Balanced brackets
You are encouraged to solve this task according to the task description, using any language you may know.
Task:
- Generate a string with opening brackets (“
[”) and closing brackets (“]”), in some arbitrary order. - Determine whether the string is balanced; that is, whether it consists entirely of pairs of opening/closing brackets (in that order), none of which mis-nest.
Examples:
(empty) OK [] OK ][ NOT OK [][] OK ][][ NOT OK [[][]] OK []][[] NOT OK
Ada
brackets.adb: <lang Ada>with Ada.Numerics.Discrete_Random; with Ada.Text_IO; with Ada.Strings.Fixed; procedure Brackets is
package Random_Positive is new Ada.Numerics.Discrete_Random (Positive);
Positive_Generator : Random_Positive.Generator;
procedure Swap (Left, Right : in out Character) is
Temp : constant Character := Left;
begin
Left := Right;
Right := Temp;
end Swap;
function Generate_Brackets (Bracket_Count : Natural; Opening_Bracket : Character := '['; Closing_Bracket : Character := ']') return String is
use Ada.Strings.Fixed;
All_Brackets : String := Bracket_Count * Opening_Bracket & Bracket_Count * Closing_Bracket;
begin
for I in All_Brackets'Range loop
Swap (All_Brackets (I), All_Brackets (Random_Positive.Random (Positive_Generator) mod (Bracket_Count * 2) + 1));
end loop;
return All_Brackets;
end Generate_Brackets;
function Check_Brackets (Test : String; Opening_Bracket : Character := '['; Closing_Bracket : Character := ']') return Boolean is
Open : Natural := 0;
begin
for I in Test'Range loop
if Test (I) = Opening_Bracket then
Open := Open + 1;
elsif Test (I) = Closing_Bracket then
if Open = 0 then
return False;
else
Open := Open - 1;
end if;
end if;
end loop;
return True;
end Check_Brackets;
begin
Random_Positive.Reset (Positive_Generator);
Ada.Text_IO.Put_Line ("Brackets");
for I in 0 .. 4 loop
for J in 0 .. I loop
declare
My_String : constant String := Generate_Brackets (I);
begin
Ada.Text_IO.Put_Line (My_String & ": " & Boolean'Image (Check_Brackets (My_String)));
end;
end loop;
end loop;
end Brackets;</lang>
Output:
Brackets : TRUE []: TRUE ][: FALSE []][: FALSE ][][: FALSE ][][: FALSE [[]]][: FALSE [][][]: TRUE []]][[: FALSE ][][][: FALSE ]]][[[[]: FALSE [[[]][]]: TRUE [][][]][: FALSE [[][]]][: FALSE []]]][[[: FALSE
C++
<lang cpp>#include <algorithm>
- include <iostream>
- include <string>
std::string generate(int n, char left = '[', char right = ']') {
std::string str(std::string(n, left) + std::string(n, right)); std::random_shuffle(str.begin(), str.end()); return str;
}
bool balanced(const std::string &str, char left= '[', char right= ']') {
int count = 0;
for (std::string::const_iterator it = str.begin(); it != str.end(); ++it)
{
if (*it == left)
count++;
else if (*it == right)
if (--count < 0) return false;
}
return count == 0;
}
int main() {
srand(time(NULL)); // seed rng
for (int i = 0; i < 9; ++i)
{
std::string s(generate(i));
std::cout << (balanced(s) ? " ok: " : "bad: ") << s << "\n";
}
}</lang> Output:
ok: ok: [] ok: [][] bad: []][[] ok: [[[]][]] bad: ][[[[]][]] ok: [[[]][[]][]] bad: ]][[]][[[[][]] bad: [[]]]][]][[][[[]
D
<lang d>import std.stdio, std.algorithm, std.string, std.random;
auto generate(int n) {
auto r = "[]".repeat(n).dup; randomShuffle(r); return r;
}
void main() {
foreach (i; 0 .. 9) {
auto s = generate(i);
writeln(s.balancedParens('[', ']') ? " OK: " : "bad: ", s);
}
}</lang> One output:
OK: OK: [] bad: []][ OK: [][][] bad: [][]]][[ OK: [[[]][]][] bad: ][][[[][][]] bad: [[]][[]]]]][[[ bad: ][]]][[[[][][][]
J
Solution: <lang j>genBracketPairs =: (?~@# { ])@#"0 1&'[]' NB. bracket pairs in arbitrary order bracketDepth =: '[]' -&(+/\)/@:(=/) ] checkBalanced =: _1 -.@e. bracketDepth</lang> Examples:<lang j> (,&' ' , ('bad';'OK') {::~ checkBalanced)"1 genBracketPairs i. 10
OK
][ bad
][[] bad
[[[]]] OK
[][[]][] OK
[][[[][]]] OK
[]][]][]][[[ bad
[[]][[][][]][] OK
]]]][[][][[[[]][ bad
[]]][][][[[[]][[]] bad</lang>
Comments: This task highlights the versatility and usefulness of J's scanning modifiers, / and \.
The checkBalanced verb would need modification ( checkBalanced =: ((0 = {:) *. _1 -.@e. ])@bracketDepth ) if the task was extended to include uneven numbers of opening and closing brackets.
