| 44,567,640,326,363,195,900,190,045,974,568,007| 211,110,493,169,721,897 43| 2,183,814,375,991,796,599,109,312,252,753,832,343| 1,477,773,452,188,053,281 45| 107,006,904,423,598,033,356,356,300,384,937,784,807| 10,344,414,165,316,372,973 47| 5,243,338,316,756,303,634,461,458,718,861,951,455,543| 72,410,899,157,214,610,812 49| 256,923,577,521,058,878,088,611,477,224,235,621,321,607| 506,876,294,100,502,275,687 51| 12,589,255,298,531,885,026,341,962,383,987,545,444,758,743| 3,548,134,058,703,515,929,815 53| 616,873,509,628,062,366,290,756,156,815,389,726,793,178,407| 24,836,938,410,924,611,508,707 55| 30,226,801,971,775,055,948,247,051,683,954,096,612,865,741,943| 173,858,568,876,472,280,560,953 57| 1,481,113,296,616,977,741,464,105,532,513,750,734,030,421,355,207| 1,217,009,982,135,305,963,926,677 59| 72,574,551,534,231,909,331,741,171,093,173,785,967,490,646,405,143| 8,519,069,874,947,141,747,486,745 61| 3,556,153,025,177,363,557,255,317,383,565,515,512,407,041,673,852,007| 59,633,489,124,629,992,232,407,216 63| 174,251,498,233,690,814,305,510,551,794,710,260,107,945,042,018,748,343| 417,434,423,872,409,945,626,850,517 65| 8,538,323,413,450,849,900,970,017,037,940,802,745,289,307,058,918,668,807| 2,922,040,967,106,869,619,387,953,625 67| 418,377,847,259,091,645,147,530,834,859,099,334,519,176,045,887,014,771,543| 20,454,286,769,748,087,335,715,675,381 69| 20,500,514,515,695,490,612,229,010,908,095,867,391,439,626,248,463,723,805,607| 143,180,007,388,236,611,350,009,727,669 71| 1,004,525,211,269,079,039,999,221,534,496,697,502,180,541,686,174,722,466,474,743| 1,002,260,051,717,656,279,450,068,093,686 73|49,221,735,352,184,872,959,961,855,190,338,177,606,846,542,622,561,400,857,262,407| 7,015,820,362,023,593,956,150,476,655,802
AppleScript
The odd-powers-of-7 part of the task is limited by the precision of AppleScript reals.
<lang applescript>on isqrt(x)
set q to 1
repeat until (q > x)
set q to q * 4
end repeat
set z to x
set r to 0
repeat while (q > 1)
set q to q div 4
set t to z - r - q
set r to r div 2
if (t > -1) then
set z to t
set r to r + q
end if
end repeat
return r
end isqrt
-- Task code on intToText(n, separator)
set output to ""
repeat until (n < 1000)
set output to separator & (text 2 thru 4 of ((1000 + (n mod 1000) as integer) as text)) & output
set n to n div 1000
end repeat
return (n as integer as text) & output
end intToText
on doTask()
-- Get the integer and power results.
set {integerResults, powerResults} to {{}, {}}
repeat with x from 0 to 65
set end of integerResults to isqrt(x)
end repeat
repeat with p from 1 to 73 by 2
set x to 7 ^ p
if (x > 1.0E+15) then exit repeat -- Beyond the precision of AppleScript reals.
set end of powerResults to "7^" & p & tab & "(" & intToText(x, ",") & "):" & (tab & tab & intToText(isqrt(x), ","))
end repeat
-- Format and output.
set astid to AppleScript's text item delimiters
set AppleScript's text item delimiters to space
set output to {"Isqrts of integers from 0 to 65:", space & integerResults, ¬
"Isqrts of odd powers of 7 from 1 to " & (p - 2) & ":", powerResults}
set AppleScript's text item delimiters to linefeed
set output to output as text
set AppleScript's text item delimiters to astid
return output
end doTask
doTask()</lang>
- Output:
<lang applescript>"Isqrts of integers from 0 to 65:
0 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8
Isqrts of odd powers of 7 from 1 to 17: 7^1 (7): 2 7^3 (343): 18 7^5 (16,807): 129 7^7 (823,543): 907 7^9 (40,353,607): 6,352 7^11 (1,977,326,743): 44,467 7^13 (96,889,010,407): 311,269 7^15 (4,747,561,509,943): 2,178,889 7^17 (232,630,513,987,207): 15,252,229"</lang>
Arturo
<lang rebol>commatize: function [x][
reverse join.with:"," map split.every: 3 split reverse to :string x => join
]
isqrt: function [x][
num: new x q: new 1 r: new 0
while [q =< num]-> shl.safe 'q 2
while [q > 1][
shr 'q 2
t: (num-r)-q
shr 'r 1
if t >= 0 [
num: t
r: new r+q
]
]
return r
]
print map 0..65 => isqrt
loop range 1 .step: 2 72 'n ->
print [n "\t" commatize isqrt 7^n]</lang>
- Output:
0 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 1 2 3 18 5 129 7 907 9 6,352 11 44,467 13 311,269 15 2,178,889 17 15,252,229 19 106,765,608 21 747,359,260 23 5,231,514,822 25 36,620,603,758 27 256,344,226,312 29 1,794,409,584,184 31 12,560,867,089,291 33 87,926,069,625,040 35 615,482,487,375,282 37 4,308,377,411,626,977 39 30,158,641,881,388,842 41 211,110,493,169,721,897 43 1,477,773,452,188,053,281 45 10,344,414,165,316,372,973 47 72,410,899,157,214,610,812 49 506,876,294,100,502,275,687 51 3,548,134,058,703,515,929,815 53 24,836,938,410,924,611,508,707 55 173,858,568,876,472,280,560,953 57 1,217,009,982,135,305,963,926,677 59 8,519,069,874,947,141,747,486,745 61 59,633,489,124,629,992,232,407,216 63 417,434,423,872,409,945,626,850,517 65 2,922,040,967,106,869,619,387,953,625 67 20,454,286,769,748,087,335,715,675,381 69 143,180,007,388,236,611,350,009,727,669 71 1,002,260,051,717,656,279,450,068,093,686
C
Up to 64-bit limits with no big int library. <lang c>#include <stdint.h>
- include <stdio.h>
int64_t isqrt(int64_t x) {
int64_t q = 1, r = 0;
while (q <= x) {
q <<= 2;
}
while (q > 1) {
int64_t t;
q >>= 2;
t = x - r - q;
r >>= 1;
if (t >= 0) {
x = t;
r += q;
}
}
return r;
}
int main() {
int64_t p; int n;
printf("Integer square root for numbers 0 to 65:\n");
for (n = 0; n <= 65; n++) {
printf("%lld ", isqrt(n));
}
printf("\n\n");
printf("Integer square roots of odd powers of 7 from 1 to 21:\n");
printf(" n | 7 ^ n | isqrt(7 ^ n)\n");
p = 7;
for (n = 1; n <= 21; n += 2, p *= 49) {
printf("%2d | %18lld | %12lld\n", n, p, isqrt(p));
}
}</lang>
- Output:
Integer square root for numbers 0 to 65: 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 Integer square roots of odd powers of 7 from 1 to 21: n | 7 ^ n | isqrt(7 ^ n) 1 | 7 | 2 3 | 343 | 18 5 | 16807 | 129 7 | 823543 | 907 9 | 40353607 | 6352 11 | 1977326743 | 44467 13 | 96889010407 | 311269 15 | 4747561509943 | 2178889 17 | 232630513987207 | 15252229 19 | 11398895185373143 | 106765608 21 | 558545864083284007 | 747359260
C++
<lang cpp>#include <iomanip>
- include <iostream>
- include <sstream>
- include <boost/multiprecision/cpp_int.hpp>
using big_int = boost::multiprecision::cpp_int;
template <typename integer> integer isqrt(integer x) {
integer q = 1;
while (q <= x)
q <<= 2;
integer r = 0;
while (q > 1) {
q >>= 2;
integer t = x - r - q;
r >>= 1;
if (t >= 0) {
x = t;
r += q;
}
}
return r;
}
std::string commatize(const big_int& n) {
std::ostringstream out;
out << n;
std::string str(out.str());
std::string result;
size_t digits = str.size();
result.reserve(4 * digits/3);
for (size_t i = 0; i < digits; ++i) {
if (i > 0 && i % 3 == digits % 3)
result += ',';
result += str[i];
}
return result;
}
int main() {
std::cout << "Integer square root for numbers 0 to 65:\n";
for (int n = 0; n <= 65; ++n)
std::cout << isqrt(n) << ' ';
std::cout << "\n\n";
std::cout << "Integer square roots of odd powers of 7 from 1 to 73:\n";
const int power_width = 83, isqrt_width = 42;
std::cout << " n |"
<< std::setw(power_width) << "7 ^ n" << " |"
<< std::setw(isqrt_width) << "isqrt(7 ^ n)"
<< '\n';
std::cout << std::string(6 + power_width + isqrt_width, '-') << '\n';
big_int p = 7;
for (int n = 1; n <= 73; n += 2, p *= 49) {
std::cout << std::setw(2) << n << " |"
<< std::setw(power_width) << commatize(p) << " |"
<< std::setw(isqrt_width) << commatize(isqrt(p))
<< '\n';
}
return 0;
}</lang>
- Output:
Integer square root for numbers 0 to 65: 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 Integer square roots of odd powers of 7 from 1 to 73: n | 7 ^ n | isqrt(7 ^ n) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | 7 | 2 3 | 343 | 18 5 | 16,807 | 129 7 | 823,543 | 907 9 | 40,353,607 | 6,352 11 | 1,977,326,743 | 44,467 13 | 96,889,010,407 | 311,269 15 | 4,747,561,509,943 | 2,178,889 17 | 232,630,513,987,207 | 15,252,229 19 | 11,398,895,185,373,143 | 106,765,608 21 | 558,545,864,083,284,007 | 747,359,260 23 | 27,368,747,340,080,916,343 | 5,231,514,822 25 | 1,341,068,619,663,964,900,807 | 36,620,603,758 27 | 65,712,362,363,534,280,139,543 | 256,344,226,312 29 | 3,219,905,755,813,179,726,837,607 | 1,794,409,584,184 31 | 157,775,382,034,845,806,615,042,743 | 12,560,867,089,291 33 | 7,730,993,719,707,444,524,137,094,407 | 87,926,069,625,040 35 | 378,818,692,265,664,781,682,717,625,943 | 615,482,487,375,282 37 | 18,562,115,921,017,574,302,453,163,671,207 | 4,308,377,411,626,977 39 | 909,543,680,129,861,140,820,205,019,889,143 | 30,158,641,881,388,842 41 | 44,567,640,326,363,195,900,190,045,974,568,007 | 211,110,493,169,721,897 43 | 2,183,814,375,991,796,599,109,312,252,753,832,343 | 1,477,773,452,188,053,281 45 | 107,006,904,423,598,033,356,356,300,384,937,784,807 | 10,344,414,165,316,372,973 47 | 5,243,338,316,756,303,634,461,458,718,861,951,455,543 | 72,410,899,157,214,610,812 49 | 256,923,577,521,058,878,088,611,477,224,235,621,321,607 | 506,876,294,100,502,275,687 51 | 12,589,255,298,531,885,026,341,962,383,987,545,444,758,743 | 3,548,134,058,703,515,929,815 53 | 616,873,509,628,062,366,290,756,156,815,389,726,793,178,407 | 24,836,938,410,924,611,508,707 55 | 30,226,801,971,775,055,948,247,051,683,954,096,612,865,741,943 | 173,858,568,876,472,280,560,953 57 | 1,481,113,296,616,977,741,464,105,532,513,750,734,030,421,355,207 | 1,217,009,982,135,305,963,926,677 59 | 72,574,551,534,231,909,331,741,171,093,173,785,967,490,646,405,143 | 8,519,069,874,947,141,747,486,745 61 | 3,556,153,025,177,363,557,255,317,383,565,515,512,407,041,673,852,007 | 59,633,489,124,629,992,232,407,216 63 | 174,251,498,233,690,814,305,510,551,794,710,260,107,945,042,018,748,343 | 417,434,423,872,409,945,626,850,517 65 | 8,538,323,413,450,849,900,970,017,037,940,802,745,289,307,058,918,668,807 | 2,922,040,967,106,869,619,387,953,625 67 | 418,377,847,259,091,645,147,530,834,859,099,334,519,176,045,887,014,771,543 | 20,454,286,769,748,087,335,715,675,381 69 | 20,500,514,515,695,490,612,229,010,908,095,867,391,439,626,248,463,723,805,607 | 143,180,007,388,236,611,350,009,727,669 71 | 1,004,525,211,269,079,039,999,221,534,496,697,502,180,541,686,174,722,466,474,743 | 1,002,260,051,717,656,279,450,068,093,686 73 | 49,221,735,352,184,872,959,961,855,190,338,177,606,846,542,622,561,400,857,262,407 | 7,015,820,362,023,593,956,150,476,655,802
C#
<lang csharp>using System; using static System.Console; using BI = System.Numerics.BigInteger; class Program {
static BI isqrt(BI x) { BI q = 1, r = 0, t; while (q <= x) q <<= 2; while (q > 1) {
q >>= 2; t = x - r - q; r >>= 1; if (t >= 0) { x = t; r += q; } } return r; }
static void Main() { const int max = 73, smax = 65;
int power_width = ((BI.Pow(7, max).ToString().Length / 3) << 2) + 3,
isqrt_width = (power_width + 1) >> 1;
WriteLine("Integer square root for numbers 0 to {0}:", smax);
for (int n = 0; n <= smax; ++n) Write("{0} ",
(n / 10).ToString().Replace("0", " ")); WriteLine();
for (int n = 0; n <= smax; ++n) Write("{0} ", n % 10); WriteLine();
WriteLine(new String('-', (smax << 1) + 1));
for (int n = 0; n <= smax; ++n) Write("{0} ", isqrt(n));
WriteLine("\n\nInteger square roots of odd powers of 7 from 1 to {0}:", max);
string s = string.Format("[0,2] |[1,{0}:n0] |[2,{1}:n0]",
power_width, isqrt_width).Replace("[", "{").Replace("]", "}");
WriteLine(s, "n", "7 ^ n", "isqrt(7 ^ n)");
WriteLine(new String('-', power_width + isqrt_width + 6));
BI p = 7; for (int n = 1; n <= max; n += 2, p *= 49)
WriteLine (s, n, p, isqrt(p)); }
}</lang>
- Output:
Integer square root for numbers 0 to 65:
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8
Integer square roots of odd powers of 7 from 1 to 73:
n | 7 ^ n | isqrt(7 ^ n)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | 7 | 2
3 | 343 | 18
5 | 16,807 | 129
7 | 823,543 | 907
9 | 40,353,607 | 6,352
11 | 1,977,326,743 | 44,467
13 | 96,889,010,407 | 311,269
15 | 4,747,561,509,943 | 2,178,889
17 | 232,630,513,987,207 | 15,252,229
19 | 11,398,895,185,373,143 | 106,765,608
21 | 558,545,864,083,284,007 | 747,359,260
23 | 27,368,747,340,080,916,343 | 5,231,514,822
25 | 1,341,068,619,663,964,900,807 | 36,620,603,758
27 | 65,712,362,363,534,280,139,543 | 256,344,226,312
29 | 3,219,905,755,813,179,726,837,607 | 1,794,409,584,184
31 | 157,775,382,034,845,806,615,042,743 | 12,560,867,089,291
33 | 7,730,993,719,707,444,524,137,094,407 | 87,926,069,625,040
35 | 378,818,692,265,664,781,682,717,625,943 | 615,482,487,375,282
37 | 18,562,115,921,017,574,302,453,163,671,207 | 4,308,377,411,626,977
39 | 909,543,680,129,861,140,820,205,019,889,143 | 30,158,641,881,388,842
41 | 44,567,640,326,363,195,900,190,045,974,568,007 | 211,110,493,169,721,897
43 | 2,183,814,375,991,796,599,109,312,252,753,832,343 | 1,477,773,452,188,053,281
45 | 107,006,904,423,598,033,356,356,300,384,937,784,807 | 10,344,414,165,316,372,973
47 | 5,243,338,316,756,303,634,461,458,718,861,951,455,543 | 72,410,899,157,214,610,812
49 | 256,923,577,521,058,878,088,611,477,224,235,621,321,607 | 506,876,294,100,502,275,687
51 | 12,589,255,298,531,885,026,341,962,383,987,545,444,758,743 | 3,548,134,058,703,515,929,815
53 | 616,873,509,628,062,366,290,756,156,815,389,726,793,178,407 | 24,836,938,410,924,611,508,707
55 | 30,226,801,971,775,055,948,247,051,683,954,096,612,865,741,943 | 173,858,568,876,472,280,560,953
57 | 1,481,113,296,616,977,741,464,105,532,513,750,734,030,421,355,207 | 1,217,009,982,135,305,963,926,677
59 | 72,574,551,534,231,909,331,741,171,093,173,785,967,490,646,405,143 | 8,519,069,874,947,141,747,486,745
61 | 3,556,153,025,177,363,557,255,317,383,565,515,512,407,041,673,852,007 | 59,633,489,124,629,992,232,407,216
63 | 174,251,498,233,690,814,305,510,551,794,710,260,107,945,042,018,748,343 | 417,434,423,872,409,945,626,850,517
65 | 8,538,323,413,450,849,900,970,017,037,940,802,745,289,307,058,918,668,807 | 2,922,040,967,106,869,619,387,953,625
67 | 418,377,847,259,091,645,147,530,834,859,099,334,519,176,045,887,014,771,543 | 20,454,286,769,748,087,335,715,675,381
69 | 20,500,514,515,695,490,612,229,010,908,095,867,391,439,626,248,463,723,805,607 | 143,180,007,388,236,611,350,009,727,669
71 | 1,004,525,211,269,079,039,999,221,534,496,697,502,180,541,686,174,722,466,474,743 | 1,002,260,051,717,656,279,450,068,093,686
73 | 49,221,735,352,184,872,959,961,855,190,338,177,606,846,542,622,561,400,857,262,407 | 7,015,820,362,023,593,956,150,476,655,802
Cowgol
<lang cowgol>include "cowgol.coh";
- Integer square root
sub isqrt(x: uint32): (x0: uint32) is
x0 := x >> 1;
if x0 == 0 then
x0 := x;
return;
end if;
loop
var x1 := (x0 + x/x0) >> 1;
if x1 >= x0 then
break;
end if;
x0 := x1;
end loop;
end sub;
- Power
sub pow(x: uint32, n: uint8): (r: uint32) is
r := 1;
while n > 0 loop
r := r * x;
n := n - 1;
end loop;
end sub;
- Print integer square roots of 0..65
var n: uint32 := 0; var col: uint8 := 11; while n <= 65 loop
print_i32(isqrt(n));
col := col - 1;
if col == 0 then
print_nl();
col := 11;
else
print_char(' ');
end if;
n := n + 1;
end loop;
- Cowgol only supports 32-bit integers out of the box, so only powers of 7
- up to 7^11 are printed
var x: uint8 := 0; while x <= 11 loop
print("isqrt(7^");
print_i8(x);
print(") = ");
print_i32(isqrt(pow(7, x)));
print_nl();
x := x + 1;
end loop;</lang>
- Output:
0 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 isqrt(7^0) = 1 isqrt(7^1) = 2 isqrt(7^2) = 7 isqrt(7^3) = 18 isqrt(7^4) = 49 isqrt(7^5) = 129 isqrt(7^6) = 343 isqrt(7^7) = 907 isqrt(7^8) = 2401 isqrt(7^9) = 6352 isqrt(7^10) = 16807 isqrt(7^11) = 44467
D
<lang d>import std.bigint; import std.conv; import std.exception; import std.range; import std.regex; import std.stdio;
//Taken from the task http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Commatizing_numbers#D auto commatize(in char[] txt, in uint start=0, in uint step=3, in string ins=",") @safe in {
assert(step > 0);
} body {
if (start > txt.length || step > txt.length) {
return txt;
}
// First number may begin with digit or decimal point. Exponents ignored.
