Flatten a list: Difference between revisions
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=={{header|Joy}}== |
=={{header|Joy}}== |
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"seqlib" libload. |
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(* output: [1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8] *) |
(* output: [1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8] *) |
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=={{header|jq}}== |
=={{header|jq}}== |
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Revision as of 10:09, 27 August 2022
You are encouraged to solve this task according to the task description, using any language you may know.
- Task
Write a function to flatten the nesting in an arbitrary list of values.
Your program should work on the equivalent of this list:
[[1], 2, [[3, 4], 5], [[[]]], [[[6]]], 7, 8, []]
Where the correct result would be the list:
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]
- Related task
8th
<lang forth> \ take a list (array) and flatten it:
- (flatten) \ a -- a
( \ is it a number? dup >kind ns:n n:= if \ yes. so add to the list r> swap a:push >r else \ it is not, so flatten it (flatten) then drop ) a:each drop ;
- flatten \ a -- a
[] >r (flatten) r> ;
[[1], 2, [[3,4], 5], [[[]]], [[[6]]], 7, 8, []] dup . cr flatten . cr bye </lang>
- Output:
[[1],2,[[3,4],5],[[[]]],[[[6]]],7,8,[]]
[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8]
ACL2
<lang Lisp>(defun flatten (tr)
(cond ((null tr) nil)
((atom tr) (list tr))
(t (append (flatten (first tr))
(flatten (rest tr))))))</lang>
ActionScript
<lang ActionScript>function flatten(input:Array):Array { var output:Array = new Array(); for (var i:uint = 0; i < input.length; i++) {
//typeof returns "object" when applied to arrays. This line recursively evaluates nested arrays,
// although it may break if the array contains objects that are not arrays.
if (typeof input[i]=="object") { output=output.concat(flatten(input[i])); } else { output.push(input[i]); } } return output; } </lang>
Ada
nestable_lists.ads: <lang Ada>generic
type Element_Type is private; with function To_String (E : Element_Type) return String is <>;
package Nestable_Lists is
type Node_Kind is (Data_Node, List_Node);
type Node (Kind : Node_Kind);
type List is access Node;
type Node (Kind : Node_Kind) is record
Next : List;
case Kind is
when Data_Node =>
Data : Element_Type;
when List_Node =>
Sublist : List;
end case;
end record;
procedure Append (L : in out List; E : Element_Type);
procedure Append (L : in out List; N : List);
function Flatten (L : List) return List;
function New_List (E : Element_Type) return List; function New_List (N : List) return List; function To_String (L : List) return String;
end Nestable_Lists;</lang> nestable_lists.adb: <lang Ada>with Ada.Strings.Unbounded;
package body Nestable_Lists is
procedure Append (L : in out List; E : Element_Type) is
begin
if L = null then
L := new Node (Kind => Data_Node);
L.Data := E;
else
Append (L.Next, E);
end if;
end Append;
procedure Append (L : in out List; N : List) is
begin
if L = null then
L := new Node (Kind => List_Node);
L.Sublist := N;
else
Append (L.Next, N);
end if;
end Append;
function Flatten (L : List) return List is
Result : List;
Current : List := L;
Temp : List;
begin
while Current /= null loop
case Current.Kind is
when Data_Node =>
Append (Result, Current.Data);
when List_Node =>
Temp := Flatten (Current.Sublist);
while Temp /= null loop
Append (Result, Temp.Data);
Temp := Temp.Next;
end loop;
end case;
Current := Current.Next;
end loop;
return Result;
end Flatten;
function New_List (E : Element_Type) return List is
begin
return new Node'(Kind => Data_Node, Data => E, Next => null);
end New_List;
function New_List (N : List) return List is
begin
return new Node'(Kind => List_Node, Sublist => N, Next => null);
end New_List;
function To_String (L : List) return String is
Current : List := L;
Result : Ada.Strings.Unbounded.Unbounded_String;
begin
Ada.Strings.Unbounded.Append (Result, "[");
while Current /= null loop
case Current.Kind is
when Data_Node =>
Ada.Strings.Unbounded.Append
(Result, To_String (Current.Data));
when List_Node =>
Ada.Strings.Unbounded.Append
(Result, To_String (Current.Sublist));
end case;
if Current.Next /= null then
Ada.Strings.Unbounded.Append (Result, ", ");
end if;
Current := Current.Next;
end loop;
Ada.Strings.Unbounded.Append (Result, "]");
return Ada.Strings.Unbounded.To_String (Result);
end To_String;
end Nestable_Lists;</lang> example usage: <lang Ada>with Ada.Text_IO; with Nestable_Lists;
procedure Flatten_A_List is
package Int_List is new Nestable_Lists
(Element_Type => Integer,
To_String => Integer'Image);
List : Int_List.List := null;
begin
Int_List.Append (List, Int_List.New_List (1));
Int_List.Append (List, 2);
Int_List.Append (List, Int_List.New_List (Int_List.New_List (3)));
Int_List.Append (List.Next.Next.Sublist.Sublist, 4);
Int_List.Append (List.Next.Next.Sublist, 5);
Int_List.Append (List, Int_List.New_List (Int_List.New_List (null)));
Int_List.Append (List, Int_List.New_List (Int_List.New_List
(Int_List.New_List (6))));
Int_List.Append (List, 7);
Int_List.Append (List, 8);
Int_List.Append (List, null);
declare
Flattened : constant Int_List.List := Int_List.Flatten (List);
begin
Ada.Text_IO.Put_Line (Int_List.To_String (List));
Ada.Text_IO.Put_Line (Int_List.To_String (Flattened));
end;
end Flatten_A_List;</lang> Output:
[[ 1], 2, [[ 3, 4], 5], [[[]]], [[[ 6]]], 7, 8, []] [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]
Aikido
<lang aikido> function flatten (list, result) {
foreach item list {
if (typeof(item) == "vector") {
flatten (item, result)
} else {
result.append (item)
}
}
}
var l = [[1], 2, [[3,4], 5], [[[]]], [[[6]]], 7, 8, []] var newl = [] flatten (l, newl)
// print out the nicely formatted result list print ('[') var comma = "" foreach item newl {
print (comma + item) comma = ", "
} println("]")
</lang>
- Output:
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]
Aime
<lang aime>void show_list(list l) {
integer i, k;
o_text("[");
i = 0;
while (i < ~l) {
o_text(i ? ", " : "");
if (l_j_integer(k, l, i)) {
o_integer(k);
} else {
show_list(l[i]);
}
i += 1;
}
o_text("]");
}
list flatten(list c, object o) {
if (__id(o) == INTEGER_ID) {
c.append(o);
} else {
l_ucall(o, flatten, 1, c);
}
c;
}
integer main(void) {
list l;
l = list(list(1), 2, list(list(3, 4), 5),
list(list(list())), list(list(list(6))), 7, 8, list());
show_list(l);
o_byte('\n');
show_list(flatten(list(), l));
o_byte('\n');
return 0;
}</lang>
- Output:
[[1], 2, [[3, 4], 5], [[[]]], [[[6]]], 7, 8, []] [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]
ALGOL 68
Flattening is built in to all of Algol68's transput routines. The following example also uses widening, where scalars are converted into arrays.
<lang algol68>main:(
[][][]INT list = ((1), 2, ((3,4), 5), ((())), (((6))), 7, 8, ()); print((list, new line))
)</lang>
- Output:
+1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8
APL
Dyalog APL
Flatten is a primitive in APL, named enlist <lang apl>∊</lang>
- Output:
∊((1) 2 ((3 4) 5) (((⍬))) (((6))) 7 8 (⍬)) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
AppleScript
<lang applescript>my_flatten({{1}, 2, {{3, 4}, 5}, {{{}}}, {{{6}}}, 7, 8, {}})
on my_flatten(aList)
if class of aList is not list then
return {aList}
else if length of aList is 0 then
return aList
else
return my_flatten(first item of aList) & (my_flatten(rest of aList))
end if
end my_flatten </lang>
Or, to make more productive use of the language (where "efficiency" is a function of the scripter's time, rather than the machine's) we can express this in terms of a generic concatMap:
<lang AppleScript>-- flatten :: Tree a -> [a] on flatten(t)
if class of t is list then
concatMap(flatten, t)
else
t
end if
end flatten
TEST ---------------------------
on run
flatten([[1], 2, [[3, 4], 5], [[[]]], [[[6]]], 7, 8, []])
--> {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
end run
GENERIC FUNCTIONS ---------------------
-- concatMap :: (a -> [b]) -> [a] -> [b] on concatMap(f, xs)
set lst to {}
set lng to length of xs
tell mReturn(f)
repeat with i from 1 to lng
set lst to (lst & |λ|(item i of xs, i, xs))
end repeat
end tell
return lst
end concatMap
-- Lift 2nd class handler function into 1st class script wrapper -- mReturn :: Handler -> Script on mReturn(f)
if class of f is script then
f
else
script
property |λ| : f
end script
end if
end mReturn</lang>
- Output:
<lang AppleScript>{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}</lang>
It can be more efficient to build just one list by appending items to it than to proliferate lists using concatenation:
<lang applescript>on flatten(theList)
script o
property flatList : {}
-- Recursive handler dealing with the current (sub)list.
on flttn(thisList)
script p
property l : thisList
end script
repeat with i from 1 to (count thisList)
set thisItem to item i of p's l
if (thisItem's class is list) then
flttn(thisItem)
else
set end of my flatList to thisItem
end if
end repeat
end flttn
end script
if (theList's class is not list) then return theList
o's flttn(theList)
return o's flatList
end flatten</lang>
Arturo
<lang rebol>print flatten [[1], 2, [[3, 4], 5], [[[]]], [[[6]]], 7, 8, []]</lang>
- Output:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
AutoHotkey
AutoHotkey doesn't have built in list data type. This examples simulates a list in a tree type object and flattens that tree. <lang AutoHotkey>list := object(1, object(1, 1), 2, 2, 3, object(1, object(1, 3, 2, 4) , 2, 5), 4, object(1, object(1, object(1, object()))), 5 , object(1, object(1, 6)), 6, 7, 7, 8, 9, object()) msgbox % objPrint(list) ; (( 1 ) 2 (( 3 4 ) 5 )(((())))(( 6 )) 7 8 ()) msgbox % objPrint(objFlatten(list)) ; ( 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ) return
!r::reload !q::exitapp
objPrint(ast, reserved=0) {
if !isobject(ast)
return " " ast " "
if !reserved
reserved := object("seen" . &ast, 1) ; to keep track of unique objects within top object
enum := ast._newenum()
while enum[key, value]
{
if reserved["seen" . &value]
continue ; don't copy repeat objects (circular references)
- string .= key . "
- " . objPrint(value, reserved)
string .= objPrint(value, reserved)
}
return "(" string ")"
}
objFlatten(ast)
{
if !isobject(ast)
return ast
flat := object() ; flat object
enum := ast._newenum()
while enum[key, value]
{
if !isobject(value)
flat._Insert(value)
else
{
next := objFlatten(value)
loop % next._MaxIndex()
flat._Insert(next[A_Index])
}
}
return flat
}</lang>
BaCon
BaCon has the concept of delimited strings, which may contain delimited strings within delimited strings etc. Such nested delimited strings must be surrounded by (escaped) double quotes in order to avoid their delimiter messing up operations on higher level delimited strings. However, from functional point of view, a delimited string is the same as a regular list. The special function FLATTEN$ can actually flatten out lists within lists. The last SORT$ in the program below makes sure no empty items remain in the list. <lang qbasic>OPTION COLLAPSE TRUE
lst$ = "\"1\",2,\"\\\"3,4\\\",5\",\"\\\"\\\\\"\\\\\"\\\"\",\"\\\"\\\\\"6\\\\\"\\\"\",7,8,\"\""
PRINT lst$
REPEAT
lst$ = FLATTEN$(lst$)
UNTIL AMOUNT(lst$, ",") = AMOUNT(FLATTEN$(lst$), ",")
PRINT SORT$(lst$, ",")</lang>
- Output:
"1",2,"\"3,4\",5","\"\\"\\"\"","\"\\"6\\"\"",7,8,"" 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8
BASIC256
<lang BASIC256>sComma = "": sFlatter = "" sString = "[[1], 2, [[3,4], 5], [[[]]], [[[6]]], 7, 8 []]"
For siCount = 1 To Length(sString) If Instr("[] ,", Mid(sString, siCount, 1)) = 0 Then sFlatter = sFlatter & sComma & Mid(sString, siCount, 1) sComma = ", " End If Next siCount
Print "["; sFlatter; "]" End</lang>
- Output:
Igual que la entrada de FreeBASIC.
BQN
<lang bqn>Enlist ← {(∾𝕊¨)⍟(1<≡)⥊𝕩}</lang>
- Output:
Enlist ⟨⟨1⟩, 2, ⟨⟨3, 4⟩, 5⟩, ⟨⟨⟨⟩⟩⟩, ⟨⟨⟨6⟩⟩⟩, 7, 8, ⟨⟩⟩ ⟨ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ⟩
Bracmat
A list is automatically flattened during evaluation if the items are separated by either commas, plusses, asterisks or white spaces.
On top of that, lists separated with white space, plusses or asterisks have 'nil'-elements removed when evaluated. (nil-elements are empty strings, 0 and 1 respectively.)
On top of that, lists separated with plusses or asterisks have their elements sorted and, if possible, combined when evaluated.
A list that should not be flattened upon evaluation can be separated with dots.
<lang bracmat> ( (myList = ((1), 2, ((3,4), 5), ((())), (((6))), 7, 8, ())) & put$("Unevaluated:") & lst$myList & !myList:?myList { the expression !myList evaluates myList } & put$("Flattened:") & lst$myList ) </lang>
Brat
<lang brat>array.prototype.flatten = {
true? my.empty?
{ [] }
{ true? my.first.array?
