Van der Corput sequence
You are encouraged to solve this task according to the task description, using any language you may know.
When counting integers in binary, if you put a (binary) point to the right of the count then the column immediately to the left denotes a digit with a multiplier of ; the next column to the lefts digit has a multiplier of and so on.
So in the following table:
0. 1. 10. 11. ...
The binary number "10" is .
You can have binary digits to the right of the “point” just as in the decimal number system too. in this case, the digit in the place immediately to the right of the point has a weight of , or . The weight for the second column to the right of the point is or . And so on.
If you take the integer binary count of the first table, and reflect the digits about the binary point, you end up with the van der Corput sequence of numbers in base 2.
.0 .1 .01 .11 ...
The third member of the sequence: binary 0.01 is therefore or .
Members of the sequence lie within the interval . Points within the sequence tend to be evenly distributed which is a useful trait to have for Monte Carlo simulations.
This sequence is also a superset of the numbers representable by the "fraction" field of an old IEEE floating point standard. In that standard, the "fraction" field represented the fractional part of a binary number beginning with "1." e.g. 1.101001101.
Hint
A hint at a way to generate members of the sequence is to modify a routine used to change the base of an integer: <lang python>>>> def base10change(n, base): digits = [] while n: n,remainder = divmod(n, base) digits.insert(0, remainder) return digits
>>> base10change(11, 2)
[1, 0, 1, 1]</lang>
the above showing that 11 in decimal is .
Reflected this would become .1101 or
Task Description
- Create a function/method/routine that given n, generates the n'th term of the van der Corput sequence in base 2.
- Use the function to compute and display the first ten members of the sequence. (The first member of the sequence is for n=0).
- As a stretch goal/extra credit, compute and show members of the sequence for bases other than 2.
See also
Ada
<lang Ada>with Ada.Text_IO;
procedure Main is
package Float_IO is new Ada.Text_IO.Float_IO (Float);
function Van_Der_Corput (N : Natural; Base : Positive := 2) return Float is
Value : Natural := N;
Result : Float := 0.0;
Exponent : Positive := 1;
begin
while Value > 0 loop
Result := Result +
Float (Value mod Base) / Float (Base ** Exponent);
Value := Value / Base;
Exponent := Exponent + 1;
end loop;
return Result;
end Van_Der_Corput;
begin
for Base in 2 .. 5 loop
Ada.Text_IO.Put ("Base" & Integer'Image (Base) & ":");
for N in 1 .. 10 loop
Ada.Text_IO.Put (' ');
Float_IO.Put (Item => Van_Der_Corput (N, Base), Exp => 0);
end loop;
Ada.Text_IO.New_Line;
end loop;
end Main;</lang>
output:
Base 2: 0.50000 0.25000 0.75000 0.12500 0.62500 0.37500 0.87500 0.06250 0.56250 0.31250 Base 3: 0.33333 0.66667 0.11111 0.44444 0.77778 0.22222 0.55556 0.88889 0.03704 0.37037 Base 4: 0.25000 0.50000 0.75000 0.06250 0.31250 0.56250 0.81250 0.12500 0.37500 0.62500 Base 5: 0.20000 0.40000 0.60000 0.80000 0.04000 0.24000 0.44000 0.64000 0.84000 0.08000
BBC BASIC
<lang bbcbasic> @% = &20509
FOR base% = 2 TO 5
PRINT "Base " ; STR$(base%) ":"
FOR number% = 0 TO 9
PRINT FNvdc(number%, base%);
NEXT
PRINT
NEXT
END
DEF FNvdc(n%, b%)
LOCAL v, s%
s% = 1
WHILE n%
s% *= b%
v += (n% MOD b%) / s%
n% DIV= b%
ENDWHILE
= v</lang>
Output:
Base 2: 0.00000 0.50000 0.25000 0.75000 0.12500 0.62500 0.37500 0.87500 0.06250 0.56250 Base 3: 0.00000 0.33333 0.66667 0.11111 0.44444 0.77778 0.22222 0.55556 0.88889 0.03704 Base 4: 0.00000 0.25000 0.50000 0.75000 0.06250 0.31250 0.56250 0.81250 0.12500 0.37500 Base 5: 0.00000 0.20000 0.40000 0.60000 0.80000 0.04000 0.24000 0.44000 0.64000 0.84000
bc
This solution hardcodes the literal 10 because numeric literals in bc can use any base from 2 to 16. This solution only works with integer bases from 2 to 16.
<lang bc>/*
* Return the _n_th term of the van der Corput sequence. * Uses the current _ibase_. */
define v(n) { auto c, r, s
s = scale scale = 0 /* to use integer division */
/* * c = count digits of n * r = reverse the digits of n */ for (0; n != 0; n /= 10) { c += 1 r = (10 * r) + (n % 10) }
/* move radix point to left of digits */ scale = length(r) + 6 r /= 10 ^ c
scale = s return r }
t = 10 for (b = 2; b <= 4; b++) { "base "; b obase = b for (i = 0; i < 10; i++) { ibase = b " "; v(i) ibase = t } obase = t } quit</lang>
Some of the calculations are not exact, because bc performs calculations using base 10. So the program prints a result like .202222221 (base 3) when the exact result would be .21 (base 3).