enum decFloField = ctRegex!("[0-9]*\\.[0-9]+|[0-9]+");
auto matchDec = matchFirst(txt[start .. $], decFloField);
if (!matchDec) {
return txt;
}
// Within a decimal float field:
// A decimal integer field to commatize is positive and not after a point.
enum decIntField = ctRegex!("(?<=\\.)|[1-9][0-9]*");
// A decimal fractional field is preceded by a point, and is only digits.
enum decFracField = ctRegex!("(?<=\\.)[0-9]+");
return txt[0 .. start] ~ matchDec.pre ~ matchDec.hit
.replace!(m => m.hit.retro.chunks(step).join(ins).retro)(decIntField)
.replace!(m => m.hit.chunks(step).join(ins))(decFracField)
~ matchDec.post;
}
auto commatize(BigInt v) {
return commatize(v.to!string);
}
BigInt sqrt(BigInt x) {
enforce(x >= 0);
auto q = BigInt(1);
while (q <= x) {
q <<= 2;
}
auto z = x;
auto r = BigInt(0);
while (q > 1) {
q >>= 2;
auto t = z;
t -= r;
t -= q;
r >>= 1;
if (t >= 0) {
z = t;
r += q;
}
}
return r;
}
void main() {
writeln("The integer square root of integers from 0 to 65 are:");
foreach (i; 0..66) {
write(sqrt(BigInt(i)), ' ');
}
writeln;
writeln("The integer square roots of powers of 7 from 7^1 up to 7^73 are:");
writeln("power 7 ^ power integer square root");
writeln("----- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------");
auto pow7 = BigInt(7);
immutable bi49 = BigInt(49);
for (int i = 1; i <= 73; i += 2) {
writefln("%2d %84s %41s", i, pow7.commatize, sqrt(pow7).commatize);
pow7 *= bi49;
}
}</lang>
- Output:
The integer square root of integers from 0 to 65 are: 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 The integer square roots of powers of 7 from 7^1 up to 7^73 are: power 7 ^ power integer square root ----- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------- 1 7 2 3 343 18 5 16,807 129 7 823,543 907 9 40,353,607 6,352 11 1,977,326,743 44,467 13 96,889,010,407 311,269 15 4,747,561,509,943 2,178,889 17 232,630,513,987,207 15,252,229 19 11,398,895,185,373,143 106,765,608 21 558,545,864,083,284,007 747,359,260 23 27,368,747,340,080,916,343 5,231,514,822 25 1,341,068,619,663,964,900,807 36,620,603,758 27 65,712,362,363,534,280,139,543 256,344,226,312 29 3,219,905,755,813,179,726,837,607 1,794,409,584,184 31 157,775,382,034,845,806,615,042,743 12,560,867,089,291 33 7,730,993,719,707,444,524,137,094,407 87,926,069,625,040 35 378,818,692,265,664,781,682,717,625,943 615,482,487,375,282 37 18,562,115,921,017,574,302,453,163,671,207 4,308,377,411,626,977 39 909,543,680,129,861,140,820,205,019,889,143 30,158,641,881,388,842 41 44,567,640,326,363,195,900,190,045,974,568,007 211,110,493,169,721,897 43 2,183,814,375,991,796,599,109,312,252,753,832,343 1,477,773,452,188,053,281 45 107,006,904,423,598,033,356,356,300,384,937,784,807 10,344,414,165,316,372,973 47 5,243,338,316,756,303,634,461,458,718,861,951,455,543 72,410,899,157,214,610,812 49 256,923,577,521,058,878,088,611,477,224,235,621,321,607 506,876,294,100,502,275,687 51 12,589,255,298,531,885,026,341,962,383,987,545,444,758,743 3,548,134,058,703,515,929,815 53 616,873,509,628,062,366,290,756,156,815,389,726,793,178,407 24,836,938,410,924,611,508,707 55 30,226,801,971,775,055,948,247,051,683,954,096,612,865,741,943 173,858,568,876,472,280,560,953 57 1,481,113,296,616,977,741,464,105,532,513,750,734,030,421,355,207 1,217,009,982,135,305,963,926,677 59 72,574,551,534,231,909,331,741,171,093,173,785,967,490,646,405,143 8,519,069,874,947,141,747,486,745 61 3,556,153,025,177,363,557,255,317,383,565,515,512,407,041,673,852,007 59,633,489,124,629,992,232,407,216 63 174,251,498,233,690,814,305,510,551,794,710,260,107,945,042,018,748,343 417,434,423,872,409,945,626,850,517 65 8,538,323,413,450,849,900,970,017,037,940,802,745,289,307,058,918,668,807 2,922,040,967,106,869,619,387,953,625 67 418,377,847,259,091,645,147,530,834,859,099,334,519,176,045,887,014,771,543 20,454,286,769,748,087,335,715,675,381 69 20,500,514,515,695,490,612,229,010,908,095,867,391,439,626,248,463,723,805,607 143,180,007,388,236,611,350,009,727,669 71 1,004,525,211,269,079,039,999,221,534,496,697,502,180,541,686,174,722,466,474,743 1,002,260,051,717,656,279,450,068,093,686 73 49,221,735,352,184,872,959,961,855,190,338,177,606,846,542,622,561,400,857,262,407 7,015,820,362,023,593,956,150,476,655,802
Delphi
See #Pascal.
F#
<lang fsharp> // Find Integer Floor sqrt of a Large Integer. Nigel Galloway: July 17th., 2020 let Isqrt n=let rec fN i g l=match(l>0I,i-g-l) with
(true,e) when e>=0I->fN e (g/2I+l) (l/4I)
|(true,_) ->fN i (g/2I) (l/4I)
|_ ->g
fN n 0I (let rec fG g=if g>n then g/4I else fG (g*4I) in fG 1I)
[0I..65I]|>Seq.iter(Isqrt>>string>>printf "%s "); printfn "\n" let fN n=7I**n in [1..2..73]|>Seq.iter(fN>>Isqrt>>printfn "%a" (fun n g -> n.Write("{0:#,#}", g))) </lang>
- Output:
0 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 2 18 129 907 6,352 44,467 311,269 2,178,889 15,252,229 106,765,608 747,359,260 5,231,514,822 36,620,603,758 256,344,226,312 1,794,409,584,184 12,560,867,089,291 87,926,069,625,040 615,482,487,375,282 4,308,377,411,626,977 30,158,641,881,388,842 211,110,493,169,721,897 1,477,773,452,188,053,281 10,344,414,165,316,372,973 72,410,899,157,214,610,812 506,876,294,100,502,275,687 3,548,134,058,703,515,929,815 24,836,938,410,924,611,508,707 173,858,568,876,472,280,560,953 1,217,009,982,135,305,963,926,677 8,519,069,874,947,141,747,486,745 59,633,489,124,629,992,232,407,216 417,434,423,872,409,945,626,850,517 2,922,040,967,106,869,619,387,953,625 20,454,286,769,748,087,335,715,675,381 143,180,007,388,236,611,350,009,727,669 1,002,260,051,717,656,279,450,068,093,686 7,015,820,362,023,593,956,150,476,655,802
Factor
The isqrt word is a straightforward translation of the pseudocode from the task description using lexical variables.
<lang factor>USING: formatting io kernel locals math math.functions math.ranges prettyprint sequences tools.memory.private ;
- isqrt ( x -- n )
1 :> q!
[ q x > ] [ q 4 * q! ] until
x 0 :> ( z! r! )
[ q 1 > ] [
q 4 /i q!
z r - q - :> t
r -1 shift r!
t 0 >= [
t z!
r q + r!
] when
] while
r ;
"Integer square root for numbers 0 to 65 (inclusive):" print 66 <iota> [ bl ] [ isqrt pprint ] interleave nl nl
- align ( str str str -- ) "%2s%85s%44s\n" printf ;
- show ( n -- ) dup 7 swap ^ dup isqrt [ commas ] tri@ align ;
"x" "7^x" "isqrt(7^x)" align "-" "---" "----------" align 1 73 2 <range> [ show ] each</lang>
- Output:
Integer square root for numbers 0 to 65 (inclusive): 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 x 7^x isqrt(7^x) - --- ---------- 1 7 2 3 343 18 5 16,807 129 7 823,543 907 9 40,353,607 6,352 11 1,977,326,743 44,467 13 96,889,010,407 311,269 15 4,747,561,509,943 2,178,889 17 232,630,513,987,207 15,252,229 19 11,398,895,185,373,143 106,765,608 21 558,545,864,083,284,007 747,359,260 23 27,368,747,340,080,916,343 5,231,514,822 25 1,341,068,619,663,964,900,807 36,620,603,758 27 65,712,362,363,534,280,139,543 256,344,226,312 29 3,219,905,755,813,179,726,837,607 1,794,409,584,184 31 157,775,382,034,845,806,615,042,743 12,560,867,089,291 33 7,730,993,719,707,444,524,137,094,407 87,926,069,625,040 35 378,818,692,265,664,781,682,717,625,943 615,482,487,375,282 37 18,562,115,921,017,574,302,453,163,671,207 4,308,377,411,626,977 39 909,543,680,129,861,140,820,205,019,889,143 30,158,641,881,388,842 41 44,567,640,326,363,195,900,190,045,974,568,007 211,110,493,169,721,897 43 2,183,814,375,991,796,599,109,312,252,753,832,343 1,477,773,452,188,053,281 45 107,006,904,423,598,033,356,356,300,384,937,784,807 10,344,414,165,316,372,973 47 5,243,338,316,756,303,634,461,458,718,861,951,455,543 72,410,899,157,214,610,812 49 256,923,577,521,058,878,088,611,477,224,235,621,321,607 506,876,294,100,502,275,687 51 12,589,255,298,531,885,026,341,962,383,987,545,444,758,743 3,548,134,058,703,515,929,815 53 616,873,509,628,062,366,290,756,156,815,389,726,793,178,407 24,836,938,410,924,611,508,707 55 30,226,801,971,775,055,948,247,051,683,954,096,612,865,741,943 173,858,568,876,472,280,560,953 57 1,481,113,296,616,977,741,464,105,532,513,750,734,030,421,355,207 1,217,009,982,135,305,963,926,677 59 72,574,551,534,231,909,331,741,171,093,173,785,967,490,646,405,143 8,519,069,874,947,141,747,486,745 61 3,556,153,025,177,363,557,255,317,383,565,515,512,407,041,673,852,007 59,633,489,124,629,992,232,407,216 63 174,251,498,233,690,814,305,510,551,794,710,260,107,945,042,018,748,343 417,434,423,872,409,945,626,850,517 65 8,538,323,413,450,849,900,970,017,037,940,802,745,289,307,058,918,668,807 2,922,040,967,106,869,619,387,953,625 67 418,377,847,259,091,645,147,530,834,859,099,334,519,176,045,887,014,771,543 20,454,286,769,748,087,335,715,675,381 69 20,500,514,515,695,490,612,229,010,908,095,867,391,439,626,248,463,723,805,607 143,180,007,388,236,611,350,009,727,669 71 1,004,525,211,269,079,039,999,221,534,496,697,502,180,541,686,174,722,466,474,743 1,002,260,051,717,656,279,450,068,093,686 73 49,221,735,352,184,872,959,961,855,190,338,177,606,846,542,622,561,400,857,262,407 7,015,820,362,023,593,956,150,476,655,802
Forth
Only handles odd powers of 7 up to 7^21. <lang Forth>
- d., ( n -- ) \ write double precision int, commatized.
tuck dabs <# begin 2dup 1.000 d> while # # # [char] , hold repeat #s rot sign #> type space ;
- ., ( n -- ) \ write integer commatized.
s>d d., ;
- 4* s" 2 lshift" evaluate ; immediate
- 4/ s" 2 rshift" evaluate ; immediate
- isqrt-mod ( n -- z r ) \ n = r^2 + z
1 begin 2dup >= while 4* repeat
0 locals| r q z |
begin q 1 > while
q 4/ to q
z r - q - \ t
r 2/ to r
dup 0>= if
to z
r q + to r
else
drop
then
repeat z r ;
- isqrt isqrt-mod nip ;
- task1
." Integer square roots from 0 to 65:" cr 66 0 do i isqrt . loop cr ;
- task2
." Integer square roots of 7^n" cr
7 11 0 do
i 2* 1+ 2 .r 3 spaces
dup isqrt ., cr
49 *
loop ;
task1 cr task2 bye </lang>
- Output:
Integer square roots from 0 to 65: 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 Integer square roots of 7^n 1 2 3 18 5 129 7 907 9 6,352 11 44,467 13 311,269 15 2,178,889 17 15,252,229 19 106,765,608 21 747,359,260
FreeBASIC
Odd powers up to 7^21 are shown; more would require an arbitrary precision library that would just add bloat without being illustrative. <lang freebasic> function isqrt( byval x as ulongint ) as ulongint
dim as ulongint q = 1, r
dim as longint t
while q <= x
q = q shl 2
wend
while q > 1
q = q shr 2
t = x - r - q
r = r shr 1
if t >= 0 then
x = t
r += q
end if
wend
return r
end function
function commatize( byval N as string ) as string
dim as string bloat = ""
dim as uinteger c = 0
while N<>""
bloat = right(N,1) + bloat
N = left(N, len(N)-1)
c += 1
if c mod 3 = 0 and N<>"" then bloat = "," + bloat
wend
return bloat
end function
for i as ulongint = 0 to 65
print isqrt(i);" ";
next i print
dim as string ns for i as uinteger = 1 to 22 step 2
ns = str(isqrt(7^i)) print i, commatize(ns)
next i</lang>
- Output:
0 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 1 2 3 18 5 129 7 907 9 6,352 11 44,467 13 311,269 15 2,178,889 17 15,252,229 19 106,765,608 21 747,359,260
Go
Go's big.Int type already has a built-in integer square root function but, as the point of this task appears to be to compute it using a particular algorithm, we re-code it from the pseudo-code given in the task description. <lang go>package main
import (
"fmt" "log" "math/big"
)
var zero = big.NewInt(0) var one = big.NewInt(1)
func isqrt(x *big.Int) *big.Int {
if x.Cmp(zero) < 0 {
log.Fatal("Argument cannot be negative.")