{ my.first.flatten + my.rest.flatten }
{ [my.first] + my.rest.flatten }
}
}
list = [[1], 2, [[3,4], 5], [[[]]], [[[6]]], 7, 8, []] p "List: #{list}" p "Flattened: #{list.flatten}"</lang>
Burlesque
Usually flattening Blocks is done with the Concat command but it only removes one level of nesting therefore it is required to chain Concat calls until the Block does not contain Blocks anymore.
<lang burlesque> blsq ) {{1} 2 {{3 4} 5} {{{}}} {{{6}}} 7 8 {}}{\[}{)to{"Block"==}ay}w! {1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8} </lang>
C
<lang C>#include <stdio.h>
- include <stdlib.h>
- include <string.h>
typedef struct list_t list_t, *list; struct list_t{ int is_list, ival; /* ival is either the integer value or list length */ list *lst; };
list new_list() { list x = malloc(sizeof(list_t)); x->ival = 0; x->is_list = 1; x->lst = 0; return x; }
void append(list parent, list child) { parent->lst = realloc(parent->lst, sizeof(list) * (parent->ival + 1)); parent->lst[parent->ival++] = child; }
list from_string(char *s, char **e, list parent) { list ret = 0; if (!parent) parent = new_list();
while (*s != '\0') { if (*s == ']') { if (e) *e = s + 1; return parent; } if (*s == '[') { ret = new_list(); ret->is_list = 1; ret->ival = 0; append(parent, ret); from_string(s + 1, &s, ret); continue; } if (*s >= '0' && *s <= '9') { ret = new_list(); ret->is_list = 0; ret->ival = strtol(s, &s, 10); append(parent, ret); continue; } s++; }
if (e) *e = s; return parent; }
void show_list(list l) { int i; if (!l) return; if (!l->is_list) { printf("%d", l->ival); return; }
printf("["); for (i = 0; i < l->ival; i++) { show_list(l->lst[i]); if (i < l->ival - 1) printf(", "); } printf("]"); }
list flatten(list from, list to) { int i; list t;
if (!to) to = new_list(); if (!from->is_list) { t = new_list(); *t = *from; append(to, t); } else for (i = 0; i < from->ival; i++) flatten(from->lst[i], to); return to; }
void delete_list(list l) { int i; if (!l) return; if (l->is_list && l->ival) { for (i = 0; i < l->ival; i++) delete_list(l->lst[i]); free(l->lst); }
free(l); }
int main() { list l = from_string("[1], 2, [[3,4], 5], [[[]]], [[[6]]], 7, 8, []", 0, 0);
printf("Nested: "); show_list(l); printf("\n");
list flat = flatten(l, 0); printf("Flattened: "); show_list(flat);
/* delete_list(l); delete_list(flat); */ return 0; }</lang>
- Output:
Nested: [[1], 2, [[3, 4], 5], [[[]]], [[[6]]], 7, 8, []] Flattened: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]
C#
Actual Workhorse code <lang csharp> using System; using System.Collections; using System.Linq;
namespace RosettaCodeTasks { static class FlattenList { public static ArrayList Flatten(this ArrayList List) { ArrayList NewList = new ArrayList ( );
NewList.AddRange ( List );
while ( NewList.OfType<ArrayList> ( ).Count ( ) > 0 ) { int index = NewList.IndexOf ( NewList.OfType<ArrayList> ( ).ElementAt ( 0 ) ); ArrayList Temp = (ArrayList)NewList[index]; NewList.RemoveAt ( index ); NewList.InsertRange ( index, Temp ); }
return NewList; } } } </lang>
Method showing population of arraylist and usage of flatten method <lang csharp> using System; using System.Collections;
namespace RosettaCodeTasks { class Program { static void Main ( string[ ] args ) {
ArrayList Parent = new ArrayList ( ); Parent.Add ( new ArrayList ( ) ); ((ArrayList)Parent[0]).Add ( 1 ); Parent.Add ( 2 ); Parent.Add ( new ArrayList ( ) ); ( (ArrayList)Parent[2] ).Add ( new ArrayList ( ) ); ( (ArrayList)( (ArrayList)Parent[2] )[0] ).Add ( 3 ); ( (ArrayList)( (ArrayList)Parent[2] )[0] ).Add ( 4 ); ( (ArrayList)Parent[2] ).Add ( 5 ); Parent.Add ( new ArrayList ( ) ); ( (ArrayList)Parent[3] ).Add ( new ArrayList ( ) ); ( (ArrayList)( (ArrayList)Parent[3] )[0] ).Add ( new ArrayList ( ) ); Parent.Add ( new ArrayList ( ) ); ( (ArrayList)Parent[4] ).Add ( new ArrayList ( ) ); ( (ArrayList)( (ArrayList)Parent[4] )[0] ).Add ( new ArrayList ( ) );
( (ArrayList)( (ArrayList)( (ArrayList)( (ArrayList)Parent[4] )[0] )[0] ) ).Add ( 6 ); Parent.Add ( 7 ); Parent.Add ( 8 ); Parent.Add ( new ArrayList ( ) );
foreach ( Object o in Parent.Flatten ( ) )
{
Console.WriteLine ( o.ToString ( ) );
}
}
} }
</lang>
<lang csharp> public static class Ex { public static List<object> Flatten(this List<object> list) {
var result = new List<object>(); foreach (var item in list) { if (item is List<object>) { result.AddRange(Flatten(item as List<object>)); } else { result.Add(item); } } return result; } public static string Join<T>(this List<T> list, string glue) { return string.Join(glue, list.Select(i => i.ToString()).ToArray()); } }
class Program {
static void Main(string[] args) { var list = new List<object>{new List<object>{1}, 2, new List<object>{new List<object>{3,4}, 5}, new List<object>{new List<object>{new List<object>{}}}, new List<object>{new List<object>{new List<object>{6}}}, 7, 8, new List<object>{}};
Console.WriteLine("[" + list.Flatten().Join(", ") + "]"); Console.ReadLine(); } } </lang>
C++
<lang cpp>#include <list>
- include <boost/any.hpp>
typedef std::list<boost::any> anylist;
void flatten(std::list<boost::any>& list) {
typedef anylist::iterator iterator;
iterator current = list.begin();
while (current != list.end())
{
if (current->type() == typeid(anylist))
{
iterator next = current;
++next;
list.splice(next, boost::any_cast<anylist&>(*current));
current = list.erase(current);
}
else
++current;
}
}</lang>
Use example:
Since C++ currently doesn't have nice syntax for initializing lists, this includes a simple parser to create lists of integers and sublists. Also, there's no standard way to output this type of list, so some output code is added as well. <lang cpp>#include <cctype>
- include <iostream>
// ******************* // * the list parser * // *******************
void skipwhite(char const** s) {
while (**s && std::isspace((unsigned char)**s))
{
++*s;
}
}
anylist create_anylist_i(char const** s) {
anylist result;
skipwhite(s);
if (**s != '[')
throw "Not a list";
++*s;
while (true)
{
skipwhite(s);
if (!**s)
throw "Error";
else if (**s == ']')
{
++*s;
return result;
}
else if (**s == '[')
result.push_back(create_anylist_i(s));
else if (std::isdigit((unsigned char)**s))
{
int i = 0;
while (std::isdigit((unsigned char)**s))
{
i = 10*i + (**s - '0');
++*s;
}
result.push_back(i);
}
else
throw "Error";
skipwhite(s);
if (**s != ',' && **s != ']')
throw "Error";
if (**s == ',')
++*s;
}
}
anylist create_anylist(char const* i) {
return create_anylist_i(&i);
}
// ************************* // * printing nested lists * // *************************
void print_list(anylist const& list);
void print_item(boost::any const& a) {
if (a.type() == typeid(int)) std::cout << boost::any_cast<int>(a); else if (a.type() == typeid(anylist)) print_list(boost::any_cast<anylist const&>(a)); else std::cout << "???";
}
void print_list(anylist const& list) {
std::cout << '[';
anylist::const_iterator iter = list.begin();
while (iter != list.end())
{
print_item(*iter);
++iter;
if (iter != list.end())
std::cout << ", ";
}
std::cout << ']';
}
// *************************** // * The actual test program * // ***************************
int main() {
anylist list =
create_anylist("[[1], 2, [[3,4], 5], [[[]]], [[[6]]], 7, 8, []]");
print_list(list);
std::cout << "\n";
flatten(list);
print_list(list);
std::cout << "\n";
}</lang>
- Output:
[[1], 2, [[3, 4], 5], [[[]]], [[[6]]], 7, 8, []] [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]
Ceylon
<lang Ceylon>shared void run() {
"Lazily flatten nested streams"
{Anything*} flatten({Anything*} stream)
=> stream.flatMap((element)
=> switch (element)
case (is {Anything*}) flatten(element)
else [element]);
value list = [[1], 2, [[3,4], 5], [[[]]], [[[6]]], 7, 8, []]; print(list); print(flatten(list).sequence());
}</lang>
- Output:
[[1], 2, [[3, 4], 5], [[[]]], [[[6]]], 7, 8, []] [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]
Clojure
The following returns a lazy sequence of the flattened data structure. <lang lisp>(defn flatten [coll]
(lazy-seq
(when-let [s (seq coll)]
(if (coll? (first s))
(concat (flatten (first s)) (flatten (rest s)))
(cons (first s) (flatten (rest s)))))))</lang>
The built-in flatten is implemented as:
<lang lisp>(defn flatten [x]
(filter (complement sequential?)
(rest (tree-seq sequential? seq x))))</lang>
CoffeeScript
<lang coffeescript> flatten = (arr) ->
arr.reduce ((xs, el) ->
if Array.isArray el
xs.concat flatten el
else
xs.concat [el]), []
- test
list = [[1], 2, [[3,4], 5], [[[]]], [[[6]]], 7, 8, []] console.log flatten list </lang>
Ouput: <lang> > coffee foo.coffee [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 ] </lang>
Common Lisp
<lang lisp>(defun flatten (structure)
(cond ((null structure) nil)
((atom structure) (list structure))
(t (mapcan #'flatten structure))))</lang>
or, from Paul Graham's OnLisp, <lang lisp> (defun flatten (ls)
(labels ((mklist (x) (if (listp x) x (list x)))) (mapcan #'(lambda (x) (if (atom x) (mklist x) (flatten x))) ls)))
</lang>
Note that since, in Common Lisp, the empty list, boolean false and nil are the same thing, a tree of nil values cannot be flattened; they will disappear.
A third version that is recursive, imperative, and reasonably fast. <lang lisp>(defun flatten (obj)
(let (result)
(labels ((grep (obj)
(cond ((null obj) nil)
((atom obj) (push obj result))
(t (grep (rest obj))
(grep (first obj))))))
(grep obj)
result)))</lang>
The following version is tail recursive and functional. <lang lisp>(defun flatten (x &optional stack out)
(cond ((consp x) (flatten (rest x) (cons (first x) stack) out))
(x (flatten (first stack) (rest stack) (cons x out)))
(stack (flatten (first stack) (rest stack) out))
(t out)))</lang>
The next version is imperative, iterative and does not make use of a stack. It is faster than the versions given above. <lang lisp>(defun flatten (obj)
(do* ((result (list obj))
(node result))
((null node) (delete nil result))
(cond ((consp (car node))
(when (cdar node) (push (cdar node) (cdr node)))
(setf (car node) (caar node)))
(t (setf node (cdr node))))))</lang>
The above implementations of flatten give the same output on nested proper lists.
- Output:
CL-USER> (flatten '((1) 2 ((3 4) 5) ((())) (((6))) 7 8 ())) (1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8)
It should be noted that there are several choices that can be made when implementing flatten in Common Lisp:
-- should it work on dotted pairs?
-- should it work with non-nil atoms, presumably returning the atom or a copy of the atom?
-- when it comes to nil, should it be considered as an empty list and removed, or should it be considered as an atom and preserved?
So there are in fact several slightly different functions that correspond to flatten in common lisp. They may
-- collect all atoms, including nil,
-- collect all atoms in the car of the cons cells,
-- collect all atoms which are not in the cdr of a cell,
-- collect all non-nil atoms.
Which version is suitable for a given problem depends of course on the nature of the problem.
Crystal
<lang Ruby> [[1], 2, [[3, 4], 5], [[[] of Int32]], [[[6]]], 7, 8, [] of Int32].flatten() </lang> <lang Bash> [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8] </lang>
D
Instead of a Java-like class-based version, this version minimizes heap activity using a tagged union. <lang d>import std.stdio, std.algorithm, std.conv, std.range;
struct TreeList(T) {
union { // A tagged union
TreeList[] arr; // it's a node
T data; // It's a leaf.
