SQL-based authentication
You are encouraged to solve this task according to the task description, using any language you may know.
This task has three parts:
- Connect to a MySQL database (connect_db)
- Create user/password records in the following table (create_user)
- Authenticate login requests against the table (authenticate_user)
This is the table definition: <lang sql>create table users (
userid int primary key auto_increment,
username varchar(32) unique key not null,
pass_salt tinyblob not null,
-- a string of 16 random bytes
pass_md5 tinyblob not null
-- binary MD5 hash of pass_salt concatenated with the password
);</lang> (pass_salt and pass_md5 would be binary(16) values, but MySQL versions before 5.0.15 strip trailing spaces when selecting them.)
C
(MySQL client library)
(for MD5)
<lang c>#include <stdio.h>
- include <stdlib.h>
- include <string.h>
- include <stdbool.h>
- include <time.h>
- include <mysql.h>
- include <openssl/md5.h>
void end_with_db(void);
MYSQL *mysql = NULL; // global...
bool connect_db(const char *host, const char *user, const char *pwd, const char *db, unsigned int port) {
if ( mysql == NULL )
{
if (mysql_library_init(0, NULL, NULL)) return false;
mysql = mysql_init(NULL); if ( mysql == NULL ) return false;
MYSQL *myp = mysql_real_connect(mysql, host, user, pwd, db, port, NULL, 0);
if (myp == NULL) {
fprintf(stderr, "connection error: %s\n", mysql_error(mysql));
end_with_db();
return false;
}
}
return true; // already connected... ?
}
- define USERNAMELIMIT 32
// no part of the spec, but it is reasonable!!
- define PASSWORDLIMIT 32
- define SALTBYTE 16
bool create_user(const char *username, const char *password) {
int i;
char binarysalt[SALTBYTE];
char salt[SALTBYTE*2+1];
char md5hash[MD5_DIGEST_LENGTH];
char saltpass[SALTBYTE+PASSWORDLIMIT+1];
char pass_md5[MD5_DIGEST_LENGTH*2 + 1];
char user[USERNAMELIMIT*2 + 1];
char *q = NULL;
static const char query[] =
"INSERT INTO users "
"(username,pass_salt,pass_md5) "
"VALUES ('%s', X'%s', X'%s')";
static const size_t qlen = sizeof query;
for(i=0; username[i] != '\0' && i < USERNAMELIMIT; i++) ; if ( username[i] != '\0' ) return false; for(i=0; password[i] != '\0' && i < PASSWORDLIMIT; i++) ; if ( password[i] != '\0' ) return false;
srand(time(NULL));
for(i=0; i < SALTBYTE; i++)
{
// this skews the distribution but it is lazyness-compliant;)
binarysalt[i] = rand()%256;
}
(void)mysql_hex_string(salt, binarysalt, SALTBYTE); for(i=0; i < SALTBYTE; i++) saltpass[i] = binarysalt[i]; strcpy(saltpass+SALTBYTE, password); (void)MD5(saltpass, SALTBYTE + strlen(password), md5hash); (void)mysql_hex_string(pass_md5, md5hash, MD5_DIGEST_LENGTH);
(void)mysql_real_escape_string(mysql, user, username, strlen(username));
// salt, pass_md5, user are db-query-ready q = malloc(qlen + USERNAMELIMIT*2 + MD5_DIGEST_LENGTH*2 + SALTBYTE*2 + 1); if ( q == NULL ) return false; sprintf(q, query, user, salt, pass_md5);
- if defined(DEBUG)
fprintf(stderr, "QUERY:\n%s\n\n", q);
- endif
int res = mysql_query(mysql, q);
free(q);
if ( res != 0 )
{
fprintf(stderr, "create_user query error: %s\n", mysql_error(mysql));
return false;
}
return true;
}
bool authenticate_user(const char *username, const char *password)
{
char user[USERNAMELIMIT*2 + 1]; char md5hash[MD5_DIGEST_LENGTH]; char saltpass[SALTBYTE+PASSWORDLIMIT+1]; bool authok = false; char *q = NULL; int i; static const char query[] = "SELECT * FROM users WHERE username='%s'"; static const size_t qlen = sizeof query;
// can't be authenticated with invalid username or password for(i=0; username[i] != '\0' && i < USERNAMELIMIT; i++) ; if ( username[i] != '\0' ) return false; for(i=0; password[i] != '\0' && i < PASSWORDLIMIT; i++) ; if ( password[i] != '\0' ) return false;
(void)mysql_real_escape_string(mysql, user, username, strlen(username));
q = malloc(qlen + strlen(user) + 1); if (q == NULL) return false; sprintf(q, query, username);
int res = mysql_query(mysql, q);
free(q);
if ( res != 0 )
{
fprintf(stderr, "authenticate_user query error: %s\n", mysql_error(mysql));
return false;
}
MYSQL_RES *qr = mysql_store_result(mysql); if ( qr == NULL ) return false;
// should be only a result, or none
if ( mysql_num_rows(qr) != 1 ) {
mysql_free_result(qr);
return false;
}
MYSQL_ROW row = mysql_fetch_row(qr); // 1 row must exist unsigned long *len = mysql_fetch_lengths(qr); // and should have 4 cols...