}
q := big.NewInt(1)
for q.Cmp(x) <= 0 {
q.Lsh(q, 2)
}
z := new(big.Int).Set(x)
r := big.NewInt(0)
for q.Cmp(one) > 0 {
q.Rsh(q, 2)
t := new(big.Int)
t.Add(t, z)
t.Sub(t, r)
t.Sub(t, q)
r.Rsh(r, 1)
if t.Cmp(zero) >= 0 {
z.Set(t)
r.Add(r, q)
}
}
return r
}
func commatize(s string) string {
le := len(s)
for i := le - 3; i >= 1; i -= 3 {
s = s[0:i] + "," + s[i:]
}
return s
}
func main() {
fmt.Println("The integer square roots of integers from 0 to 65 are:")
for i := int64(0); i <= 65; i++ {
fmt.Printf("%d ", isqrt(big.NewInt(i)))
}
fmt.Println()
fmt.Println("\nThe integer square roots of powers of 7 from 7^1 up to 7^73 are:\n")
fmt.Println("power 7 ^ power integer square root")
fmt.Println("----- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------")
pow7 := big.NewInt(7)
bi49 := big.NewInt(49)
for i := 1; i <= 73; i += 2 {
fmt.Printf("%2d %84s %41s\n", i, commatize(pow7.String()), commatize(isqrt(pow7).String()))
pow7.Mul(pow7, bi49)
}
}</lang>
- Output:
The integer square roots of integers from 0 to 65 are: 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 The integer square roots of powers of 7 from 7^1 up to 7^73 are: power 7 ^ power integer square root ----- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------- 1 7 2 3 343 18 5 16,807 129 7 823,543 907 9 40,353,607 6,352 11 1,977,326,743 44,467 13 96,889,010,407 311,269 15 4,747,561,509,943 2,178,889 17 232,630,513,987,207 15,252,229 19 11,398,895,185,373,143 106,765,608 21 558,545,864,083,284,007 747,359,260 23 27,368,747,340,080,916,343 5,231,514,822 25 1,341,068,619,663,964,900,807 36,620,603,758 27 65,712,362,363,534,280,139,543 256,344,226,312 29 3,219,905,755,813,179,726,837,607 1,794,409,584,184 31 157,775,382,034,845,806,615,042,743 12,560,867,089,291 33 7,730,993,719,707,444,524,137,094,407 87,926,069,625,040 35 378,818,692,265,664,781,682,717,625,943 615,482,487,375,282 37 18,562,115,921,017,574,302,453,163,671,207 4,308,377,411,626,977 39 909,543,680,129,861,140,820,205,019,889,143 30,158,641,881,388,842 41 44,567,640,326,363,195,900,190,045,974,568,007 211,110,493,169,721,897 43 2,183,814,375,991,796,599,109,312,252,753,832,343 1,477,773,452,188,053,281 45 107,006,904,423,598,033,356,356,300,384,937,784,807 10,344,414,165,316,372,973 47 5,243,338,316,756,303,634,461,458,718,861,951,455,543 72,410,899,157,214,610,812 49 256,923,577,521,058,878,088,611,477,224,235,621,321,607 506,876,294,100,502,275,687 51 12,589,255,298,531,885,026,341,962,383,987,545,444,758,743 3,548,134,058,703,515,929,815 53 616,873,509,628,062,366,290,756,156,815,389,726,793,178,407 24,836,938,410,924,611,508,707 55 30,226,801,971,775,055,948,247,051,683,954,096,612,865,741,943 173,858,568,876,472,280,560,953 57 1,481,113,296,616,977,741,464,105,532,513,750,734,030,421,355,207 1,217,009,982,135,305,963,926,677 59 72,574,551,534,231,909,331,741,171,093,173,785,967,490,646,405,143 8,519,069,874,947,141,747,486,745 61 3,556,153,025,177,363,557,255,317,383,565,515,512,407,041,673,852,007 59,633,489,124,629,992,232,407,216 63 174,251,498,233,690,814,305,510,551,794,710,260,107,945,042,018,748,343 417,434,423,872,409,945,626,850,517 65 8,538,323,413,450,849,900,970,017,037,940,802,745,289,307,058,918,668,807 2,922,040,967,106,869,619,387,953,625 67 418,377,847,259,091,645,147,530,834,859,099,334,519,176,045,887,014,771,543 20,454,286,769,748,087,335,715,675,381 69 20,500,514,515,695,490,612,229,010,908,095,867,391,439,626,248,463,723,805,607 143,180,007,388,236,611,350,009,727,669 71 1,004,525,211,269,079,039,999,221,534,496,697,502,180,541,686,174,722,466,474,743 1,002,260,051,717,656,279,450,068,093,686 73 49,221,735,352,184,872,959,961,855,190,338,177,606,846,542,622,561,400,857,262,407 7,015,820,362,023,593,956,150,476,655,802
Java
<lang java>import java.math.BigInteger;
public class Isqrt {
private static BigInteger isqrt(BigInteger x) {
if (x.compareTo(BigInteger.ZERO) < 0) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Argument cannot be negative");
}
var q = BigInteger.ONE;
while (q.compareTo(x) <= 0) {
q = q.shiftLeft(2);
}
var z = x;
var r = BigInteger.ZERO;
while (q.compareTo(BigInteger.ONE) > 0) {
q = q.shiftRight(2);
var t = z;
t = t.subtract(r);
t = t.subtract(q);
r = r.shiftRight(1);
if (t.compareTo(BigInteger.ZERO) >= 0) {
z = t;
r = r.add(q);
}
}
return r;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("The integer square root of integers from 0 to 65 are:");
for (int i = 0; i <= 65; i++) {
System.out.printf("%s ", isqrt(BigInteger.valueOf(i)));
}
System.out.println();
System.out.println("The integer square roots of powers of 7 from 7^1 up to 7^73 are:");
System.out.println("power 7 ^ power integer square root");
System.out.println("----- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------");
var pow7 = BigInteger.valueOf(7);
var bi49 = BigInteger.valueOf(49);
for (int i = 1; i < 74; i += 2) {
System.out.printf("%2d %,84d %,41d\n", i, pow7, isqrt(pow7));
pow7 = pow7.multiply(bi49);
}
}
}</lang>
- Output:
The integer square root of integers from 0 to 65 are: 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 The integer square roots of powers of 7 from 7^1 up to 7^73 are: power 7 ^ power integer square root ----- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------- 1 7 2 3 343 18 5 16,807 129 7 823,543 907 9 40,353,607 6,352 11 1,977,326,743 44,467 13 96,889,010,407 311,269 15 4,747,561,509,943 2,178,889 17 232,630,513,987,207 15,252,229 19 11,398,895,185,373,143 106,765,608 21 558,545,864,083,284,007 747,359,260 23 27,368,747,340,080,916,343 5,231,514,822 25 1,341,068,619,663,964,900,807 36,620,603,758 27 65,712,362,363,534,280,139,543 256,344,226,312 29 3,219,905,755,813,179,726,837,607 1,794,409,584,184 31 157,775,382,034,845,806,615,042,743 12,560,867,089,291 33 7,730,993,719,707,444,524,137,094,407 87,926,069,625,040 35 378,818,692,265,664,781,682,717,625,943 615,482,487,375,282 37 18,562,115,921,017,574,302,453,163,671,207 4,308,377,411,626,977 39 909,543,680,129,861,140,820,205,019,889,143 30,158,641,881,388,842 41 44,567,640,326,363,195,900,190,045,974,568,007 211,110,493,169,721,897 43 2,183,814,375,991,796,599,109,312,252,753,832,343 1,477,773,452,188,053,281 45 107,006,904,423,598,033,356,356,300,384,937,784,807 10,344,414,165,316,372,973 47 5,243,338,316,756,303,634,461,458,718,861,951,455,543 72,410,899,157,214,610,812 49 256,923,577,521,058,878,088,611,477,224,235,621,321,607 506,876,294,100,502,275,687 51 12,589,255,298,531,885,026,341,962,383,987,545,444,758,743 3,548,134,058,703,515,929,815 53 616,873,509,628,062,366,290,756,156,815,389,726,793,178,407 24,836,938,410,924,611,508,707 55 30,226,801,971,775,055,948,247,051,683,954,096,612,865,741,943 173,858,568,876,472,280,560,953 57 1,481,113,296,616,977,741,464,105,532,513,750,734,030,421,355,207 1,217,009,982,135,305,963,926,677 59 72,574,551,534,231,909,331,741,171,093,173,785,967,490,646,405,143 8,519,069,874,947,141,747,486,745 61 3,556,153,025,177,363,557,255,317,383,565,515,512,407,041,673,852,007 59,633,489,124,629,992,232,407,216 63 174,251,498,233,690,814,305,510,551,794,710,260,107,945,042,018,748,343 417,434,423,872,409,945,626,850,517 65 8,538,323,413,450,849,900,970,017,037,940,802,745,289,307,058,918,668,807 2,922,040,967,106,869,619,387,953,625 67 418,377,847,259,091,645,147,530,834,859,099,334,519,176,045,887,014,771,543 20,454,286,769,748,087,335,715,675,381 69 20,500,514,515,695,490,612,229,010,908,095,867,391,439,626,248,463,723,805,607 143,180,007,388,236,611,350,009,727,669 71 1,004,525,211,269,079,039,999,221,534,496,697,502,180,541,686,174,722,466,474,743 1,002,260,051,717,656,279,450,068,093,686 73 49,221,735,352,184,872,959,961,855,190,338,177,606,846,542,622,561,400,857,262,407 7,015,820,362,023,593,956,150,476,655,802
Julia
Julia also has a built in isqrt() function which works on integer types, but the function integer_sqrt is shown for the task. <lang julia>using Formatting
function integer_sqrt(x)
@assert(x >= 0)
q = one(x)
while q <= x
q <<= 2
end
z, r = x, zero(x)
while q > 1
q >>= 2
t = z - r - q
r >>= 1
if t >= 0
z = t
r += q
end
end
return r
end
println("The integer square roots of integers from 0 to 65 are:") println(integer_sqrt.(collect(0:65)))
println("\nThe integer square roots of odd powers of 7 from 7^1 up to 7^73 are:\n") println("power", " "^36, "7 ^ power", " "^60, "integer square root") println("----- ", "-"^80, " ------------------------------------------") pow7 = big"7" for i in 1:2:73
println(lpad(i, 2), lpad(format(pow7^i, commas=true), 84),
lpad(format(integer_sqrt(pow7^i), commas=true), 43))
end
</lang>
- Output:
The integer square roots of integers from 0 to 65 are: [0, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 8, 8] The integer square roots of odd powers of 7 from 7^1 up to 7^73 are: power 7 ^ power integer square root ----- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------ 1 7 2 3 343 18 5 16,807 129 7 823,543 907 9 40,353,607 6,352 11 1,977,326,743 44,467 13 96,889,010,407 311,269 15 4,747,561,509,943 2,178,889 17 232,630,513,987,207 15,252,229 19 11,398,895,185,373,143 106,765,608 21 558,545,864,083,284,007 747,359,260 23 27,368,747,340,080,916,343 5,231,514,822 25 1,341,068,619,663,964,900,807 36,620,603,758 27 65,712,362,363,534,280,139,543 256,344,226,312 29 3,219,905,755,813,179,726,837,607 1,794,409,584,184 31 157,775,382,034,845,806,615,042,743 12,560,867,089,291 33 7,730,993,719,707,444,524,137,094,407 87,926,069,625,040 35 378,818,692,265,664,781,682,717,625,943 615,482,487,375,282 37 18,562,115,921,017,574,302,453,163,671,207 4,308,377,411,626,977 39 909,543,680,129,861,140,820,205,019,889,143 30,158,641,881,388,842 41 44,567,640,326,363,195,900,190,045,974,568,007 211,110,493,169,721,897 43 2,183,814,375,991,796,599,109,312,252,753,832,343 1,477,773,452,188,053,281 45 107,006,904,423,598,033,356,356,300,384,937,784,807 10,344,414,165,316,372,973 47 5,243,338,316,756,303,634,461,458,718,861,951,455,543 72,410,899,157,214,610,812 49 256,923,577,521,058,878,088,611,477,224,235,621,321,607 506,876,294,100,502,275,687 51 12,589,255,298,531,885,026,341,962,383,987,545,444,758,743 3,548,134,058,703,515,929,815 53 616,873,509,628,062,366,290,756,156,815,389,726,793,178,407 24,836,938,410,924,611,508,707 55 30,226,801,971,775,055,948,247,051,683,954,096,612,865,741,943 173,858,568,876,472,280,560,953 57 1,481,113,296,616,977,741,464,105,532,513,750,734,030,421,355,207 1,217,009,982,135,305,963,926,677 59 72,574,551,534,231,909,331,741,171,093,173,785,967,490,646,405,143 8,519,069,874,947,141,747,486,745 61 3,556,153,025,177,363,557,255,317,383,565,515,512,407,041,673,852,007 59,633,489,124,629,992,232,407,216 63 174,251,498,233,690,814,305,510,551,794,710,260,107,945,042,018,748,343 417,434,423,872,409,945,626,850,517 65 8,538,323,413,450,849,900,970,017,037,940,802,745,289,307,058,918,668,807 2,922,040,967,106,869,619,387,953,625 67 418,377,847,259,091,645,147,530,834,859,099,334,519,176,045,887,014,771,543 20,454,286,769,748,087,335,715,675,381 69 20,500,514,515,695,490,612,229,010,908,095,867,391,439,626,248,463,723,805,607 143,180,007,388,236,611,350,009,727,669 71 1,004,525,211,269,079,039,999,221,534,496,697,502,180,541,686,174,722,466,474,743 1,002,260,051,717,656,279,450,068,093,686 73 49,221,735,352,184,872,959,961,855,190,338,177,606,846,542,622,561,400,857,262,407 7,015,820,362,023,593,956,150,476,655,802
Kotlin
<lang scala>import java.math.BigInteger
fun isqrt(x: BigInteger): BigInteger {
if (x < BigInteger.ZERO) {
throw IllegalArgumentException("Argument cannot be negative")
}
var q = BigInteger.ONE
while (q <= x) {
q = q.shiftLeft(2)
}
var z = x
var r = BigInteger.ZERO
while (q > BigInteger.ONE) {
q = q.shiftRight(2)
var t = z
t -= r
t -= q
r = r.shiftRight(1)
if (t >= BigInteger.ZERO) {
z = t
r += q
}
}
return r
}
fun main() {
println("The integer square root of integers from 0 to 65 are:")
for (i in 0..65) {