Output:
base 2 0.00000000000000 .10000000000000 .01000000000000 .11000000000000 .00100000000000 .10100000000000 .01100000000000 .11100000000000 .00010000000000 .10010000000000 base 3 0.000000000 .022222222 .122222221 .002222222 .102222222 .202222221 .012222222 .112222221 .212222221 .000222222 base 4 0.0000000 .1000000 .2000000 .3000000 .0100000 .1100000 .2100000 .310000000 .0200000 .1200000
C
<lang C>#include <stdio.h>
void vc(int n, int base, int *num, int *denom) {
int p = 0, q = 1;
while (n) {
p = p * base + (n % base);
q *= base;
n /= base;
}
*num = p;
*denom = q;
while (p) { n = p; p = q % p; q = n; }
*num /= q;
*denom /= q;
}
int main() {
int d, n, i, b;
for (b = 2; b < 6; b++) {
printf("base %d:", b);
for (i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
vc(i, b, &n, &d);
if (n) printf(" %d/%d", n, d);
else printf(" 0");
}
printf("\n");
}
return 0;
}</lang>Output:<lang>base 2: 0 1/2 1/4 3/4 1/8 5/8 3/8 7/8 1/16 9/16 base 3: 0 1/3 2/3 1/9 4/9 7/9 2/9 5/9 8/9 1/27 base 4: 0 1/4 1/2 3/4 1/16 5/16 9/16 13/16 1/8 3/8 base 5: 0 1/5 2/5 3/5 4/5 1/25 6/25 11/25 16/25 21/25</lang>
C++
<lang cpp>#include <cmath>
- include <iostream>
double vdc(int n, double base = 2) {
double vdc = 0, denom = 1;
while (n)
{
vdc += fmod(n, base) / (denom *= base);
n /= base; // note: conversion from 'double' to 'int'
}
return vdc;
}
int main() {
for (double base = 2; base < 6; ++base)
{
std::cout << "Base " << base << "\n";
for (int n = 0; n < 10; ++n)
{
std::cout << vdc(n, base) << " ";
}
std::cout << "\n\n";
}
}</lang> Output:
Base 2 0 0.5 0.25 0.75 0.125 0.625 0.375 0.875 0.0625 0.5625 Base 3 0 0.333333 0.666667 0.111111 0.444444 0.777778 0.222222 0.555556 0.888889 0.037037 Base 4 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 0.0625 0.3125 0.5625 0.8125 0.125 0.375 Base 5 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.04 0.24 0.44 0.64 0.84
C#
This is based on the C version.
It uses LINQ and enumeration over a collection to package the sequence and make it easy to use.
Note that the iterator returns a generic Tuple whose items are the numerator and denominator for the item.
<lang CSharp> using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Linq; using System.Text;
namespace VanDerCorput {
/// <summary> /// Computes the Van der Corput sequence for any number base. /// The numbers in the sequence vary from zero to one, including zero but excluding one. /// The sequence possesses low discrepancy. /// Here are the first ten terms for bases 2 to 5: /// /// base 2: 0 1/2 1/4 3/4 1/8 5/8 3/8 7/8 1/16 9/16 /// base 3: 0 1/3 2/3 1/9 4/9 7/9 2/9 5/9 8/9 1/27 /// base 4: 0 1/4 1/2 3/4 1/16 5/16 9/16 13/16 1/8 3/8 /// base 5: 0 1/5 2/5 3/5 4/5 1/25 6/25 11/25 16/25 21/25 /// </summary> /// <see cref="http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Van_der_Corput_sequence"/> public class VanDerCorputSequence: IEnumerable<Tuple<long,long>> { /// <summary> /// Number base for the sequence, which must bwe two or more. /// </summary> public int Base { get; private set; }
/// <summary>
/// Maximum number of terms to be returned by iterator.
/// </summary>
public long Count { get; private set; }
/// <summary>
/// Construct a sequence for the given base.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="iBase">Number base for the sequence.</param>
/// <param name="count">Maximum number of items to be returned by the iterator.</param>
public VanDerCorputSequence(int iBase, long count = long.MaxValue) {
if (iBase < 2)
throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("iBase", "must be two or greater, not the given value of " + iBase);
Base = iBase;
Count = count;
}
/// <summary>
/// Compute nth term in the Van der Corput sequence for the base specified in the constructor.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="n">The position in the sequence, which may be zero or any positive number.</param>
/// This number is always an integral power of the base.</param>
/// <returns>The Van der Corput sequence value expressed as a Tuple containing a numerator and a denominator.</returns>
public Tuple<long,long> Compute(long n)
{
long p = 0, q = 1;
long numerator, denominator;
while (n != 0)
{
p = p * Base + (n % Base);
q *= Base;
n /= Base;
}
numerator = p;
denominator = q;
while (p != 0)
{
n = p;
p = q % p;
q = n;
}
numerator /= q;
denominator /= q;
return new Tuple<long,long>(numerator, denominator);
}
/// <summary>
/// Compute nth term in the Van der Corput sequence for the given base.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="iBase">Base to use for the sequence.</param>
/// <param name="n">The position in the sequence, which may be zero or any positive number.</param>
/// <returns>The Van der Corput sequence value expressed as a Tuple containing a numerator and a denominator.</returns>
public static Tuple<long, long> Compute(int iBase, long n)
{
var seq = new VanDerCorputSequence(iBase);
return seq.Compute(n);
}
/// <summary>
/// Iterate over the Van Der Corput sequence.
/// The first value in the sequence is always zero, regardless of the base.
/// </summary>
/// <returns>A tuple whose items are the Van der Corput value given as a numerator and denominator.</returns>
public IEnumerator<Tuple<long, long>> GetEnumerator()
{
long iSequenceIndex = 0L;
while (iSequenceIndex < Count)
{
yield return Compute(iSequenceIndex);
iSequenceIndex++;
}
}
System.Collections.IEnumerator System.Collections.IEnumerable.GetEnumerator()
{
return GetEnumerator();
}
}
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
TestBasesTwoThroughFive();
Console.WriteLine("Type return to continue...");
Console.ReadLine();
}
static void TestBasesTwoThroughFive()
{
foreach (var seq in Enumerable.Range(2, 5).Select(x => new VanDerCorputSequence(x, 10))) // Just the first 10 elements of the each sequence
{
Console.Write("base " + seq.Base + ":");
foreach(var vc in seq)
Console.Write(" " + vc.Item1 + "/" + vc.Item2);
Console.WriteLine();
}
}
}
}
</lang>
- Output:
base 2: 0/1 1/2 1/4 3/4 1/8 5/8 3/8 7/8 1/16 9/16 base 3: 0/1 1/3 2/3 1/9 4/9 7/9 2/9 5/9 8/9 1/27 base 4: 0/1 1/4 1/2 3/4 1/16 5/16 9/16 13/16 1/8 3/8 base 5: 0/1 1/5 2/5 3/5 4/5 1/25 6/25 11/25 16/25 21/25 base 6: 0/1 1/6 1/3 1/2 2/3 5/6 1/36 7/36 13/36 19/36 Type return to continue...