memcpy(saltpass, row[2], len[2]); // len[2] should be SALTBYTE memcpy(saltpass + len[2], password, strlen(password)); (void)MD5(saltpass, SALTBYTE + strlen(password), md5hash);
authok = memcmp(md5hash, row[3], len[3]) == 0; mysql_free_result(qr);
return authok;
}
void end_with_db(void) {
mysql_close(mysql); mysql = NULL; mysql_library_end();
}
int main(int argc, char **argv) {
if ( argc < 4 ) return EXIT_FAILURE;
if ( connect_db("localhost", "devel", "", "test", 0 ) )
{
if ( strcmp(argv[1], "add") == 0 )
{
if (create_user(argv[2], argv[3]))
printf("created\n");
} else if ( strcmp(argv[1], "auth") == 0 ) {
if (authenticate_user(argv[2], argv[3]))
printf("authorized\n");
else
printf("access denied\n");
} else {
printf("unknown command\n");
}
end_with_db();
}
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}</lang>
From the command line, program add user password to add users, and program auth user password to see if the user with that password is authorized or not.
Go
<lang go>package main
import (
"bytes" "crypto/md5" "crypto/rand" "database/sql" "fmt"
_ "github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql"
)
func connectDB() (*sql.DB, error) {
return sql.Open("mysql", "rosetta:code@/rc")
}
func createUser(db *sql.DB, user, pwd string) error {
salt := make([]byte, 16)
rand.Reader.Read(salt)
_, err := db.Exec(`insert into users (username, pass_salt, pass_md5)
values (?, ?, ?)`, user, salt, saltHash(salt, pwd))
if err != nil {
return fmt.Errorf("User %s already exits", user)
}
return nil
}
func authenticateUser(db *sql.DB, user, pwd string) error {
var salt, hash []byte
row := db.QueryRow(`select pass_salt, pass_md5 from users
where username=?`, user)
if err := row.Scan(&salt, &hash); err != nil {
return fmt.Errorf("User %s unknown", user)
}
if !bytes.Equal(saltHash(salt, pwd), hash) {
return fmt.Errorf("User %s invalid password", user)
}
return nil
}
func saltHash(salt []byte, pwd string) []byte {
h := md5.New() h.Write(salt) h.Write([]byte(pwd)) return h.Sum(nil)
}
func main() {
// demonstrate
db, err := connectDB()
defer db.Close()
createUser(db, "sam", "123")
err = authenticateUser(db, "sam", "123")
if err == nil {
fmt.Println("User sam authenticated")
}
// extra
fmt.Println()
// show contents of database
rows, _ := db.Query(`select username, pass_salt, pass_md5 from users`)
var user string
var salt, hash []byte
for rows.Next() {
rows.Scan(&user, &salt, &hash)
fmt.Printf("%s %x %x\n", user, salt, hash)
}
// try creating same user again
err = createUser(db, "sam", "123")
fmt.Println(err)
// try authenticating unknown user
err = authenticateUser(db, "pam", "123")
fmt.Println(err)
// try wrong password
err = authenticateUser(db, "sam", "1234")
fmt.Println(err)
// clear table to run program again
db.Exec(`truncate table users`)
}</lang>
- Output:
User sam authenticated sam d5d1ef775a89f2b504dc808e66087f3d a939f77466e91527e748377cc14dfd66 User sam already exits User pam unknown User sam invalid password
Java
<lang java>import java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException; import java.sql.Connection; import java.sql.DriverManager; import java.sql.PreparedStatement; import java.sql.ResultSet; import java.sql.SQLException; import java.security.MessageDigest; import java.security.NoSuchAlgorithmException; import java.security.SecureRandom; import java.math.BigInteger;
class UserManager {
private Connection dbConnection;
