Constrained genericity: Difference between revisions
SqrtNegInf (talk | contribs) m (→{{header|Raku}}: .perl not needed) |
(→{{header|C++}}: lang fixed) |
||
| Line 99: | Line 99: | ||
{{works with|C++11}} |
{{works with|C++11}} |
||
Uses static assertion to disallow instantiations on incorrect types |
Uses static assertion to disallow instantiations on incorrect types |
||
| ⚫ | |||
<lang c++> |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
struct can_eat //Detects presence of non-const member function void eat() |
struct can_eat //Detects presence of non-const member function void eat() |
||
{ |
{ |
||
Revision as of 18:35, 16 September 2020
You are encouraged to solve this task according to the task description, using any language you may know.
Constrained genericity or bounded quantification means that a parametrized type or function (see parametric polymorphism) can only be instantiated on types fulfilling some conditions, even if those conditions are not used in that function.
Say a type is called "eatable" if you can call the function eat on it. Write a generic type FoodBox which contains a collection of objects of a type given as parameter, but can only be instantiated on eatable types. The FoodBox shall not use the function eat in any way (i.e. without the explicit restriction, it could be instantiated on any type). The specification of a type being eatable should be as generic as possible in your language (i.e. the restrictions on the implementation of eatable types should be as minimal as possible). Also explain the restrictions, if any, on the implementation of eatable types, and show at least one example of an eatable type.
Ada
Ada allows various constraints to be specified in parameters of generics. A formal type constrained to be derived from certain base is one of them: <lang ada>with Ada.Containers.Indefinite_Vectors;
package Nutrition is
type Food is interface; procedure Eat (Object : in out Food) is abstract;
end Nutrition;
with Ada.Containers; with Nutrition;
generic
type New_Food is new Nutrition.Food;
package Food_Boxes is
package Food_Vectors is
new Ada.Containers.Indefinite_Vectors
( Index_Type => Positive,
Element_Type => New_Food
);
subtype Food_Box is Food_Vectors.Vector;
end Food_Boxes;</lang> The package Nutrition defines an interface of an eatable object, that is, the procedure Eat. Then a generic container package is defined with the elements to be of some type derived from Food. Example of use: <lang ada>type Banana is new Food with null record; overriding procedure Eat (Object : in out Banana) is null; package Banana_Box is new Food_Boxes (Banana);
type Tomato is new Food with null record; overriding procedure Eat (Object : in out Tomato) is null; package Tomato_Box is new Food_Boxes (Tomato); -- We have declared Banana and Tomato as a Food.</lang> The Tomato_Box can only contain tomatoes; the Banana_Box can only contain bananas. You can only create boxes of eatable objects.
C#
In C#, type constraints are made on the type hierarchy, so here we make IEatable an interface, with an Eat method.
Types which are eatable would have to implement the
IEatable interface and provide an Eat method.
<lang csharp>interface IEatable
{
void Eat();
}</lang>
Type constraints in type parameters can be made via the where keyword, which allows us to qualify T.
In this case, we indicate that the type argument must be a type
that is a subtype of IEatable.
<lang csharp>using System.Collections.Generic;
class FoodBox<T> where T : IEatable {
List<T> food;
}</lang> For example, an eatable Apple: <lang csharp>class Apple : IEatable {
public void Eat()
{
System.Console.WriteLine("Apple has been eaten");
}
}</lang> C# also has the interesting functionality of being able to require that a generic type have a default constructor. This means that the generic type can actually instantiate the objects without ever knowing the concrete type. To do so, we constrain the where clause with an additional term "new()". This must come after any other constraints. In this example, any type with a default constructor that implements IEatable is allowed. <lang csharp>using System.Collections.Generic
class FoodMakingBox<T> where T : IEatable, new() {
List<T> food;
void Make(int numberOfFood)
{
this.food = new List<T>();
for (int i = 0; i < numberOfFood; i++)
{
this.food.Add(new T());
}
}
}</lang>
C++
Uses static assertion to disallow instantiations on incorrect types <lang cpp>template<typename T> //Detection helper struct struct can_eat //Detects presence of non-const member function void eat() {
private:
template<typename U, void (U::*)()> struct SFINAE {};
template<typename U> static char Test(SFINAE<U, &U::eat>*);
template<typename U> static int Test(...);
public:
static constexpr bool value = sizeof(Test<T>(0)) == sizeof(char);
};
struct potato { void eat(); };
struct brick {};
template<typename T> class FoodBox {
//Using static assertion to prohibit non-edible types static_assert(can_eat<T>::value, "Only edible items are allowed in foodbox");
//Rest of class definition
};
int main() {
FoodBox<potato> lunch;
//Following leads to compile-time error //FoodBox<brick> practical_joke;
}</lang>
Common Lisp
The technique used here is like that in the Abstract type task.
The task says that this task is only for statically typed languages, and Common Lisp is dynamically typed. However, there are many places where type declarations can be provided to the compiler, and there is user access to the type system (e.g., a user can ask whether an object is of a particular type). Via the latter mechanism, one could write a class containing a collection such that the insert method checked that the object to be inserted is of an appropriate type.
In this example, we define a class food, and two subclasses, inedible-food and edible-food.
We define a generic function eat,
and specialize it only for edible-food.
We then define a predicate eatable-p which returns true only on objects for which eat methods have been defined.
Then, using deftype with a satisfies type specifier, we define a type eatable to which only objects satisfying eatable-p belong. Finally, we define a function make-food-box which takes, in addition to typical array creation arguments, a type specifier.
The array is declared to have elements of the type that is the intersection of food and the provided type.
make-eatable-food-box simply calls make-food-box
with the type eatable.