}
bool isArray = true; // = Contains an arr on default.
static TreeList opCall(A...)(A items) pure nothrow {
TreeList result;
foreach (i, el; items)
static if (is(A[i] == T)) {
TreeList item;
item.isArray = false;
item.data = el;
result.arr ~= item;
} else
result.arr ~= el;
return result; }
string toString() const pure {
return isArray ? arr.text : data.text;
}
}
T[] flatten(T)(in TreeList!T t) pure nothrow {
if (t.isArray)
return t.arr.map!flatten.join;
else
return [t.data];
}
void main() {
alias TreeList!int L; static assert(L.sizeof == 12); auto l = L(L(1), 2, L(L(3,4), 5), L(L(L())), L(L(L(6))),7,8,L()); l.writeln; l.flatten.writeln;
}</lang>
- Output:
[[1], 2, [[3, 4], 5], [[[]]], [[[6]]], 7, 8, []] [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]
With an Algebraic Data Type
A shorter and more cryptic version. <lang d>import std.stdio, std.variant, std.range, std.algorithm;
alias T = Algebraic!(int, This[]);
int[] flatten(T t) {
return t.peek!int ? [t.get!int] : t.get!(T[])().map!flatten.join;
}
void main() {
T([T([ T(1) ]),
T(2),
T([ T([ T(3), T(4) ]), T(5) ]),
T([ T([ T( T[].init ) ]) ]),
T([ T([ T([ T(6) ]) ]) ]),
T(7),
T(8),
T( T[].init )
]).flatten.writeln;
}</lang>
- Output:
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]
Déjà Vu
<lang dejavu>(flatten): for i in copy: i if = :list type dup: (flatten)
flatten l: [ (flatten) l ]
!. flatten [ [ 1 ] 2 [ [ 3 4 ] 5 ] [ [ [] ] ] [ [ [ 6 ] ] ] 7 8 [] ]</lang>
- Output:
[ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ]
E
<lang e>def flatten(nested) {
def flat := [].diverge()
def recur(x) {
switch (x) {
match list :List { for elem in list { recur(elem) } }
match other { flat.push(other) }
}
}
recur(nested)
return flat.snapshot()
}</lang>
<lang e>? flatten([[1], 2, [[3,4], 5], [[[]]], [[[6]]], 7, 8, []])
- value: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]</lang>
EchoLisp
The built-in (flatten list) is defined as follows: <lang lisp> (define (fflatten l) (cond [(null? l) null] [(not (list? l)) (list l)] [else (append (fflatten (first l)) (fflatten (rest l)))]))
(define L' [[1] 2 [[3 4] 5] [[[]]] [[[6]]] 7 8 []])
(fflatten L) ;; use custom function
→ (1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8)
(flatten L) ;; use built-in
→ (1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8)
- Remarks
- null is the same as () - the empty list -
(flatten '(null null null))
→ null
(flatten '[ () () () ])
→ null
(flatten null) ❗ error: flatten : expected list : null
- The 'reverse' of flatten is group
(group '( 4 5 5 5 6 6 7 8 7 7 7 9))
→ ((4) (5 5 5) (6 6) (7) (8) (7 7 7) (9))
</lang>
Ela
This implementation can flattern any given list:
<lang Ela>xs = [[1], 2, [[3,4], 5], [[[]]], [[[6]]], 7, 8, []]
flat = flat' []
where flat' n [] = n
flat' n (x::xs)
| x is List = flat' (flat' n xs) x
| else = x :: flat' n xs
flat xs</lang>
- Output:
[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8]
An alternative solution:
<lang Ela>flat [] = [] flat (x::xs)
| x is List = flat x ++ flat xs | else = x :: flat xs</lang>
Elixir
<lang elixir> defmodule RC do
def flatten([]), do: [] def flatten([h|t]), do: flatten(h) ++ flatten(t) def flatten(h), do: [h]
end
list = [[1], 2, [[3,4], 5], [[[]]], [[[6]]], 7, 8, []]
- Our own implementation
IO.inspect RC.flatten(list)
- Library function
IO.inspect List.flatten(list) </lang>
- Output:
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8] [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]
Elm
<lang haskell> import Graphics.Element exposing (show)
type Tree a
= Leaf a | Node (List (Tree a))
flatten : Tree a -> List a flatten tree =
case tree of Leaf a -> [a] Node list -> List.concatMap flatten list
-- [[1], 2, [[3, 4], 5], [[[]]], [[[6]]], 7, 8, []] tree : Tree Int tree = Node
[ Node [Leaf 1] , Leaf 2 , Node [Node [Leaf 3, Leaf 4], Leaf 5] , Node [Node [Node []]] , Node [Node [Node [Leaf 6]]] , Leaf 7 , Leaf 8 , Node [] ]
main =
show (flatten tree)
</lang>
Emacs Lisp
<lang lisp>(defun flatten (mylist)
(cond ((null mylist) nil) ((atom mylist) (list mylist)) (t (append (flatten (car mylist)) (flatten (cdr mylist))))))</lang>
Erlang
There's a standard function (lists:flatten/1) that does it more efficiently, but this is the cleanest implementation you could have; <lang Erlang>flatten([]) -> []; flatten([H|T]) -> flatten(H) ++ flatten(T); flatten(H) -> [H].</lang>
Euphoria
<lang Euphoria>sequence a = {{1}, 2, {{3, 4}, 5}, {{{}}}, {{{6}}}, 7, 8, {}}
function flatten( object s ) sequence res = {} if sequence( s ) then for i = 1 to length( s ) do sequence c = flatten( s[ i ] ) if length( c ) > 0 then res &= c end if end for else if length( s ) > 0 then res = { s } end if end if return res end function
? a ? flatten(a)</lang>
- Output:
{
{1},
2,
{
{3,4},
5
},
{
{{}}
},
{
{
{6}
}
},
7,
8,
{}
}
{1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8}
F#
As with Haskell and OCaml we have to define our list as an algebraic data type, to be strongly typed: <lang fsharp>type 'a ll =
| I of 'a // leaf Item | L of 'a ll list // ' <- confine the syntax colouring confusion
let rec flatten = function
| [] -> [] | (I x)::y -> x :: (flatten y) | (L x)::y -> List.append (flatten x) (flatten y)
printfn "%A" (flatten [L([I(1)]); I(2); L([L([I(3);I(4)]); I(5)]); L([L([L([])])]); L([L([L([I(6)])])]); I(7); I(8); L([])])
// -> [1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8]</lang>
An alternative approach with List.collect and the same data type. Note that flatten operates on all deepLists (ll) and atoms (I) are "flatened" to lists.
<lang fsharp> let rec flatten =
function | I x -> [x] | L x -> List.collect flatten x
printfn "%A" (flatten (L [L([I(1)]); I(2); L([L([I(3);I(4)]); I(5)]); L([L([L([])])]); L([L([L([I(6)])])]); I(7); I(8); L([])]))
// -> [1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8] </lang>
Factor
USE: sequences.deep
( scratchpad ) { { 1 } 2 { { 3 4 } 5 } { { { } } } { { { 6 } } } 7 8 { } } flatten .
{ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 }
Fantom
<lang fantom> class Main {
// uses recursion to flatten a list
static List myflatten (List items)
{
List result := [,]
items.each |item|
{
if (item is List)
result.addAll (myflatten(item))
else
result.add (item)
}
return result
}
public static Void main ()
{
List sample := [[1], 2, [[3,4], 5], [[[,]]], [[[6]]], 7, 8, [,]]
// there is a built-in flatten method for lists
echo ("Flattened list 1: " + sample.flatten)
// or use the function 'myflatten'
echo ("Flattened list 2: " + myflatten (sample))
}
} </lang>
Forth
Works with any ANS Forth. Needs the FMS-SI (single inheritance) library code located here: http://soton.mpeforth.com/flag/fms/index.html <lang forth>include FMS-SI.f include FMS-SILib.f
- flatten {: list1 list2 -- :}
list1 size: 0 ?do i list1 at:
dup is-a object-list2
if list2 recurse else list2 add: then loop ;
object-list2 list o{ o{ 1 } 2 o{ o{ 3 4 } 5 } o{ o{ o{ } } } o{ o{ o{ 6 } } } 7 8 o{ } } list flatten list p: \ o{ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 } ok</lang>
Fortran
<lang fortran> ! input : [[1], 2, [[3, 4], 5], [[[]]], [[[6]]], 7, 8, []] ! flatten : [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 ]
module flat
implicit none
type n
integer :: a
type(n), dimension(:), pointer :: p => null()
logical :: empty = .false.
end type
contains
recursive subroutine del(this)
type(n), intent(inout) :: this
integer :: i
if (associated(this%p)) then
do i = 1, size(this%p)
call del(this%p(i))
end do
end if
end subroutine
function join(xs) result (r)
type(n), dimension(:), target :: xs
type(n) :: r
integer :: i
if (size(xs)>0) then
allocate(r%p(size(xs)), source=xs)
do i = 1, size(xs)
r%p(i) = xs(i)
end do
else
r%empty = .true.
end if
end function
recursive subroutine flatten1(x,r)
integer, dimension (:), allocatable, intent(inout) :: r
type(n), intent(in) :: x
integer, dimension (:), allocatable :: tmp
integer :: i
if (associated(x%p)) then
do i = 1, size(x%p)
call flatten1(x%p(i), r)
end do
elseif (.not. x%empty) then
allocate(tmp(size(r)+1))
tmp(1:size(r)) = r
tmp(size(r)+1) = x%a
call move_alloc(tmp, r)
end if
end subroutine
function flatten(x) result (r) type(n), intent(in) :: x integer, dimension(:), allocatable :: r allocate(r(0)) call flatten1(x,r) end function
recursive subroutine show(x)
type(n) :: x
integer :: i
if (x%empty) then
write (*, "(a)", advance="no") "[]"
elseif (associated(x%p)) then
write (*, "(a)", advance="no") "["
do i = 1, size(x%p)
call show(x%p(i))
if (i<size(x%p)) then
write (*, "(a)", advance="no") ", "
end if
end do
write (*, "(a)", advance="no") "]"
else
write (*, "(g0)", advance="no") x%a
end if
end subroutine
function fromString(line) result (r) character(len=*) :: line type (n) :: r type (n), dimension(:), allocatable :: buffer, buffer1 integer, dimension(:), allocatable :: stack, stack1 integer :: sp,i0,i,j, a, cur, start character :: c if (.not. allocated(buffer)) then allocate (buffer(5)) ! will be re-allocated if more is needed end if if (.not. allocated(stack)) then allocate (stack(5)) end if
sp = 1; cur = 1; i = 1
do
if ( i > len_trim(line) ) exit
c = line(i:i)
if (c=="[") then
if (sp>size(stack)) then
allocate(stack1(2*size(stack)))
stack1(1:size(stack)) = stack
call move_alloc(stack1, stack)
end if
stack(sp) = cur; sp = sp + 1; i = i+1
elseif (c=="]") then
sp = sp - 1; start = stack(sp)
r = join(buffer(start:cur-1))
do j = start, cur-1
call del(buffer(j))
end do
buffer(start) = r; cur = start+1; i = i+1
elseif (index(" ,",c)>0) then
i = i + 1; continue
elseif (index("-123456789",c)>0) then
i0 = i
do
if ((i>len_trim(line)).or. &
index("1234567890",line(i:i))==0) then
read(line(i0:i-1),*) a
if (cur>size(buffer)) then
allocate(buffer1(2*size(buffer)))
buffer1(1:size(buffer)) = buffer
call move_alloc(buffer1, buffer)
end if
buffer(cur) = n(a); cur = cur + 1; exit
else
i = i+1
end if
end do
else
stop "input corrupted"
end if
end do
end function
end module
program main
use flat
type (n) :: x
x = fromString("[[1], 2, [[3,4], 5], [[[]]], [[[6]]], 7, 8, []]")
write(*, "(a)", advance="no") "input : "
call show(x)
print *
write (*,"(a)", advance="no") "flatten : ["
write (*, "(*(i0,:,:', '))", advance="no") flatten(x)
print *, "]"
end program </lang>
Or, older style
Fortran does not offer strings, only CHARACTER variables of some fixed size. Functions can return such types, but, must specify a fixed size. Or, mess about with run-time allocation as above. Since in principle a list is arbitrarily long, the plan here is to crush its content in place, and thereby never have to worry about long-enough work areas. This works because the transformations in mind never replace something by something longer. A subroutine can receive an arbitrary-sized CHARACTER variable, and can change it. No attempt is made to detect improper lists. <lang Fortran>
SUBROUTINE CRUSH(LIST) !Changes LIST.
Crushes a list holding multi-level entries within [...] to a list of single-level entries. Null entries are purged. Could escalate to recognising quoted strings as list entries (preserving spaces), not just strings of digits.
CHARACTER*(*) LIST !The text manifesting the list.
INTEGER I,L !Fingers.
LOGICAL LIVE !Scan state.
L = 1 !Output finger. The starting [ is already in place.
LIVE = .FALSE. !A list element is not in progress.
DO I = 2,LEN(LIST) !Scan the characters of the list.
SELECT CASE(LIST(I:I)) !Consider one.
CASE("[","]",","," ") !Punctuation or spacing?
IF (LIVE) THEN !Yes. If previously in an element,
L = L + 1 !Advance the finger,
LIST(L:L) = "," !And place its terminating comma.
LIVE = .FALSE. !Thus the element is finished.
END IF !So much for punctuation and empty space.
CASE DEFAULT !Everything else is an element's content.
LIVE = .TRUE. !So we're in an element.
L = L + 1 !Advance the finger.
LIST(L:L) = LIST(I:I) !And copy the content's character.
END SELECT !Either we're in an element, or, we're not.
END DO !On to the next character.
Completed the crush. At least one ] must have followed the last character of the last element.
LIST(L:L) = "]" !It had provoked a trailing comma. Now it is the ending ].
LIST(L + 1:) = "" !Scrub any tail end, just to be neat.
END !Trailing spaces are the caller's problem.
CHARACTER*88 STUFF !Work area.
STUFF = "[[1], 2, [[3,4], 5], [[[]]], [[[6]]], 7, 8, []]" !The example.
WRITE (6,*) "Original: ",STUFF
CALL CRUSH(STUFF) !Can't be a constant, as it will be changed.
WRITE (6,*) " Crushed: ",STUFF !Behold!
END</lang>
Output is
Original: [[1], 2, [[3,4], 5], [[[]]], [[[6]]], 7, 8, []] Crushed: [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8]
Note that if you insist on the rather flabby style of having spaces after commas, then there would be trouble. Instead of placing just a comma, a ", " would be required, which is two symbols going out when one symbol has come in: overwriting yet-to-be-scanned input is a bad idea. Either a more complex set of scan states would be required to squeeze in the extra or a separate work area would be needed to hold such output and the issue of "long enough" would arise.
All of this relies on the list being presented as a flat text, which text is then manipulated directly. If the list was manifested in a data structure of some kind with links and suchlike, then tree-traversal of that structure would be needed to reach the leaf entries.