Common Lisp
<lang lisp>(defun van-der-Corput (n base)
(loop for d = 1 then (* d base) while (<= d n)
finally (return (/ (parse-integer (reverse (write-to-string n :base base)) :radix base) d))))
(loop for base from 2 to 5 do
(format t "Base ~a: ~{~6a~^~}~%" base
(loop for i to 10 collect (van-der-Corput i base))))</lang>output<lang>Base 2: 0 1/2 1/4 3/4 1/8 5/8 3/8 7/8 1/16 9/16 5/16 Base 3: 0 1/3 2/3 1/9 4/9 7/9 2/9 5/9 8/9 1/27 10/27 Base 4: 0 1/4 1/2 3/4 1/16 5/16 9/16 13/16 1/8 3/8 5/8 Base 5: 0 1/5 2/5 3/5 4/5 1/25 6/25 11/25 16/25 21/25 2/25</lang>
D
<lang d>import std.stdio, std.algorithm, std.range;
double vdc(int n, in double base=2.0) pure nothrow {
double vdc = 0.0, denom = 1.0;
while (n) {
denom *= base;
vdc += (n % base) / denom;
n /= base;
}
return vdc;
}
void main() {
foreach (b; 2 .. 6)
writeln("\nBase ", b, ": ", iota(10).map!(n => vdc(n, b))());
}</lang> Output:
Base 2: [0, 0.5, 0.25, 0.75, 0.125, 0.625, 0.375, 0.875, 0.0625, 0.5625] Base 3: [0, 0.333333, 0.666667, 0.111111, 0.444444, 0.777778, 0.222222, 0.555556, 0.888889, 0.037037] Base 4: [0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 0.0625, 0.3125, 0.5625, 0.8125, 0.125, 0.375] Base 5: [0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 0.04, 0.24, 0.44, 0.64, 0.84]
Ela
<lang ela>open random number list
vdc bs n = vdc' 0.0 1.0 n
where vdc' v d n
| n > 0 = vdc' v' d' n'
| else = v
where
d' = d * bs
rem = n % bs
n' = truncate (n / bs)
v' = v + rem / d'</lang>
Test (with base 2.0, using non-strict map function on infinite list):
<lang ela>take 10 <| map' (vdc 2.0) [1..]</lang>
Output:
[0.5,0.25,0.75,0.125,0.625,0.375,0.875,0.0625,0.5625,0.3125]
Erlang
I liked the bc output-in-same-base, but think this is the way it should look. <lang Erlang> -module( van_der_corput ).
-export( [sequence/1, sequence/2, task/0] ).
sequence( N ) -> sequence( N, 2 ).
sequence( 0, _Base ) -> 0.0; sequence( N, Base ) -> erlang:list_to_float( "0." ++ lists:flatten([erlang:integer_to_list(X) || X <- sequence_loop(N, Base)]) ).
task() -> [task(X) || X <- lists:seq(2, 5)].
sequence_loop( 0, _Base ) -> []; sequence_loop( N, Base ) -> New_n = N div Base, Digit = N rem Base, [Digit | sequence_loop( New_n, Base )].
task( Base ) -> io:fwrite( "Base ~p:", [Base] ), [io:fwrite( " ~p", [sequence(X, Base)] ) || X <- lists:seq(0, 9)], io:fwrite( "~n" ). </lang>
- Output:
34> van_der_corput:task(). Base 2: 0.0 0.1 0.01 0.11 0.001 0.101 0.011 0.111 0.0001 0.1001 Base 3: 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.01 0.11 0.21 0.02 0.12 0.22 0.001 Base 4: 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.01 0.11 0.21 0.31 0.02 0.12 Base 5: 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.01 0.11 0.21 0.31 0.41
Euphoria
<lang euphoria>function vdc(integer n, atom base)
atom vdc, denom, rem
vdc = 0
denom = 1
while n do
denom *= base
rem = remainder(n,base)
n = floor(n/base)
vdc += rem / denom
end while
return vdc
end function
for i = 2 to 5 do
printf(1,"Base %d\n",i)
for j = 0 to 9 do
printf(1,"%g ",vdc(j,i))
end for
puts(1,"\n\n")
end for</lang>
Output:
Base 2 0 0.5 0.25 0.75 0.125 0.625 0.375 0.875 0.0625 0.5625 Base 3 0 0.333333 0.666667 0.111111 0.444444 0.777778 0.222222 0.555556 0.888889 0.037037 Base 4 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 0.0625 0.3125 0.5625 0.8125 0.125 0.375 Base 5 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.04 0.24 0.44 0.64 0.84
F#
<lang fsharp>open System
let vdc n b =
let rec loop n denom acc =
if n > 0l then
let m, remainder = Math.DivRem(n, b)
loop m (denom * b) (acc + (float remainder) / (float (denom * b)))
else acc
loop n 1 0.0
[<EntryPoint>] let main argv =
printfn "%A" [ for n in 0 .. 9 -> (vdc n 2) ] printfn "%A" [ for n in 0 .. 9 -> (vdc n 5) ] 0</lang>
Output
[0.0; 0.5; 0.25; 0.75; 0.125; 0.625; 0.375; 0.875; 0.0625; 0.5625] [0.0; 0.2; 0.4; 0.6; 0.8; 0.04; 0.24; 0.44; 0.64; 0.84]
Forth
<lang forth>: fvdc ( base n -- f )
0e 1e ( F: vdc denominator ) begin dup while over s>d d>f f* over /mod ( base rem n ) swap s>d d>f fover f/ frot f+ fswap repeat 2drop fdrop ;
- test 10 0 do 2 i fvdc cr f. loop ;</lang>
Output:
test 0. 0.5 0.25 0.75 0.125 0.625 0.375 0.875 0.0625 0.5625 ok
Go
<lang go>package main
import "fmt"
func v2(n uint) (r float64) {