The only shortcoming here is that the compiler isn't required to enforce the type specifications for the arrays. A custom insert function, however, could remember the specified type for the collection, and assert that inserted elements are of that type. <lang lisp>(defclass food () ())
(defclass inedible-food (food) ())
(defclass edible-food (food) ())
(defgeneric eat (foodstuff)
(:documentation "Eat the foodstuff."))
(defmethod eat ((foodstuff edible-food))
"A specialized method for eating edible-food." (format nil "Eating ~w." foodstuff))
(defun eatable-p (thing)
"Returns true if there are eat methods defined for thing." (not (endp (compute-applicable-methods #'eat (list thing)))))
(deftype eatable ()
"Eatable objects are those satisfying eatable-p." '(satisfies eatable-p))
(defun make-food-box (extra-type &rest array-args)
"Returns an array whose element-type is (and extra-type food).
array-args should be suitable for MAKE-ARRAY, and any provided element-type keyword argument is ignored."
(destructuring-bind (dimensions &rest array-args) array-args
(apply 'make-array dimensions
:element-type `(and ,extra-type food)
array-args)))
(defun make-eatable-food-box (&rest array-args)
"Return an array whose elements are declared to be of type (and
eatable food)."
(apply 'make-food-box 'eatable array-args))</lang>
Crystal
Similar to Ruby version, but shows error at compile-time. <lang ruby>class Apple
def eat end
end
class Carrot
def eat end
end
class FoodBox(T)
def initialize(@data : Array(T))
{% if T.union? %}
{% raise "All items should be eatable" unless T.union_types.all? &.has_method?(:eat) %}
{% else %}
{% raise "Items should be eatable" unless T.has_method?(:eat) %}
{% end %}
end
end
FoodBox.new([Apple.new, Apple.new]) FoodBox.new([Apple.new, Carrot.new]) FoodBox.new([Apple.new, Carrot.new, 123])</lang>
- Output:
Error in line 23: All items should be eatable
D
Template Version
<lang d>enum IsEdible(T) = is(typeof(T.eat));
struct FoodBox(T) if (IsEdible!T) {
T[] food; alias food this;
}
struct Carrot {
void eat() {}
}
static struct Car {}
void main() {
FoodBox!Carrot carrotsBox; // OK carrotsBox ~= Carrot(); // Adds a carrot
//FoodBox!Car carsBox; // Not allowed
}</lang>
Interface Version
<lang d>interface IEdible { void eat(); }
struct FoodBox(T : IEdible) {
T[] food; alias food this;
}
class Carrot : IEdible {
void eat() {}
}
class Car {}
void main() {
FoodBox!Carrot carrotBox; // OK //FoodBox!Car carBox; // Not allowed
}</lang>
E
It is surely arguable whether this constitutes an implementation of the above task: <lang e>/** Guard accepting only objects with an 'eat' method */ def Eatable {
to coerce(specimen, ejector) {
if (Ref.isNear(specimen) && specimen.__respondsTo("eat", 0)) {
return specimen
} else {
throw.eject(ejector, `inedible: $specimen`)
}
}
}
def makeFoodBox() {
return [].diverge(Eatable) # A guard-constrained list
}</lang>
Eiffel
Eiffel has included support for constrained genericty since its earliest implementations (as shown in Bertrand Meyer's paper from OOPSLA '86, available online.)
The "eatable" characteristic is modeled by a deferred class (deferred classes are similar to abstract classes in some other languages).
<lang eiffel > deferred class
EATABLE
feature -- Basic operations
eat
-- Eat this eatable substance
deferred
end
end </lang>
Class EATABLE can then be inherited by any other class, with the understanding that the inheriting class will have to provide an implementation for the procedure eat. Here are two such classes, APPLE and PEAR:
<lang eiffel > class
APPLE
inherit
EATABLE
feature -- Basic operations
eat
-- Consume
do
print ("One apple eaten%N")
end
end </lang>
<lang eiffel >
class
PEAR
inherit
EATABLE
feature -- Basic operations
eat
-- Consume
do
print ("One pear eaten%N")
end
end </lang>
Instances of the generic class FOOD_BOX can contain any types of EATABLE items. The constraint is shown in the formal generics part of the class declaration for FOOD_BOX:
<lang eiffel> class
FOOD_BOX [G -> EATABLE]
inherit
ARRAYED_LIST [G]
create
make
end </lang>
So, any declaration of type FOOD_BOX can constrain its contents to any particular eatable type. For example:
<lang eiffel>
my_apple_box: FOOD_BOX [APPLE]
</lang>
The entity my_apple_box is declared as a FOOD_BOX which can contain only apples.
Of course, constraining a particular FOOD_BOX to all types which are eatable is also allowed, and could be appropriate in certain cases, such as:
<lang eiffel>
my_refrigerator: FOOD_BOX [EATABLE]
</lang>
Here's a small application that uses a FOOD_BOX constrained to contain only apples:
<lang eiffel > class
APPLICATION
create
make
feature {NONE} -- Initialization
make
-- Run application.
do
create my_apple_box.make (10)
create one_apple
create one_pear
my_apple_box.extend (one_apple)
-- my_apple_box.extend (one_pear)
across
my_apple_box as ic
loop
ic.item.eat
end
end
feature -- Access
my_apple_box: FOOD_BOX [APPLE]
-- My apple box
one_apple: APPLE
-- An apple
one_pear: PEAR
-- A pear
end </lang>
Notice that an instance of PEAR is also created, and a line of code is present as a comment which would attempt to place the pear in the apple box:
<lang eiffel> -- my_apple_box.extend (one_pear) </lang>
If the comment mark "--" were removed from this line of code, an compile error would occur because of the attempt to violate my_apple_bos's constraint.