print("${isqrt(BigInteger.valueOf(i.toLong()))} ")
}
println()
println("The integer square roots of powers of 7 from 7^1 up to 7^73 are:")
println("power 7 ^ power integer square root")
println("----- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------")
var pow7 = BigInteger.valueOf(7)
val bi49 = BigInteger.valueOf(49)
for (i in (1..73).step(2)) {
println("%2d %,84d %,41d".format(i, pow7, isqrt(pow7)))
pow7 *= bi49
}
}</lang>
- Output:
The integer square root of integers from 0 to 65 are: 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 The integer square roots of powers of 7 from 7^1 up to 7^73 are: power 7 ^ power integer square root ----- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------- 1 7 2 3 343 18 5 16,807 129 7 823,543 907 9 40,353,607 6,352 11 1,977,326,743 44,467 13 96,889,010,407 311,269 15 4,747,561,509,943 2,178,889 17 232,630,513,987,207 15,252,229 19 11,398,895,185,373,143 106,765,608 21 558,545,864,083,284,007 747,359,260 23 27,368,747,340,080,916,343 5,231,514,822 25 1,341,068,619,663,964,900,807 36,620,603,758 27 65,712,362,363,534,280,139,543 256,344,226,312 29 3,219,905,755,813,179,726,837,607 1,794,409,584,184 31 157,775,382,034,845,806,615,042,743 12,560,867,089,291 33 7,730,993,719,707,444,524,137,094,407 87,926,069,625,040 35 378,818,692,265,664,781,682,717,625,943 615,482,487,375,282 37 18,562,115,921,017,574,302,453,163,671,207 4,308,377,411,626,977 39 909,543,680,129,861,140,820,205,019,889,143 30,158,641,881,388,842 41 44,567,640,326,363,195,900,190,045,974,568,007 211,110,493,169,721,897 43 2,183,814,375,991,796,599,109,312,252,753,832,343 1,477,773,452,188,053,281 45 107,006,904,423,598,033,356,356,300,384,937,784,807 10,344,414,165,316,372,973 47 5,243,338,316,756,303,634,461,458,718,861,951,455,543 72,410,899,157,214,610,812 49 256,923,577,521,058,878,088,611,477,224,235,621,321,607 506,876,294,100,502,275,687 51 12,589,255,298,531,885,026,341,962,383,987,545,444,758,743 3,548,134,058,703,515,929,815 53 616,873,509,628,062,366,290,756,156,815,389,726,793,178,407 24,836,938,410,924,611,508,707 55 30,226,801,971,775,055,948,247,051,683,954,096,612,865,741,943 173,858,568,876,472,280,560,953 57 1,481,113,296,616,977,741,464,105,532,513,750,734,030,421,355,207 1,217,009,982,135,305,963,926,677 59 72,574,551,534,231,909,331,741,171,093,173,785,967,490,646,405,143 8,519,069,874,947,141,747,486,745 61 3,556,153,025,177,363,557,255,317,383,565,515,512,407,041,673,852,007 59,633,489,124,629,992,232,407,216 63 174,251,498,233,690,814,305,510,551,794,710,260,107,945,042,018,748,343 417,434,423,872,409,945,626,850,517 65 8,538,323,413,450,849,900,970,017,037,940,802,745,289,307,058,918,668,807 2,922,040,967,106,869,619,387,953,625 67 418,377,847,259,091,645,147,530,834,859,099,334,519,176,045,887,014,771,543 20,454,286,769,748,087,335,715,675,381 69 20,500,514,515,695,490,612,229,010,908,095,867,391,439,626,248,463,723,805,607 143,180,007,388,236,611,350,009,727,669 71 1,004,525,211,269,079,039,999,221,534,496,697,502,180,541,686,174,722,466,474,743 1,002,260,051,717,656,279,450,068,093,686 73 49,221,735,352,184,872,959,961,855,190,338,177,606,846,542,622,561,400,857,262,407 7,015,820,362,023,593,956,150,476,655,802
Lua
<lang lua>function isqrt(x)
local q = 1
local r = 0
while q <= x do
q = q << 2
end
while q > 1 do
q = q >> 2
local t = x - r - q
r = r >> 1
if t >= 0 then
x = t
r = r + q
end
end
return r
end
print("Integer square root for numbers 0 to 65:") for n=0,65 do
io.write(isqrt(n) .. ' ')
end print() print()
print("Integer square roots of oddd powers of 7 from 1 to 21:") print(" n | 7 ^ n | isqrt(7 ^ n)") local p = 7 local n = 1 while n <= 21 do
print(string.format("%2d | %18d | %12d", n, p, isqrt(p)))
----------------------
n = n + 2
p = p * 49
end</lang>
- Output:
Integer square root for numbers 0 to 65: 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 Integer square roots of oddd powers of 7 from 1 to 21: n | 7 ^ n | isqrt(7 ^ n) 3 | 343 | 18 5 | 16807 | 129 7 | 823543 | 907 9 | 40353607 | 6352 11 | 1977326743 | 44467 13 | 96889010407 | 311269 15 | 4747561509943 | 2178889 17 | 232630513987207 | 15252229 19 | 11398895185373143 | 106765608 21 | 558545864083284007 | 747359260
MAD
<lang MAD> NORMAL MODE IS INTEGER
R INTEGER SQUARE ROOT OF X
INTERNAL FUNCTION(X)
ENTRY TO ISQRT.
X0 = X/2
WHENEVER X0.E.0, FUNCTION RETURN X
STEP X1 = (X0 + X/X0)/2
WHENEVER X1.GE.X0, FUNCTION RETURN X0
X0 = X1
TRANSFER TO STEP
END OF FUNCTION
R PRINT INTEGER SQUARE ROOTS OF 0..65
THROUGH SQ65, FOR N=0, 11, N.G.65
SQ65 PRINT FORMAT N11, ISQRT.(N), ISQRT.(N+1), ISQRT.(N+2),
0 ISQRT.(N+3), ISQRT.(N+4), ISQRT.(N+5), ISQRT.(N+6),
1 ISQRT.(N+7), ISQRT.(N+8), ISQRT.(N+9), ISQRT.(N+10)
VECTOR VALUES N11 = $11(I1,S1)*$
R MACHINE WORD SIZE ON IBM 704 IS 36 BITS
R PRINT UP TO AND INCLUDING ISQRT(7^12)
POW7 = 1
THROUGH SQ7P12, FOR I=0, 1, I.G.12
PRINT FORMAT SQ7, I, ISQRT.(POW7)
SQ7P12 POW7 = POW7 * 7
VECTOR VALUES SQ7 = $9HISQRT.(7^,I2,4H) = ,I6*$
END OF PROGRAM </lang>
- Output:
0 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 ISQRT.(7^ 0) = 1 ISQRT.(7^ 1) = 2 ISQRT.(7^ 2) = 7 ISQRT.(7^ 3) = 18 ISQRT.(7^ 4) = 49 ISQRT.(7^ 5) = 129 ISQRT.(7^ 6) = 343 ISQRT.(7^ 7) = 907 ISQRT.(7^ 8) = 2401 ISQRT.(7^ 9) = 6352 ISQRT.(7^10) = 16807 ISQRT.(7^11) = 44467 ISQRT.(7^12) = 117649
Nim
This Nim implementation provides an isqrt function for signed integers and for big integers.
<lang Nim>import strformat, strutils
import bignum
func isqrt*[T: SomeSignedInt | Int](x: T): T =
## Compute integer square root for signed integers ## and for big integers.
when T is Int: result = newInt() var q = newInt(1) else: result = 0 var q = T(1)
while q <= x: q = q shl 2
var z = x
while q > 1:
q = q shr 2
let t = z - result - q
result = result shr 1
if t >= 0:
z = t
result += q
when isMainModule:
echo "Integer square root for numbers 0 to 65:" for n in 0..65: stdout.write ' ', isqrt(n) echo "\n"
echo "Integer square roots of odd powers of 7 from 7^1 to 7^73:"
echo " n" & repeat(' ', 82) & "7^n" & repeat(' ', 34) & "isqrt(7^n)"
echo repeat("—", 131)
var x = newInt(7)
for n in countup(1, 73, 2):
echo &"{n:>2} {insertSep($x, ','):>82} {insertSep($isqrt(x), ','):>41}"
x *= 49</lang>
- Output:
Integer square root for numbers 0 to 65: 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 Integer square roots of odd powers of 7 from 7^1 to 7^73: n 7^n isqrt(7^n) ——————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— 1 7 2 3 343 18 5 16,807 129 7 823,543 907 9 40,353,607 6,352 11 1,977,326,743 44,467 13 96,889,010,407 311,269 15 4,747,561,509,943 2,178,889 17 232,630,513,987,207 15,252,229 19 11,398,895,185,373,143 106,765,608 21 558,545,864,083,284,007 747,359,260 23 27,368,747,340,080,916,343 5,231,514,822 25 1,341,068,619,663,964,900,807 36,620,603,758 27 65,712,362,363,534,280,139,543 256,344,226,312 29 3,219,905,755,813,179,726,837,607 1,794,409,584,184 31 157,775,382,034,845,806,615,042,743 12,560,867,089,291 33 7,730,993,719,707,444,524,137,094,407 87,926,069,625,040 35 378,818,692,265,664,781,682,717,625,943 615,482,487,375,282 37 18,562,115,921,017,574,302,453,163,671,207 4,308,377,411,626,977 39 909,543,680,129,861,140,820,205,019,889,143 30,158,641,881,388,842 41 44,567,640,326,363,195,900,190,045,974,568,007 211,110,493,169,721,897 43 2,183,814,375,991,796,599,109,312,252,753,832,343 1,477,773,452,188,053,281 45 107,006,904,423,598,033,356,356,300,384,937,784,807 10,344,414,165,316,372,973 47 5,243,338,316,756,303,634,461,458,718,861,951,455,543 72,410,899,157,214,610,812 49 256,923,577,521,058,878,088,611,477,224,235,621,321,607 506,876,294,100,502,275,687 51 12,589,255,298,531,885,026,341,962,383,987,545,444,758,743 3,548,134,058,703,515,929,815 53 616,873,509,628,062,366,290,756,156,815,389,726,793,178,407 24,836,938,410,924,611,508,707 55 30,226,801,971,775,055,948,247,051,683,954,096,612,865,741,943 173,858,568,876,472,280,560,953 57 1,481,113,296,616,977,741,464,105,532,513,750,734,030,421,355,207 1,217,009,982,135,305,963,926,677 59 72,574,551,534,231,909,331,741,171,093,173,785,967,490,646,405,143 8,519,069,874,947,141,747,486,745 61 3,556,153,025,177,363,557,255,317,383,565,515,512,407,041,673,852,007 59,633,489,124,629,992,232,407,216 63 174,251,498,233,690,814,305,510,551,794,710,260,107,945,042,018,748,343 417,434,423,872,409,945,626,850,517 65 8,538,323,413,450,849,900,970,017,037,940,802,745,289,307,058,918,668,807 2,922,040,967,106,869,619,387,953,625 67 418,377,847,259,091,645,147,530,834,859,099,334,519,176,045,887,014,771,543 20,454,286,769,748,087,335,715,675,381 69 20,500,514,515,695,490,612,229,010,908,095,867,391,439,626,248,463,723,805,607 143,180,007,388,236,611,350,009,727,669 71 1,004,525,211,269,079,039,999,221,534,496,697,502,180,541,686,174,722,466,474,743 1,002,260,051,717,656,279,450,068,093,686 73 49,221,735,352,184,872,959,961,855,190,338,177,606,846,542,622,561,400,857,262,407 7,015,820,362,023,593,956,150,476,655,802
Ol
<lang scheme> (print "Integer square roots of 0..65") (for-each (lambda (x)
(display (isqrt x))
(display " "))
(iota 66))
(print)
(print "Integer square roots of 7^n") (for-each (lambda (x)
(print "x: " x ", isqrt: " (isqrt x)))
(map (lambda (i)
(expt 7 i))
(iota 73 1)))
(print) </lang>
- Output:
Integer square roots of 0..65 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 Integer square roots of 7^n x: 7, isqrt: 2 x: 49, isqrt: 7 x: 343, isqrt: 18 x: 2401, isqrt: 49 x: 16807, isqrt: 129 x: 117649, isqrt: 343 x: 823543, isqrt: 907 x: 5764801, isqrt: 2401 x: 40353607, isqrt: 6352 x: 282475249, isqrt: 16807 x: 1977326743, isqrt: 44467 x: 13841287201, isqrt: 117649 x: 96889010407, isqrt: 311269 x: 678223072849, isqrt: 823543 x: 4747561509943, isqrt: 2178889 x: 33232930569601, isqrt: 5764801 x: 232630513987207, isqrt: 15252229 x: 1628413597910449, isqrt: 40353607 x: 11398895185373143, isqrt: 106765608 x: 79792266297612001, isqrt: 282475249 x: 558545864083284007, isqrt: 747359260 x: 3909821048582988049, isqrt: 1977326743 x: 27368747340080916343, isqrt: 5231514822 x: 191581231380566414401, isqrt: 13841287201 x: 1341068619663964900807, isqrt: 36620603758 x: 9387480337647754305649, isqrt: 96889010407 x: 65712362363534280139543, isqrt: 256344226312 x: 459986536544739960976801, isqrt: 678223072849 x: 3219905755813179726837607, isqrt: 1794409584184 x: 22539340290692258087863249, isqrt: 4747561509943 x: 157775382034845806615042743, isqrt: 12560867089291 x: 1104427674243920646305299201, isqrt: 33232930569601 x: 7730993719707444524137094407, isqrt: 87926069625040 x: 54116956037952111668959660849, isqrt: 232630513987207 x: 378818692265664781682717625943, isqrt: 615482487375282 x: 2651730845859653471779023381601, isqrt: 1628413597910449 x: 18562115921017574302453163671207, isqrt: 4308377411626977 x: 129934811447123020117172145698449, isqrt: 11398895185373143 x: 909543680129861140820205019889143, isqrt: 30158641881388842 x: 6366805760909027985741435139224001, isqrt: 79792266297612001 x: 44567640326363195900190045974568007, isqrt: 211110493169721897 x: 311973482284542371301330321821976049, isqrt: 558545864083284007 x: 2183814375991796599109312252753832343, isqrt: 1477773452188053281 x: 15286700631942576193765185769276826401, isqrt: 3909821048582988049 x: 107006904423598033356356300384937784807, isqrt: 10344414165316372973 x: 749048330965186233494494102694564493649, isqrt: 27368747340080916343 x: 5243338316756303634461458718861951455543, isqrt: 72410899157214610812 x: 36703368217294125441230211032033660188801, isqrt: 191581231380566414401 x: 256923577521058878088611477224235621321607, isqrt: 506876294100502275687 x: 1798465042647412146620280340569649349251249, isqrt: 1341068619663964900807 x: 12589255298531885026341962383987545444758743, isqrt: 3548134058703515929815 x: 88124787089723195184393736687912818113311201, isqrt: 9387480337647754305649 x: 616873509628062366290756156815389726793178407, isqrt: 24836938410924611508707 x: 