public UserManager() {
}
private String md5(String aString) throws NoSuchAlgorithmException, UnsupportedEncodingException {
MessageDigest md;
String hex;
StringBuffer hexString;
byte[] bytesOfMessage;
byte[] theDigest;
hexString = new StringBuffer();
bytesOfMessage = aString.getBytes("UTF-8");
md = MessageDigest.getInstance("MD5");
theDigest = md.digest(bytesOfMessage);
for (int i = 0; i < theDigest.length; i++) {
hex = Integer.toHexString(0xff & theDigest[i]);
if (hex.length() == 1) {
hexString.append('0');
}
hexString.append(hex);
}
return hexString.toString(); }
public void connectDB(String host, int port, String db, String user, String password)
throws ClassNotFoundException, SQLException {
Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");
this.dbConnection = DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:mysql://"
+ host
+ ":"
+ port
+ "/"
+ db, user, password);
}
public boolean createUser(String user, String password) {
SecureRandom random;
String insert;
String salt;
random = new SecureRandom();
salt = new BigInteger(130, random).toString(16);
insert = "INSERT INTO users "
+ "(username, pass_salt, pass_md5) "
+ "VALUES (?, ?, ?)";
try (PreparedStatement pstmt = this.dbConnection.prepareStatement(insert)) {
pstmt.setString(1, user);
pstmt.setString(2, salt);
pstmt.setString(3, this.md5(salt + password));
pstmt.executeUpdate();
return true;
} catch(NoSuchAlgorithmException | SQLException | UnsupportedEncodingException ex) {
return false;
}
}
public boolean authenticateUser(String user, String password) {
String pass_md5;
String pass_salt;
String select;
ResultSet res;
select = "SELECT pass_salt, pass_md5 FROM users WHERE username = ?";
res = null;
try(PreparedStatement pstmt = this.dbConnection.prepareStatement(select)) {
pstmt.setString(1, user);
res = pstmt.executeQuery();
res.next(); // We assume that username is unique
pass_salt = res.getString(1);
pass_md5 = res.getString(2);
if (pass_md5.equals(this.md5(pass_salt + password))) {
return true;
} else {
return false;
}
} catch(NoSuchAlgorithmException | SQLException | UnsupportedEncodingException ex) {
return false;
} finally {
try {
if (res instanceof ResultSet && !res.isClosed()) {
res.close();
}
} catch(SQLException ex) {
}
}
}
public void closeConnection() {
try {
this.dbConnection.close();
} catch(NullPointerException | SQLException ex) {
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
UserManager um;
um = new UserManager();
try {
um.connectDB("localhost", 3306, "test", "root", "admin");
if (um.createUser("johndoe", "test")) {
System.out.println("User created");
}
if (um.authenticateUser("johndoe", "test")) {
System.out.println("User authenticated");
}
} catch(ClassNotFoundException | SQLException ex) {
ex.printStackTrace();
} finally {
um.closeConnection();
}
}
}</lang>
Perl
<lang perl>use DBI;
# returns a database handle configured to throw an exception on query errors
sub connect_db {
my ($dbname, $host, $user, $pass) = @_;
my $db = DBI->connect("dbi:mysql:$dbname:$host", $user, $pass)
or die $DBI::errstr;
$db->{RaiseError} = 1;
$db
}
# if the user was successfully created, returns its user id. # if the name was already in use, returns undef.
sub create_user {
my ($db, $user, $pass) = @_;
my $salt = pack "C*", map {int rand 256} 1..16;
$db->do("INSERT IGNORE INTO users (username, pass_salt, pass_md5)
VALUES (?, ?, unhex(md5(concat(pass_salt, ?))))",
undef, $user, $salt, $pass)