F#
It is possible to constrain type parameters in a number of ways, including inheritance relationships and interface implementation. But for this task, the natural choice is an explicit member constraint. <lang fsharp>type ^a FoodBox // a generic type FoodBox
when ^a: (member eat: unit -> string) // with an explicit member constraint on ^a, (items:^a list) = // a one-argument constructor member inline x.foodItems = items // and a public read-only property
// a class type that fullfills the member constraint type Banana() =
member x.eat() = "I'm eating a banana."
// an instance of a Banana FoodBox let someBananas = FoodBox [Banana(); Banana()]</lang>
Forth
Works with any ANS Forth
Needs the FMS-SI (single inheritance) library code located here: http://soton.mpeforth.com/flag/fms/index.html <lang forth>include FMS-SI.f include FMS-SILib.f
- class Eatable
:m eat ." successful eat " ;m
- class
\ FoodBox is defined without inspecting for the eat message
- class FoodBox
object-list eatable-types
:m init: eatable-types init: ;m
:m add: ( obj -- )
dup is-kindOf Eatable
if eatable-types add:
else drop ." not an eatable type "
then ;m
:m test
begin eatable-types each:
while eat
repeat ;m
- class
FoodBox aFoodBox Eatable aEatable aEatable aFoodBox add: \ add the e1 object to the object-list aFoodBox test \ => successful eat
- class brick
:m eat cr ." successful eat " ;m
- class
brick abrick \ create an object that is not eatable abrick aFoodBox add: \ => not an eatable type
- class apple <super Eatable
- class
apple anapple anapple aFoodBox add: aFoodBox test \ => successful eat successful eat </lang>
Fortran
In Fortran all checkes are done at compile time, in particular a dummy argument has to conform class. <lang fortran> module cg
implicit none type, abstract :: eatable end type eatable type, extends(eatable) :: carrot_t end type carrot_t type :: brick_t; end type brick_t type :: foodbox
class(eatable), allocatable :: food
contains
procedure, public :: add_item => add_item_fb
end type foodbox
contains
subroutine add_item_fb(this, f)
class(foodbox), intent(inout) :: this
class(eatable), intent(in) :: f
allocate(this%food, source=f)
end subroutine add_item_fb
end module cg
program con_gen
use cg implicit none type(carrot_t) :: carrot type(brick_t) :: brick type(foodbox) :: fbox ! Put a carrot into the foodbox call fbox%add_item(carrot) ! Try to put a brick in - results in a compiler error call fbox%add_item(brick)
end program con_gen
</lang>
- Output:
ifort -o cg cg.f90
cg.f90(40): error #6633: The type of the actual argument differs from the type of the dummy argument. [BRICK]
call fbox%add_item(brick)
gfortran -o cg cg.f90
cg.f90:41.23:
call fbox%add_item(brick)
1
Error: Type mismatch in argument 'f' at (1); passed TYPE(brick_t) to CLASS(eatable)
Go
Go's interfaces do exactly what this task wants. Eatable looks like this: <lang go>type eatable interface {
eat()
}</lang> And the following is all it takes to define foodbox as a slice of eatables. The result is that an object of type foodbox can hold objects of any type that implements the eat method (with the function signature specified in eatable.) The definition of foodbox though, doesn't even need to enumerate the functions of eatable, much less call them. Whatever is in the interface is okay. <lang go>type foodbox []eatable</lang> Here is an example of an eatable type. <lang go>type peelfirst string
func (f peelfirst) eat() {
// peel code goes here
fmt.Println("mm, that", f, "was good!")
}</lang> The only thing it takes to make peelfirst eatable is the definition of the eat method. When the eat method is defined, peelfirst automatically becomes an eatable. We say it satisfies the interface. Notice that "eatable" appears nowhere in the definition of peelfirst or the eat method of peelfirst.
Here is a complete program using these types. <lang go>package main
import "fmt"
type eatable interface {
eat()
}
type foodbox []eatable
type peelfirst string
func (f peelfirst) eat() {
// peel code goes here
fmt.Println("mm, that", f, "was good!")
}
func main() {
fb := foodbox{peelfirst("banana"), peelfirst("mango")}
f0 := fb[0]
f0.eat()
}</lang>
- Output:
mm, that banana was good!
Haskell
A type class defines a set of operations that must be implemented by a type: <lang haskell>class Eatable a where
eat :: a -> String</lang>
We just require that instances of this type class implement a function eat which takes in the type and returns a string (I arbitrarily decided).
The FoodBox type could be implemented as follows: <lang haskell>data (Eatable a) => FoodBox a = F [a]</lang> The stuff before the => specify what type classes the type variable a must belong to.
We can create an instance of Eatable at any time by providing an implementation for the function eat. Here we define a new type Banana, and make it an instance of Eatable. <lang haskell>data Banana = Foo -- the implementation doesn't really matter in this case instance Eatable Banana where
eat _ = "I'm eating a banana"</lang>
We can declare existing types to be instances in the exact same way. The following makes Double an eatable type: <lang haskell>instance Eatable Double where
eat d = "I'm eating " ++ show d</lang>
Another way to make an existing type eatable is to declare all instances of another type class instances of this one. Let's assume we have another type class Food which looks like this; <lang haskell>class Food a where
munch :: a -> String</lang>
Then we can make all instances of Food eatable using munch for eat with the following instance declaration: <lang haskell>instance (Food a) => Eatable a where
eat x = munch x</lang>
Icon and Unicon
Neither Icon nor Unicon are statically typed. In Unicon, new types can be defined as classes. The solution shown follows the Scala approach. <lang unicon>import Utils # From the UniLib package to get the Class class.