FreeBASIC
<lang freebasic>Dim As String sComma, sString, sFlatter Dim As Short siCount
sString = "[[1], 2, [[3,4], 5], [[[]]], [[[6]]], 7, 8 []]"
For siCount = 1 To Len(sString)
If Instr("[] ,", Mid(sString, siCount, 1)) = 0 Then
sFlatter += sComma + Mid(sString, siCount, 1)
sComma = ", "
End If
Next siCount
Print "["; sFlatter; "]" Sleep</lang>
- Output:
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]
Frink
<lang frink> a = [[1], 2, [[3,4], 5], [[[]]], [[[6]]], 7, 8, []] println[flatten[a]] </lang>
FutureBasic
Definitely old school. <lang futurebasic>
local fn FlattenList( list as Str255 ) as Str255
long i
Str255 flatStr, commaStr
flatStr = ""
for i = 1 to len$(list)
if ( instr$( 0, "[] ,", mid$( list, i, 1 ) ) == 0 )
flatStr += commaStr + mid$( list, i, 1 )
commaStr = ", "
end if
next
end fn = flatStr
window 1, @"Flatten a list", ( 0, 0, 350, 150 )
print "["; fn FlattenList( "[[1], 2, [[3,4], 5], [[[]]], [[[6]]], 7, 8 []]" ); "]"
HandleEvents </lang>
- Output:
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]
Modern and a little outside the box. <lang futurebasic> local fn FlattenList( list as CFStringRef, unwantedCharacters as CFStringRef ) as CFStringRef
NSUInteger i, count CFCharacterSetRef set = fn CharacterSetWithCharactersInString( unwantedCharacters ) CFArrayRef tempArray = fn StringComponentsSeparatedByCharactersInSet( list, set ) CFStringRef flattened = fn ArrayComponentsJoinedByString( tempArray, @"" ) CFMutableStringRef mutStr = fn MutableStringWithCapacity(0) count = len(flattened) - 1 for i = 0 to count CFStringRef tempStr = fn StringSubstringWithRange( flattened, fn CFRangeMake( i, 1 ) ) if i != count then MutableStringAppendFormat( mutStr, @"%@, ", tempStr ) else MutableStringAppendFormat( mutStr, @"%@", tempStr ) next
end fn = fn StringWithFormat( @"[%@]", mutStr )
window 1, @"Flatten a list", ( 0, 0, 350, 150 ) print fn FlattenList( @"[[1], 2, [[3, 4], 5], [[[]]], [[[6]]], 7, 8, []]", @"[], " )
HandleEvents </lang>
- Output:
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]
Gambas
Click this link to run this code <lang gambas>'Code 'borrowed' from Run BASIC
Public Sub Main() Dim sComma, sString, sFlatter As String Dim siCount As Short
sString = "[[1], 2, [[3,4], 5], [[[]]], [[[6]]], 7, 8 []]" For siCount = 1 To Len(sString)
If InStr("[] ,", Mid$(sString, siCount, 1)) = 0 Then
sFlatter = sFlatter & sComma & Mid(sString, siCount, 1)
sComma = ","
End If
Next Print "["; sFlatter; "]"
End</lang> Output:
[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8]
GAP
<lang gap>Flat([[1], 2, [[3,4], 5], [[[]]], [[[6]]], 7, 8, []]);</lang>
GNU APL
Using (monadic) enlist function ε. Sometimes called 'Super Ravel'. <lang APL>
⊢list←(2 3ρι6)(2 2ρ(7 8(2 2ρ9 10 11 12)13)) 'ABCD'
┏→━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓ ┃┏→━━━━┓ ┏→━━━━━━━━━┓ "ABCD"┃ ┃↓1 2 3┃ ↓ 7 8┃ ┃ ┃┃4 5 6┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃┗━━━━━┛ ┃┏→━━━━┓ 13┃ ┃ ┃ ┃↓ 9 10┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃┃11 12┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃┗━━━━━┛ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┗∊━━━━━━━━━┛ ┃ ┗∊∊━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┛
∊list
┏→━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓ ┃1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 'ABCD'┃ ┗━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┛ </lang>
Go
<lang go>package main
import "fmt"
func list(s ...interface{}) []interface{} {
return s
}
func main() {
s := list(list(1),
2,
list(list(3, 4), 5),
list(list(list())),
list(list(list(6))),
7,
8,
list(),
)
fmt.Println(s)
fmt.Println(flatten(s))
}
func flatten(s []interface{}) (r []int) {
for _, e := range s {
switch i := e.(type) {
case int:
r = append(r, i)
case []interface{}:
r = append(r, flatten(i)...)
}
}
return
}</lang>
- Output:
[[1] 2 [[3 4] 5] [[[]]] [[[6]]] 7 8 []] [1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8]
In the code above, flatten uses an easy-to-read type switch to extract ints and return an int slice. The version below is generalized to return a flattened slice of interface{} type, which can of course refer to objects of any type, and not just int. Also, just to show a variation in programming style, a type assertion is used rather than a type switch. <lang go>func flatten(s []interface{}) (r []interface{}) {
for _, e := range s {
if i, ok := e.([]interface{}); ok {
r = append(r, flatten(i)...)
} else {
r = append(r, e)
}
}
return
}</lang>
Groovy
List.flatten() is a Groovy built-in that returns a flattened copy of the source list:
<lang groovy>assert [[1], 2, [[3,4], 5], [[[]]], [[[6]]], 7, 8, []].flatten() == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]</lang>
Haskell
In Haskell we have to interpret this structure as an algebraic data type.
<lang Haskell>import Data.Tree (Tree(..), flatten)
-- [[1], 2, [[3,4], 5], [[[]]], [[[6]]], 7, 8, []] -- implemented as multiway tree: -- Data.Tree represents trees where nodes have values too, unlike the trees in our problem. -- so we use a list as that value, where a node will have an empty list value, -- and a leaf will have a one-element list value and no subtrees list :: Tree [Int] list =
Node [] [ Node [] [Node [1] []] , Node [2] [] , Node [] [Node [] [Node [3] [], Node [4] []], Node [5] []] , Node [] [Node [] [Node [] []]] , Node [] [Node [] [Node [6] []]] , Node [7] [] , Node [8] [] , Node [] [] ]
flattenList :: Tree [a] -> [a] flattenList = concat . flatten
main :: IO () main = print $ flattenList list</lang>
- Output:
[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8]
Alternately: <lang haskell>data Tree a
= Leaf a | Node [Tree a]
flatten :: Tree a -> [a] flatten (Leaf x) = [x] flatten (Node xs) = xs >>= flatten
main :: IO () main =
(print . flatten) $ Node [ Node [Leaf 1] , Leaf 2 , Node [Node [Leaf 3, Leaf 4], Leaf 5] , Node [Node [Node []]] , Node [Node [Node [Leaf 6]]] , Leaf 7 , Leaf 8 , Node [] ]
-- [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8]</lang>
Yet another choice, custom data structure, efficient lazy flattening:
(This is unnecessary; since Haskell is lazy, the previous solution will only do just as much work as necessary for each element that is requested from the resulting list.)
<lang haskell>data NestedList a
= NList [NestedList a] | Entry a
flatten :: NestedList a -> [a] flatten nl = flatten_ nl []
where flatten_ :: NestedList a -> [a] -> [a] flatten_ (Entry a) cont = a : cont flatten_ (NList entries) cont = foldr flatten_ cont entries
-- By passing through a list to which the results will be prepended, -- we allow for efficient lazy evaluation example :: NestedList Int example =
NList [ NList [Entry 1] , Entry 2 , NList [NList [Entry 3, Entry 4], Entry 5] , NList [NList [NList []]] , NList [NList [NList [Entry 6]]] , Entry 7 , Entry 8 , NList [] ]
main :: IO () main = print $ flatten example -- output [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8]</lang>
Hy
<lang clojure>(defn flatten [lst]
(sum (genexpr (if (isinstance x list)
(flatten x)
[x])
[x lst])
[]))
(print (flatten [[1] 2 [[3 4] 5] [[[]]] [[[6]]] 7 8 []]))
- [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]</lang>
Icon and Unicon
The following procedure solves the task using a string representation of nested lists and cares not if the list is well formed or not. <lang Icon>link strings # for compress,deletec,pretrim
procedure sflatten(s) # uninteresting string solution return pretrim(trim(compress(deletec(s,'[ ]'),',') ,','),',') end</lang>
The solution uses several procedures from strings in the IPL
This procedure is more in the spirit of the task handling actual lists rather than representations. It uses a recursive approach using some of the built-in list manipulation functions and operators. <lang Icon>procedure flatten(L) # in the spirt of the problem a structure local l,x
l := [] every x := !L do
if type(x) == "list" then l |||:= flatten(x) else put(l,x)
return l end</lang>
Finally a demo routine to drive these and a helper to show how it works. <lang Icon>procedure main() write(sflatten(" [[1], 2, [[3,4], 5], [[[]]], [[[6]]], 7, 8, []]")) writelist(flatten( [[1], 2, [[3,4], 5], [[[]]], [[[6]]], 7, 8, []])) end
procedure writelist(L) writes("[") every writes(" ",image(!L)) write(" ]") return end</lang>
Ioke
<lang ioke>iik> [[1], 2, [[3,4], 5], [[[]]], [[[6]]], 7, 8, []] flatten [[1], 2, [[3,4], 5], [[[]]], [[[6]]], 7, 8, []] flatten +> [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]</lang>
Isabelle
<lang Isabelle>theory Scratch
imports Main
begin
datatype 'a tree = Leaf 'a ("<_>")
| Node "'a tree list" ("⟦ _ ⟧")
text‹The datatype introduces special pretty printing:› lemma "Leaf a = <a>" by simp lemma "Node [] = ⟦ [] ⟧" by simp
definition "example ≡ ⟦[ ⟦[<1>]⟧, <2>, ⟦[ ⟦[<3>, <4>]⟧, <5>]⟧, ⟦[⟦[⟦[]⟧]⟧]⟧, ⟦[⟦[⟦[<6>]⟧]⟧]⟧, <7>, <8>, ⟦[]⟧ ]⟧"
lemma "example =
Node [
Node [Leaf 1],
Leaf 2,
Node [Node [Leaf 3, Leaf 4], Leaf 5],
Node [Node [ Node []]],
Node [Node [Node [Leaf 6]]],
Leaf 7,
Leaf 8,
Node []
]"
by(simp add: example_def)
fun flatten :: "'a tree ⇒ 'a list" where
"flatten (Leaf a) = [a]"
| "flatten (Node xs) = concat (map flatten xs)"
lemma "flatten example = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]"
by(simp add: example_def)
end</lang>
J
Solution: <lang j>flatten =: [: ; <S:0</lang>
Example: <lang j> NB. create and display nested noun li
]li =. (<1) ; 2; ((<3; 4); 5) ; ((<a:)) ; ((<(<6))) ; 7; 8; <a:
+---+-+-----------+----+-----+-+-+--+ |+-+|2|+-------+-+|+--+|+---+|7|8|++| ||1|| ||+-----+|5|||++|||+-+|| | |||| |+-+| |||+-+-+|| |||||||||6||| | |++| | | ||||3|4||| |||++|||+-+|| | | | | | |||+-+-+|| ||+--+|+---+| | | | | | ||+-----+| || | | | | | | | |+-------+-+| | | | | | +---+-+-----------+----+-----+-+-+--+
flatten li
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8</lang>
Notes:
The primitive ; removes one level of nesting.
<S:0 takes an arbitrarily nested list and puts everything one level deep.
[: is glue, here.
We do not use ; by itself because it requires that all of the contents be the same type and nested items have a different type from unnested items.
We do not use ]S:0 (which puts everything zero levels deep) because it assembles its results as items of a list, which means that short items will be padded to be equal to the largest items, and that is not what we would want here (we do not want the empty item to be padded with a fill element).
Alternative Solution:
The previous solution can be generalized to flatten the nesting and shape for a list of arbitrary values that include arrays of any rank:
<lang j>flatten2 =: [: ; <@,S:0</lang>
Example: <lang j> ]li2 =. (<1) ; 2; ((<3;4); 5 + i.3 4) ; ((<a:)) ; ((<(<17))) ; 18; 19; <a: +---+-+---------------------+----+------+--+--+--+ |+-+|2|+-------+-----------+|+--+|+----+|18|19|++| ||1|| ||+-----+| 5 6 7 8|||++|||+--+|| | |||| |+-+| |||+-+-+|| 9 10 11 12|||||||||17||| | |++| | | ||||3|4|||13 14 15 16|||++|||+--+|| | | | | | |||+-+-+|| ||+--+|+----+| | | | | | ||+-----+| || | | | | | | | |+-------+-----------+| | | | | | +---+-+---------------------+----+------+--+--+--+
flatten2 li
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
flatten2 li2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19</lang>
Here, we have replaced <S:0 with <@,S:0 so our leaves are flattened before the final step where their boxes are razed.
Java
The flatten method was overloaded for better separation of concerns. On the first one you can pass any List and get it flat into a LinkedList implementation. On the other one you can pass any List implementation you like for both lists.
Note that both implementations can only put the result into type List<Object>. We cannot type-safely put the result into a generic type List<T> because there is no way to enforce that the original list contains elements of "type T or lists of elements which are T or further lists..."; there is no generic type parameter that will express that restriction. Since we must accept lists of any elements as an argument, we can only safely put them in a List<Object>.