Perl 6
<lang perl6>sub balanced($s) {
my $l = 0;
for $s.comb {
when "]" {
--$l;
return False if $l < 0;
}
when "[" {
++$l;
}
}
return $l == 0;
}
my $N = get; my $s = (<[ ]> xx $N).pick(*).join; say "$s {balanced($s) ?? "is" !! "is not"} well-balanced"</lang>
PureBasic
<lang PureBasic>Procedure.s Generate(N)
For i=1 To N
sample$+"[]"
Next
For i=Len(sample$)-1 To 2 Step -1
r=Random(i-1)+1
If r<>i
a.c=PeekC(@sample$+r*SizeOf(Character))
b.c=PeekC(@sample$+i*SizeOf(Character))
PokeC(@sample$+r*SizeOf(Character), b)
PokeC(@sample$+i*SizeOf(Character), a)
EndIf
Next
ProcedureReturn sample$
EndProcedure
Procedure Balanced(String$)
Protected *p.Character, cnt
*p=@String$
While *p\c
If *p\c='['
cnt+1
ElseIf *p\c=']'
cnt-1
If cnt<0: Break: EndIf
EndIf
*p+SizeOf(Character)
Wend
If cnt=0
ProcedureReturn #True
EndIf
EndProcedure
- - Test code
OpenConsole() For i=1 To 5
TestString$ = Generate(i)
Print(TestString$)
If Balanced(TestString$)
PrintN(" is ballanced.")
Else
PrintN(" is not ballanced")
EndIf
Next</lang> Output sample
[] is ballanced. [[]] is ballanced. [[[]]] is ballanced. [][]]][[ is not ballanced [][][][]][ is not ballanced
Python
<lang python>>>> def gen(N): ... txt = ['[', ']'] * N ... random.shuffle( txt ) ... return .join(txt) ... >>> def balanced(txt): ... braced = 0 ... for ch in txt: ... if ch == '[': braced += 1 ... if ch == ']': ... braced -= 1 ... if braced < 0: return False ... return braced == 0 ... >>> for txt in (gen(N) for N in range(10)): ... print ("%-22r is%s balanced" % (txt, if balanced(txt) else ' not')) ... is balanced '[]' is balanced '[][]' is balanced '][[[]]' is not balanced '[]][[][]' is not balanced '[][[][]]][' is not balanced '][]][][[]][[' is not balanced '[[]]]]][]][[[[' is not balanced '[[[[]][]]][[][]]' is balanced '][[][[]]][]]][[[[]' is not balanced</lang>
Tcl
<lang tcl>proc generate {n} {
if {!$n} return
set l [lrepeat $n "\[" "\]"]
set len [llength $l]
while {$len} {
set tmp [lindex $l [set i [expr {int($len * rand())}]]] lset l $i [lindex $l [incr len -1]] lset l $len $tmp
} return [join $l ""]
}
proc balanced s {
set n 0
foreach c [split $s ""] {
# Everything unmatched is ignored, which is what we want switch -exact -- $c { "\[" {incr n} "\]" {if {[incr n -1] < 0} {return false}} }
}
expr {!$n}
}
for {set i 0} {$i < 15} {incr i} {
set s [generate $i]
puts "\"$s\"\t-> [expr {[balanced $s] ? {OK} : {NOT OK}}]"
}</lang> Sample output:
"" -> OK "][" -> NOT OK "]][[" -> NOT OK "]]][[[" -> NOT OK "[][][[]]" -> OK "[[[][[]]]]" -> OK "[][][[][]][]" -> OK "[[]][]]]][[[][" -> NOT OK "][][[][][][[]]][" -> NOT OK "][[[][]][]]][][[][" -> NOT OK "]][][]][[][[][[]][][" -> NOT OK "[[[][[][]]][]]][[]]][[" -> NOT OK "[[]]][]][[[[]]][[][][[]]" -> NOT OK "][[][][]][[[]][[[[][]]]][]" -> NOT OK "]][[][[][[[[]][[][]][[]]]]][" -> NOT OK
TUSCRIPT
<lang tuscript>$$ MODE DATA $$ SET brackets=*
[
[]
][
[]]
][][
][][]
[[[]][
[]][[[]
][][][[]
][]][][[]
[]][[]][[]
][[]]][]]][
[[]][[[[]]]]
[[]]
[[[[]]]]
[[]][][]]]][[ _____________ $$ BUILD X_TABLE brackets=*
[[(4 ]] )4 [[[ (3 ]]] )3 (2 )2 [ (1 ] )1
$$ MODE TUSCRIPT LOOP b=brackets status=CHECK_BRACKETS (b,brackets,a1,e1,a2,e2) PRINT b," ",status ENDLOOP</lang> Output:
[ ERROR
[] OK
][ ERROR
[]] ERROR
][][ ERROR
][][] ERROR
[[[]][ ERROR
[]][[[] ERROR
][][][[] ERROR
][]][][[] ERROR
[]][[]][[] ERROR
][[]]][]]][ ERROR
[[]][[[[]]]] OK
[[]] OK
[[[[]]]] OK
[[]][][]]]][[ ERROR
_____________ OK