p := .5
for n > 0 {
if n&1 == 1 {
r += p
}
p *= .5
n >>= 1
}
return
}
func newV(base uint) func(uint) float64 {
invb := 1 / float64(base)
return func(n uint) (r float64) {
p := invb
for n > 0 {
r += p * float64(n%base)
p *= invb
n /= base
}
return
}
}
func main() {
fmt.Println("Base 2:")
for i := uint(0); i < 10; i++ {
fmt.Println(i, v2(i))
}
fmt.Println("Base 3:")
v3 := newV(3)
for i := uint(0); i < 10; i++ {
fmt.Println(i, v3(i))
}
}</lang> Output:
Base 2: 0 0 1 0.5 2 0.25 3 0.75 4 0.125 5 0.625 6 0.375 7 0.875 8 0.0625 9 0.5625 Base 3: 0 0 1 0.3333333333333333 2 0.6666666666666666 3 0.1111111111111111 4 0.4444444444444444 5 0.7777777777777777 6 0.2222222222222222 7 0.5555555555555556 8 0.8888888888888888 9 0.037037037037037035
Haskell
The function vdc returns the nth exact, arbitrary precision van der Corput number for any base ≥ 2 and any n. (A reasonable value is returned for negative values of n.) <lang haskell>import Data.List import Data.Ratio import System.Environment import Text.Printf
-- A wrapper type for Rationals to make them look nicer when we print them. newtype Rat = Rat Rational instance Show Rat where
show (Rat n) = show (numerator n) ++ "/" ++ show (denominator n)
-- Convert a list of base b digits to its corresponding number. We assume the -- digits are valid base b numbers and that their order is from least to most -- significant. digitsToNum :: Integer -> [Integer] -> Integer digitsToNum b = foldr1 (\d acc -> b * acc + d)
-- Convert a number to the list of its base b digits. The order will be from -- least to most significant. numToDigits :: Integer -> Integer -> [Integer] numToDigits _ 0 = [0] numToDigits b n = unfoldr step n
where step 0 = Nothing
step m = let (q,r) = m `quotRem` b in Just (r,q)
-- Return the n'th element in the base b van der Corput sequence. The base -- must be ≥ 2. vdc :: Integer -> Integer -> Rat vdc b n | b < 2 = error "vdc: base must be ≥ 2"
| otherwise = let ds = reverse $ numToDigits b n
in Rat (digitsToNum b ds % b ^ length ds)
-- Print the base followed by a sequence of van der Corput numbers. printVdc :: (Integer,[Rat]) -> IO () printVdc (b,ns) = putStrLn $ printf "Base %d:" b
++ concatMap (printf " %5s" . show) ns
-- To print the n'th van der Corput numbers for n in [2,3,4,5] call the program -- with no arguments. Otherwise, passing the base b, first n, next n and -- maximum n will print the base b numbers for n in [firstN, nextN, ..., maxN]. main :: IO () main = do
args <- getArgs
let (bases, nums) = case args of
[b, f, s, m] -> ([read b], [read f, read s..read m])
_ -> ([2,3,4,5], [0..9])
mapM_ printVdc [(b,rs) | b <- bases, let rs = map (vdc b) nums]</lang>
Output for small bases:
$ ./vandercorput Base 2: 0/1 1/2 1/4 3/4 1/8 5/8 3/8 7/8 1/16 9/16 Base 3: 0/1 1/3 2/3 1/9 4/9 7/9 2/9 5/9 8/9 1/27 Base 4: 0/1 1/4 1/2 3/4 1/16 5/16 9/16 13/16 1/8 3/8 Base 5: 0/1 1/5 2/5 3/5 4/5 1/25 6/25 11/25 16/25 21/25
Output for a larger base. (Base 123 for n ∈ [50, 100, …, 300].)
$ ./vandercorput 123 50 100 300 Base 123: 50/123 100/123 3322/15129 9472/15129 494/15129 6644/15129
Icon and Unicon
The following solution works in both Icon and Unicon: <lang Unicon>procedure main(A)
base := integer(get(A)) | 2 every writes(round(vdc(0 to 9,base),10)," ") write()
end
procedure vdc(n, base)
e := 1.0 x := 0.0 while x +:= 1(((0 < n) % base) / (e *:= base), n /:= base) return x
end
procedure round(n,d)
places := 10 ^ d return real(integer(n*places + 0.5)) / places
end</lang>
and a sample run is:
->vdc 0.0 0.5 0.25 0.75 0.125 0.625 0.375 0.875 0.0625 0.5625 ->vdc 3 0.0 0.3333333333 0.6666666667 0.1111111111 0.4444444444 0.7777777778 0.2222222222 0.5555555556 0.8888888889 0.037037037 ->vdc 5 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.04 0.24 0.44 0.64 0.84 ->vdc 123 0.0 0.0081300813 0.0162601626 0.0243902439 0.0325203252 0.0406504065 0.0487804878 0.0569105691 0.0650406504 0.07317073170000001 ->
An alternate, Unicon-specific implementation of vdc patterned after the functional Perl 6 solution is: <lang Unicon>procedure vdc(n, base)
s1 := create |((0 < 1(.n, n /:= base)) % base) s2 := create 2(e := 1.0, |(e *:= base)) every (result := 0) +:= |s1() / s2() return result
end</lang> It produces the same output as shown above.