Actual Workhorse code <lang java5>import java.util.LinkedList; import java.util.List;
public final class FlattenUtil {
public static List<Object> flatten(List<?> list) { List<Object> retVal = new LinkedList<Object>(); flatten(list, retVal); return retVal; }
public static void flatten(List<?> fromTreeList, List<Object> toFlatList) { for (Object item : fromTreeList) { if (item instanceof List<?>) { flatten((List<?>) item, toFlatList); } else { toFlatList.add(item); } } } }</lang>
Method showing population of the test List and usage of flatten method. <lang java5>import static java.util.Arrays.asList; import java.util.List;
public final class FlattenTestMain {
public static void main(String[] args) { List<Object> treeList = a(a(1), 2, a(a(3, 4), 5), a(a(a())), a(a(a(6))), 7, 8, a()); List<Object> flatList = FlattenUtil.flatten(treeList); System.out.println(treeList); System.out.println("flatten: " + flatList); }
private static List<Object> a(Object... a) { return asList(a); } }</lang>
- Output:
[[1], 2, [[3, 4], 5], [[[]]], [[[6]]], 7, 8, []] flatten: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]
- Functional version
<lang java5>import java.util.List; import java.util.stream.Stream; import java.util.stream.Collectors;
public final class FlattenUtil {
public static Stream<Object> flattenToStream(List<?> list) { return list.stream().flatMap(item -> item instanceof List<?> ? flattenToStream((List<?>)item) : Stream.of(item)); }
public static List<Object> flatten(List<?> list) { return flattenToStream(list).collect(Collectors.toList()); } }</lang>
JavaScript
ES5
<lang javascript>function flatten(list) {
return list.reduce(function (acc, val) {
return acc.concat(val.constructor === Array ? flatten(val) : val);
}, []);
}</lang>
Or, expressed in terms of the more generic concatMap function:
<lang JavaScript>(function () {
'use strict';
// flatten :: Tree a -> [a]
function flatten(t) {
return (t instanceof Array ? concatMap(flatten, t) : t);
}
// concatMap :: (a -> [b]) -> [a] -> [b]
function concatMap(f, xs) {
return [].concat.apply([], xs.map(f));
}
return flatten(
[[1], 2, [[3, 4], 5], [[[]]], [[[6]]], 7, 8, []]
);
})();</lang>
From fusion of flatten with concatMap we can then derive:
<lang JavaScript> // flatten :: Tree a -> [a]
function flatten(a) {
return a instanceof Array ? [].concat.apply([], a.map(flatten)) : a;
}</lang>
For example:
<lang JavaScript>(function () {
'use strict';
// flatten :: Tree a -> [a]
function flatten(a) {
return a instanceof Array ? [].concat.apply([], a.map(flatten)) : a;
}
return flatten(
[[1], 2, [[3, 4], 5], [[[]]], [[[6]]], 7, 8, []]
);
})();</lang>
- Output:
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]
ES6
Built-in
<lang javascript>// flatten :: NestedList a -> [a] const flatten = nest =>
nest.flat(Infinity);</lang>
Recursive
<lang javascript>// flatten :: NestedList a -> [a] const flatten = t => {
const go = x =>
Array.isArray(x) ? (
x.flatMap(go)
) : x;
return go(t);
};</lang>
Iterative
<lang javascript>function flatten(list) {
for (let i = 0; i < list.length; i++) {
while (true) {
if (Array.isArray(list[i])) {
list.splice(i, 1, ...list[i]);
} else {
break;
}
}
}
return list;
}</lang>
Or alternatively:
<lang javascript>// flatten :: Nested List a -> a const flatten = t => {
let xs = t;
while (xs.some(Array.isArray)) {
xs = [].concat(...xs);
}
return xs;
};</lang>
Result is always:
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]
Joy
"seqlib" libload.
[[1] 2 [[3 4] 5] [[[]]] [[[6]]] 7 8 []] treeflatten.
(* output: [1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8] *)jq
Recent (1.4+) versions of jq include the following flatten filter:<lang jq>def flatten:
reduce .[] as $i
([];
if $i | type == "array" then . + ($i | flatten)
else . + [$i]
end);</lang>Example:<lang jq>
[[1], 2, [[3,4], 5], [[[]]], [[[6]]], 7, 8, []] | flatten [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8]</lang>
Jsish
From Javascript entry, with change to test for typeof equal "array".
<lang javascript>/* Flatten list, in Jsish */ function flatten(list) {
return list.reduce(function (acc, val) {
return acc.concat(typeof val === "array" ? flatten(val) : val);
}, []);
}
if (Interp.conf('unitTest')) {
- flatten([[1], 2, [[3, 4], 5], [[[]]], [[[6]]], 7, 8, []]);
}
/*
!EXPECTSTART!
flatten([[1], 2, [[3, 4], 5], [[[]]], [[[6]]], 7, 8, []]) ==> [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 ]
!EXPECTEND!
- /</lang>
- Output:
prompt$ jsish --U flatten.jsi flatten([[1], 2, [[3, 4], 5], [[[]]], [[[6]]], 7, 8, []]) ==> [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 ]
Julia
(Note that Julia versions prior to 0.5 automatically flattened nested arrays.)
The following version of flatten makes use of the higher order function mapreduce. <lang julia>isflat(x) = isempty(x) || first(x) === x
function flat_mapreduce(arr)
mapreduce(vcat, arr, init=[]) do x
isflat(x) ? x : flat(x)
end
end</lang> An iterative recursive version that uses less memory but is slower: <lang julia>function flat_recursion(arr)
res = []
function grep(v)
for x in v
if x isa Array
grep(x)
else
push!(res, x)
end
end
end
grep(arr)
res
end</lang> Using the Iterators library from the Julia base: <lang julia>function flat_iterators(arr)
while any(a -> a isa Array, arr)
arr = collect(Iterators.flatten(arr))
end
arr
end</lang> Benchmarking these three functions using the BenchmarkTools package yields the following results: <lang julia>using BenchmarkTools
arr = [[1], 2, [[3, 4], 5], [[[]]], [[[6]]], 7, 8, []]
@show flat_mapreduce(arr) @show flat_recursion(arr) @show flat_iterators(arr)
@btime flat_mapreduce($arr) @btime flat_recursion($arr)
@btime flat_iterators($arr)</lang>
- Output:
flat_mapreduce(arr) = Any[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8] flat_recursion(arr) = Any[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8] flat_iterators(arr) = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8] 14.163 μs (131 allocations: 4.27 KiB) 500.824 ns (4 allocations: 176 bytes) 28.223 μs (133 allocations: 4.33 KiB)
K
In K, join is: , and reduce/fold (called "over") is: /. With a monadic argument (as ,/ is), over repeats application until reaching a fixed-point.
So to flatten a list of arbitrary depth, you can join-over-over, or reduce a list with a function that reduces a list with a join function: <lang k>,//((1); 2; ((3;4); 5); ((())); (((6))); 7; 8; ())</lang>
Kotlin
<lang scala>// version 1.0.6
@Suppress("UNCHECKED_CAST")
fun flattenList(nestList: List<Any>, flatList: MutableList<Int>) {
for (e in nestList)
if (e is Int)
flatList.add(e)
else
// using unchecked cast here as can't check for instance of 'erased' generic type
flattenList(e as List<Any>, flatList)
}
fun main(args: Array<String>) {
val nestList : List<Any> = listOf(
listOf(1),
2,
listOf(listOf(3, 4), 5),
listOf(listOf(listOf<Int>())),
listOf(listOf(listOf(6))),
7,
8,
listOf<Int>()
)
println("Nested : " + nestList)
val flatList = mutableListOf<Int>()
flattenList(nestList, flatList)
println("Flattened : " + flatList)
}</lang>
Or, using a more functional approach:
<lang scala> fun flatten(list: List<*>): List<*> {
fun flattenElement(elem: Any?): Iterable<*> {
return if (elem is List<*>)
if (elem.isEmpty()) elem
else flattenElement(elem.first()) + flattenElement(elem.drop(1))
else listOf(elem)
}
return list.flatMap { elem -> flattenElement(elem) }
}</lang>
- Output:
Nested : [[1], 2, [[3, 4], 5], [[[]]], [[[6]]], 7, 8, []] Flattened : [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]
Lambdatalk
Lambdatalk doesn't have a builtin primitive flattening a multidimensionnal array. <lang scheme> 1) Let's create this function
{def A.flatten
{def A.flatten.r
{lambda {:a}
{if {A.empty? :a}
then
else {let { {:b {A.first :a}}
} {if {A.array? :b}
then {A.flatten.r :b}
else :b} }
{A.flatten.r {A.rest :a}} }}}
{lambda {:a}
{A.new {A.flatten.r :a}}}}
-> A.flatten
and test it
{def list
{A.new
{A.new 1}
2
{A.new {A.new 3 4} 5}
{A.new {A.new {A.new }}}
{A.new {A.new {A.new 6}}}
7
8
{A.new}
}} -> [[1], 2, [[3, 4], 5], [[[]]], [[[6]]], 7, 8, []]
{A.flatten {list}} -> [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8] </lang>
Lasso
Lasso Delve is a Lasso utility method explicitly for handling embedded arrays. With one array which contain other arrays, delve allows you to treat one array as a single series of elements, thus enabling easy access to an entire tree of values. www.lassosoft.com/lassoDocs/languageReference/obj/delve Lasso reference on Delve
<lang Lasso>local(original = json_deserialize('[[1], 2, [[3,4], 5], [[[]]], [[[6]]], 7, 8, []]'))
- original
'
'
(with item in delve(#original)
select #item) -> asstaticarray</lang>
array(array(1), 2, array(array(3, 4), 5), array(array(array())), array(array(array(6))), 7, 8, array()) staticarray(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8)
LFE
<lang lisp> > (: lists flatten '((1) 2 ((3 4) 5) ((())) (((6))) 7 8 ())) (1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8) </lang>
Logo
<lang logo>to flatten :l
if not list? :l [output :l] if empty? :l [output []] output sentence flatten first :l flatten butfirst :l
end
- using a template iterator (map combining results into a sentence)
to flatten :l
output map.se [ifelse or not list? ? empty? ? [?] [flatten ?]] :l
end
make "a [[1] 2 [[3 4] 5] [[[]]] [[[6]]] 7 8 []] show flatten :a</lang>
Logtalk
<lang logtalk>flatten(List, Flatted) :-
flatten(List, [], Flatted).
flatten(Var, Tail, [Var| Tail]) :-
var(Var), !.
flatten([], Flatted, Flatted) :-
!.
flatten([Head| Tail], List, Flatted) :-
!, flatten(Tail, List, Aux), flatten(Head, Aux, Flatted).
flatten(Head, Tail, [Head| Tail]).</lang>
Lua
<lang lua>function flatten(list)
if type(list) ~= "table" then return {list} end
local flat_list = {}
for _, elem in ipairs(list) do
for _, val in ipairs(flatten(elem)) do
flat_list[#flat_list + 1] = val
end
end
return flat_list
end
test_list = {{1}, 2, {{3,4}, 5}, {{{}}}, {{{6}}}, 7, 8, {}}
print(table.concat(flatten(test_list), ","))</lang>
Maple
This can be accomplished using the Flatten command from the ListTools, or with a custom recursive procedure.
<lang Maple> L := [[1], 2, [[3,4], 5], [[[]]], [[[6]]], 7, 8, []]:
with(ListTools):
Flatten(L); </lang>
- Output:
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]
<lang Maple> flatten := proc(x)
`if`(type(x,'list'),seq(procname(i),i = x),x);
end proc:
L := [[1], 2, [[3,4], 5], [[[]]], [[[6]]], 7, 8, []]:
[flatten(L)]; </lang>
- Output:
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]
Mathematica / Wolfram Language
<lang Mathematica>Flatten[{{1}, 2, {{3, 4}, 5}, {{{}}}, {{{6}}}, 7, 8, {}}]</lang>
Maxima
<lang maxima>flatten([[[1, 2, 3], 4, [5, [6, 7]], 8], [[9, 10], 11], 12]); /* [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12] */</lang>
Mercury
As with Haskell we need to use an algebraic data type. <lang mercury>:- module flatten_a_list.
- - interface.
- - import_module io.
- - pred main(io::di, io::uo) is det.
- - implementation.
- - import_module list.
- - type tree(T)
---> leaf(T) ; node(list(tree(T))).
- - func flatten(tree(T)) = list(T).
flatten(leaf(X)) = [X]. flatten(node(Xs)) = condense(map(flatten, Xs)).
main(!IO) :-
List = node([
node([leaf(1)]),
leaf(2),
node([node([leaf(3), leaf(4)]), leaf(5)]),
node([node([node([])])]),
node([node([node([leaf(6)])])]),
leaf(7),
leaf(8),
node([])
]),
io.print_line(flatten(List), !IO).
- - end_module flatten_a_list.
</lang>
- Output:
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]
min
<lang min>(
=a (a 'quotation? any?) (a => #a) while a
) :deep-flatten
((1) 2 ((3 4) 5) ((())) (((6))) 7 8 ()) deep-flatten puts!</lang>
- Output:
(1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8)
Mirah
<lang mirah>import java.util.ArrayList import java.util.List import java.util.Collection
def flatten(list: Collection)
flatten(list, ArrayList.new)
end def flatten(source: Collection, result: List)
source.each do |x|
if x.kind_of?(Collection)
flatten(Collection(x), result)
else
result.add(x)
result # if branches must return same type
end
end
result
end
- creating a list-of-list-of-list fails currently, so constructor calls are needed
source = [[1], 2, [[3, 4], 5], ArrayList.new, [[[6]]], 7, 8, ArrayList.new]
puts flatten(source)</lang>
NewLISP
<lang NewLISP>> (flat '((1) 2 ((3 4) 5) ((())) (((6))) 7 8 ())) (1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8) </lang>
NGS
Note that when kern method is called, the multi-dispatch tries to match kern parameters with given arguments last added F first: if x is an array, the second F kern is invoked, otherwise the first F kern is invoked.
NGS defines flatten as a shallow flatten, hence using flatten_r here.