4318114567396436564035293097707728087552248849, isqrt: 65712362363534280139543 x: 30226801971775055948247051683954096612865741943, isqrt: 173858568876472280560953 x: 211587613802425391637729361787678676290060193601, isqrt: 459986536544739960976801 x: 1481113296616977741464105532513750734030421355207, isqrt: 1217009982135305963926677 x: 10367793076318844190248738727596255138212949486449, isqrt: 3219905755813179726837607 x: 72574551534231909331741171093173785967490646405143, isqrt: 8519069874947141747486745 x: 508021860739623365322188197652216501772434524836001, isqrt: 22539340290692258087863249 x: 3556153025177363557255317383565515512407041673852007, isqrt: 59633489124629992232407216 x: 24893071176241544900787221684958608586849291716964049, isqrt: 157775382034845806615042743 x: 174251498233690814305510551794710260107945042018748343, isqrt: 417434423872409945626850517 x: 1219760487635835700138573862562971820755615294131238401, isqrt: 1104427674243920646305299201 x: 8538323413450849900970017037940802745289307058918668807, isqrt: 2922040967106869619387953625 x: 59768263894155949306790119265585619217025149412430681649, isqrt: 7730993719707444524137094407 x: 418377847259091645147530834859099334519176045887014771543, isqrt: 20454286769748087335715675381 x: 2928644930813641516032715844013695341634232321209103400801, isqrt: 54116956037952111668959660849 x: 20500514515695490612229010908095867391439626248463723805607, isqrt: 143180007388236611350009727669 x: 143503601609868434285603076356671071740077383739246066639249, isqrt: 378818692265664781682717625943 x: 1004525211269079039999221534496697502180541686174722466474743, isqrt: 1002260051717656279450068093686 x: 7031676478883553279994550741476882515263791803223057265323201, isqrt: 2651730845859653471779023381601 x: 49221735352184872959961855190338177606846542622561400857262407, isqrt: 7015820362023593956150476655802
Pascal
<lang Pascal> //************************************************// // // // Thanks for rvelthuis for BigIntegers library // // https://github.com/rvelthuis/DelphiBigNumbers // // // //************************************************//
program IsqrtTask;
{$APPTYPE CONSOLE}
{$R *.res}
uses
System.SysUtils, Velthuis.BigIntegers;
function isqrt(x: BigInteger): BigInteger; var
q, r, t: BigInteger;
begin
q := 1; r := 0; while (q <= x) do q := q shl 2;
while (q > 1) do
begin
q := q shr 2;
t := x - r - q;
r := r shr 1;
if (t >= 0) then
begin
x := t;
r := r + q;
end;
end;
Result := r;
end;
function commatize(const n: BigInteger; size: Integer): string; var
str: string; digits: Integer; i: Integer;
begin
Result := ; str := n.ToString; digits := str.Length;
for i := 1 to digits do
begin
if ((i > 1) and (((i - 1) mod 3) = (digits mod 3))) then
Result := Result + ',';
Result := Result + str[i];
end;
if Result.Length < size then
Result := string.Create(' ', size - Result.Length) + Result;
end;
const
POWER_WIDTH = 83; ISQRT_WIDTH = 42;
var
n, i: Integer; f: TextFile; p: BigInteger;
begin
AssignFile(f, 'output.txt'); rewrite(f);
Writeln(f, 'Integer square root for numbers 0 to 65:'); for n := 0 to 65 do Write(f, isqrt(n).ToString, ' ');
Writeln(f, #10#10'Integer square roots of odd powers of 7 from 1 to 73:');
Write(f, ' n |', string.Create(' ', 78), '7 ^ n |', string.Create(' ', 30),
'isqrt(7 ^ n)'#10);
Writeln(f, string.Create('-', 17 + POWER_WIDTH + ISQRT_WIDTH));
p := 7;
n := 1;
repeat
Writeln(f, Format('%2d', [n]), ' |', commatize(p, power_width), ' |',
commatize(isqrt(p), isqrt_width));
inc(n, 2);
p := p * 49;
until (n > 73);
CloseFile(f);
end. </lang>
Perl
<lang Perl># 20201029 added Perl programming solution
use strict; use warnings; use bigint;
use CLDR::Number 'decimal_formatter';
sub integer_sqrt {
( my $x = $_[0] ) >= 0 or die;
my $q = 1;
while ($q <= $x) {
$q <<= 2
}
my ($z, $r) = ($x, 0);
while ($q > 1) {
$q >>= 2;
my $t = $z - $r - $q;
$r >>= 1;
if ($t >= 0) {
$z = $t;
$r += $q;
}
}
return $r
}
print "The integer square roots of integers from 0 to 65 are:\n"; print map { ( integer_sqrt $_ ) . ' ' } (0..65);
my $cldr = CLDR::Number->new(); my $decf = $cldr->decimal_formatter;
print "\nThe integer square roots of odd powers of 7 from 7^1 up to 7^73 are:\n"; print "power", " "x36, "7 ^ power", " "x60, "integer square root\n"; print "----- ", "-"x79, " ------------------------------------------\n";
for (my $i = 1; $i < 74; $i += 2) {
printf("%2s ", $i);
printf("%82s", $decf->format( 7**$i ) );
printf("%44s", $decf->format( integer_sqrt(7**$i) ) ) ;
print "\n";
}</lang>
- Output:
The integer square roots of integers from 0 to 65 are: 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 The integer square roots of odd powers of 7 from 7^1 up to 7^73 are: power 7 ^ power integer square root ----- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------ 1 7 2 3 343 18 5 16,807 129 7 823,543 907 9 40,353,607 6,352 11 1,977,326,743 44,467 13 96,889,010,407 311,269 15 4,747,561,509,943 2,178,889 17 232,630,513,987,207 15,252,229 19 11,398,895,185,373,143 106,765,608 21 558,545,864,083,284,007 747,359,260 23 27,368,747,340,080,916,343 5,231,514,822 25 1,341,068,619,663,964,900,807 36,620,603,758 27 65,712,362,363,534,280,139,543 256,344,226,312 29 3,219,905,755,813,179,726,837,607 1,794,409,584,184 31 157,775,382,034,845,806,615,042,743 12,560,867,089,291 33 7,730,993,719,707,444,524,137,094,407 87,926,069,625,040 35 378,818,692,265,664,781,682,717,625,943 615,482,487,375,282 37 18,562,115,921,017,574,302,453,163,671,207 4,308,377,411,626,977 39 909,543,680,129,861,140,820,205,019,889,143 30,158,641,881,388,842 41 44,567,640,326,363,195,900,190,045,974,568,007 211,110,493,169,721,897 43 2,183,814,375,991,796,599,109,312,252,753,832,343 1,477,773,452,188,053,281 45 107,006,904,423,598,033,356,356,300,384,937,784,807 10,344,414,165,316,372,973 47 5,243,338,316,756,303,634,461,458,718,861,951,455,543 72,410,899,157,214,610,812 49 256,923,577,521,058,878,088,611,477,224,235,621,321,607 506,876,294,100,502,275,687 51 12,589,255,298,531,885,026,341,962,383,987,545,444,758,743 3,548,134,058,703,515,929,815 53 616,873,509,628,062,366,290,756,156,815,389,726,793,178,407 24,836,938,410,924,611,508,707 55 30,226,801,971,775,055,948,247,051,683,954,096,612,865,741,943 173,858,568,876,472,280,560,953 57 1,481,113,296,616,977,741,464,105,532,513,750,734,030,421,355,207 1,217,009,982,135,305,963,926,677 59 72,574,551,534,231,909,331,741,171,093,173,785,967,490,646,405,143 8,519,069,874,947,141,747,486,745 61 3,556,153,025,177,363,557,255,317,383,565,515,512,407,041,673,852,007 59,633,489,124,629,992,232,407,216 63 174,251,498,233,690,814,305,510,551,794,710,260,107,945,042,018,748,343 417,434,423,872,409,945,626,850,517 65 8,538,323,413,450,849,900,970,017,037,940,802,745,289,307,058,918,668,807 2,922,040,967,106,869,619,387,953,625 67 418,377,847,259,091,645,147,530,834,859,099,334,519,176,045,887,014,771,543 20,454,286,769,748,087,335,715,675,381 69 20,500,514,515,695,490,612,229,010,908,095,867,391,439,626,248,463,723,805,607 143,180,007,388,236,611,350,009,727,669 71 1,004,525,211,269,079,039,999,221,534,496,697,502,180,541,686,174,722,466,474,743 1,002,260,051,717,656,279,450,068,093,686 73 49,221,735,352,184,872,959,961,855,190,338,177,606,846,542,622,561,400,857,262,407 7,015,820,362,023,593,956,150,476,655,802
Phix
See also Integer_roots#Phix for a simpler and shorter example using the mpz_root() routine, or better yet just use mpz_root() directly (that is, rather than the isqrt() below). <lang Phix>include mpfr.e
function isqrt(mpz x)
if mpz_cmp_si(x,0)<0 then
crash("Argument cannot be negative.")
end if
mpz q = mpz_init(1),
r = mpz_init(0),
t = mpz_init(),
z = mpz_init_set(x)
while mpz_cmp(q,x)<= 0 do
mpz_mul_si(q,q,4)
end while
while mpz_cmp_si(q,1)>0 do
assert(mpz_fdiv_q_ui(q, q, 4)=0)
mpz_sub(t,z,r)
mpz_sub(t,t,q)
assert(mpz_fdiv_q_ui(r, r, 2)=0)
if mpz_cmp_si(t,0) >= 0 then
mpz_set(z,t)
mpz_add(r,r,q)
end if
end while
string star = iff(mpz_cmp_si(z,0)=0?"*":" ")
return shorten(mpz_get_str(r,10,true))&star
end function
printf(1,"The integer square roots of integers from 0 to 65 are:\n") for i=0 to 65 do
printf(1,"%s ", {trim(isqrt(mpz_init(i)))})
end for printf(1,"\n\npower 7 ^ power integer square root\n") printf(1,"----- --------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------\n") mpz pow7 = mpz_init(7) for i=1 to 9000 do
if (i<=73 and remainder(i,2)=1)
or (i<100 and remainder(i,10)=5)
or (i<1000 and remainder(i,100)=0)
or remainder(i,1000)=0 then
printf(1,"%4d %58s %61s\n", {i, shorten(mpz_get_str(pow7,10,true)),isqrt(pow7)})
end if
mpz_mul_si(pow7,pow7,7)
end for</lang>
- Output:
Perfect squares are denoted with an asterisk.
The integer square roots of integers from 0 to 65 are: 0* 1* 1 1 2* 2 2 2 2 3* 3 3 3 3 3 3 4* 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5* 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6* 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7* 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8* 8 power 7 ^ power integer square root ----- --------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------- 1 7 2 3 343 18 5 16,807 129 7 823,543 907 9 40,353,607 6,352 11 1,977,326,743 44,467 13 96,889,010,407 311,269 15 4,747,561,509,943 2,178,889 17 232,630,513,987,207 15,252,229 19 11,398,895,185,373,143 106,765,608 21 558,545,864,083,284,007 747,359,260 23 27,368,747,340,080,916,343 5,231,514,822 25 1,341,068,619,663,964,900,807 36,620,603,758 27 65,712,362,363,534,280,139,543 256,344,226,312 29 3,219,905,755,813,179,726,837,607 1,794,409,584,184 31 157,775,382,034,845,806,615,042,743 12,560,867,089,291 33 7,730,993,719,707,444,524,137,094,407 87,926,069,625,040 35 378,818,692,265,664,781,682,717,625,943 615,482,487,375,282 37 18,562,115,921,017,574,302,453,163,671,207 4,308,377,411,626,977 39 909,543,680,129,861,140,820,205,019,889,143 30,158,641,881,388,842 41 44,567,640,326,363,195,900,190,045,974,568,007 211,110,493,169,721,897 43 2,183,814,375,991,796,599,109,312,252,753,832,343 1,477,773,452,188,053,281 45 107,006,904,423,598,033,356,356,300,384,937,784,807 10,344,414,165,316,372,973 47 5,243,338,316,756,303,634,461,458,718,861,951,455,543 72,410,899,157,214,610,812 49 256,923,577,521,058,878,088,611,477,224,235,621,321,607 506,876,294,100,502,275,687 51 12,589,255,298,531,8...,987,545,444,758,743 (44 digits) 3,548,134,058,703,515,929,815 53 616,873,509,628,062,...,389,726,793,178,407 (45 digits) 24,836,938,410,924,611,508,707 55 30,226,801,971,775,0...,096,612,865,741,943 (47 digits) 173,858,568,876,472,280,560,953 57 1,481,113,296,616,97...,734,030,421,355,207 (49 digits) 1,217,009,982,135,305,963,926,677 59 72,574,551,534,231,9...,967,490,646,405,143 (50 digits) 8,519,069,874,947,141,747,486,745 61 3,556,153,025,177,36...,407,041,673,852,007 (52 digits) 59,633,489,124,629,992,232,407,216 63 174,251,498,233,690,...,945,042,018,748,343 (54 digits) 417,434,423,872,409,945,626,850,517 65 8,538,323,413,450,84...,307,058,918,668,807 (55 digits) 2,922,040,967,106,869,619,387,953,625 67 418,377,847,259,091,...,045,887,014,771,543 (57 digits) 20,454,286,769,748,087,335,715,675,381 69 20,500,514,515,695,4...,248,463,723,805,607 (59 digits) 143,180,007,388,236,611,350,009,727,669 71 1,004,525,211,269,07...,174,722,466,474,743 (61 digits) 1,002,260,051,717,656,279,450,068,093,686 73 49,221,735,352,184,8...,561,400,857,262,407 (62 digits) 7,015,820,362,023,593,956,150,476,655,802 75 2,411,865,032,257,05...,508,642,005,857,943 (64 digits) 49,110,742,534,165,157,693,053,336,590,618 85 681,292,175,541,205,...,256,581,907,552,807 (72 digits) 825,404,249,771,713,805,347,147,428,078,522,216 95 192,448,176,927,753,...,224,874,137,973,943 (81 digits) 13,872,569,225,913,193,926,469,506,823,715,722,892,042 100 3,234,476,509,624,75...,459,636,928,060,001 (85 digits) 1,798,465,042,647,41...,569,649,349,251,249 (43 digits)* 200 10,461,838,291,314,3...,534,637,456,120,001 (170 digits) 