J
Solution: <lang j>vdc=: ([ %~ %@[ #. #.inv)"0 _</lang> Examples: <lang j> 2 vdc i.10 NB. 1st 10 nums of Van der Corput sequence in base 2 0 0.5 0.25 0.75 0.125 0.625 0.375 0.875 0.0625 0.5625
2x vdc i.10 NB. as above but using rational nums
0 1r2 1r4 3r4 1r8 5r8 3r8 7r8 1r16 9r16
2 3 4 5x vdc i.10 NB. 1st 10 nums of Van der Corput sequence in bases 2 3 4 5
0 1r2 1r4 3r4 1r8 5r8 3r8 7r8 1r16 9r16 0 1r3 2r3 1r9 4r9 7r9 2r9 5r9 8r9 1r27 0 1r4 1r2 3r4 1r16 5r16 9r16 13r16 1r8 3r8 0 1r5 2r5 3r5 4r5 1r25 6r25 11r25 16r25 21r25</lang>
In other words: use the left argument as the "base" to structure the sequence numbers into digits. Then use the reciprocal of the left argument as the "base" to re-represent this sequence and divide that result by the left argument to get the Van der Corput sequence number.
Java
Using (denom *= 2) as the denominator is not a recommended way of doing things since it is not clear when the multiplication and assignment happen. Comparing this to the "++" operator, it looks like it should do the doubling and assignment second. Comparing it to the "++" operator used as a preincrement operator, it looks like it should do the doubling and assignment first. Comparing it to the behavior of parentheses, it looks like it should do the doubling and assignment first. Luckily for us, it works the same in Java as in Perl 6 (doubling and assignment first). It was kept the Perl 6 way to help with the comparison. Normally, we would initialize denom to 2 (since that is the denominator of the leftmost digit), use it alone in the vdc sum, and then double it after.
<lang java>public class VanDerCorput{
public static double vdc(int n){
double vdc = 0;
int denom = 1;
while(n != 0){
vdc += n % 2.0 / (denom *= 2);
n /= 2;
}
return vdc;
}
public static void main(String[] args){ for(int i = 0; i <= 10; i++){ System.out.println(vdc(i)); } } }</lang> Output:
0.0 0.5 0.25 0.75 0.125 0.625 0.375 0.875 0.0625 0.5625 0.3125
Mathematica
<lang Mathematica>VanDerCorput[n_,base_:2]:=Table[
FromDigits[{Reverse[IntegerDigits[k,base]],0},base],
{k,n}]</lang>
VanDerCorput[10,2]
->{1/2,1/4,3/4,1/8,5/8,3/8,7/8,1/16,9/16,5/16}
VanDerCorput[10,3]
->{1/3, 2/3, 1/9, 4/9, 7/9, 2/9, 5/9, 8/9, 1/27, 10/27}
VanDerCorput[10,4]
->{1/4, 1/2, 3/4, 1/16, 5/16, 9/16, 13/16, 1/8, 3/8, 5/8}
VanDerCorput[10,5]
->{1/5, 2/5, 3/5, 4/5, 1/25, 6/25, 11/25, 16/25, 21/25, 2/25}
MATLAB / Octave
<lang Matlab> function x = corput (n)
b = dec2bin(1:n)-'0'; % generate sequence of binary numbers from 1 to n l = size(b,2); % get number of binary digits w = (1:l)-l-1; % 2.^w are the weights x = b * ( 2.^w'); % matrix times vector multiplication for end; </lang>
Output:
corput(10) ans = 0.500000 0.250000 0.750000 0.125000 0.625000 0.375000 0.875000 0.062500 0.562500 0.312500
PARI/GP
<lang parigp>VdC(n)=n=binary(n);sum(i=1,#n,if(n[i],1.>>(#n+1-i))); VdC(n)=sum(i=1,#binary(n),if(bittest(n,i-1),1.>>i)); \\ Alternate approach vector(10,n,VdC(n))</lang> Output:
[0.500000000, 0.250000000, 0.750000000, 0.125000000, 0.625000000, 0.375000000, 0.875000000, 0.0625000000, 0.562500000, 0.312500000]
Perl
<lang perl>sub vdc {
my @value = shift; my $base = shift // 2; use integer; push @value, $value[-1] / $base while $value[-1] > 0; my ($x, $sum) = (1, 0); no integer; $sum += ($_ % $base) / ($x *= $base) for @value; return $sum;
}
for my $base ( 2 .. 5 ) {
print "base $base: ", join ' ', map { vdc($_, $base) } 0 .. 10;
print "\n";
}</lang>
Perl 6
First we present a fairly standard imperative version in which we mutate three variables in parallel: <lang perl6>sub vdc($num, $base = 2) {
my $n = $num;
my $vdc = 0;
my $denom = 1;
while $n {
$vdc += $n mod $base / ($denom *= $base);
$n div= $base;
}
$vdc;
}
for 2..5 -> $b {
say "Base $b"; say (vdc($_,$b) for ^10).perl; say ;
}</lang> Output:
Base 2 (0, 1/2, 1/4, 3/4, 1/8, 5/8, 3/8, 7/8, 1/16, 9/16) Base 3 (0, 1/3, 2/3, 1/9, 4/9, 7/9, 2/9, 5/9, 8/9, 1/27) Base 4 (0, 1/4, 1/2, 3/4, 1/16, 5/16, 9/16, 13/16, 1/8, 3/8) Base 5 (0, 1/5, 2/5, 3/5, 4/5, 1/25, 6/25, 11/25, 16/25, 21/25)
Here is a functional version that produces the same output: <lang perl6>sub vdc($value, $base = 2) {
my @values := $value, { $_ div $base } ... 0;
my @denoms := $base, { $_ * $base } ... *;
[+] do for @values Z @denoms -> $v, $d {
$v mod $base / $d;
}
}</lang> We first define two sequences, one finite, one infinite. When we zip those sequences together, the finite sequence terminates the loop (which, since a Perl 6 loop returns all its values, is merely another way of writing a map). We then sum with [+], a reduction of the + operator. (We could have in-lined the sequences or used a traditional map operator, but this way seems more readable than the typical FP solution.) The do is necessary to introduce a statement where a term is expected, since Perl 6 distinguishes "sentences" from "noun phrases" as a natural language might.