class Eatable:Class() end
class Fish:Eatable(name)
method eat(); write("Eating "+name); end
end
class Rock:Class(name)
method eat(); write("Eating "+name); end
end
class FoodBox(A) initially
every item := !A do if "Eatable" == item.Type() then next else bad := "yes" return /bad
end
procedure main()
if FoodBox([Fish("salmon")]) then write("Edible") else write("Inedible")
if FoodBox([Rock("granite")]) then write("Edible") else write("Inedible")
end</lang>
Sample run:
->cg Edible Inedible ->
J
Implementation: <lang j>coclass'Connoisseur' isEdible=:3 :0
0<nc<'eat__y'
)
coclass'FoodBox' create=:3 :0
collection=: 0#y
) add=:3 :0"0
'inedible' assert isEdible_Connoisseur_ y collection=: collection, y EMPTY
)</lang>
An edible type would be a class that has a verb with the name 'eat' (the task "eatable" requirement is checked on an object or class reference using the static method isEdible_Connoisseur_).
We have also defined a 'FoodBox' container class which can only contain edible objects. (Our add method returns returns an empty result since its purpose is to add to the container, not to produce a result.)
For example: <lang j>coclass'Apple' eat=:3 :0
smoutput'delicious'
)</lang> And here is a quicky demo of the above: <lang j>
lunch=: conew 'FoodBox' a1=: conew 'Apple' a2=: conew 'Apple' add__lunch a1 add__lunch a2 george=: conew 'Connoisseur' add__lunch george
|inedible: assert</lang>
Java
In Java type constraints are made on the type hierarchy, so here we make Eatable an interface, with an eat method.
Types which are Eatable would have to implement the
Eatable interface and provide an eat method.
<lang java5>interface Eatable
{
void eat();
}</lang>
Type constraints in type parameters can be made via the extends keyword, indicating in this case that the type argument must be a type that is a subtype of Eatable.
<lang java5>import java.util.List;
class FoodBox<T extends Eatable> {
public List<T> food;
}</lang>
Similarly a generic method can constrain its type parameters
<lang java5>public <T extends Eatable> void foo(T x) { }
// although in this case this is no more useful than just "public void foo(Eatable x)"</lang>
This T does not necessarily have to be defined in the class declaration. Another method may be declared like this:
<lang java5>public class Test{
public <T extends Eatable> void bar(){ }
}</lang>
which has no indication of where T is coming from. This method could be called like this:
<lang java5>test.<EatableClass>bar();</lang>
The foo method from before can figure out T from its parameter, but this bar method needs to be told what T is.
Julia
Julia allows user defined types with inheritance. Misuse of a type generally produces a compile time error message. <lang julia>abstract type Edible end eat(::Edible) = "Yum!"
mutable struct FoodBox{T<:Edible}
food::Vector{T}
end
struct Carrot <: Edible
variety::AbstractString
end
struct Brick
volume::Float64
end
c = Carrot("Baby") b = Brick(125.0) eat(c) eat(b)</lang>
- Output:
MethodError: no method matching eat(::Brick) Closest candidates are: eat(!Matched::Edible) at console:2
Kotlin
In the following program we define an interface, Eatable, and two classes - Cheese and Meat - which implement it and must therefore implement its eat() method because the interface itself does not provide a default implementation.
We then define a generic class, FoodBox, whose type parameter, T, is constrained to an Eatable type and instantiate it using both the Cheese and Meat types: <lang scala>// version 1.0.6
interface Eatable {
fun eat()
}
class Cheese(val name: String) : Eatable {
override fun eat() {
println("Eating $name")
}
override fun toString() = name
}
class Meat(val name: String) : Eatable {
override fun eat() {
println("Eating $name")
}
override fun toString() = name
}
class FoodBox<T: Eatable> {
private val foodList = mutableListOf<T>()
fun add(food: T) {
foodList.add(food)
}
override fun toString() = foodList.toString()
}
fun main(args: Array<String>) {
val cheddar = Cheese("cheddar")
val feta = Cheese("feta")
val cheeseBox = FoodBox<Cheese>()
cheeseBox.add(cheddar)
cheeseBox.add(feta)
println("CheeseBox contains : $cheeseBox")
val beef = Meat("beef")
val ham = Meat("ham")
val meatBox = FoodBox<Meat>()
meatBox.add(beef)
meatBox.add(ham)
println("MeatBox contains : $meatBox")
cheddar.eat()
beef.eat()
println("Full now!")
}</lang>
- Output:
CheeseBox contains : [cheddar, feta] MeatBox contains : [beef, ham] Eating cheddar Eating beef Full now!
