String case

Take the string "alphaBETA", and demonstrate how to convert it to UPPER-CASE and lower-case.

4D

$string:="alphaBETA"
$uppercase:=Uppercase($string)
$lowercase:=Lowercase($string)

ActionScript

var string:String = 'alphaBETA';
var upper:String = string.toUpperCase();
var lower:String = string.toLowerCase();

ALGOL 68

# Demonstrate toupper and tolower for standard ALGOL 68 
strings.  This does not work for multibyte character sets. #

PROC to upper = ( CHAR c )CHAR:
(
  IF ABS "a" <= ABS c & ABS c <= ABS "z" THEN
     REPR ( ABS c - ABS "a" + ABS "A" )
  ELSE
     c
  FI
);

PROC to lower = ( CHAR c )CHAR:
(
  IF ABS "A" <= ABS c & ABS c <= ABS "Z" THEN
     REPR ( ABS c - ABS "A" + ABS "a" )
  ELSE
     c
  FI
);

# upper-cases s in place #
PROC str to upper = (REF STRING s)VOID :
(
    FOR i FROM LWB s TO UPB s DO
        s[i] := toupper(s[i])
    OD
);

# lower-cases s in place #
PROC str to lower = (REF STRING s)VOID :
(
    FOR i FROM LWB s TO UPB s DO
        s[i] := tolower(s[i])
    OD
);

main: (
    STRING t := "alphaBETA";
    str to upper(t);
    printf(($"uppercase: "gl$, t));
    str to lower(t);
    printf(($"lowercase: "gl$, t))
)

APL

Works with: APL2

      a←'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz'
      A←'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ'
      
      X←'alphaBETA'
      
      (a,⎕AV)[(A,⎕AV)⍳'alphaBETA']
alphabeta
      (A,⎕AV)[(a,⎕AV)⍳'alphaBETA']
ALPHABETA

AutoHotkey

<lang autohotkey> a := "alphaBETA" StringLower, b, a ; alphabeta StringUpper, c, a ; ALPHABETA

StringUpper, d, a, T ; Alphabeta (T = title case) eg "alpha beta gamma" would become "Alpha Beta Gamma" </lang>

BASIC

Works with: QuickBasic version 4.5

s$ = "alphaBETA"
PRINT UCASE$(s$)
PRINT LCASE$(s$)

C#

<lang csharp> string array = "alphaBETA"; System.Console.WriteLine(array.ToUpper()); System.Console.WriteLine(array.ToLower()); </lang>

Clojure

 (def string "alphaBETA)
 (println (. string toUpperCase))
 (println (. string toLowerCase))

ColdFusion

converting a string literal

<cfset upper = UCase("alphaBETA")>
<cfset lower = LCase("alphaBETA")>

converting the value of a variable

<cfset string = "alphaBETA">
<cfset upper = UCase(string)>
<cfset lower = LCase(string)>

Common Lisp

You can use the string-upcase function to perform upper casing:

CL-USER> (string-upcase "alphaBETA")
"ALPHABETA"

and you can do lower casing by using string-downcase:

CL-USER> (string-downcase "alphaBETA")
"alphabeta"

Delphi

 writeln(uppercase('alphaBETA'));
 writeln(lowercase('alphaBETA'));

E

["alphaBETA".toUpperCase(),
 "alphaBETA".toLowerCase()]

Factor

"alphaBETA" >lower
"alphaBETA" >upper

Forth

ANS Forth does not have words to convert case for either strings or characters. For known alpha-numeric ASCII characters, the following can be used:

: tolower ( C -- c ) 32 or ;
: toupper ( c -- C ) 32 invert and ;
: lower ( addr len -- ) over + swap  do i c@ tolower i c!  loop ;
: upper ( addr len -- ) over + swap  do i c@ toupper i c!  loop ;

If the character range is unknown, these definitions are better:

: tolower ( C -- c ) dup [char] A [char] Z 1+ within if 32 + then ;
: toupper ( c -- C ) dup [char] a [char] z 1+ within if 32 - then ;

Works with: Win32Forth version 4.2

create s ," alphaBETA"
s count type
s count 2dup upper type
s count 2dup lower type

Output:

alphaBETA
ALPHABETA
alphabeta

Groovy

<lang groovy>def str = 'alphaBETA'

println str.toUpperCase() println str.toLowerCase()</lang>

Output:

ALPHABETA
alphabeta

Haskell

<lang haskell> import Data.Char

s = "alphaBETA"

lower = map toLower s
upper = map toUpper s</lang>

IDL

str = "alphaBETA"
print, str
print, strupcase(str) 
print, strlowcase(str)

J

upper=: (a.,~a.{~65+i.26) {~ (a.,~a.{~97+i.26) i. ]
lower=: (a.,~a.{~97+i.26) {~ (a.,~a.{~65+i.26) i. ]

For example:

   upper 'alphaBETA'
ALPHABETA
   lower 'alphaBETA'
alphabeta

<lang java> String str = "alphaBETA"; System.out.println(str.toUpperCase()); System.out.println(str.toLowerCase()); </lang> You could also easily create a swapCase method using Character.isLowerCase(), Character.isUpperCase(), and Character.isLetter().

JavaScript

<lang javascript> alert( "alphaBETA".toUpperCase() ); alert( "alphaBETA".toLowerCase() ); </lang>

Output:

ALPHABETA
alphabeta

Works with: NJS version 0.2.5

<lang javascript> var string = "alphaBETA"; var uppercase = string.toUpperCase(); var lowercase = string.toLowerCase(); </lang>

Logo

print uppercase "alphaBETA  ; ALPHABETA
print lowercase "alphaBETA  ; alphabeta

MAXScript

Requires MAX 2008

str = "alphaBETA"
print (toUpper str)
print (toLower str)

Metafont

We need to implement it, since it is not already given; the following code works only for ASCII or ASCII based encodings. (It could work anyway also for single byte encodings where letters are contiguous).