3,234,476,509,624,75...,459,636,928,060,001 (85 digits)* 300 33,838,570,200,749,1...,841,001,584,180,001 (254 digits) 5,817,092,933,824,34...,721,127,496,191,249 (127 digits)* 400 109,450,060,433,611,...,994,729,312,240,001 (339 digits) 10,461,838,291,314,3...,534,637,456,120,001 (170 digits)* 500 354,013,649,449,525,...,611,820,640,300,001 (423 digits) 18,815,250,448,759,0...,761,742,043,131,249 (212 digits)* 600 1,145,048,833,231,02...,308,275,568,360,001 (508 digits) 33,838,570,200,749,1...,841,001,584,180,001 (254 digits)* 700 3,703,633,553,458,98...,700,094,096,420,001 (592 digits) 60,857,485,599,217,6...,075,492,990,071,249 (296 digits)* 800 11,979,315,728,921,1...,403,276,224,480,001 (677 digits) 109,450,060,433,611,...,994,729,312,240,001 (339 digits)* 900 38,746,815,326,573,9...,033,821,952,540,001 (761 digits) 196,842,107,605,496,...,046,380,337,011,249 (381 digits)* 1000 125,325,663,996,571,...,207,731,280,600,001 (846 digits) 354,013,649,449,525,...,611,820,640,300,001 (423 digits)* 2000 15,706,522,056,181,6...,351,822,561,200,001 (1,691 digits) 125,325,663,996,571,...,207,731,280,600,001 (846 digits)* 3000 1,968,430,305,767,76...,432,273,841,800,001 (2,536 digits) 44,366,995,681,111,4...,787,731,920,900,001 (1,268 digits)* 4000 246,694,835,101,319,...,449,085,122,400,001 (3,381 digits) 15,706,522,056,181,6...,351,822,561,200,001 (1,691 digits)* 5000 30,917,194,013,597,6...,402,256,403,000,001 (4,226 digits) 5,560,323,193,268,32...,900,003,201,500,001 (2,113 digits)* 6000 3,874,717,868,664,96...,291,787,683,600,001 (5,071 digits) 1,968,430,305,767,76...,432,273,841,800,001 (2,536 digits)* 7000 485,601,589,689,818,...,117,678,964,200,001 (5,916 digits) 696,851,196,231,891,...,948,634,482,100,001 (2,958 digits)* 8000 60,858,341,665,667,3...,879,930,244,800,001 (6,761 digits) 246,694,835,101,319,...,449,085,122,400,001 (3,381 digits)* 9000 7,627,112,078,979,99...,578,541,525,400,001 (7,606 digits) 87,333,338,874,567,2...,933,625,762,700,001 (3,803 digits)*
(Note that pre-0.8.2 the "(NNN digits)" count includes commas)
Python
<lang python>def isqrt ( x ):
q = 1
while q <= x :
q *= 4
z,r = x,0
while q > 1 :
q /= 4
t,r = z-r-q,r/2
if t >= 0 :
z,r = t,r+q
return r
print ' '.join( '%d'%isqrt( n ) for n in xrange( 66 )) print '\n'.join( '{0:114,} = isqrt( 7^{1:3} )'.format( isqrt( 7**n ),n ) for n in range( 1,204,2 ))</lang>
- Output:
0 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8
2 = isqrt( 7^ 1 )
18 = isqrt( 7^ 3 )
129 = isqrt( 7^ 5 )
907 = isqrt( 7^ 7 )
6,352 = isqrt( 7^ 9 )
44,467 = isqrt( 7^ 11 )
311,269 = isqrt( 7^ 13 )
2,178,889 = isqrt( 7^ 15 )
15,252,229 = isqrt( 7^ 17 )
106,765,608 = isqrt( 7^ 19 )
747,359,260 = isqrt( 7^ 21 )
5,231,514,822 = isqrt( 7^ 23 )
36,620,603,758 = isqrt( 7^ 25 )
256,344,226,312 = isqrt( 7^ 27 )
1,794,409,584,184 = isqrt( 7^ 29 )
12,560,867,089,291 = isqrt( 7^ 31 )
87,926,069,625,040 = isqrt( 7^ 33 )
615,482,487,375,282 = isqrt( 7^ 35 )
4,308,377,411,626,977 = isqrt( 7^ 37 )
30,158,641,881,388,842 = isqrt( 7^ 39 )
211,110,493,169,721,897 = isqrt( 7^ 41 )
1,477,773,452,188,053,281 = isqrt( 7^ 43 )
10,344,414,165,316,372,973 = isqrt( 7^ 45 )
72,410,899,157,214,610,812 = isqrt( 7^ 47 )
506,876,294,100,502,275,687 = isqrt( 7^ 49 )
3,548,134,058,703,515,929,815 = isqrt( 7^ 51 )
24,836,938,410,924,611,508,707 = isqrt( 7^ 53 )
173,858,568,876,472,280,560,953 = isqrt( 7^ 55 )
1,217,009,982,135,305,963,926,677 = isqrt( 7^ 57 )
8,519,069,874,947,141,747,486,745 = isqrt( 7^ 59 )
59,633,489,124,629,992,232,407,216 = isqrt( 7^ 61 )
417,434,423,872,409,945,626,850,517 = isqrt( 7^ 63 )
2,922,040,967,106,869,619,387,953,625 = isqrt( 7^ 65 )
20,454,286,769,748,087,335,715,675,381 = isqrt( 7^ 67 )
143,180,007,388,236,611,350,009,727,669 = isqrt( 7^ 69 )
1,002,260,051,717,656,279,450,068,093,686 = isqrt( 7^ 71 )
7,015,820,362,023,593,956,150,476,655,802 = isqrt( 7^ 73 )
49,110,742,534,165,157,693,053,336,590,618 = isqrt( 7^ 75 )
343,775,197,739,156,103,851,373,356,134,328 = isqrt( 7^ 77 )
2,406,426,384,174,092,726,959,613,492,940,298 = isqrt( 7^ 79 )
16,844,984,689,218,649,088,717,294,450,582,086 = isqrt( 7^ 81 )
117,914,892,824,530,543,621,021,061,154,074,602 = isqrt( 7^ 83 )
825,404,249,771,713,805,347,147,428,078,522,216 = isqrt( 7^ 85 )
5,777,829,748,401,996,637,430,031,996,549,655,515 = isqrt( 7^ 87 )
40,444,808,238,813,976,462,010,223,975,847,588,606 = isqrt( 7^ 89 )
283,113,657,671,697,835,234,071,567,830,933,120,245 = isqrt( 7^ 91 )
1,981,795,603,701,884,846,638,500,974,816,531,841,720 = isqrt( 7^ 93 )
13,872,569,225,913,193,926,469,506,823,715,722,892,042 = isqrt( 7^ 95 )
97,107,984,581,392,357,485,286,547,766,010,060,244,299 = isqrt( 7^ 97 )
679,755,892,069,746,502,397,005,834,362,070,421,710,095 = isqrt( 7^ 99 )
4,758,291,244,488,225,516,779,040,840,534,492,951,970,665 = isqrt( 7^101 )
33,308,038,711,417,578,617,453,285,883,741,450,663,794,661 = isqrt( 7^103 )
233,156,270,979,923,050,322,173,001,186,190,154,646,562,631 = isqrt( 7^105 )
1,632,093,896,859,461,352,255,211,008,303,331,082,525,938,421 = isqrt( 7^107 )
11,424,657,278,016,229,465,786,477,058,123,317,577,681,568,950 = isqrt( 7^109 )
79,972,600,946,113,606,260,505,339,406,863,223,043,770,982,651 = isqrt( 7^111 )
559,808,206,622,795,243,823,537,375,848,042,561,306,396,878,562 = isqrt( 7^113 )
3,918,657,446,359,566,706,764,761,630,936,297,929,144,778,149,940 = isqrt( 7^115 )
27,430,602,124,516,966,947,353,331,416,554,085,504,013,447,049,581 = isqrt( 7^117 )
192,014,214,871,618,768,631,473,319,915,878,598,528,094,129,347,071 = isqrt( 7^119 )
1,344,099,504,101,331,380,420,313,239,411,150,189,696,658,905,429,502 = isqrt( 7^121 )
9,408,696,528,709,319,662,942,192,675,878,051,327,876,612,338,006,515 = isqrt( 7^123 )
65,860,875,700,965,237,640,595,348,731,146,359,295,136,286,366,045,605 = isqrt( 7^125 )
461,026,129,906,756,663,484,167,441,118,024,515,065,954,004,562,319,241 = isqrt( 7^127 )
3,227,182,909,347,296,644,389,172,087,826,171,605,461,678,031,936,234,687 = isqrt( 7^129 )
22,590,280,365,431,076,510,724,204,614,783,201,238,231,746,223,553,642,811 = isqrt( 7^131 )
158,131,962,558,017,535,575,069,432,303,482,408,667,622,223,564,875,499,679 = isqrt( 7^133 )
1,106,923,737,906,122,749,025,486,026,124,376,860,673,355,564,954,128,497,756 = isqrt( 7^135 )
7,748,466,165,342,859,243,178,402,182,870,638,024,713,488,954,678,899,484,295 = isqrt( 7^137 )
54,239,263,157,400,014,702,248,815,280,094,466,172,994,422,682,752,296,390,067 = isqrt( 7^139 )
379,674,842,101,800,102,915,741,706,960,661,263,210,960,958,779,266,074,730,470 = isqrt( 7^141 )
2,657,723,894,712,600,720,410,191,948,724,628,842,476,726,711,454,862,523,113,293 = isqrt( 7^143 )
18,604,067,262,988,205,042,871,343,641,072,401,897,337,086,980,184,037,661,793,056 = isqrt( 7^145 )
130,228,470,840,917,435,300,099,405,487,506,813,281,359,608,861,288,263,632,551,397 = isqrt( 7^147 )
911,599,295,886,422,047,100,695,838,412,547,692,969,517,262,029,017,845,427,859,782 = isqrt( 7^149 )
6,381,195,071,204,954,329,704,870,868,887,833,850,786,620,834,203,124,917,995,018,479 = isqrt( 7^151 )
44,668,365,498,434,680,307,934,096,082,214,836,955,506,345,839,421,874,425,965,129,358 = isqrt( 7^153 )
312,678,558,489,042,762,155,538,672,575,503,858,688,544,420,875,953,120,981,755,905,510 = isqrt( 7^155 )
2,188,749,909,423,299,335,088,770,708,028,527,010,819,810,946,131,671,846,872,291,338,571 = isqrt( 7^157 )
15,321,249,365,963,095,345,621,394,956,199,689,075,738,676,622,921,702,928,106,039,370,003 = isqrt( 7^159 )
107,248,745,561,741,667,419,349,764,693,397,823,530,170,736,360,451,920,496,742,275,590,023 = isqrt( 7^161 )
750,741,218,932,191,671,935,448,352,853,784,764,711,195,154,523,163,443,477,195,929,130,162 = isqrt( 7^163 )
5,255,188,532,525,341,703,548,138,469,976,493,352,978,366,081,662,144,104,340,371,503,911,136 = isqrt( 7^165 )
36,786,319,727,677,391,924,836,969,289,835,453,470,848,562,571,635,008,730,382,600,527,377,954 = isqrt( 7^167 )
257,504,238,093,741,743,473,858,785,028,848,174,295,939,938,001,445,061,112,678,203,691,645,679 = isqrt( 7^169 )
1,802,529,666,656,192,204,317,011,495,201,937,220,071,579,566,010,115,427,788,747,425,841,519,758 = isqrt( 7^171 )
12,617,707,666,593,345,430,219,080,466,413,560,540,501,056,962,070,807,994,521,231,980,890,638,309 = isqrt( 7^173 )
88,323,953,666,153,418,011,533,563,264,894,923,783,507,398,734,495,655,961,648,623,866,234,468,168 = isqrt( 7^175 )
618,267,675,663,073,926,080,734,942,854,264,466,484,551,791,141,469,591,731,540,367,063,641,277,182 = isqrt( 7^177 )
4,327,873,729,641,517,482,565,144,599,979,851,265,391,862,537,990,287,142,120,782,569,445,488,940,274 = isqrt( 7^179 )
30,295,116,107,490,622,377,956,012,199,858,958,857,743,037,765,932,009,994,845,477,986,118,422,581,921 = isqrt( 7^181 )
212,065,812,752,434,356,645,692,085,399,012,712,004,201,264,361,524,069,963,918,345,902,828,958,073,452 = isqrt( 7^183 )
1,484,460,689,267,040,496,519,844,597,793,088,984,029,408,850,530,668,489,747,428,421,319,802,706,514,166 = isqrt( 7^185 )
10,391,224,824,869,283,475,638,912,184,551,622,888,205,861,953,714,679,428,231,998,949,238,618,945,599,162 = isqrt( 7^187 )
72,738,573,774,084,984,329,472,385,291,861,360,217,441,033,676,002,755,997,623,992,644,670,332,619,194,135 = isqrt( 7^189 )
509,170,016,418,594,890,306,306,697,043,029,521,522,087,235,732,019,291,983,367,948,512,692,328,334,358,945 = isqrt( 7^191 )
3,564,190,114,930,164,232,144,146,879,301,206,650,654,610,650,124,135,043,883,575,639,588,846,298,340,512,620 = isqrt( 7^193 )
24,949,330,804,511,149,625,009,028,155,108,446,554,582,274,550,868,945,307,185,029,477,121,924,088,383,588,341 = isqrt( 7^195 )
174,645,315,631,578,047,375,063,197,085,759,125,882,075,921,856,082,617,150,295,206,339,853,468,618,685,118,393 = isqrt( 7^197 )
1,222,517,209,421,046,331,625,442,379,600,313,881,174,531,452,992,578,320,052,066,444,378,974,280,330,795,828,756 = isqrt( 7^199 )
8,557,620,465,947,324,321,378,096,657,202,197,168,221,720,170,948,048,240,364,465,110,652,819,962,315,570,801,294 = isqrt( 7^201 )
59,903,343,261,631,270,249,646,676,600,415,380,177,552,041,196,636,337,682,551,255,774,569,739,736,208,995,609,059 = isqrt( 7^203 )
Quackery
<lang Quackery> [ dup size 3 / times
[ char , swap
i 1+ -3 * stuff ]
dup 0 peek char , =
if [ behead drop ] ] is +commas ( $ --> $ )
[ over size - space swap of swap join ] is justify ( $ n --> $ )
[ 1
[ 2dup < not while
2 << again ]
0
[ over 1 > while
dip
[ 2 >>
2dup - ]
dup 1 >>
unrot -
dup 0 < iff drop
else
[ 2swap nip
rot over + ]
again ]
nip swap ] is sqrt ( n --> n n )
( sqrt returns the integer square root and remainder ) ( i.e. isqrt of 28 is 5 remainder 3 as (5^2)+3 = 28 ) ( To make it task compliant change the last line to ) ( "nip nip ] is sqrt ( n --> n )" )
66 times [ i^ sqrt drop echo sp ] cr cr
73 times
[ 7 i^ 1+ ** sqrt drop
number$ +commas 41 justify
echo$ cr
2 step ]</lang>
Output:
0 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8
2
18
129
907
6,352
44,467
311,269
2,178,889
15,252,229
106,765,608
747,359,260
5,231,514,822
36,620,603,758
256,344,226,312
1,794,409,584,184
12,560,867,089,291
87,926,069,625,040
615,482,487,375,282
4,308,377,411,626,977
30,158,641,881,388,842
211,110,493,169,721,897
1,477,773,452,188,053,281
10,344,414,165,316,372,973
72,410,899,157,214,610,812
506,876,294,100,502,275,687
3,548,134,058,703,515,929,815
24,836,938,410,924,611,508,707
173,858,568,876,472,280,560,953
1,217,009,982,135,305,963,926,677
8,519,069,874,947,141,747,486,745
59,633,489,124,629,992,232,407,216
417,434,423,872,409,945,626,850,517
2,922,040,967,106,869,619,387,953,625
20,454,286,769,748,087,335,715,675,381
143,180,007,388,236,611,350,009,727,669
1,002,260,051,717,656,279,450,068,093,686
7,015,820,362,023,593,956,150,476,655,802
Raku
There is a task Integer roots that covers a similar operation, with the caveat that it will calculate any nth root (including 2) not just square roots.
See the Integer roots Raku entry.