Morfa
Template Version
<lang morfa>import morfa.type.traits;
template < T > alias IsEdible = HasMember< T, "eat" >;
template < T > if (IsEdible< T >) struct FoodBox {
var food: T[];
}
struct Carrot {
func eat(): void {}
}
struct Car {}
func main(): void {
var carrotBox: FoodBox< Carrot >; // OK carrotBox.food ~= Carrot(); // Adds a carrot
// var carBox: FoodBox< Car >; // Not allowed
static assert( not trait(compiles, func() { var carBox: FoodBox< Car >; } ));
}</lang>
Interface Version
<lang morfa>interface IEdible {
public func eat(): void;
}
template < T > if (IsDerivedOf< T, IEdible >) struct FoodBox {
var food: T[];
}
class Carrot: IEdible {
public override func eat(): void {}
}
class Car {}
func main(): void {
var carrotBox: FoodBox< Carrot >; // OK
// var carBox: FoodBox< Car >; // Not allowed
static assert( not trait(compiles, func() { var carBox: FoodBox< Car >; } ));
}</lang>
Nemerle
<lang Nemerle>using System.Collections.Generic;
interface IEatable {
Eat() : void;
}
class FoodBox[T] : IEnumerable[T]
where T : IEatable
{
private _foods : list[T] = [];
public this() {}
public this(items : IEnumerable[T])
{
this._foods = $[food | food in items];
}
public Add(food : T) : FoodBox[T]
{
FoodBox(food::_foods);
}
public GetEnumerator() : IEnumerator[T]
{
_foods.GetEnumerator();
}
}
class Apple : IEatable {
public this() {}
public Eat() : void
{
System.Console.WriteLine("nom..nom..nom");
}
}
mutable appleBox = FoodBox(); repeat(3) {
appleBox = appleBox.Add(Apple());
}
foreach (apple in appleBox) apple.Eat();</lang>
- Output:
nom..nom..nom nom..nom..nom nom..nom..nom
Nim
<lang nim>type
Eatable = concept e eat(e)
FoodBox[e: Eatable] = seq[e]
Food = object name: string count: int
proc eat(x: int) = echo "Eating the int: ", x proc eat(x: Food) = echo "Eating ", x.count, " ", x.name, "s"
var ints = FoodBox[int](@[1,2,3,4,5]) var fs = FoodBox[Food](@[])
fs.add Food(name: "Hamburger", count: 3) fs.add Food(name: "Cheeseburger", count: 5)
for f in fs:
eat(f)</lang>
Objeck
All generic 'T' types associated with the FoodBox must implement the 'Eatable' interface. Generic constrains may either be an interface or a sub-classed type. <lang objeck>use Collection.Generic;
interface Eatable {
method : virtual : Eat() ~ Nil;
}
class FoodBox<T : Eatable> {
food : List<T>;
}
class Plum implements Eatable {
method : Eat() ~ Nil {
"Yummy Plum!"->PrintLine();
}
}
class Genericity {
function : Main(args : String[]) ~ Nil {
plums : FoodBox<Plum>;
}
}</lang>
Objective-C
Type constraints are made on the type hierarchy, so here we make Eatable a protocol, with an eat method.
Types which are Eatable would have to implement the
Eatable protocol and provide an eat method.
<lang objc>@protocol Eatable
- (void)eat;
@end</lang>
Type constraints in type parameters can be made via the : keyword, indicating in this case that the type argument must be a type that is a subtype of id<Eatable>.
<lang objc>@interface FoodBox<T : id<Eatable>> : NSObject
@end</lang>
OCaml
OCaml handles type constraints through modules and module types.
A module type defines a set of operations that must be implemented by a module: <lang ocaml>module type Eatable = sig
type t val eat : t -> unit
end</lang> We just require that module instances of this module type describe a type t and implement a function eat which takes in the type and returns nothing.
The FoodBox generic type could be implemented as a functor (something which takes a module as an argument and returns another module): <lang ocaml>module MakeFoodBox(A : Eatable) = struct
type elt = A.t type t = F of elt list let make_box_from_list xs = F xs
end</lang>
We can create a module that is an instance of Eatable by specifying a type providing an implementation for the function eat. Here we define a module Banana, and make it an instance of Eatable. <lang ocaml>type banana = Foo (* a dummy type *)
module Banana : Eatable with type t = banana = struct
type t = banana let eat _ = print_endline "I'm eating a banana"
end</lang>
We can also create modules that use an existing type as its t. The following module uses float as its type:
<lang ocaml>module EatFloat : Eatable with type t = float = struct
type t = float let eat f = Printf.printf "I'm eating %f\n%!" f
end</lang> Then, to make a FoodBox out of one of these modules, we need to call the functor on the module that specifies the type parameter: <lang ocaml>module BananaBox = MakeFoodBox (Banana) module FloatBox = MakeFoodBox (EatFloat)
let my_box = BananaBox.make_box_from_list [Foo] let your_box = FloatBox.make_box_from_list [2.3; 4.5]</lang> Unfortunately, it is kind of cumbersome in that, for every type parameter we want to use for this generic type, we will have to explicitly create a module for the resulting type (i.e. BananaBox, FloatBox). And the operations on that resulting type (i.e. make_box_from_list) are tied to each specific module.
ooRexx
ooRexx methods, routines, and collections are all untyped, so there are no language-level checks for type matches. Tests for identity need to be performed at runtime using mechanisms such as the object isA method. <lang ooRexx>call dinnerTime "yogurt" call dinnerTime .pizza~new call dinnerTime .broccoli~new
-- a mixin class that defines the interface for being "food", and
-- thus expected to implement an "eat" method
- class food mixinclass object
- method eat abstract
- class pizza subclass food
- method eat
Say "mmmmmmmm, pizza".
-- mixin classes can also be used for multiple inheritance
- class broccoli inherit food
- method eat
Say "ugh, do I have to?".
- routine dinnerTime
use arg dish
-- ooRexx arguments are typeless, so tests for constrained
-- types must be peformed at run time. The isA method will
-- check if an object is of the required type
if \dish~isA(.food) then do
say "I can't eat that!"
return
end
else dish~eat</lang>
- Output:
I can't eat that! mmmmmmmm, pizza. ugh, do I have to?.