<lang metafont>vardef isbetween(expr a, i, f) =

 if string a:
   if (ASCII(a) >= ASCII(i)) and (ASCII(a) <= ASCII(f)):
     true
   else:
     false
   fi
 else:
   false
 fi enddef;

vardef toupper(expr s) =

 save ?; string ?; ? := ""; d := ASCII"A" - ASCII"a";
 for i = 0 upto length(s)-1:
   if isbetween(substring(i, i+1) of s, "a", "z"):
     ? := ? & char(ASCII(substring(i,i+1) of s) + d)
   else:
     ? := ? & substring(i, i+1) of s
   fi;
 endfor
 ?

enddef;

vardef tolower(expr s) =

 save ?; string ?; ? := ""; d := ASCII"a" - ASCII"A";
 for i = 0 upto length(s)-1:
   if isbetween(substring(i, i+1) of s, "A", "Z"):
     ? := ? & char(ASCII(substring(i,i+1) of s) + d)
   else:
     ? := ? & substring(i, i+1) of s
   fi;
 endfor
 ?

enddef;</lang>

<lang metafont>message toupper("alphaBETA"); message tolower("alphaBETA");

end</lang>

Nial

toupper 'alphaBETA'
=ALPHABETA
tolower 'alphaBETA'
=alphabeta

Objective-C

Works with: GNUstep

Works with: Cocoa

<lang objc> NSLog([@"alphaBETA" uppercaseString]); NSLog([@"alphaBETA" lowercaseString]); </lang>

OCaml

<lang ocaml> let _ =

 let str = "alphaBETA" in
 Printf.printf "%s\n" (String.uppercase str);
 Printf.printf "%s\n" (String.lowercase str);

</lang>

Octave

<lang octave>s = "alphaBETA"; slc = tolower(s); suc = toupper(s); disp(slc); disp(suc);</lang>

Oz

%% to compile : ozc -x <file>
functor
import Open Application
define
  Stdout = {New Open.file init(name:stdout)}

  proc{PrintLn Msg} {Stdout write(vs:Msg#'\n')} end

  fun{SwapCase Ch}
    if{Char.isUpper Ch} then {Char.toLower Ch}
    elseif {Char.isLower Ch} then {Char.toUpper Ch}
    else Ch end
  end

  fun{StrCase CharCaseFunc InStr}
      {Map InStr CharCaseFunc}
  end

  {PrintLn {StrCase Char.toUpper "alphaBETA"}}
  {PrintLn {StrCase Char.toLower "alphaBETA"}}
  {PrintLn {StrCase SwapCase "alphaBETA"}}
  
  {Application.exit 0}
end

OpenEdge/Progress

   caps("alphaBETA") 
   lc("alphaBETA")

Perl

Works with: Perl version 5.x

<lang perl> my $string = "alphaBETA"; print uc($string), "\n"; print lc($string), "\n"; </lang>

Also works in Perl 4 if the my is removed.

Works with: Perl version 6

<lang perl> my $string = "alphaBETA"; say $string.uc say $string.lc </lang>

PHP

<lang php> $str = "alphaBETA"; echo strtoupper($str), "\n"; echo strtolower($str), "\n"; </lang>

Pop11

lvars str = 'alphaBETA';
lowertoupper(str) =>
uppertolower(str) =>

Python

<lang python> s = "alphaBETA" print s.upper() print s.lower() print s.swapcase() </lang>

Raven

'alphaBETA' upper
'alhpaBETA' lower

writeln(upper("alphaBETA"));
writeln(lower("alphaBETA"));

Smalltalk

'ALPHAbeta' asUppercase.
'ALPHAbeta' asLowercase.

Standard ML

val strupr = String.map Char.toUpper;
val strlwr = String.map Char.toLower;

Test

- strupr "alphaBETA";
val it = "ALPHABETA" : string
- strlwr "alphaBETA";
val it = "alphabeta" : string

SQL

Works with: MS SQL version 2005

declare @s varchar(10)
set @s = 'alphaBETA'
print upper(@s)
print lower(@s)

Tcl

<lang tcl>set string alphaBETA string toupper $string

==> ALPHABETA

string tolower $string

==> alphabeta</lang>

Toka

 needs ctype
 
 [ i 1 - ] is i
 [ string.getLength 0 [ dup i + c@ toupper over i + c! ] countedLoop ] is string.toUpper
 [ string.getLength 0 [ dup i + c@ tolower over i + c! ] countedLoop ] is string.toLower
 
 " alphaBETA" string.toUpper type cr
 " alphaBETA" string.toLower type cr

UnixPipes

echo "alphaBETA" |tr '[a-z]' '[A-Z]'
echo "alphaBETA" |tr '[A-Z]' '[a-z]'

VBScript

Dim MyWord
MyWord = UCase("Hello World")   ' Returns "HELLO WORLD".
MyWord = LCase("Hello World")   ' Returns "hello world".

Vedit macro language

1 = CP

IT("alphaBETA") Case_Upper_Block(#1, CP) Case_Lower_Block(#1, CP) </lang>

Visual Basic .NET

Works with Visual Basic 2008.

' Define 's'
Dim s AS String = "alphaBETA"

' Change 's' to Upper Case.
s =  s.ToUpper()

' Change 's' to Lower Case.
s = s.ToLower()