and $db->{mysql_insertid} or undef
}
# if the user is authentic, returns its user id. otherwise returns undef.
sub authenticate_user {
my ($db, $user, $pass) = @_;
my $userid = $db->selectrow_array("SELECT userid FROM users WHERE
username=? AND pass_md5=unhex(md5(concat(pass_salt, ?)))",
undef, $user, $pass);
$userid
}</lang>
PHP
To use MySQL in PHP you need the php_mysql module installed <lang php> function connect_db($database, $db_user, $db_password, $host = 'localhost', $port = NULL, $die = false) { // Returns a MySQL link identifier (handle) on success // Returns false or dies() on error depending on the setting of parameter $die // Parameter $die configures error handling, setting it any non-false value will die() on error // Parameters $host, $port and $die have sensible defaults and are not usually required
if(!$db_handle = @mysql_connect($host.($port ? ':'.$port : ), $db_user, $db_password)) { if($die) die("Can't connect to MySQL server:\r\n".mysql_error()); else return false; } if(!@mysql_select_db($database, $db_handle)) { if($die) die("Can't select database '$database':\r\n".mysql_error()); else return false; } return $db_handle; }
function create_user($username, $password, $db_handle) { // Returns the record ID on success or false on failure // Username limit is 32 characters (part of spec) if(strlen($username) > 32) return false;
// Salt limited to ASCII 32 thru 254 (not part of spec) $salt = ; do { $salt .= chr(mt_rand(32, 254)); } while(strlen($salt) < 16);
// Create pass_md5 $pass_md5 = md5($salt.$password);
// Make it all binary safe $username = mysql_real_escape_string($username); $salt = mysql_real_escape_string($salt);
// Try to insert it into the table - Return false on failure if(!@mysql_query("INSERT INTO users (username,pass_salt,pass_md5) VALUES('$username','$salt','$pass_md5')", $db_handle)) return false;
// Return the record ID return mysql_insert_id($db_handle); }
function authenticate_user($username, $password, $db_handle) { // Checks a username/password combination against the database // Returns false on failure or the record ID on success
// Make the username parmeter binary-safe $safe_username = mysql_real_escape_string($username);
// Grab the record (if it exists) - Return false on failure if(!$result = @mysql_query("SELECT * FROM users WHERE username='$safe_username'", $db_handle)) return false;
// Grab the row $row = @mysql_fetch_assoc($result);
// Check the password and return false if incorrect if(md5($row['pass_salt'].$password) != $row['pass_md5']) return false;
// Return the record ID return $row['userid']; } </lang>
Python
Uses the official Python MySQL connector <lang python>import mysql.connector import hashlib
import sys import random
DB_HOST = "localhost" DB_USER = "devel" DB_PASS = "devel" DB_NAME = "test"
def connect_db():
Try to connect DB and return DB instance, if not, return False
try:
return mysql.connector.connect(host=DB_HOST, user=DB_USER, passwd=DB_PASS, db=DB_NAME)
except:
return False
def create_user(username, passwd):
if user was successfully created, returns its ID; returns None on error
db = connect_db()
if not db:
print "Can't connect MySQL!"
return None
cursor = db.cursor()
salt = randomValue(16)
passwd_md5 = hashlib.md5(salt+passwd).hexdigest()
# If username already taken, inform it
try:
cursor.execute("INSERT INTO users (`username`, `pass_salt`, `pass_md5`) VALUES (%s, %s, %s)", (username, salt, passwd_md5))
cursor.execute("SELECT userid FROM users WHERE username=%s", (username,) )
id = cursor.fetchone()
db.commit()
cursor.close()
db.close()
return id[0]
except:
print 'Username was already taken. Please select another'
return None
def authenticate_user(username, passwd):
db = connect_db()
if not db:
print "Can't connect MySQL!"
return False
cursor = db.cursor()
cursor.execute("SELECT pass_salt, pass_md5 FROM users WHERE username=%s", (username,))
row = cursor.fetchone()
cursor.close()
db.close()
if row is None: # username not found
return False
salt = row[0]
correct_md5 = row[1]
tried_md5 = hashlib.md5(salt+passwd).hexdigest()
return correct_md5 == tried_md5
def randomValue(length):
Creates random value with given length salt_chars = 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789'
return .join(random.choice(salt_chars) for x in range(length))
if __name__ == '__main__':
user = randomValue(10)
passwd = randomValue(16)
new_user_id = create_user(user, passwd)
if new_user_id is None:
print 'Failed to create user %s' % user
sys.exit(1)
auth = authenticate_user(user, passwd)
if auth:
print 'User %s authenticated successfully' % user
else:
print 'User %s failed' % user
</lang>
Racket
<lang racket>#lang racket (require db file/md5) (define-logger authentication) (current-logger authentication-logger)
(define DB-HOST "localhost") (define DB-USER "devel") (define DB-PASS "devel") (define DB-NAME "test")
(define (connect-db)
(mysql-connect #:user DB-USER #:database DB-NAME #:password DB-PASS))
(define (salt+password->hash salt password #:hex-encode? (hex-encode? #f))
(md5 (bytes-append salt password) hex-encode?))