<lang NGS>F flatten_r(a:Arr) collector { local kern F kern(x) collect(x) F kern(x:Arr) x.each(kern) kern(a) }
echo(flatten_r([[1], 2, [[3, 4], 5], [[[]]], [[[6]]], 7, 8, []]))</lang>
- Output:
[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8]
Nim
Nim is statically-typed, so we need to use an object variant <lang nim>type
TreeList[T] = object case isLeaf: bool of true: data: T of false: list: seq[TreeList[T]]
proc L[T](list: varargs[TreeList[T]]): TreeList[T] =
for x in list: result.list.add x
proc N[T](data: T): TreeList[T] =
TreeList[T](isLeaf: true, data: data)
proc flatten[T](n: TreeList[T]): seq[T] =
if n.isLeaf: result = @[n.data]
else:
for x in n.list:
result.add flatten x
var x = L(L(N 1), N 2, L(L(N 3, N 4), N 5), L(L(L[int]())), L(L(L(N 6))), N 7, N 8, L[int]()) echo flatten(x)</lang>
- Output:
@[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]
Objective-C
<lang objc2>#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
@interface NSArray (FlattenExt) @property (nonatomic, readonly) NSArray *flattened; @end
@implementation NSArray (FlattenExt) -(NSArray *) flattened {
NSMutableArray *flattened = [[NSMutableArray alloc] initWithCapacity:self.count];
for (id object in self) {
if ([object isKindOfClass:[NSArray class]])
[flattened addObjectsFromArray:((NSArray *)object).flattened];
else
[flattened addObject:object];
}
return [flattened autorelease];
} @end
int main() {
@autoreleasepool {
NSArray *p = @[
@[ @1 ], @2, @[ @[@3, @4], @5], @[ @[ @[ ] ] ], @[ @[ @[ @6 ] ] ], @7, @8, @[ ] ];
for (id object in unflattened.flattened)
NSLog(@"%@", object);
}
return 0;
}</lang>
OCaml
<lang ocaml># let flatten = List.concat ;; val flatten : 'a list list -> 'a list = <fun>
- let li = [[1]; 2; [[3;4]; 5]; [[[]]]; [[[6]]]; 7; 8; []] ;;
^^^
Error: This expression has type int but is here used with type int list
- (* use another data which can be accepted by the type system *)
flatten [[1]; [2; 3; 4]; []; [5; 6]; [7]; [8]] ;;
- : int list = [1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8]</lang>
Since OCaml is statically typed, it is not possible to have a value that could be both a list and a non-list. Instead, we can use an algebraic datatype:
<lang ocaml># type 'a tree = Leaf of 'a | Node of 'a tree list ;; type 'a tree = Leaf of 'a | Node of 'a tree list
- let rec flatten = function
Leaf x -> [x] | Node xs -> List.concat (List.map flatten xs) ;;
val flatten : 'a tree -> 'a list = <fun>
- flatten (Node [Node [Leaf 1]; Leaf 2; Node [Node [Leaf 3; Leaf 4]; Leaf 5]; Node [Node [Node []]]; Node [Node [Node [Leaf 6]]]; Leaf 7; Leaf 8; Node []]) ;;
- : int list = [1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8]</lang>
Oforth
<lang Oforth>[[1], 2, [[3,4], 5], [[[]]], [[[6]]], 7, 8, []] expand println</lang>
- Output:
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]
Ol
<lang scheme> (define (flatten x)
(cond
((null? x)
'())
((not (pair? x))
(list x))
(else
(append (flatten (car x))
(flatten (cdr x))))))
(flatten '((1) 2 ((3 4) 5) ((())) (((6))) 7 8 ())))
</lang>
- Output:
(1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8)
ooRexx
<lang ooRexx> sub1 = .array~of(1) sub2 = .array~of(3, 4) sub3 = .array~of(sub2, 5) sub4 = .array~of(.array~of(.array~new)) sub5 = .array~of(.array~of(.array~of(6))) sub6 = .array~new
-- final list construction list = .array~of(sub1, 2, sub3, sub4, sub5, 7, 8, sub6)
-- flatten flatlist = flattenList(list)
say "["flatlist~toString("line", ", ")"]"
- routine flattenList
use arg list -- we could use a list or queue, but let's just use an array accumulator = .array~new
-- now go to the recursive processing version call flattenSublist list, accumulator
return accumulator
- routine flattenSublist
use arg list, accumulator
-- ask for the items explicitly, since this will allow
-- us to flatten indexed collections as well
do item over list~allItems
-- if the object is some sort of collection, flatten this out rather
-- than add to the accumulator
if item~isA(.collection) then call flattenSublist item, accumulator
else accumulator~append(item)
end
</lang>
Oz
Oz has a standard library function "Flatten": <lang oz>{Show {Flatten [[1] 2 [[3 4] 5] nil [[[6]]] 7 8 nil]}}</lang> A simple, non-optimized implementation could look like this: <lang oz>fun {Flatten2 Xs}
case Xs of nil then nil
[] X|Xr then
{Append {Flatten2 X} {Flatten2 Xr}}
else [Xs]
end
end </lang>
PARI/GP
<lang parigp>flatten(v)={
my(u=[]); for(i=1,#v, u=concat(u,if(type(v[i])=="t_VEC",flatten(v[i]),v[i])) ); u
};</lang>
Perl
<lang perl>sub flatten {
map { ref eq 'ARRAY' ? flatten(@$_) : $_ } @_
}
my @lst = ([1], 2, [[3,4], 5], [[[]]], [[[6]]], 7, 8, []); print flatten(@lst), "\n";</lang>
Phix
standard builtin <lang Phix>?flatten({{1},2,{{3,4},5},{{{}}},{{{6}}},7,8,{}})</lang>
- Output:
{1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8}
Phixmonti
<lang Phixmonti>1 2 3 10 20 30 3 tolist 4 5 6 3 tolist 2 tolist 1000 "Hello" 6 tolist dup print nl flatten print</lang>
With syntactic sugar
<lang Phixmonti>include ..\Utilitys.pmt
( 1 2 3 ( ( 10 20 30 ) ( 4 5 6 ) ) 1000 "Hola" ) dup ? flatten ?</lang>
- Output:
[1, 2, 3, [[10, 20, 30], [4, 5, 6]], 1000, "Hello"] [1, 2, 3, 10, 20, 30, 4, 5, 6, 1000, "Hello"]
PHP
<lang php>/* Note: This code is only for PHP 4.
It won't work on PHP 5 due to the change in behavior of array_merge(). */
while (array_filter($lst, 'is_array'))
$lst = call_user_func_array('array_merge', $lst);</lang>
Explanation: while $lst has any elements which are themselves arrays (i.e. $lst is not flat), we merge the elements all together (in PHP 4, array_merge() treated non-array arguments as if they were 1-element arrays; PHP 5 array_merge() no longer allows non-array arguments.), thus flattening the top level of any embedded arrays. Repeat this process until the array is flat.
Recursive
<lang php><?php function flatten($ary) {
$result = array();
foreach ($ary as $x) {
if (is_array($x))
// append flatten($x) onto $result
array_splice($result, count($result), 0, flatten($x));
else
$result[] = $x;
}
return $result;
}
$lst = array(array(1), 2, array(array(3, 4), 5), array(array(array())), array(array(array(6))), 7, 8, array()); var_dump(flatten($lst)); ?></lang>
Alternatively:
<lang php><?php function flatten($ary) {
$result = array();
array_walk_recursive($ary, function($x, $k) use (&$result) { $result[] = $x; });
return $result;
}
$lst = array(array(1), 2, array(array(3, 4), 5), array(array(array())), array(array(array(6))), 7, 8, array()); var_dump(flatten($lst)); ?></lang>
<lang php><?php function flatten_helper($x, $k, $obj) {
$obj->flattened[] = $x;
}
function flatten($ary) {
$obj = (object)array('flattened' => array());
array_walk_recursive($ary, 'flatten_helper', $obj);
return $obj->flattened;
}
$lst = array(array(1), 2, array(array(3, 4), 5), array(array(array())), array(array(array(6))), 7, 8, array()); var_dump(flatten($lst)); ?></lang>
Using the standard library (warning: objects will also be flattened by this method):
<lang php><?php $lst = array(array(1), 2, array(array(3, 4), 5), array(array(array())), array(array(array(6))), 7, 8, array()); $result = iterator_to_array(new RecursiveIteratorIterator(new RecursiveArrayIterator($lst)), false); var_dump($result); ?></lang>
Non-recursive
Function flat is iterative and flattens the array in-place. <lang php><?php function flat(&$ary) { // argument must be by reference or array will just be copied
for ($i = 0; $i < count($ary); $i++) {
while (is_array($ary[$i])) {
array_splice($ary, $i, 1, $ary[$i]);
}
}
}
$lst = array(array(1), 2, array(array(3, 4), 5), array(array(array())), array(array(array(6))), 7, 8, array()); flat($lst); var_dump($lst); ?></lang>
PicoLisp
<lang PicoLisp>(de flatten (X)
(make # Build a list
(recur (X) # recursively over 'X'
(if (atom X)
(link X) # Put atoms into the result
(mapc recurse X) ) ) ) ) # or recurse on sub-lists</lang>
or a more succint way using fish:
<lang PicoLisp>(de flatten (X)
(fish atom X) )</lang>
Pike
There's a built-in function called Array.flatten() which does this, but here's a custom function:
<lang pike>array flatten(array a) {
array r = ({ });
foreach (a, mixed n) { if (arrayp(n)) r += flatten(n); else r += ({ n }); }
return r; }</lang>
PL/I
The Translate(text,that,this) intrinsic function returns text with any character in text that is found in this (say the third) replaced by the corresponding third character in that. Suppose the availability of a function Replace(text,that,this) which returns text with all occurrences of this (a single text, possibly many characters) replaced by that, possibly zero characters. The Translate function does not change the length of its string, simply translate its characters in place. <lang PL/I> list = translate (list, ' ', '[]' ); /*Produces " 1 , 2, 3,4 , 5 , , 6 , 7, 8, " */ list = Replace(list,,' '); /*Converts spaces to nothing. Same parameter order as Translate.*/ do while index(list,',,') > 0; /*Is there a double comma anywhere?
list = Replace(list,',',',,'); /*Yes. Convert double commas to single, nullifying empty lists*/
end; /*And search afresh, in case of multiple commas in a row.*/
list = '[' || list || ']'; /*Repackage the list.*/
</lang>
This is distinctly crude. A user-written Replace function is confronted by the requirement to specify a maximum size for its returned result, for instance Replace:Procedure(text,that,this) Returns(Character 200 Varying); which is troublesome for general use. The intrinsic function Translate has no such restriction.
An alternative would be to translate the commas into spaces also (thereby the null entry vanishes) then scan along the result.
PostScript
<lang postscript> /flatten {
/.f {{type /arraytype eq} {{.f} map aload pop} ift}.
[exch .f]
}. </lang> <lang> [[1] 2 [[3 4] 5] [[[]]] [[[6]]] 7 8 []] flatten </lang>
PowerShell
<lang PowerShell> function flatten($a) {
if($a.Count -gt 1) {
$a | foreach{ $(flatten $_)}
} else {$a}
} $a = @(@(1), 2, @(@(3,4), 5), @(@(@())), @(@(@(6))), 7, 8, @()) "$(flatten $a)" </lang> Output:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Prolog
<lang Prolog> flatten(List, FlatList) :- flatten(List, [], FlatList).
flatten(Var, T, [Var|T]) :- var(Var), !. flatten([], T, T) :- !. flatten([H|T], TailList, List) :- !, flatten(H, FlatTail, List), flatten(T, TailList, FlatTail).
flatten(NonList, T, [NonList|T]). </lang>
PureBasic
<lang PureBasic>Structure RCList
Value.i List A.RCList()
EndStructure
Procedure Flatten(List A.RCList())
ResetList(A())
While NextElement(A())
With A()
If \Value
Continue
Else
ResetList(\A())
While NextElement(\A())
If \A()\Value: A()\Value=\A()\Value: EndIf
Wend
EndIf
While ListSize(\A()): DeleteElement(\A()): Wend
If Not \Value: DeleteElement(A()): EndIf
EndWith
Wend
EndProcedure</lang> Set up the MD-List & test the Flattening procedure. <lang PureBasic>;- Set up two lists, one multi dimensional and one 1-D. NewList A.RCList()
- - Create a deep list
With A()
AddElement(A()): AddElement(\A()): AddElement(\A()): \A()\Value=1 AddElement(A()): A()\Value=2 AddElement(A()): AddElement(\A()): \A()\Value=3 AddElement(\A()): \A()\Value=4 AddElement(A()): AddElement(\A()): \A()\Value=5 AddElement(A()): AddElement(\A()): AddElement(\A()): AddElement(\A()) AddElement(A()): AddElement(\A()): AddElement(\A()): \A()\Value=6 AddElement(A()): A()\Value=7 AddElement(A()): A()\Value=8 AddElement(A()): AddElement(\A()): AddElement(\A())
EndWith
Flatten(A())
- - Present the result
If OpenConsole()
Print("Flatten: [")
ForEach A()
Print(Str(A()\Value))
If ListIndex(A())<(ListSize(A())-1)
Print(", ")
Else
PrintN("]")
EndIf
Next
Print(#CRLF$+"Press ENTER to quit"): Input()
EndIf</lang>
Flatten: [1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]
Python
Recursive
<lang python>>>> def flatten(lst): return sum( ([x] if not isinstance(x, list) else flatten(x) for x in lst), [] )
>>> lst = [[1], 2, [[3,4], 5], [[[]]], [[[6]]], 7, 8, []] >>> flatten(lst) [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]</lang>
Recursive, generative and working with any type of iterable object
<lang python>>>> def flatten(itr): >>> for x in itr: >>> try: >>> yield from flatten(x) >>> except: >>> yield x
>>> lst = [[1], 2, [[3,4], 5], [[[]]], [[[6]]], 7, 8, []]
>>> list(flatten(lst)) [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]
>>> tuple(flatten(lst)) (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8)
>>>for i in flatten(lst): >>> print(i) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8</lang>
Non-recursive
Function flat is iterative and flattens the list in-place. It follows the Python idiom of returning None when acting in-place: <lang python>>>> def flat(lst):
i=0
while i<len(lst):
while True:
try:
lst[i:i+1] = lst[i]
except (TypeError, IndexError):
break
i += 1
>>> lst = [[1], 2, [[3,4], 5], [[[]]], [[[6]]], 7, 8, []] >>> flat(lst) >>> lst [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]</lang>
Generative
This method shows a solution using Python generators.
flatten is a generator that yields the non-list values of its input in order.