Quadratic residue algorithm follows: <lang perl6>sub isqrt ( \x ) { my ( $X, $q, $r, $t ) = x, 1, 0 ;
$q +<= 2 while $q ≤ $X ;
while $q > 1 {
$q +>= 2; $t = $X - $r - $q; $r +>= 1;
if $t ≥ 0 { $X = $t; $r += $q }
}
$r
}
say (^66)».&{ isqrt $_ }.Str ;
(1, 3…73)».&{ "7**$_: " ~ isqrt 7**$_ }».say</lang>
- Output:
0 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 7**1: 2 7**3: 18 7**5: 129 7**7: 907 7**9: 6352 7**11: 44467 7**13: 311269 7**15: 2178889 7**17: 15252229 7**19: 106765608 7**21: 747359260 7**23: 5231514822 7**25: 36620603758 7**27: 256344226312 7**29: 1794409584184 7**31: 12560867089291 7**33: 87926069625040 7**35: 615482487375282 7**37: 4308377411626977 7**39: 30158641881388842 7**41: 211110493169721897 7**43: 1477773452188053281 7**45: 10344414165316372973 7**47: 72410899157214610812 7**49: 506876294100502275687 7**51: 3548134058703515929815 7**53: 24836938410924611508707 7**55: 173858568876472280560953 7**57: 1217009982135305963926677 7**59: 8519069874947141747486745 7**61: 59633489124629992232407216 7**63: 417434423872409945626850517 7**65: 2922040967106869619387953625 7**67: 20454286769748087335715675381 7**69: 143180007388236611350009727669 7**71: 1002260051717656279450068093686 7**73: 7015820362023593956150476655802
REXX
A fair amount of code was included so that the output aligns correctly. <lang rexx>/*REXX program computes and displays the Isqrt (integer square root) of some integers.*/ numeric digits 200 /*insure 'nuff decimal digs for results*/ parse arg range power base . /*obtain optional arguments from the CL*/ if range== | range=="," then range= 0..65 /*Not specified? Then use the default.*/ if power== | power=="," then power= 1..73 /* " " " " " " */ if base == | base =="," then base = 7 /* " " " " " " */ parse var range rLO '..' rHI; if rHI== then rHI= rLO /*handle a range? */ parse var power pLO '..' pHI; if pHI== then pHI= pLO /* " " " */ $=
do j=rLO to rHI while rHI>0 /*compute Isqrt for a range of integers*/
$= $ commas( Isqrt(j) ) /*append the Isqrt to a list for output*/
end /*j*/
$= strip($) /*elide the leading blank in the list. */ say center(' Isqrt for numbers: ' rLO " ──► " rHI' ', length($), "─") say strip($) /*$ has a leading blank for 1st number*/ say z= base ** pHI /*compute max. exponentiation product.*/ Lp= max(30, length( commas( z) ) ) /*length of " " " */ Lr= max(20, length( commas( Isqrt(z) ) ) ) /* " " " " " Isqrt of above.*/ say 'index' center(base"**index", Lp) center('Isqrt', Lr) /*show a title.*/ say '─────' copies("─", Lp) copies('─', Lr) /* " " header*/
do j=pLO to pHI by 2 while pHI>0; x= base ** j
say center(j, 5) right( commas(x), Lp) right( commas( Isqrt(x) ), Lr)
end /*j*/ /* [↑] show a bunch of powers & Isqrt.*/
exit 0 /*stick a fork in it, we're all done. */ /*──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/ commas: parse arg _; do jc=length(_)-3 to 1 by -3; _=insert(',', _, jc); end; return _ /*──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/ Isqrt: procedure; parse arg x /*obtain the only passed argument X. */
x= x % 1 /*convert possible real X to an integer*/ /* ◄■■■■■■■ optional. */
q= 1 /*initialize the Q variable to unity.*/
do until q>x /*find a Q that is greater than X. */
q= q * 4 /*multiply Q by four. */
end /*until*/
r= 0 /*R: will be the integer sqrt of X. */
do while q>1 /*keep processing while Q is > than 1*/
q= q % 4 /*divide Q by four (no remainder). */
t= x - r - q /*compute a temporary variable. */
r= r % 2 /*divide R by two (no remainder). */
if t >= 0 then do /*if T is non─negative ... */
x= t /*recompute the value of X */
r= r + q /* " " " " R */
end
end /*while*/
return r /*return the integer square root of X. */</lang>
- output when using the default inputs:
───────────────────────────────────────────────── Isqrt for numbers: 0 ──► 65 ────────────────────────────────────────────────── 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 index 7**index Isqrt ───── ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ───────────────────────────────────────── 1 7 2 3 343 18 5 16,807 129 7 823,543 907 9 40,353,607 6,352 11 1,977,326,743 44,467 13 96,889,010,407 311,269 15 4,747,561,509,943 2,178,889 17 232,630,513,987,207 15,252,229 19 11,398,895,185,373,143 106,765,608 21 558,545,864,083,284,007 747,359,260 23 27,368,747,340,080,916,343 5,231,514,822 25 1,341,068,619,663,964,900,807 36,620,603,758 27 65,712,362,363,534,280,139,543 256,344,226,312 29 3,219,905,755,813,179,726,837,607 1,794,409,584,184 31 157,775,382,034,845,806,615,042,743 12,560,867,089,291 33 7,730,993,719,707,444,524,137,094,407 87,926,069,625,040 35 378,818,692,265,664,781,682,717,625,943 615,482,487,375,282 37 18,562,115,921,017,574,302,453,163,671,207 4,308,377,411,626,977 39 909,543,680,129,861,140,820,205,019,889,143 30,158,641,881,388,842 41 44,567,640,326,363,195,900,190,045,974,568,007 211,110,493,169,721,897 43 2,183,814,375,991,796,599,109,312,252,753,832,343 1,477,773,452,188,053,281 45 107,006,904,423,598,033,356,356,300,384,937,784,807 10,344,414,165,316,372,973 47 5,243,338,316,756,303,634,461,458,718,861,951,455,543 72,410,899,157,214,610,812 49 256,923,577,521,058,878,088,611,477,224,235,621,321,607 506,876,294,100,502,275,687 51 12,589,255,298,531,885,026,341,962,383,987,545,444,758,743 3,548,134,058,703,515,929,815 53 616,873,509,628,062,366,290,756,156,815,389,726,793,178,407 24,836,938,410,924,611,508,707 55 30,226,801,971,775,055,948,247,051,683,954,096,612,865,741,943 173,858,568,876,472,280,560,953 57 1,481,113,296,616,977,741,464,105,532,513,750,734,030,421,355,207 1,217,009,982,135,305,963,926,677 59 72,574,551,534,231,909,331,741,171,093,173,785,967,490,646,405,143 8,519,069,874,947,141,747,486,745 61 3,556,153,025,177,363,557,255,317,383,565,515,512,407,041,673,852,007 59,633,489,124,629,992,232,407,216 63 174,251,498,233,690,814,305,510,551,794,710,260,107,945,042,018,748,343 417,434,423,872,409,945,626,850,517 65 8,538,323,413,450,849,900,970,017,037,940,802,745,289,307,058,918,668,807 2,922,040,967,106,869,619,387,953,625 67 418,377,847,259,091,645,147,530,834,859,099,334,519,176,045,887,014,771,543 20,454,286,769,748,087,335,715,675,381 69 20,500,514,515,695,490,612,229,010,908,095,867,391,439,626,248,463,723,805,607 143,180,007,388,236,611,350,009,727,669 71 1,004,525,211,269,079,039,999,221,534,496,697,502,180,541,686,174,722,466,474,743 1,002,260,051,717,656,279,450,068,093,686 73 49,221,735,352,184,872,959,961,855,190,338,177,606,846,542,622,561,400,857,262,407 7,015,820,362,023,593,956,150,476,655,802
Ruby
Ruby already has Integer.sqrt, which results in the integer square root of a positive integer. It can be re-implemented as follows: <lang ruby>class Integer
def commatize
self.to_s.gsub( /(\d)(?=\d{3}+(?:\.|$))(\d{3}\..*)?/, "\\1,\\2")
end
end
def isqrt(x)
q, r = 1, 0
while (q <= x) do q <<= 2 end
while (q > 1) do
q >>= 2; t = x-r-q; r >>= 1
if (t >= 0) then x, r = t, r+q end
end
r
end
puts (0..65).map{|n| isqrt(n) }.join(" ")
1.step(73, 2) do |n|
print "#{n}:\t"
puts isqrt(7**n).commatize
end </lang>
- Output:
0 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 1: 2 3: 18 5: 129 7: 907 9: 6,352 11: 44,467 13: 311,269 15: 2,178,889 17: 15,252,229 19: 106,765,608 21: 747,359,260 23: 5,231,514,822 25: 36,620,603,758 27: 256,344,226,312 29: 1,794,409,584,184 31: 12,560,867,089,291 33: 87,926,069,625,040 35: 615,482,487,375,282 37: 4,308,377,411,626,977 39: 30,158,641,881,388,842 41: 211,110,493,169,721,897 43: 1,477,773,452,188,053,281 45: 10,344,414,165,316,372,973 47: 72,410,899,157,214,610,812 49: 506,876,294,100,502,275,687 51: 3,548,134,058,703,515,929,815 53: 24,836,938,410,924,611,508,707 55: 173,858,568,876,472,280,560,953 57: 1,217,009,982,135,305,963,926,677 59: 8,519,069,874,947,141,747,486,745 61: 59,633,489,124,629,992,232,407,216 63: 417,434,423,872,409,945,626,850,517 65: 2,922,040,967,106,869,619,387,953,625 67: 20,454,286,769,748,087,335,715,675,381 69: 143,180,007,388,236,611,350,009,727,669 71: 1,002,260,051,717,656,279,450,068,093,686 73: 7,015,820,362,023,593,956,150,476,655,802
Seed7
<lang seed7>$ include "seed7_05.s7i";
include "bigint.s7i";
const func string: commatize (in bigInteger: bigNum) is func
result
var string: stri is "";
local
var integer: index is 0;
begin
stri := str(bigNum);
for index range length(stri) - 3 downto 1 step 3 do
stri := stri[.. index] & "," & stri[succ(index) ..];
end for;
end func;
const proc: main is func
local
var integer: number is 0;
var bigInteger: pow7 is 7_;
begin
writeln("The integer square roots of integers from 0 to 65 are:");
for number range 0 to 65 do
write(sqrt(number) <& " ");
end for;
writeln("\n\nThe integer square roots of powers of 7 from 7**1 up to 7**73 are:");
writeln("power 7 ** power integer square root");
writeln("----- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------");
for number range 1 to 73 step 2 do
writeln(number lpad 2 <& commatize(pow7) lpad 85 <& commatize(sqrt(pow7)) lpad 42);
pow7 := pow7 * 49_;
end for;
end func;</lang>
- Output:
The integer square roots of integers from 0 to 65 are: 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 The integer square roots of powers of 7 from 7**1 up to 7**73 are: power 7 ** power integer square root ----- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------- 1 7 2 3 343 18 5 16,807 129 7 823,543 907 9 40,353,607 6,352 11 1,977,326,743 44,467 13 96,889,010,407 311,269 15 4,747,561,509,943 2,178,889 17 232,630,513,987,207 15,252,229 19 11,398,895,185,373,143 106,765,608 21 558,545,864,083,284,007 747,359,260 23 27,368,747,340,080,916,343 5,231,514,822 25 1,341,068,619,663,964,900,807 36,620,603,758 27 65,712,362,363,534,280,139,543 256,344,226,312 29 3,219,905,755,813,179,726,837,607 1,794,409,584,184 31 157,775,382,034,845,806,615,042,743 12,560,867,089,291 33 7,730,993,719,707,444,524,137,094,407 87,926,069,625,040 35 378,818,692,265,664,781,682,717,625,943 615,482,487,375,282 37 18,562,115,921,017,574,302,453,163,671,207 4,308,377,411,626,977 39 909,543,680,129,861,140,820,205,019,889,143 30,158,641,881,388,842 41 44,567,640,326,363,195,900,190,045,974,568,007 211,110,493,169,721,897 43 2,183,814,375,991,796,599,109,312,252,753,832,343 1,477,773,452,188,053,281 45 107,006,904,423,598,033,356,356,300,384,937,784,807 10,344,414,165,316,372,973 47 5,243,338,316,756,303,634,461,458,718,861,951,455,543 72,410,899,157,214,610,812 49 256,923,577,521,058,878,088,611,477,224,235,621,321,607 506,876,294,100,502,275,687 51 12,589,255,298,531,885,026,341,962,383,987,545,444,758,743 3,548,134,058,703,515,929,815 53 616,873,509,628,062,366,290,756,156,815,389,726,793,178,407 24,836,938,410,924,611,508,707 55 30,226,801,971,775,055,948,247,051,683,954,096,612,865,741,943 173,858,568,876,472,280,560,953 57 1,481,113,296,616,977,741,464,105,532,513,750,734,030,421,355,207 1,217,009,982,135,305,963,926,677 59 72,574,551,534,231,909,331,741,171,093,173,785,967,490,646,405,143 8,519,069,874,947,141,747,486,745 61 3,556,153,025,177,363,557,255,317,383,565,515,512,407,041,673,852,007 59,633,489,124,629,992,232,407,216 63 174,251,498,233,690,814,305,510,551,794,710,260,107,945,042,018,748,343 417,434,423,872,409,945,626,850,517 65 8,538,323,413,450,849,900,970,017,037,940,802,745,289,307,058,918,668,807 2,922,040,967,106,869,619,387,953,625 67 418,377,847,259,091,645,147,530,834,859,099,334,519,176,045,887,014,771,543 20,454,286,769,748,087,335,715,675,381 69 20,500,514,515,695,490,612,229,010,908,095,867,391,439,626,248,463,723,805,607 143,180,007,388,236,611,350,009,727,669 71 1,004,525,211,269,079,039,999,221,534,496,697,502,180,541,686,174,722,466,474,743 1,002,260,051,717,656,279,450,068,093,686 73 49,221,735,352,184,872,959,961,855,190,338,177,606,846,542,622,561,400,857,262,407 7,015,820,362,023,593,956,150,476,655,802
Sidef
Built-in: <lang ruby>var n = 1234 say n.isqrt say n.iroot(2)</lang>
Explicit implementation for the integer k-th root of n:
<lang ruby>func rootint(n, k=2) {
return 0 if (n == 0)
var (s, v) = (n, k - 1)
loop {
var u = ((v*s + (n // s**v)) // k)
break if (u >= s)
s = u
}
s
}</lang>
Implementation of integer square root of n (using the quadratic residue algorithm): <lang ruby>func isqrt(x) { var (q, r) = (1, 0); while (q <= x) { q <<= 2 }
while (q > 1) { q >>= 2; var t = x-r+q; r >>= 1
if (t >= 0) { (x, r) = (t, r+q) } } r }
say isqrt.map(0..65).join(' '); printf("\n")
for n in (1..73 `by` 2) {
printf("isqrt(7^%-2d): %42s\n", n, isqrt(7**n).commify) }</lang>
- Output:
0 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 isqrt(7^1 ): 2 isqrt(7^3 ): 18 isqrt(7^5 ): 129 isqrt(7^7 ): 907 isqrt(7^9 ): 6,352 isqrt(7^11): 44,467 isqrt(7^13): 311,269 isqrt(7^15): 2,178,889 isqrt(7^17): 15,252,229 isqrt(7^19): 106,765,608 isqrt(7^21): 747,359,260 isqrt(7^23): 5,231,514,822 isqrt(7^25): 36,620,603,758 isqrt(7^27): 256,344,226,312 isqrt(7^29): 1,794,409,584,184 isqrt(7^31): 12,560,867,089,291 isqrt(7^33): 87,926,069,625,040 isqrt(7^35): 615,482,487,375,282 isqrt(7^37): 4,308,377,411,626,977 isqrt(7^39): 30,158,641,881,388,842 isqrt(7^41): 211,110,493,169,721,897 isqrt(7^43): 1,477,773,452,188,053,281 isqrt(7^45): 10,344,414,165,316,372,973 isqrt(7^47): 72,410,899,157,214,610,812 isqrt(7^49): 506,876,294,100,502,275,687 isqrt(7^51): 3,548,134,058,703,515,929,815 isqrt(7^53): 24,836,938,410,924,611,508,707 isqrt(7^55): 173,858,568,876,472,280,560,953 isqrt(7^57): 1,217,009,982,135,305,963,926,677 isqrt(7^59): 8,519,069,874,947,141,747,486,745 isqrt(7^61): 59,633,489,124,629,992,232,407,216 isqrt(7^63): 417,434,423,872,409,945,626,850,517 isqrt(7^65): 2,922,040,967,106,869,619,387,953,625 isqrt(7^67): 20,454,286,769,748,087,335,715,675,381 isqrt(7^69): 143,180,007,388,236,611,350,009,727,669 isqrt(7^71): 1,002,260,051,717,656,279,450,068,093,686 isqrt(7^73): 7,015,820,362,023,593,956,150,476,655,802