OxygenBasic
Generic but not too generic I trust. <lang oxygenbasic> macro Gluttony(vartype, capacity, foodlist) '==========================================
typedef vartype physical
enum food foodlist
type ActualFood
sys name physical size physical quantity
end type
Class foodbox '============ has ActualFood Item[capacity] sys max
method put(sys f, physical s,q)
max++ Item[max]<=f,s,q
end method
method GetNext(ActualFood *Stuff)
if max then copy @stuff,@Item[max], sizeof Item max-- end if
end method
end class
Class Gourmand '============= physical WeightGain, SleepTime
method eats(ActualFood *stuff)
WeightGain+=stuff.size*stuff.quantity*0.75 stuff.size=0 stuff.quantity=0
end method
end class
end macro
'IMPLEMENTATION
'==============
Gluttony (
double,100,{
oyster,trout,bloater,
chocolate,truffles,
cheesecake,cream,pudding,pie
})
% small 1 % medium 2 % large 3 % huge 7
% none 0 % single 1 % few 3 % several 7 % many 12
'INSTANCE '========
FoodBox Hamper Gourmand MrG
'TEST '====
Hamper.put food.pudding,large,several Hamper.put food.pie,huge,few ActualFood Course Hamper.GetNext Course MrG.eats Course
print MrG.WeightGain 'result 15.75 </lang>
Phix
No interfaces per se, but you can explicitly test manually for these sort of things. Needs 0.8.1+
using generic types
<lang Phix>include builtins\structs.e as structs
class foodbox
sequence contents = {}
procedure add(class food)
-- (aside: class food is 100% abstract here...
-- ie: class is *the* root|anything class,
-- and food is just an arbitrary name)
integer t = structs:get_field_flags(food,"eat")
if t!=SF_PROC+SF_PUBLIC then
throw("not edible") -- no public method eat...
end if
-- you might also want something like this:
-- t = structs:fetch_field(food,"eat") -- if t=NULL then -- throw("eat not implemented") -- end if
this.contents = append(this.contents,food)
end procedure
procedure dine()
integer l = length(this.contents)
string s = iff(l=1?"":"s")
printf(1,"foodbox contains %d item%s\n",{l,s})
for i=1 to l do
class food = this.contents[i];
--food.eat(); -- error...
-- If you don't define an [abstract] eat() method, or use
-- "class", you end up having to do something like this:
integer eat = structs:fetch_field(food,"eat")
eat(food)
end for
end procedure
end class foodbox lunchbox = new()
class fruit
string name
procedure eat()
printf(1,"mmm... %s\n",{this.name})
end procedure
end class fruit banana = new({"banana"})
class clay
string name = "fletton"
end class clay brick = new()
lunchbox.add(banana) try
lunchbox.add(brick) -- throws exception
catch e
printf(1,"%s line %d error: %s\n",{e[E_FILE],e[E_LINE],e[E_USER]})
end try lunchbox.dine()</lang>
- Output:
test.exw line 9 error: not edible foodbox contains 1 item mmm... banana
using abstract types
With added milkshake, note that our foodbox can contain both fruit and drink!
- we would not even need to change the foodbox to be allowed to put sandwiches and biscuits in it either!
Of course you could trivially create a fruit-only foodbox just by changing the one line(ie 8) to add(fruit food).
What is much harder(/left as an exercise) is to dynamically change those kinds of restrictions at run-time.
<lang Phix>abstract class edible
string name procedure eat(); -- (virtual)
end class
class foodbox2
sequence contents = {}
procedure add(edible food)
if food.eat=NULL then -- (optional)
throw("eat() not implemented")
end if
this.contents = append(this.contents,food)
end procedure
procedure dine()
integer l = length(this.contents)
string s = iff(l=1?"":"s")
printf(1,"foodbox2 contains %d item%s\n",{l,s})
for i=1 to l do
-- this.contents[i].eat() -- not supported, sorry!
-- compiler needs some more type hints, such as:
edible food = this.contents[i]
food.eat()
end for
end procedure
end class foodbox2 lunchbox2 = new()
class fruit2 extends edible
procedure eat()
printf(1,"mmm... %s\n",{this.name})
end procedure
end class fruit2 banana2 = new({"banana"})
class clay2
string name = "common fletton"
end class clay2 brick2 = new()
class drink extends edible
procedure eat()
printf(1,"slurp... %s\n",{this.name})
end procedure
end class drink milkshake = new({"milkshake"})
lunchbox2.add(banana2) try
lunchbox2.add(brick2) -- triggers typecheck
catch e
printf(1,"%s line %d: %s\n",{e[E_FILE],e[E_LINE],e[E_USER]})
end try lunchbox2.add(milkshake) lunchbox2.dine()</lang>
- Output:
test.exw line 8: type check failure, food is {"struct","clay2",8,1}
foodbox2 contains 2 items
mmm... banana
slurp... milkshake
PicoLisp
<lang PicoLisp>(class +Eatable)
(dm eat> ()
(prinl "I'm eatable") )
(class +FoodBox)
- obj
(dm set> (Obj)
(unless (method 'eat> Obj) # Check if the object is eatable
(quit "Object is not eatable" Obj) )
(=: obj Obj) ) # If so, set the object
(let (Box (new '(+FoodBox)) Eat (new '(+Eatable)) NoEat (new '(+Bla)))
(set> Box Eat) # Works (set> Box NoEat) ) # Gives an error</lang>
- Output:
$384320489 -- Object is not eatable ? (show Box) $384320487 (+FoodBox) obj $384320488 ? (show Box 'obj) $384320488 (+Eatable) ? (show NoEat) $384320489 (+Bla)
Racket
edible<%> objects simply need to state that they implement
the interface in the second argument to class*.
By doing so they will be forced to implement eat.
<lang racket>#lang racket (module+ test (require tests/eli-tester))
- This is all that an object should need to properly implement.
(define edible<%>
(interface () [eat (->m void?)]))