In this case, the generator is converted back to a list before printing.
<lang python>>>> def flatten(lst):
for x in lst:
if isinstance(x, list):
for x in flatten(x):
yield x
else:
yield x
>>> lst = [[1], 2, [[3,4], 5], [[[]]], [[[6]]], 7, 8, []] >>> print list(flatten(lst)) [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]</lang>
Functional Recursive
And, as the idea of Rosetta Code is to demonstrate how languages are similar as well as different, and to thus to 'aid a person with a grounding in one approach to a problem in learning another', here it is in terms of concatMap, which can be defined in any language, including mathematics, and which can be variously expressed in Python. (The fastest Python implementation of the concat component of the (concat . map) composition seems to be in terms of itertools.chain).
<lang python>Flatten a nested list
from itertools import (chain)
- ----------------------- FLATTEN ------------------------
- flatten :: NestedList a -> [a]
def flatten(x):
A list of atomic values resulting from fully
flattening an arbitrarily nested list.
return concatMap(flatten)(x) if (
isinstance(x, list)
) else [x]
- ------------------------- TEST -------------------------
def main():
Test: flatten an arbitrarily nested list.
print(
fTable(__doc__ + ':')(showList)(showList)(
flatten
)([
[[[]]],
1, 2, 3,
[[1], 2, [[[3, 4]]]],
[[1], 2, [[3, 4], 5], [[[]]], [[[6]]], 7, 8, []]
])
)
- ----------------------- GENERIC ------------------------
- compose (<<<) :: (b -> c) -> (a -> b) -> a -> c
def compose(g):
Right to left function composition. return lambda f: lambda x: g(f(x))
- concatMap :: (a -> [b]) -> [a] -> [b]
def concatMap(f):
A concatenated list over which a function has been mapped.
The list monad can be derived by using a function f which
wraps its output in a list,
(using an empty list to represent computational failure).
def go(xs):
return chain.from_iterable(map(f, xs))
return go
- fTable :: String -> (a -> String) ->
- (b -> String) ->
- (a -> b) -> [a] -> String
def fTable(s):
Heading -> x display function ->
fx display function ->
f -> value list -> tabular string.
def go(xShow, fxShow, f, xs):
w = max(map(compose(len)(xShow), xs))
return s + '\n' + '\n'.join([
xShow(x).rjust(w, ' ') + (' -> ') + fxShow(f(x))
for x in xs
])
return lambda xShow: lambda fxShow: lambda f: lambda xs: go(
xShow, fxShow, f, xs
)
- showList :: [a] -> String
def showList(xs):
Stringification of a list. return '[' + ','.join(str(x) for x in xs) + ']'
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()</lang>
- Output:
Flatten a nested list:
[[[]]] -> []
[[1, 2, 3]] -> [1,2,3]
[[1],[[2]],[[[3, 4]]]] -> [1,2,3,4]
[[1],2,[[3, 4], 5],[[[]]],[[[6]]],7,8,[]] -> [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8]
Functional Non-recursive
And, in contexts where it may be desirable to avoid not just recursion, but also:
- mutation of the original list, and
- dependence on error-events for evaluation control,
we can again use the universal concat . map composition (see the second recursive example above) by embedding it in a fold / reduction, and using it with a pure, but iteratively-implemented, until function.
( Note that the generic functions in the following example are curried, enabling not only more flexible composition, but also some simplifying reductions – here eliminating the need for two uses of Python's lambda keyword ):
<lang python>Flatten a list
from functools import (reduce) from itertools import (chain)
def flatten(xs):
A flat list of atomic values derived
from a nested list.
return reduce(
lambda a, x: a + list(until(every(notList))(
concatMap(pureList)
)([x])),
xs, []
)
- TEST ----------------------------------------------------
def main():
From nested list to flattened list
print(main.__doc__ + ':\n\n')
xs = [[1], 2, [[3, 4], 5], [[[]]], [[[6]]], 7, 8, []]
print(
repr(xs) + ' -> ' + repr(flatten(xs))
)
- GENERIC -------------------------------------------------
- concatMap :: (a -> [b]) -> [a] -> [b]
def concatMap(f):
A concatenated list over which a function has been mapped.
The list monad can be derived by using a function f which
wraps its output in a list,
(using an empty list to represent computational failure).
return lambda xs: list(
chain.from_iterable(map(f, xs))
)
- every :: (a -> Bool) -> [a] -> Bool
def every(p):
True if p(x) holds for every x in xs
def go(p, xs):
return all(map(p, xs))
return lambda xs: go(p, xs)
- notList :: a -> Bool
def notList(x):
True if the value x is not a list. return not isinstance(x, list)
- pureList :: a -> [b]
def pureList(x):
x if x is a list, othewise [x] return x if isinstance(x, list) else [x]
- until :: (a -> Bool) -> (a -> a) -> a -> a
def until(p):
The result of repeatedly applying f until p holds.
The initial seed value is x.
def go(f, x):
v = x
while not p(v):
v = f(v)
return v
return lambda f: lambda x: go(f, x)
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()</lang>
- Output:
From nested list to flattened list: [[1], 2, [[3, 4], 5], [[[]]], [[[6]]], 7, 8, []] -> [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]
Q
We repeatedly apply raze until the return value converges to a fixed value. <lang q>(raze/) ((1); 2; ((3;4); 5); ((())); (((6))); 7; 8; ())</lang>
QBasic
<lang QBasic>sString$ = "[[1], 2, [[3,4], 5], [[[]]], [[[6]]], 7, 8 []]"
FOR siCount = 1 TO LEN(sString$)
IF INSTR("[] ,", MID$(sString$, siCount, 1)) = 0 THEN
sFlatter$ = sFlatter$ + sComma$ + MID$(sString$, siCount, 1)
sComma$ = ", "
END IF
NEXT siCount
PRINT "["; sFlatter$; "]" END</lang>
Quackery
<lang Quackery>forward is flatten
[ [] swap
witheach
[ dup nest?
if flatten
join ] ] resolves flatten ( [ --> [ )</lang>
Output: <lang Quackery>/O> ' [ [ 1 ] 2 [ [ 3 4 ] 5 ] [ [ [ ] ] ] [ [ [ 6 ] ] ] 7 8 [ ] ] flatten ...
Stack: [ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ]</lang>
R
<lang R>x <- list(list(1), 2, list(list(3, 4), 5), list(list(list())), list(list(list(6))), 7, 8, list())
unlist(x)</lang>
Racket
Racket has a built-in flatten function: <lang Racket>
- lang racket
(flatten '(1 (2 (3 4 5) (6 7)) 8 9)) </lang>
- Output:
'(1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9)
or, writing it explicitly with the same result: <lang Racket>
- lang racket
(define (flatten l)
(cond [(empty? l) null]
[(not (list? l)) (list l)]
[else (append (flatten (first l)) (flatten (rest l)))]))
(flatten '(1 (2 (3 4 5) (6 7)) 8 9)) </lang>
Raku
(formerly Perl 6)
<lang perl6>my @l = [[1], 2, [[3,4], 5], [[[]]], [[[6]]], 7, 8, []];
say .perl given gather @l.deepmap(*.take); # lazy recursive version
- Another way to do it is with a recursive function (here actually a Block calling itself with the &?BLOCK dynamic variable):
say { |(@$_ > 1 ?? map(&?BLOCK, @$_) !! $_) }(@l)</lang>
REBOL
<lang rebol> flatten: func [
"Flatten the block in place." block [any-block!]
][
parse block [
any [block: any-block! (change/part block first block 1) :block | skip]
]
head block
] </lang>
Sample:
>> flatten [[1] 2 [[3 4] 5] [[[]]] [[[6]]] 7 8 []] == [1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8]
Red
<lang Red> flatten: function [
"Flatten the block" block [any-block!]
][
load form block
]
red>> flatten [[1] 2 [[3 4] 5] [[[]]] [[[6]]] 7 8 []] == [1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8]
- flatten a list to a string
>> blk: [1 2 ["test"] "a" "bb" 3 4 [[[99]]]] >> form blk == "1 2 test a bb 3 4 99"</lang>
REXX
<lang rexx>/*REXX program (translated from PL/I) flattens a list (the data need not be numeric).*/ list= '[[1], 2, [[3,4], 5], [[[]]], [[[6]]], 7, 8, []]' /*the list to be flattened. */ say list /*display the original list. */
c= ',' /*define a literal (1 comma). */
cc= ',,' /* " " " (2 commas).*/ list= translate(list, , "[]") /*translate brackets to blanks.*/ list= space(list, 0) /*Converts spaces to nulls. */
do while index(list, cc) > 0 /*any double commas ? */
list= changestr(cc, list, c) /*convert ,, to single comma.*/
end /*while*/
list= strip(list, 'T', c) /*strip the last trailing comma*/ list = '['list"]" /*repackage the list. */ say list /*display the flattened list. */</lang>
- output:
[[1], 2, [[3,4], 5], [[[]]], [[[6]]], 7, 8, []] [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8]
Ring
<lang ring> aString = "[[1], 2, [[3, 4], 5], [[[]]], [[[6]]], 7, 8, []]" bString = "" cString = "" for n=1 to len(aString)
if ascii(aString[n]) >= 48 and ascii(aString[n]) <= 57
bString = bString + ", " + aString[n]
ok
next cString = substr(bString,3,Len(bString)-2) cString = '"' + cString + '"' see cString + nl </lang>
"1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8"
Ruby
flatten is a built-in method of Arrays
<lang ruby>flat = [[1], 2, [[3,4], 5], [[[]]], [[[6]]], 7, 8, []].flatten
p flat # => [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]</lang>
The flatten method takes an optional argument, which dedicates the amount of levels to be flattened.
<lang ruby>p flatten_once = [[1], 2, [[3,4], 5], [[[]]], [[[6]]], 7, 8, []].flatten(1)
- => [1, 2, [3, 4], 5, [[]], 6, 7, 8]
</lang>
Run BASIC
<lang runbasic>n$ = "[[1], 2, [[3,4], 5], [[[]]], [[[6]]], 7, 8 []]" for i = 1 to len(n$)
if instr("[] ,",mid$(n$,i,1)) = 0 then
flatten$ = flatten$ + c$ + mid$(n$,i,1)
c$ = ","
end if
next i print "[";flatten$;"]"</lang>
- Output:
[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8]
Rust
First we have to create a type that supports arbitrary nesting: <lang rust>use std::{vec, mem, iter};
enum List<T> {
Node(Vec<List<T>>), Leaf(T),
}
impl<T> IntoIterator for List<T> {
type Item = List<T>;
type IntoIter = ListIter<T>;
fn into_iter(self) -> Self::IntoIter {
match self {
List::Node(vec) => ListIter::NodeIter(vec.into_iter()),
leaf @ List::Leaf(_) => ListIter::LeafIter(iter::once(leaf)),
}
}
}
enum ListIter<T> {
NodeIter(vec::IntoIter<List<T>>), LeafIter(iter::Once<List<T>>),
}
impl<T> ListIter<T> {
fn flatten(self) -> Flatten<T> {
Flatten {
stack: Vec::new(),
curr: self,
}
}
}
impl<T> Iterator for ListIter<T> {
type Item = List<T>;
fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
match *self {
ListIter::NodeIter(ref mut v_iter) => v_iter.next(),
ListIter::LeafIter(ref mut o_iter) => o_iter.next(),
}
}
}
struct Flatten<T> {
stack: Vec<ListIter<T>>, curr: ListIter<T>,
}
// Flatten code is a little messy since we are shoehorning recursion into an Iterator impl<T> Iterator for Flatten<T> {
type Item = T;
fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
loop {
match self.curr.next() {
Some(list) => {
match list {
node @ List::Node(_) => {
self.stack.push(node.into_iter());
let len = self.stack.len();
mem::swap(&mut self.stack[len - 1], &mut self.curr);
}
List::Leaf(item) => return Some(item),
}
}
None => {
if let Some(next) = self.stack.pop() {
self.curr = next;
} else {
return None;
}
}
}
}
}
}
use List::*; fn main() {
let list = Node(vec![Node(vec![Leaf(1)]),
Leaf(2),
Node(vec![Node(vec![Leaf(3), Leaf(4)]), Leaf(5)]),
Node(vec![Node(vec![Node(vec![])])]),
Node(vec![Node(vec![Node(vec![Leaf(6)])])]),
Leaf(7),
Leaf(8),
Node(vec![])]);
for elem in list.into_iter().flatten() {
print!("{} ", elem);
}
println!();
}</lang>
- Output:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
S-lang
<lang s-lang>define flatten ();
define flatten (list) {
variable item,
retval,
val;
if (typeof(list) != List_Type) {
retval = list;
} else {
retval = {};
foreach item (list) {
foreach val (flatten(item)) {
list_append(retval, val);
}
}
}
return retval;
}</lang>
Sample:
slsh> variable data = {{1}, 2, {{3,4}, 5}, {{{}}}, {{{6}}}, 7, 8, {}},
result = flatten(data);
slsh> print(result);
{
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
}
Scala
<lang scala>def flatList(l: List[_]): List[Any] = l match {
case Nil => Nil case (head: List[_]) :: tail => flatList(head) ::: flatList(tail) case head :: tail => head :: flatList(tail)
}</lang>
Sample:
scala> List(List(1), 2, List(List(3, 4), 5), List(List(List())), List(List(List(6))), 7, 8, List()) res10: List[Any] = List(List(1), 2, List(List(3, 4), 5), List(List(List())), List(List(List(6))), 7, 8, List()) scala> flatList(res10) res12: List[Any] = List(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8)
Scheme
<lang scheme>> (define (flatten x)
(cond ((null? x) '())
((not (pair? x)) (list x))
(else (append (flatten (car x))
(flatten (cdr x))))))
> (flatten '((1) 2 ((3 4) 5) ((())) (((6))) 7 8 ())) (1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8)</lang>
Shen
<lang Shen> (define flatten [] -> [] [X|Y] -> (append (flatten X) (flatten Y)) X -> [X])
(flatten [[1] 2 [[3 4] 5] [[[]]] [[[6]]] 7 8 []]) </lang>
- Output:
[1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8]
Sidef
<lang ruby>func flatten(a) {
var flat = []
a.each { |item|
flat += (item.kind_of(Array) ? flatten(item) : [item])
}
return flat
}
var arr = [[1], 2, [[3,4], 5], [[[]]], [[[6]]], 7, 8, []] say flatten(arr) # used-defined function say arr.flatten # built-in Array method</lang>
Slate
<lang slate>s@(Sequence traits) flatten [
[| :out | s flattenOn: out] writingAs: s
].
s@(Sequence traits) flattenOn: w@(WriteStream traits) [
s do: [| :value |
(value is: s)
ifTrue: [value flattenOn: w]
ifFalse: [w nextPut: value]].