Swift
Requires the attaswift BigInt package. <lang swift>import BigInt
func integerSquareRoot<T: BinaryInteger>(_ num: T) -> T {
var x: T = num
var q: T = 1
while q <= x {
q <<= 2
}
var r: T = 0
while q > 1 {
q >>= 2
let t: T = x - r - q
r >>= 1
if t >= 0 {
x = t
r += q
}
}
return r
}
func pad(string: String, width: Int) -> String {
if string.count >= width {
return string
}
return String(repeating: " ", count: width - string.count) + string
}
func commatize<T: BinaryInteger>(_ num: T) -> String {
let string = String(num)
var result = String()
result.reserveCapacity(4 * string.count / 3)
var i = 0
for ch in string {
if i > 0 && i % 3 == string.count % 3 {
result += ","
}
result.append(ch)
i += 1
}
return result
}
print("Integer square root for numbers 0 to 65:") for n in 0...65 {
print(integerSquareRoot(n), terminator: " ")
}
let powerWidth = 83 let isqrtWidth = 42 print("\n\nInteger square roots of odd powers of 7 from 1 to 73:") print(" n |\(pad(string: "7 ^ n", width: powerWidth)) |\(pad(string: "isqrt(7 ^ n)", width: isqrtWidth))") print(String(repeating: "-", count: powerWidth + isqrtWidth + 6)) var p: BigInt = 7 for n in stride(from: 1, through: 73, by: 2) {
let power = pad(string: commatize(p), width: powerWidth)
let isqrt = pad(string: commatize(integerSquareRoot(p)), width: isqrtWidth)
print("\(pad(string: String(n), width: 2)) |\(power) |\(isqrt)")
p *= 49
}</lang>
- Output:
Integer square root for numbers 0 to 65: 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 Integer square roots of odd powers of 7 from 1 to 73: n | 7 ^ n | isqrt(7 ^ n) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | 7 | 2 3 | 343 | 18 5 | 16,807 | 129 7 | 823,543 | 907 9 | 40,353,607 | 6,352 11 | 1,977,326,743 | 44,467 13 | 96,889,010,407 | 311,269 15 | 4,747,561,509,943 | 2,178,889 17 | 232,630,513,987,207 | 15,252,229 19 | 11,398,895,185,373,143 | 106,765,608 21 | 558,545,864,083,284,007 | 747,359,260 23 | 27,368,747,340,080,916,343 | 5,231,514,822 25 | 1,341,068,619,663,964,900,807 | 36,620,603,758 27 | 65,712,362,363,534,280,139,543 | 256,344,226,312 29 | 3,219,905,755,813,179,726,837,607 | 1,794,409,584,184 31 | 157,775,382,034,845,806,615,042,743 | 12,560,867,089,291 33 | 7,730,993,719,707,444,524,137,094,407 | 87,926,069,625,040 35 | 378,818,692,265,664,781,682,717,625,943 | 615,482,487,375,282 37 | 18,562,115,921,017,574,302,453,163,671,207 | 4,308,377,411,626,977 39 | 909,543,680,129,861,140,820,205,019,889,143 | 30,158,641,881,388,842 41 | 44,567,640,326,363,195,900,190,045,974,568,007 | 211,110,493,169,721,897 43 | 2,183,814,375,991,796,599,109,312,252,753,832,343 | 1,477,773,452,188,053,281 45 | 107,006,904,423,598,033,356,356,300,384,937,784,807 | 10,344,414,165,316,372,973 47 | 5,243,338,316,756,303,634,461,458,718,861,951,455,543 | 72,410,899,157,214,610,812 49 | 256,923,577,521,058,878,088,611,477,224,235,621,321,607 | 506,876,294,100,502,275,687 51 | 12,589,255,298,531,885,026,341,962,383,987,545,444,758,743 | 3,548,134,058,703,515,929,815 53 | 616,873,509,628,062,366,290,756,156,815,389,726,793,178,407 | 24,836,938,410,924,611,508,707 55 | 30,226,801,971,775,055,948,247,051,683,954,096,612,865,741,943 | 173,858,568,876,472,280,560,953 57 | 1,481,113,296,616,977,741,464,105,532,513,750,734,030,421,355,207 | 1,217,009,982,135,305,963,926,677 59 | 72,574,551,534,231,909,331,741,171,093,173,785,967,490,646,405,143 | 8,519,069,874,947,141,747,486,745 61 | 3,556,153,025,177,363,557,255,317,383,565,515,512,407,041,673,852,007 | 59,633,489,124,629,992,232,407,216 63 | 174,251,498,233,690,814,305,510,551,794,710,260,107,945,042,018,748,343 | 417,434,423,872,409,945,626,850,517 65 | 8,538,323,413,450,849,900,970,017,037,940,802,745,289,307,058,918,668,807 | 2,922,040,967,106,869,619,387,953,625 67 | 418,377,847,259,091,645,147,530,834,859,099,334,519,176,045,887,014,771,543 | 20,454,286,769,748,087,335,715,675,381 69 | 20,500,514,515,695,490,612,229,010,908,095,867,391,439,626,248,463,723,805,607 | 143,180,007,388,236,611,350,009,727,669 71 | 1,004,525,211,269,079,039,999,221,534,496,697,502,180,541,686,174,722,466,474,743 | 1,002,260,051,717,656,279,450,068,093,686 73 | 49,221,735,352,184,872,959,961,855,190,338,177,606,846,542,622,561,400,857,262,407 | 7,015,820,362,023,593,956,150,476,655,802
Tiny BASIC
Tiny BASIC does not support string formatting or concatenation, and is limited to integer arithmetic on numbers no greater than 32,767. The isqrt of 0-65 and the first two odd powers of 7 are shown in column format. The algorithm itself (the interesting part) begins on line 100. <lang Tiny BASIC>10 LET X = 0 20 GOSUB 100 30 PRINT R 40 LET X = X + 1 50 IF X < 66 THEN GOTO 20 70 PRINT "---" 71 LET X = 7 72 GOSUB 100 73 PRINT R 77 LET X = 343 78 GOSUB 100 79 PRINT R 90 END 100 REM integer square root function 110 LET Q = 1 120 IF Q > X THEN GOTO 150 130 LET Q = Q * 4 140 GOTO 120 150 LET Z = X 160 LET R = 0 170 IF Q <= 1 THEN RETURN 180 LET Q = Q / 4 190 LET T = Z - R - Q 200 LET R = R / 2 210 IF T < 0 THEN GOTO 170 220 LET Z = T 230 LET R = R + Q 240 GOTO 170</lang>
Visual Basic .NET
<lang vbnet>Imports System Imports System.Console Imports BI = System.Numerics.BigInteger
Module Module1
Function isqrt(ByVal x As BI) As BI
Dim t As BI, q As BI = 1, r As BI = 0
While q <= x : q <<= 2 : End While
While q > 1 : q >>= 2 : t = x - r - q : r >>= 1
If t >= 0 Then x = t : r += q
End While : Return r
End Function
Sub Main()
Const max As Integer = 73, smax As Integer = 65
Dim power_width As Integer = ((BI.Pow(7, max).ToString().Length \ 3) << 2) + 3,
isqrt_width As Integer = (power_width + 1) >> 1,
n as Integer
WriteLine("Integer square root for numbers 0 to {0}:", smax)
For n = 0 To smax : Write("{0} ", (n \ 10).ToString().Replace("0", " "))
Next : WriteLine()
For n = 0 To smax : Write("{0} ", n Mod 10) : Next : WriteLine()
WriteLine(New String("-"c, (smax << 1) + 1))
For n = 0 To smax : Write("{0} ", isqrt(n)) : Next
WriteLine(vbLf & vbLf & "Integer square roots of odd powers of 7 from 1 to {0}:", max)
Dim s As String = String.Format("[0,2] |[1,{0}:n0] |[2,{1}:n0]",
power_width, isqrt_width).Replace("[", "{").Replace("]", "}")
WriteLine(s, "n", "7 ^ n", "isqrt(7 ^ n)")
WriteLine(New String("-"c, power_width + isqrt_width + 6))
Dim p As BI = 7 : n = 1 : While n <= max
WriteLine(s, n, p, isqrt(p)) : n += 2 : p = p * 49
End While
End Sub
End Module</lang>
- Output:
Integer square root for numbers 0 to 65:
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8
Integer square roots of odd powers of 7 from 1 to 73:
n | 7 ^ n | isqrt(7 ^ n)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | 7 | 2
3 | 343 | 18
5 | 16,807 | 129
7 | 823,543 | 907
9 | 40,353,607 | 6,352
11 | 1,977,326,743 | 44,467
13 | 96,889,010,407 | 311,269
15 | 4,747,561,509,943 | 2,178,889
17 | 232,630,513,987,207 | 15,252,229
19 | 11,398,895,185,373,143 | 106,765,608
21 | 558,545,864,083,284,007 | 747,359,260
23 | 27,368,747,340,080,916,343 | 5,231,514,822
25 | 1,341,068,619,663,964,900,807 | 36,620,603,758
27 | 65,712,362,363,534,280,139,543 | 256,344,226,312
29 | 3,219,905,755,813,179,726,837,607 | 1,794,409,584,184
31 | 157,775,382,034,845,806,615,042,743 | 12,560,867,089,291
33 | 7,730,993,719,707,444,524,137,094,407 | 87,926,069,625,040
35 | 378,818,692,265,664,781,682,717,625,943 | 615,482,487,375,282
37 | 18,562,115,921,017,574,302,453,163,671,207 | 4,308,377,411,626,977
39 | 909,543,680,129,861,140,820,205,019,889,143 | 30,158,641,881,388,842
41 | 44,567,640,326,363,195,900,190,045,974,568,007 | 211,110,493,169,721,897
43 | 2,183,814,375,991,796,599,109,312,252,753,832,343 | 1,477,773,452,188,053,281
45 | 107,006,904,423,598,033,356,356,300,384,937,784,807 | 10,344,414,165,316,372,973
47 | 5,243,338,316,756,303,634,461,458,718,861,951,455,543 | 72,410,899,157,214,610,812
49 | 256,923,577,521,058,878,088,611,477,224,235,621,321,607 | 506,876,294,100,502,275,687
51 | 12,589,255,298,531,885,026,341,962,383,987,545,444,758,743 | 3,548,134,058,703,515,929,815
53 | 616,873,509,628,062,366,290,756,156,815,389,726,793,178,407 | 24,836,938,410,924,611,508,707
55 | 30,226,801,971,775,055,948,247,051,683,954,096,612,865,741,943 | 173,858,568,876,472,280,560,953
57 | 1,481,113,296,616,977,741,464,105,532,513,750,734,030,421,355,207 | 1,217,009,982,135,305,963,926,677
59 | 72,574,551,534,231,909,331,741,171,093,173,785,967,490,646,405,143 | 8,519,069,874,947,141,747,486,745
61 | 3,556,153,025,177,363,557,255,317,383,565,515,512,407,041,673,852,007 | 59,633,489,124,629,992,232,407,216
63 | 174,251,498,233,690,814,305,510,551,794,710,260,107,945,042,018,748,343 | 417,434,423,872,409,945,626,850,517
65 | 8,538,323,413,450,849,900,970,017,037,940,802,745,289,307,058,918,668,807 | 2,922,040,967,106,869,619,387,953,625
67 | 418,377,847,259,091,645,147,530,834,859,099,334,519,176,045,887,014,771,543 | 20,454,286,769,748,087,335,715,675,381
69 | 20,500,514,515,695,490,612,229,010,908,095,867,391,439,626,248,463,723,805,607 | 143,180,007,388,236,611,350,009,727,669
71 | 1,004,525,211,269,079,039,999,221,534,496,697,502,180,541,686,174,722,466,474,743 | 1,002,260,051,717,656,279,450,068,093,686
73 | 49,221,735,352,184,872,959,961,855,190,338,177,606,846,542,622,561,400,857,262,407 | 7,015,820,362,023,593,956,150,476,655,802
Wren
<lang ecmascript>import "/big" for BigInt import "/fmt" for Fmt
var isqrt = Fn.new { |x|
if (!(x is BigInt && x >= BigInt.zero)) {
Fiber.abort("Argument must be a non-negative big integer.")
}
var q = BigInt.one
while (q <= x) q = q * 4
var z = x
var r = BigInt.zero
while (q > BigInt.one) {
q = q >> 2
var t = z - r - q
r = r >> 1
if (t >= 0) {
z = t
r = r + q
}
}
return r
}
System.print("The integer square roots of integers from 0 to 65 are:") for (i in 0..65) System.write("%(isqrt.call(BigInt.new(i))) ") System.print()
System.print("\nThe integer square roots of powers of 7 from 7^1 up to 7^73 are:\n") System.print("power 7 ^ power integer square root") System.print("----- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------") var pow7 = BigInt.new(7) var bi49 = BigInt.new(49) var i = 1 while (i <= 73) {
Fmt.print("$2d $,84s $,41s", i, pow7, isqrt.call(pow7))
pow7 = pow7 * bi49
i = i + 2
}</lang>
- Output:
The integer square roots of integers from 0 to 65 are: 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 The integer square roots of odd powers of 7 from 7^1 up to 7^73 are: power 7 ^ power integer square root ----- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------- 1 7 2 3 343 18 5 16,807 129 7 823,543 907 9 40,353,607 6,352 11 1,977,326,743 44,467 13 96,889,010,407 311,269 15 4,747,561,509,943 2,178,889 17 232,630,513,987,207 15,252,229 19 11,398,895,185,373,143 106,765,608 21 558,545,864,083,284,007 747,359,260 23 27,368,747,340,080,916,343 5,231,514,822 25 1,341,068,619,663,964,900,807 36,620,603,758 27 65,712,362,363,534,280,139,543 256,344,226,312 29 3,219,905,755,813,179,726,837,607 1,794,409,584,184 31 157,775,382,034,845,806,615,042,743 12,560,867,089,291 33 7,730,993,719,707,444,524,137,094,407 87,926,069,625,040 35 378,818,692,265,664,781,682,717,625,943 615,482,487,375,282 37 18,562,115,921,017,574,302,453,163,671,207 4,308,377,411,626,977 39 909,543,680,129,861,140,820,205,019,889,143 30,158,641,881,388,842 41 44,567,640,326,363,195,900,190,045,974,568,007 211,110,493,169,721,897 43 2,183,814,375,991,796,599,109,312,252,753,832,343 1,477,773,452,188,053,281 45 107,006,904,423,598,033,356,356,300,384,937,784,807 10,344,414,165,316,372,973 47 5,243,338,316,756,303,634,461,458,718,861,951,455,543 72,410,899,157,214,610,812 49 256,923,577,521,058,878,088,611,477,224,235,621,321,607 506,876,294,100,502,275,687 51 12,589,255,298,531,885,026,341,962,383,987,545,444,758,743 3,548,134,058,703,515,929,815 53 616,873,509,628,062,366,290,756,156,815,389,726,793,178,407 24,836,938,410,924,611,508,707 55 30,226,801,971,775,055,948,247,051,683,954,096,612,865,741,943 173,858,568,876,472,280,560,953 57 1,481,113,296,616,977,741,464,105,532,513,750,734,030,421,355,207 1,217,009,982,135,305,963,926,677 59 72,574,551,534,231,909,331,741,171,093,173,785,967,490,646,405,143 8,519,069,874,947,141,747,486,745 61 3,556,153,025,177,363,557,255,317,383,565,515,512,407,041,673,852,007 59,633,489,124,629,992,232,407,216 63 174,251,498,233,690,814,305,510,551,794,710,260,107,945,042,018,748,343 417,434,423,872,409,945,626,850,517 65 8,538,323,413,450,849,900,970,017,037,940,802,745,289,307,058,918,668,807 2,922,040,967,106,869,619,387,953,625 67 418,377,847,259,091,645,147,530,834,859,099,334,519,176,045,887,014,771,543 20,454,286,769,748,087,335,715,675,381 69 20,500,514,515,695,490,612,229,010,908,095,867,391,439,626,248,463,723,805,607 143,180,007,388,236,611,350,009,727,669 71 1,004,525,211,269,079,039,999,221,534,496,697,502,180,541,686,174,722,466,474,743 1,002,260,051,717,656,279,450,068,093,686 73 49,221,735,352,184,872,959,961,855,190,338,177,606,846,542,622,561,400,857,262,407 7,015,820,362,023,593,956,150,476,655,802
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