(define (generic-container<%> containee/c)
(interface () [contents (->m (listof containee/c))] [insert (->m containee/c void?)] [remove-at (->m exact-nonnegative-integer? containee/c)] [count (->m exact-nonnegative-integer?)]))
(define ((generic-box-mixin containee/c) %)
(->i ([containee/c contract?])
(rv (containee/c) (implementation?/c (generic-container<%> containee/c))))
(class* % ((generic-container<%> containee/c))
(super-new)
(define l empty)
(define/public (contents) l)
(define/public (insert o) (set! l (cons o l)))
(define/public (remove-at i)
(begin0 (list-ref l i)
(append (take l i) (drop l (add1 i)))))
(define/public (count) (length l))))
- As I understand it, a "Food Box" from the task is still a generic... i.e.
- you will specify it down ;; to an "apple-box%" so
- food-box%-generic is still
- generic. food-box% will take any kind of food.
(define/contract (food-box-mixin T%)
(-> (or/c (λ (i) (eq? edible<%> i)) (implementation?/c edible<%>)) (make-mixin-contract)) (generic-box-mixin (and/c (is-a?/c edible<%>) (is-a?/c T%))))
(module+ test
(define integer-box% ((generic-box-mixin integer?) object%))
(define integer-box (new integer-box%))
(define apple%
(class* object% (edible<%>)
(super-new)
(define/public (eat)
(displayln "nom!"))))
(define banana%
(class* object% (edible<%>)
(super-new)
(define/public (eat)
(displayln "peel.. peel... nom... nom!"))))
(define semolina%
(class* object% () ; <-- empty interfaces clause
(super-new)
;; you can call eat on it... but it's not explicitly (or even vaguely)
;; edible<%>
(define/public (eat) (displayln "blech!"))))
;; this will take any object that is edible<%> and edible<%> (therefore all
;; edible<%> objects)
(define any-food-box (new ((food-box-mixin edible<%>) object%)))
;; this will take any object that is edible and an apple<%>
;; (therefore only apple<%>s)
(define apple-food-box (new ((food-box-mixin apple%) object%)))
(test
;; Test generic boxes
(send integer-box insert 22)
(send integer-box insert "a string") =error> exn:fail:contract?
;; Test the food box that takes any edible<%>
(send any-food-box insert (new apple%))
(send any-food-box insert (new banana%))
(send any-food-box insert (new semolina%)) =error> exn:fail:contract?
;; Test the food box that takes any apple%
(send apple-food-box insert (new apple%))
(send apple-food-box insert (new banana%)) =error> exn:fail:contract?
(send apple-food-box insert (new semolina%)) =error> exn:fail:contract?
(send apple-food-box count) => 1
;; Show that you cannot make a food-box from the non-edible<%> semolina cannot
(implementation? semolina% edible<%>) => #f
(new ((food-box-mixin semolina%) object%)) =error> exn:fail:contract?))</lang>
All the tests pass. Look at the tests to see what generates an exception (i.e. not allowed at runtime) and what does not.
Raku
(formerly Perl 6) <lang perl6>subset Eatable of Any where { .^can('eat') };
class Cake { method eat() {...} }
role FoodBox[Eatable] {
has %.foodbox;
}
class Yummy does FoodBox[Cake] { } # composes correctly
- class Yucky does FoodBox[Int] { } # fails to compose
my Yummy $foodbox .= new; say $foodbox;</lang>
- Output:
<lang>Yummy.new(foodbox => {})</lang>
Ruby
<lang ruby>class Foodbox
def initialize (*food)
raise ArgumentError, "food must be eadible" unless food.all?{|f| f.respond_to?(:eat)}
@box = food
end
end
class Fruit
def eat; end
end
class Apple < Fruit; end
p Foodbox.new(Fruit.new, Apple.new)
- => #<Foodbox:0x00000001420c88 @box=[#<Fruit:0x00000001420cd8>, #<Apple:0x00000001420cb0>]>
p Foodbox.new(Apple.new, "string can't eat")
- => test1.rb:3:in `initialize': food must be eadible (ArgumentError)
</lang>
Rust
<lang rust> // This declares the "Eatable" constraint. It could contain no function. trait Eatable {
fn eat();
}
// This declares the generic "FoodBox" type, // whose parameter must satisfy the "Eatable" constraint. // The objects of this type contain a vector of eatable objects. struct FoodBox<T: Eatable> {
_data: Vec<T>,
}
// This implements the functions associated with the "FoodBox" type. // This statement is not required, but here it is used // to declare a handy "new" constructor. impl<T: Eatable> FoodBox<T> {
fn new() -> FoodBox<T> {
FoodBox::<T> { _data: Vec::<T>::new() }
}
}
// This declares a simple type. struct Banana {}
// This makes the "Banana" type satisfy the "Eatable" constraint. // For that, every declaration inside the declaration of "Eatable" // must be implemented here. impl Eatable for Banana {
fn eat() {}
}
// This makes also the primitive "char" type satisfy the "Eatable" constraint. impl Eatable for char {
fn eat() {}
}
fn main() {
// This instantiate a "FoodBox" parameterized by the "Banana" type. // It is allowed as "Banana" implements "Eatable". let _fb1 = FoodBox::<Banana>::new();
// This instantiate a "FoodBox" parameterized by the "char" type. // It is allowed, as "char" implements "Eatable". let _fb2 = FoodBox::<char>::new();
// This instantiate a "FoodBox" parameterized by the "bool" type. // It is NOT allowed, as "bool" does not implement "Eatable". //let _fb3 = FoodBox::<bool>::new();
} </lang>
Sather
<lang sather>abstract class $EDIBLE is
eat;
end;
class FOOD < $EDIBLE is
readonly attr name:STR; eat is #OUT + "eating " + self.name + "\n"; end; create(name:STR):SAME is res ::= new; res.name := name; return res; end;
end;
class CAR is
readonly attr name:STR; create(name:STR):SAME is res ::= new; res.name := name; return res; end;
end;
class FOODBOX{T < $EDIBLE} is
private attr list:LLIST{T};
create:SAME is
res ::= new;
res.list := #;
return res;
end;
add(c :T) is
self.list.insert_back(c);
end;
elt!:T is loop yield self.list.elt!; end; end;
end;
class MAIN is
main is
box ::= #FOODBOX{FOOD}; -- ok
box.add(#FOOD("Banana"));
box.add(#FOOD("Amanita Muscaria"));
box2 ::= #FOODBOX{CAR}; -- not ok
box2.add(#CAR("Punto")); -- but compiler let it pass!