].</lang>
Smalltalk
<lang smalltalk>OrderedCollection extend [
flatten [ |f|
f := OrderedCollection new.
self do: [ :i |
i isNumber
ifTrue: [ f add: i ]
ifFalse: [ |t|
t := (OrderedCollection withAll: i) flatten.
f addAll: t
]
].
^ f
]
].
|list|
list := OrderedCollection
withAll: { {1} . 2 . { {3 . 4} . 5 } .
{{{}}} . {{{6}}} . 7 . 8 . {} }.
(list flatten) printNl.</lang>
Here is a non-OOP (but functional) version, which uses a block-closure as function (showing higher order features of Smalltalk):
<lang smalltalk> flatDo :=
[:element :action |
element isCollection ifTrue:[
element do:[:el | flatDo value:el value:action]
] ifFalse:[
action value:element
].
].
collection := {
{1} . 2 . { {3 . 4} . 5 } .
{{{}}} . {{{6}}} . 7 . 8 . {}
}.
newColl := OrderedCollection new. flatDo
value:collection value:[:el | newColl add: el]</lang>
of course, many Smalltalk libraries already provide such functionality.
<lang smalltalk>collection flatDo:[:el | newColl add:el]</lang>
Standard ML
In Standard ML, list must be homogeneous, but nested lists can be implemented as a tree-like data structure using a datatype statement:
<lang sml>datatype 'a nestedList =
L of 'a (* leaf *)
| N of 'a nestedList list (* node *)
</lang>
Flattening of this structure is similar to flatten trees:
<lang sml>fun flatten (L x) = [x]
| flatten (N xs) = List.concat (map flatten xs)</lang>
- Output:
- flatten (N [ L 1, N [L 2, N []], L 3]); val it = [1,2,3] : int list
Suneido
<lang suneido>ob = [[1], 2, [[3,4], 5], [[[]]], [[[6]]], 7, 8, []] ob.Flatten()</lang>
- Output:
#(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8)
SuperCollider
SuperCollider has the method "flat", which completely flattens nested lists, and the method "flatten(n)" to flatten a certain number of levels. <lang SuperCollider> a = [[1], 2, [[3, 4], 5], [[[]]], [[[6]]], 7, 8, []]; a.flatten(1); // answers [ 1, 2, [ 3, 4 ], 5, [ [ ] ], [ [ 6 ] ], 7, 8 ] a.flat; // answers [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 ] </lang>
Written as a function: <lang SuperCollider> ( f = { |x| var res = res ?? List.new; if(x.isSequenceableCollection) { x.do { |each| res.addAll(f.(each)) } } { res.add(x); }; res }; f.([[1], 2, [[3, 4], 5], [[[]]], [[[6]]], 7, 8, []]); )</lang>
Swift
Recursive
<lang swift>func list(s: Any...) -> [Any] {
return s
}
func flatten<T>(s: [Any]) -> [T] {
var r = [T]()
for e in s {
switch e {
case let a as [Any]:
r += flatten(a)
case let x as T:
r.append(x)
default:
assert(false, "value of wrong type")
}
}
return r
}
let s = list(list(1),
2, list(list(3, 4), 5), list(list(list())), list(list(list(6))), 7, 8, list()
) println(s) let result : [Int] = flatten(s) println(result)</lang>
- Output:
[[1] 2 [[3 4] 5] [[[]]] [[[6]]] 7 8 []] [1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8]
More functionally:
<lang swift>func list(s: Any...) -> [Any] {
return s
}
func flatten<T>(s: [Any]) -> [T] {
return s.flatMap {
switch $0 {
case let a as [Any]:
return flatten(a)
case let x as T:
return [x]
default:
assert(false, "value of wrong type")
}
}
}
let s = list(list(1),
2, list(list(3, 4), 5), list(list(list())), list(list(list(6))), 7, 8, list()
) println(s) let result : [Int] = flatten(s) println(result)</lang>
- Output:
[[1] 2 [[3 4] 5] [[[]]] [[[6]]] 7 8 []] [1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8]
Non-recursive
<lang swift>func list(s: Any...) -> [Any] {
return s
}
func flatten<T>(array: [Any]) -> [T] {
var result: [T] = []
var workstack: [(array: [Any], lastIndex: Int)] = [(array, 0)]
workstackLoop: while !workstack.isEmpty
{
for element in workstack.last!.array.suffixFrom(workstack.last!.lastIndex)
{
workstack[workstack.endIndex - 1].lastIndex++
if let element = element as? [Any]
{
workstack.append((element, 0))
continue workstackLoop
}
result.append(element as! T)
}
workstack.removeLast()
}
return result
}
let input = list(list(1),
2, list(list(3, 4), 5), list(list(list())), list(list(list(6))), 7, 8, list()
)
print(input)
let result: [Int] = flatten(input)
print(result)</lang>
- Output:
[[1], 2, [[3, 4], 5], [[[]]], [[[6]]], 7, 8, []] [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]
Tailspin
<lang tailspin> templates flatten
[ $ -> # ] ! when <[]> do $... -> # otherwise $ !
end flatten
[[1], 2, [[3, 4], 5], [[[]]], [[[6]]], 7, 8, []] -> flatten -> !OUT::write </lang>
- Output:
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]
Tcl
<lang tcl>proc flatten list {
for {set old {}} {$old ne $list} {} {
set old $list
set list [join $list]
}
return $list
}
puts [flatten {{1} 2 {{3 4} 5} {{{}}} {{{6}}} 7 8 {}}]
- ===> 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8</lang>
Note that because lists are not syntactically distinct from strings, it is probably a mistake to use this procedure with real (especially non-numeric) data. Also note that there are no parentheses around the outside of the list when printed; this is just a feature of how Tcl regards lists, and the value is a proper list (it can be indexed into with lindex, iterated over with foreach, etc.)
Another implementation that's slightly more terse:
<lang tcl>proc flatten {data} {
while { $data != [set data [join $data]] } { }
return $data
} puts [flatten {{1} 2 {{3 4} 5} {{{}}} {{{6}}} 7 8 {}}]
- ===> 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8</lang>
TI-89 BASIC
There is no nesting of lists or other data structures in TI-89 BASIC, short of using variable names as pointers.
Trith
<lang trith>[[1] 2 [[3 4] 5] [[[]]] [[[6]]] 7 8 []] flatten</lang>
True BASIC
<lang qbasic>LET sstring$ = "[[1], 2, [[3,4], 5], [[[]]], [[[6]]], 7, 8 []]" FOR sicount = 1 TO LEN(sstring$)
IF pos("[] ,",(sstring$)[sicount:sicount+1-1]) = 0 THEN
LET sflatter$ = sflatter$ & scomma$ & (sstring$)[sicount:sicount+1-1]
LET scomma$ = ", "
END IF
NEXT sicount PRINT "["; sflatter$; "]" END</lang>
TXR
An important builtin. <lang txr>@(bind foo ((1) 2 ((3 4) 5) ((())) (((6))) 7 8 ())) @(bind bar foo) @(flatten bar)</lang>
Run:
$ txr -a 5 flatten.txr # show variable bindings in array notation to depth 5 foo[0][0]="1" foo[1]="2" foo[2][0][0]="3" foo[2][0][1]="4" foo[2][1]="5" foo[4][0][0][0]="6" foo[5]="7" foo[6]="8" bar[0]="1" bar[1]="2" bar[2]="3" bar[3]="4" bar[4]="5" bar[5]="6" bar[6]="7" bar[7]="8"
VBScript
Working on embedded arrays as that's about the closest we get to lists.
Implementation
<lang vb> class flattener dim separator
sub class_initialize separator = "," end sub
private function makeflat( a ) dim i dim res for i = lbound( a ) to ubound( a ) if isarray( a( i ) ) then res = res & makeflat( a( i ) ) else res = res & a( i ) & separator end if next makeflat = res end function
public function flatten( a ) dim res res = makeflat( a ) res = left( res, len( res ) - len(separator)) res = split( res, separator ) flatten = res end function
public property let itemSeparator( c ) separator = c end property end class </lang>
Invocation
<lang vb> dim flat set flat = new flattener flat.itemSeparator = "~" wscript.echo join( flat.flatten( array( array( 1 ),2,array(array(3,4),5),array(array(array())),array(array(array(6))),7,8,array())), "!") </lang>
- Output:
1!2!3!4!5!6!7!8
Alternative (classless) Version
<lang VBScript> ' Flatten the example array... a = FlattenArray(Array(Array(1), 2, Array(Array(3,4), 5), Array(Array(Array())), Array(Array(Array(6))), 7, 8, Array()))
' Print the list, comma-separated... WScript.Echo Join(a, ",")
Function FlattenArray(a) If IsArray(a) Then DoFlatten a, FlattenArray: FlattenArray = Split(Trim(FlattenArray)) End Function
Sub DoFlatten(a, s) For i = 0 To UBound(a) If IsArray(a(i)) Then DoFlatten a(i), s Else s = s & a(i) & " " Next End Sub </lang>
Wart
Here's how Wart implements flatten:
<lang python>def (flatten seq acc)
if no.seq
acc
~list?.seq
(cons seq acc)
:else
(flatten car.seq (flatten cdr.seq acc))</lang>
- Output:
(flatten '((1) 2 ((3 4) 5) ((())) (((6))) 7 8 ())) => (1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8)
WDTE
<lang WDTE>let a => import 'arrays'; let s => import 'stream';
let flatten array =>
a.stream array
-> s.flatMap (@ f v => v {
reflect 'Array' => a.stream v -> s.flatMap f;
})
-> s.collect
;</lang>
Usage: <lang WDTE>flatten [[1]; 2; [[3; 4]; 5]; [[[]]]; [[[6]]]; 7; 8; []] -- io.writeln io.stdout;</lang>
- Output:
[1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8]
Wren
A method already exists for this operation in the above module. <lang ecmascript>import "/seq" for Lst
var a = [[1], 2, [[3, 4], 5], [[[]]], [[[6]]], 7, 8, []] System.print(Lst.flatten(a))</lang>
- Output:
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]
XBasic
<lang xbasic>PROGRAM "Flatten a list"
DECLARE FUNCTION Entry ()
FUNCTION Entry ()
n$ = "[[1], 2, [[3,4], 5], [[[]]], [[[6]]], 7, 8 []]"
FOR i = 1 TO LEN(n$)
IF INSTR("[] ,",MID$(n$,i,1)) = 0 THEN
flatten$ = flatten$ + c$ + MID$(n$,i,1)
c$ = ", "
END IF
NEXT i
PRINT "[";flatten$;"]"
END FUNCTION
END PROGRAM</lang>
- Output:
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]
Yabasic
<lang Yabasic>sString$ = "[[1], 2, [[3,4], 5], [[[]]], [[[6]]], 7, 8 []]"
For siCount = 1 To Len(sString$) If Instr("[] ,", Mid$(sString$, siCount, 1)) = 0 Then sFlatter$ = sFlatter$ + sComma$ + Mid$(sString$, siCount, 1) sComma$ = ", " End If Next siCount
Print "[", sFlatter$, "]" End</lang>
- Output:
Igual que la entrada de FreeBASIC.
zkl
<lang zkl>fcn flatten(list){ list.pump(List,
fcn(i){ if(List.isType(i)) return(Void.Recurse,i,self.fcn); i}) }
flatten(L(L(1), L(2), L(L(3,4), 5), L(L(L())), L(L(L(6))), 7, 8, L())) //-->L(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8)</lang> This works by recursively writing the contents of lists to a new list. If a list is recursive or cyclic, it will blow the stack and throw an exception.
ZX Spectrum Basic
<lang zxbasic>10 LET f$="[" 20 LET n$="[[1], 2, [[3,4], 5], [[[]]], [[[6]]], 7, 8 []]" 30 FOR i=2 TO (LEN n$)-1 40 IF n$(i)>"/" AND n$(i)<":" THEN LET f$=f$+n$(i): GO TO 60 50 IF n$(i)="," AND f$(LEN f$)<>"," THEN LET f$=f$+"," 60 NEXT i 70 LET f$=f$+"]": PRINT f$</lang>
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