(define (report-sql-error e)
(log-authentication-error "Failed to create user:~s" (exn-message e)) #f)
(define (create-user db username passwd)
; if user was successfully created, returns its ID else #f
(define salt (list->bytes (for/list ((i (in-range 16))) (random 256))))
(define hash (salt+password->hash salt passwd))
(with-handlers ((exn:fail:sql? report-sql-error))
(query db "INSERT INTO users (username, pass_salt, pass_md5) VALUES (?, ?, ?)"
username salt hash)))
(define (authenticate-user db username password)
(or
(match (query-maybe-row db "SELECT pass_salt, pass_md5 FROM users WHERE username = ?" username)
[#f #f]
[(vector salt hash) (bytes=? hash (salt+password->hash salt password))])
; don't let the deviants know whether it's the username or password that's dodgy
(error "the username, password combination does not exist in system")))
(module+ test
(require rackunit) (define test-DB (connect-db)) ; typically, you only do this the once (or risk upsetting your users bigtime!) ; call this just the once! (define (create-users-table db) (query-exec db "DROP TABLE IF EXISTS users") (query-exec db #<<EOS
CREATE TABLE users (
userid INT PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,
username VARCHAR(32) UNIQUE KEY NOT NULL,
pass_salt tinyblob NOT NULL,
-- a string of 16 random bytes
pass_md5 tinyblob NOT NULL
-- binary MD5 hash of pass_salt concatenated with the password
); EOS
)) (create-users-table test-DB) (create-user test-DB #"tim" #"shh! it's a secret!") ; ensure the user exists (for testing purposes) (check-match (query-list test-DB "SELECT userid FROM users WHERE username = 'tim'") (list _)) ; (ah... but tim exists!!!) (check-false (create-user test-DB #"tim" #"tim's password")) (check-exn exn:fail? (λ () (authenticate-user test-DB #"tim" #"password"))) (check-true (authenticate-user test-DB #"tim" #"shh! it's a secret!")))</lang>
Raven
MySQL connectivity is available out of the box. Below, we do not ever send the plain text password over the wire.
<lang raven> 'mysql://root@localhost/test' open as mysql 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789' as $salt_chars
- return userid for success and FALSE for failure.
define create_user use $user, $pass
group 16 each as i
$salt_chars choose chr
join as $pass_salt
"%($pass_salt)s%($pass)s" md5 as $pass_md5
$user copy mysql escape as $user_name
group 'INSERT IGNORE into users (username, pass_md5, pass_salt)'
" VALUES ('%($user_name)s', unhex('%($pass_md5)s'), '%($pass_salt)s')"
join mysql query inserted
- return userid for success and FALSE for failure.
define authenticate_user use $user, $pass
FALSE as $userid
$user copy mysql escape as $user_name
group 'SELECT userid, pass_salt, hex(pass_md5)'
" FROM users WHERE username = '%($user_name)s'"
join mysql query as rs
rs selected
if rs fetch values into $possible_userid, $pass_salt, $pass_md5
"%($pass_salt)s%($pass)s" md5 $pass_md5 lower =
if $possible_userid as $userid
$userid
'foo' 'bar' create_user !if "could not create user\n" print bye 'foo' 'bar' authenticate_user !if "could not authenticate user\n" print bye
"user successfully created and authenticated!\n" print</lang>
Tcl
Also requires the TDBC driver for MySQL. <lang Tcl>package require tdbc
proc connect_db {handleName dbname host user pass} {
package require tdbc::mysql
tdbc::mysql::connection create $handleName -user $user -passwd $pass \
-host $host -database $dbname
return $handleName
}
- A simple helper to keep code shorter
proc r64k {} {
expr int(65536*rand())
}
proc create_user {handle user pass} {
set salt [binary format ssssssss \
[r64k] [r64k] [r64k] [r64k] [r64k] [r64k] [r64k] [r64k]]
# Note that we are using named parameters below, :user :salt :pass
# They are bound automatically to local variables with the same name
$handle allrows {
INSERT IGNORE INTO users (username, pass_salt, pass_md5)
VALUES (:user, :salt, unhex(md5(concat(:salt, :pass))))
}
return ;# Ignore the result of the allrows method
}
proc authenticate_user {handle user pass} {
$handle foreach row {
SELECT userid FROM users WHERE
username=:user AND pass_md5=unhex(md5(concat(pass_salt, :pass)))
} {
return [dict get $row userid]
}
# Only get here if no rows selected
error "authentication failed for user \"$user\""
}</lang>
- Programming Tasks
- Database operations
- C
- Mysqlclient
- OpenSSL
- Go
- Java
- Perl
- DBI
- PHP
- Python
- Racket
- Raven
- Tcl
- Batch File/Omit
- Brainf***/Omit
- Lotus 123 Macro Scripting/Omit
- M4/Omit
- Maxima/Omit
- ML/I/Omit
- PARI/GP/Omit
- PostScript/Omit
- Retro/Omit
- SNOBOL4/Omit
- SQL/Omit
- TI-83 BASIC/Omit
- TI-89 BASIC/Omit
- Unlambda/Omit
- Yorick/Omit
- ZX Spectrum Basic/Omit