-- eat everything loop box.elt!.eat; end; end;
end;</lang> The GNU Sather compiler v1.2.3 let the "box2" pass, even though it shouldn't. Read e.g. this tutorial's section
Scala
Scala can constrain types in many different ways. This specific constrain, for the type to contain a particular method, can be written as this: <lang scala>type Eatable = { def eat: Unit }
class FoodBox(coll: List[Eatable])
case class Fish(name: String) {
def eat {
println("Eating "+name)
}
}
val foodBox = new FoodBox(List(new Fish("salmon")))</lang> A more extensive discussion on genericity in Scala and some of the constrains that can be imposed can be found on Parametric Polymorphism.
Sidef
<lang ruby>class FoodBox(*food { .all { .respond_to(:eat) } }) { }
class Fruit { method eat { ... } } class Apple < Fruit { }
say FoodBox(Fruit(), Apple()).dump #=> FoodBox(food: [Fruit(), Apple()]) say FoodBox(Apple(), "foo") #!> ERROR: class `FoodBox` !~ (Apple, String)</lang>
Swift
Here we make Eatable a protocol, with an eat method.
Types which are Eatable would have to conform to the Eatable protocol
and provide an eat method.
<lang swift>protocol Eatable {
func eat()
}</lang>
Type constraints in type parameters can be made via the : syntax, indicating in this case that the type argument must be a type that is
a subtype of Eatable.
<lang swift>struct FoodBox<T: Eatable> {
var food: [T]
}</lang> Similarly a generic function or method can constrain its type parameters <lang swift>func foo<T: Eatable>(x: T) { } // although in this case this is no more useful than just "func foo(x: Eatable)"</lang>
Wren
Wren is dynamically typed and so any constraint on class instantiation can only be checked at run time. <lang ecmascript>// abstract class class Eatable {
eat() { /* override in child class */ }
}
class FoodBox {
construct new(contents) {
if (contents.any { |e| !(e is Eatable) }) {
Fiber.abort("All FoodBox elements must be eatable.")
}
_contents = contents
}
contents { _contents }
}
// Inherits from Eatable and overrides eat() method. class Pie is Eatable {
construct new(filling) { _filling = filling }
eat() { System.print("%(_filling) pie, yum!") }
}
// Not an Eatable. class Bicycle {
construct new() {}
}
var items = [Pie.new("Apple"), Pie.new("Gooseberry")] var fb = FoodBox.new(items) fb.contents.each { |item| item.eat() } System.print() items.add(Bicycle.new()) fb = FoodBox.new(items) // throws an error because Bicycle not eatable</lang>
- Output:
Apple pie, yum! Gooseberry pie, yum! All FoodBox elements must be eatable. [./constrained_genericity line 9] in init new(_) [./constrained_genericity line 12] in [./constrained_genericity line 34] in (script)
zkl
zkl isn't statically typed so the test is done at runtime.
This is a slightly different take on the task, keeping the editables and rejecting the garbage. <lang zkl>class Eatable{ var v;
fcn eat{ println("munching ",self.topdog.name); }
} class FoodBox{
fcn init(food1,food2,etc){
editable,garbage:=vm.arglist.filter22("isChildOf",Eatable);
var contents=editable;
if(garbage) println("Rejecting: ",garbage);
}
}</lang> <lang zkl>class Apple(Eatable){} class Nuts(Eatable){} class Foo{} FoodBox(Apple,"boogers",Nuts,Foo).contents.apply2("eat");</lang>
- Output:
Rejecting: L("boogers",Class(Foo))
munching Apple
munching Nuts
- Programming Tasks
- Object oriented
- Type System
- Ada
- C sharp
- C++
- Common Lisp
- Crystal
- D
- E
- Eiffel
- F Sharp
- Forth
- Fortran
- Go
- Haskell
- Unicon
- J
- Java
- Julia
- Kotlin
- Morfa
- Nemerle
- Nim
- Objeck
- Objective-C
- OCaml
- OoRexx
- OxygenBasic
- Phix
- PicoLisp
- Racket
- Raku
- Ruby
- Rust
- Sather
- Scala
- Sidef
- Swift
- Wren
- Zkl
- ALGOL 68/Omit
- BBC BASIC/Omit
- C/Omit
- J/Omit
- JavaScript/Omit
- Oz/Omit
- PARI/GP/Omit
- Mathematica/Omit
- Maxima/Omit
- Perl/Omit
- Python/Omit
- Ruby/Omit
- Tcl/Omit
- TI-89 BASIC/Omit
- Factor/Omit
- Lua/Omit
- Io/Omit
- Scheme/Omit
- Clojure/Omit
- ZX Spectrum Basic/Omit