PicoLisp
<lang PicoLisp>(scl 6)
(de vdc (N B)
(default B 2)
(let (R 0 A 1.0)
(until (=0 N)
(inc 'R (* (setq A (/ A B)) (% N B)))
(setq N (/ N B)) )
R ) )
(for B (2 3 4)
(prinl "Base: " B)
(for N (range 0 9)
(prinl N ": " (round (vdc N B) 4)) ) )</lang>
Output:
Base: 2 0: 0.0000 1: 0.5000 2: 0.2500 3: 0.7500 4: 0.1250 5: 0.6250 6: 0.3750 7: 0.8750 8: 0.0625 9: 0.5625 Base: 3 0: 0.0000 1: 0.3333 2: 0.6667 3: 0.1111 4: 0.4444 5: 0.7778 6: 0.2222 7: 0.5556 8: 0.8889 9: 0.0370 Base: 4 0: 0.0000 1: 0.2500 2: 0.5000 3: 0.7500 4: 0.0625 5: 0.3125 6: 0.5625 7: 0.8125 8: 0.1250 9: 0.3750
PL/I
<lang> vdcb: procedure (an) returns (bit (31)); /* 6 July 2012 */
declare an fixed binary (31); declare (n, i) fixed binary (31); declare v bit (31) varying;
n = an; v = b;
do i = 1 by 1 while (n > 0);
if iand(n, 1) = 1 then v = v || '1'b; else v = v || '0'b;
n = isrl(n, 1);
end;
return (v);
end vdcb;
declare i fixed binary (31);
do i = 0 to 10;
put skip list ('0.' || vdcb(i));
end;
</lang> Output:
0.0000000000000000000000000000000 0.1000000000000000000000000000000 0.0100000000000000000000000000000 0.1100000000000000000000000000000 0.0010000000000000000000000000000 0.1010000000000000000000000000000 0.0110000000000000000000000000000 0.1110000000000000000000000000000 0.0001000000000000000000000000000 0.1001000000000000000000000000000 0.0101000000000000000000000000000
Prolog
<lang prolog>% vdc( N, Base, Out ) % Out = the Van der Corput representation of N in given Base vdc( 0, _, [] ). vdc( N, Base, Out ) :-
Nr is mod(N, Base), Nq is N // Base, vdc( Nq, Base, Tmp ), Out = [Nr|Tmp].
% Writes every element of a list to stdout; no newlines write_list( [] ). write_list( [H|T] ) :-
write( H ), write_list( T ).
% Writes the Nth Van der Corput item. print_vdc( N, Base ) :-
vdc( N, Base, Lst ),
write('0.'),
write_list( Lst ).
print_vdc( N ) :-
print_vdc( N, 2 ).
% Prints the first N+1 elements of the Van der Corput % sequence, each to its own line print_some( 0, _ ) :-
write( '0.0' ).
print_some( N, Base ) :-
M is N - 1, print_some( M, Base ), nl, print_vdc( N, Base ).
print_some( N ) :-
print_some( N, 2 ).
test :-
writeln('First 10 members in base 2:'),
print_some( 9 ),
nl,
write('7th member in base 4 (stretch goal) => '),
print_vdc( 7, 4 ).
</lang>
Output (result of test):
First 10 members in base 2: 0.0 0.1 0.01 0.11 0.001 0.101 0.011 0.111 0.0001 0.1001 7th member in base 4 (stretch goal) => 0.31 true .
Python
(Python3.x)
The multi-base sequence generator <lang python>def vdc(n, base=2):
vdc, denom = 0,1
while n:
denom *= base
n, remainder = divmod(n, base)
vdc += remainder / denom
return vdc</lang>
Sample output
Base 2 and then 3: <lang python>>>> [vdc(i) for i in range(10)] [0, 0.5, 0.25, 0.75, 0.125, 0.625, 0.375, 0.875, 0.0625, 0.5625] >>> [vdc(i, 3) for i in range(10)] [0, 0.3333333333333333, 0.6666666666666666, 0.1111111111111111, 0.4444444444444444, 0.7777777777777777, 0.2222222222222222, 0.5555555555555556, 0.8888888888888888, 0.037037037037037035] >>> </lang>
As fractions
We can get the output as rational numbers if we use the fraction module (and change its string representation to look like a fraction): <lang python>>>> from fractions import Fraction >>> Fraction.__repr__ = lambda x: '%i/%i' % (x.numerator, x.denominator) >>> [vdc(i, base=Fraction(2)) for i in range(10)] [0, 1/2, 1/4, 3/4, 1/8, 5/8, 3/8, 7/8, 1/16, 9/16]</lang>
Stretch goal
Sequences for different bases: <lang python>>>> for b in range(3,6): print('\nBase', b) print([vdc(i, base=Fraction(b)) for i in range(10)])
Base 3 [0, 1/3, 2/3, 1/9, 4/9, 7/9, 2/9, 5/9, 8/9, 1/27]
Base 4 [0, 1/4, 1/2, 3/4, 1/16, 5/16, 9/16, 13/16, 1/8, 3/8]
Base 5 [0, 1/5, 2/5, 3/5, 4/5, 1/25, 6/25, 11/25, 16/25, 21/25]</lang>
Racket
Following the suggestion. <lang racket>#lang racket (define (van-der-Corput n base)
(if (zero? n)
0
(let-values ([(q r) (quotient/remainder n base)])
(/ (+ r (van-der-Corput q base))
base))))</lang>
By digits, extracted arithmetically. <lang racket>#lang racket (define (digit-length n base)
(if (< n base) 1 (add1 (digit-length (quotient n base) base))))
(define (digit n i base)
(remainder (quotient n (expt base i)) base))
(define (van-der-Corput n base)
(for/sum ([i (digit-length n base)]) (/ (digit n i base) (expt base (+ i 1)))))</lang>
Output. <lang racket>(for ([base (in-range 2 (add1 5))])
(printf "Base ~a: " base) (for ([n (in-range 0 10)]) (printf "~a " (van-der-Corput n base))) (newline))
- | Base 2: 0 1/2 1/4 3/4 1/8 5/8 3/8 7/8 1/16 9/16
Base 3: 0 1/3 2/3 1/9 4/9 7/9 2/9 5/9 8/9 1/27 Base 4: 0 1/4 1/2 3/4 1/16 5/16 9/16 13/16 1/8 3/8 Base 5: 0 1/5 2/5 3/5 4/5 1/25 6/25 11/25 16/25 21/25 |# </lang>
REXX
binary version
This version only handles binary (base 2).
