Control Structures

Control Structures
You are encouraged to solve this task according to the task description, using any language you may know.

Control structures are features of programming languages that influence the code flow. Two common examples are loops and conditions. The task here is to demonstrate control structures supported by different programming languages.

This page is being split into multiple articles. Please help move code into these articles, instead:

• Conditional Structures
• Flow Control Structures
• Loop Structures
• Exceptions

Iterative

These control structure operate on datasets.

C++

for_each

Compiler: GCC 4.1.1

 #include <iostream>  // std::cout, std::endl
 #include <vector>    // std::vector
 #include <algorithm> // std::for_each
 
 struct sum
 {
   int _sum;                                    
   sum() : _sum(0) {};                         // Initialize sum with 0;
   void operator() (int a) { _sum += a; }      // this function will be called for every element
 };
 
 int main()
 {
   std::vector<int> v;
   v.push_back(10);
   v.push_back(23);
   v.push_back(34);
 
   /* Note that for_each gets a fresh instance of sum passed,
    * applies every element beginning with *v.begin() up to,
    * but not including v.end() to the function object
    * and returns a copy of it.
    */
 
   sum the_sum = std::for_each(v.begin(), v.end(), sum());
 
   std::cout << "The sum is " << the_sum._sum << std::endl;
   return 0;
 }

Perl

for

Interpreter: Perl 5.8.8

#!/usr/bin/perl -w

use strict;

my $limit = 5;

for ( my $iterator = 0; $iterator < $limit; $iterator++ ) {
  # Do something
}

# for-variant, implicit iteration
for (0..$limit) {
  # Do something
}

do_something() for 0..$limit;

foreach

Interpreter: Perl 5.8.8

#!/usr/bin/perl -w

use strict;

my @numbers = (1, 2, 3);
my %names = (first => "George", last => "Jetson");

foreach my $number (@numbers) {
  # Do something with $number
}

foreach my $key (keys %names) {
  # Do something with $key (values are accessible as %names{$key} )
}

map

Interpreter: Perl 5.8.8

#!/usr/bin/perl -w

use strict;

my @numbers = (1, 2, 3);
my @target;

@target = map {
  # Do something with $_
} @numbers;

@target = map($_ + 1, @numbers);

sub a_sub {
  # Do something with $_
}

@target = map a_sub @numbers;

grep

Interpreter: Perl 5.8.8

#!/usr/bin/perl -w

use strict;

my @people = qw/Bobbie Charlie Susan/;
my @target;

@target = grep {
  # Discriminate based on $_
} @people;

# Feed grep into map, this picks out elements 1, 3, 5, etc.
@target = map($people[$_], grep($_ & 1, 0..$#people));

# Pick out the diminutive names
@target = grep(/ie$/, @people);

sub a_sub {
  # Do something with $_, and return a true or false value
}

@target = grep a_sub @people;

Python

for

for x in ["foo", "bar", "baz"]:
    print x

Ruby

each

['foo', 'bar', 'baz'].each do |x|
  puts x
end

collect

array = ['foo', 'bar', 'baz'].collect do |x|
  foo x
end

map

array = ['foo', 'bar', 'baz'].map {|x| foo x }

inject

string = ['foo', 'bar', 'baz'].inject("") do |s,x|
  s << x
  s
end

sum = ['foo', 'bar', 'baz'].inject(0) do |s,x|
  s + x.size
  s
end

product = ['foo', 'bar', 'baz'].inject(1) do |p,x|
  p * x.size
  p
end

hash = ['foo', 'bar', 'baz'].inject({}) do |h,x|
  h[x] = x.size
  h
end

boolean = ['foo', 'bar', 'baz'].inject(true) do |b,x|
  b &&= x != 'bar'
  b
end

Tcl

foreach

foreach i {foo bar baz} {
    puts "$i"
}

UNIX Shell

for

Interpreter: Bourne Again SHell

#!/bin/bash
ARRAY="VALUE1 VALUE2 VALUE3 VALUE4 VALUE5"

for ELEMENT in $ARRAY
do
 echo $ELEMENT # Print $ELEMENT
done

Interpreter: Debian Almquist SHell

#!/bin/sh
ARRAY="VALUE1 VALUE2 VALUE3 VALUE4 VALUE5"

for ELEMENT in $ARRAY
do
 echo $ELEMENT # Print $ELEMENT
done