Virtually any integer (including negative) is allowed and is accurate (no rounding).
A range of integers is also supported.
<lang rexx>/*REXX pgm converts any integer (or a range) to a van der Corput number in base 2*/
/*convert any integer (or a range) to a van der Corput number in base 2*/
numeric digits 1000 /*handle anything the user wants.*/ parse arg a b . /*obtain the number(s) [maybe]. */ if a== then do; a=0; b=10; end /*if none specified, use defaults*/ if b== then b=a /*assume a "range" of a single #.*/
do j=a to b /*traipse through the range. */
_=vdC(abs(j)) /*convert abs value of integer. */
leading=substr('-',2+sign(j)) /*if needed, leading minus sign. */
say leading || _ /*show number (with leading - ?)*/
end /*j*/
exit /*stick a fork in it, we're done.*/ /*──────────────────────────────────VDC [van der Corput] subroutine─────*/ vdC: procedure; y=x2b(d2x(arg(1))) /*convert to hex, then binary. */ if y=0 then return 0 /*zero has been converted to 0000*/
else return '.'reverse(strip(y,"L",0)) /*heavy lifting by REXX*/</lang>
output when using the input of: 0 10
0 .1 .01 .11 .001 .101 .011 .111 .0001 .1001 .0101
any radix up to 90
This version handles what the first version does, plus any radix up to base 90.
It can also support a list (enabled when the base is negative).
<lang rexx>/*REXX pgm converts any integer (or a range) to a van der Corput number in base 2,*/
/* or optionaly, any other base up to base 90. */
/*If the base is negative, the output is shown as a list. */
numeric digits 1000 /*handle anything the user wants.*/ parse arg a b r . /*obtain the number(s) [maybe]. */ if a== then do; a=0; b=10; end /*if none specified, use defaults*/ if b== then b=a /*assume a "range" of a single #.*/ if r== then r=2 /*assume a radix (base) of 2. */ z= /*placeholder for a list of nums.*/
do j=a to b /*traipse through the range. */
_=vdC(abs(j),abs(r)) /*convert abs value of integer. */
_=substr('-',2+sign(j))_ /*if needed, leading minus sign. */
if r>0 then say _ /*if positive base, just show it.*/
else z=z _ /* ... else build a list. */
end /*j*/
if z\== then say strip(z) /*if list wanted, then show it. */ exit /*stick a fork in it, we're done.*/ /*──────────────────────────────────VDC [van der Corput] subroutine─────*/ vdC: return '.'reverse(base(arg(1),arg(2))) /*convert, reverse, append.*/ /*──────────────────────────────────BASE subroutine (up to base 90)─────*/ base: procedure; parse arg x,toB,inB /*get a number, toBase, inBase */
/*┌────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ ┌─┘ Input to this subroutine (all must be positive whole numbers): └─┐ │ │ │ x (is required). │ │ toBase the base to convert X to. │ │ inBase the base X is expressed in. │ │ │ │ toBase or inBase can be omitted which causes the default of │ └─┐ 10 to be used. The limits of both are: 2 ──► 90. ┌─┘
└────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘*/
@abc='abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz' /*random characters, sorted. */ @abcU=@abc; upper @abcU /*go whole hog and extend 'em. */ @@@=0123456789||@abc||@abcU /*prefix 'em with numeric digits.*/ @@@=@@@'<>[]{}()?~!@#$%^&*_+-=|\/;:~' /*add some special chars as well.*/
/*spec. chars should be viewable.*/
numeric digits 1000 /*what the hey, support biggies. */ maxB=length(@@@) /*max base (radix) supported here*/ parse arg x,toB,inB /*get a number, toBase, inBase */ if toB== then toB=10 /*if skipped, assume default (10)*/ if inB== then inB=10 /* " " " " " */
/*══════════════════════════════════convert X from base inB ──► base 10.*/
- =0
do j=1 for length(x)
_=substr(x,j,1) /*pick off a "digit" from X. */
v=pos(_,@@@) /*get the value of this "digits".*/
if v==0 |v>inB then call erd x,j,inB /*illegal "digit"? */
#=#*inB+v-1 /*construct new num, dig by dig. */
end /*j*/
/*══════════════════════════════════convert # from base 10 ──► base toB.*/ y=
do while #>=toB /*deconstruct the new number (#).*/
y=substr(@@@,(#//toB)+1,1)y /*construnct the output number. */
#=#%toB /*... and whittle # down also. */
end /*while*/
return substr(@@@,#+1,1)y</lang>
output when using the multiple inputs of (where a negative base indicates to show numbers as a list):
0 30 -2
1 30 -3
1 30 -4
1 30 -5
55582777 55582804 -80
(All outputs are a single line list.)
.0 .1 .01 .11 .001 .101 .011 .111 .0001 .1001 .0101 .1101 .0011 .1011 .0111 .1111 .00001 .10001 .01001 .11001 .00101 .10101 .01101 .11101 .00011 .10011 .01011 .11011 .00111 .10111 .01111
.1 .2 .01 .11 .21 .02 .12 .22 .001 .101 .201 .011 .111 .211 .021 .121 .221 .002 .102 .202 .012 .112 .212 .022 .122 .222 .0001 .1001 .2001 .0101
.1 .2 .3 .01 .11 .21 .31 .02 .12 .22 .32 .03 .13 .23 .33 .001 .101 .201 .301 .011 .111 .211 .311 .021 .121 .221 .321 .031 .131 .231
.1 .2 .3 .4 .01 .11 .21 .31 .41 .02 .12 .22 .32 .42 .03 .13 .23 .33 .43 .04 .14 .24 .34 .44 .001 .101 .201 .301 .401 .011
.V[Is1 .W[Is1 .X[Is1 .Y[Is1 .Z[Is1 .<[Is1 .>[Is1 .[[Is1 .][Is1 .{[Is1 .}[Is1 .([Is1 .)[Is1 .?[Is1 .~[Is1 .![Is1 .@[Is1 .#[Is1 .$[Is1 .%[Is1 .^[Is1 .&[Is1 .*[Is1 .0]Is1 .1]Is1 .2]Is1 .3]Is1 .4]Is1
Ruby
The multi-base sequence generator <lang ruby>def vdc(n, base=2)
str = n.to_s(base).reverse str.to_i(base).quo(base ** str.length)
end</lang>
Sample output
Base 3 <lang ruby>> Array.new(10){|i| vdc(i,3)} => [Rational(0, 1), Rational(1, 3), Rational(2, 3), Rational(1, 9), Rational(4, 9), Rational(7, 9), Rational(2, 9), Rational(5, 9), Rational(8, 9), Rational(1, 27)]</lang>
Seed7
<lang seed7>$ include "seed7_05.s7i";
include "float.s7i";
const func float: vdc (in var integer: number, in integer: base) is func
result
var float: vdc is 0.0;
local
var integer: denom is 1;
var integer: remainder is 0;
begin
while number <> 0 do
denom *:= base;
remainder := number rem base;
number := number div base;
vdc +:= flt(remainder) / flt(denom);
end while;
end func;
const proc: main is func
local
var integer: base is 0;
var integer: number is 0;
begin
for base range 2 to 5 do
writeln;
writeln("Base " <& base);
for number range 0 to 9 do
write(vdc(number, base) digits 6 <& " ");
end for;
writeln;
end for;
end func;</lang>
Output:
Base 2 0.000000 0.500000 0.250000 0.750000 0.125000 0.625000 0.375000 0.875000 0.062500 0.562500 Base 3 0.000000 0.333333 0.666667 0.111111 0.444444 0.777778 0.222222 0.555556 0.888889 0.037037 Base 4 0.000000 0.250000 0.500000 0.750000 0.062500 0.312500 0.562500 0.812500 0.125000 0.375000 Base 5 0.000000 0.200000 0.400000 0.600000 0.800000 0.040000 0.240000 0.440000 0.640000 0.840000
Tcl
The core of this is code to handle digit reversing. Note that this also tackles negative numbers (by preserving the sign independently). <lang tcl>proc digitReverse {n {base 2}} {
set n [expr {[set neg [expr {$n < 0}]] ? -$n : $n}]
set result 0.0
set bit [expr {1.0 / $base}]
for {} {$n > 0} {set n [expr {$n / $base}]} {
set result [expr {$result + $bit * ($n % $base)}] set bit [expr {$bit / $base}]
}
return [expr {$neg ? -$result : $result}]
}</lang> Note that the above procedure will produce terms of the Van der Corput sequence by default. <lang tcl># Print the first 10 terms of the Van der Corput sequence for {set i 1} {$i <= 10} {incr i} {
puts "vanDerCorput($i) = [digitReverse $i]"
}
- In other bases
foreach base {3 4 5} {
set seq {}
for {set i 1} {$i <= 10} {incr i} {
lappend seq [format %.5f [digitReverse $i $base]]
}
puts "${base}: [join $seq {, }]"
}</lang> Output:
vanDerCorput(1) = 0.5 vanDerCorput(2) = 0.25 vanDerCorput(3) = 0.75 vanDerCorput(4) = 0.125 vanDerCorput(5) = 0.625 vanDerCorput(6) = 0.375 vanDerCorput(7) = 0.875 vanDerCorput(8) = 0.0625 vanDerCorput(9) = 0.5625 vanDerCorput(10) = 0.3125 3: 0.33333, 0.66667, 0.11111, 0.44444, 0.77778, 0.22222, 0.55556, 0.88889, 0.03704, 0.37037 4: 0.25000, 0.50000, 0.75000, 0.06250, 0.31250, 0.56250, 0.81250, 0.12500, 0.37500, 0.62500 5: 0.20000, 0.40000, 0.60000, 0.80000, 0.04000, 0.24000, 0.44000, 0.64000, 0.84000, 0.08000
XPL0
<lang XPL0>include c:\cxpl\codes; \intrinsic 'code' declarations
func real VdC(N); \Return Nth term of van der Corput sequence in base 2 int N; real V, U; [V:= 0.0; U:= 0.5; repeat N:= N/2;
if rem(0) then V:= V+U;
U:= U/2.0;
until N=0; return V; ];
int N; for N:= 0 to 10-1 do
[IntOut(0, N); RlOut(0, VdC(N)); CrLf(0)]</lang>
Output:
0 0.00000 1 0.50000 2 0.25000 3 0.75000 4 0.12500 5 0.62500 6 0.37500 7 0.87500 8 0.06250 9 0.56250