List comprehensions

From Rosetta Code
Task
List comprehensions
You are encouraged to solve this task according to the task description, using any language you may know.

A list comprehension is a special syntax in some programming languages to describe lists. It is similar to the way mathematicians describe sets, with a set comprehension, hence the name.

Some attributes of a list comprehension are:

  1. They should be distinct from (nested) for loops and the use of map and filter functions within the syntax of the language.
  2. They should return either a list or an iterator (something that returns successive members of a collection, in order).
  3. The syntax has parts corresponding to that of set-builder notation.


Task

Write a list comprehension that builds the list of all Pythagorean triples with elements between   1   and   n.

If the language has multiple ways for expressing such a construct (for example, direct list comprehensions and generators), write one example for each.

11l

Translation of: Python
print(cart_product(1..20, 1..20, 1..20).filter((x, y, z) -> x ^ 2 + y ^ 2 == z ^ 2 & y C x .. z))
Output:
[(3, 4, 5), (5, 12, 13), (6, 8, 10), (8, 15, 17), (9, 12, 15), (12, 16, 20)]

ABAP

CLASS lcl_pythagorean_triplet DEFINITION CREATE PUBLIC.
  PUBLIC SECTION.
    TYPES: BEGIN OF ty_triplet,
             x TYPE i,
             y TYPE i,
             z TYPE i,
           END OF ty_triplet,
           tty_triplets TYPE STANDARD TABLE OF ty_triplet WITH NON-UNIQUE EMPTY KEY.

    CLASS-METHODS:
      get_triplets
        IMPORTING
          n                 TYPE i
        RETURNING
          VALUE(r_triplets) TYPE tty_triplets.

  PRIVATE SECTION.
    CLASS-METHODS:
      _is_pythagorean
        IMPORTING
          i_triplet               TYPE ty_triplet
        RETURNING
          VALUE(r_is_pythagorean) TYPE abap_bool.
ENDCLASS.

CLASS lcl_pythagorean_triplet IMPLEMENTATION.
  METHOD get_triplets.
    DATA(triplets) = VALUE tty_triplets( FOR x = 1 THEN x + 1 WHILE x <= n
                                         FOR y = x THEN y + 1 WHILE y <= n
                                         FOR z = y THEN z + 1 WHILE z <= n
                                            ( x = x y = y z = z ) ).

    LOOP AT triplets ASSIGNING FIELD-SYMBOL(<triplet>).
      IF _is_pythagorean( <triplet> ) = abap_true.
        INSERT <triplet> INTO TABLE r_triplets.
      ENDIF.
    ENDLOOP.
  ENDMETHOD.

  METHOD _is_pythagorean.
    r_is_pythagorean = COND #( WHEN i_triplet-x * i_triplet-x + i_triplet-y * i_triplet-y = i_triplet-z * i_triplet-z THEN abap_true
                               ELSE abap_false ).
  ENDMETHOD.
ENDCLASS.

START-OF-SELECTION.
  cl_demo_output=>display( lcl_pythagorean_triplet=>get_triplets( n = 20 ) ).
Output:
X Y Z 
3 4 5 
5 12 13 
6 8 10 
8 15 17 
9 12 15 
12 16 20 

Ada

Works with: Ada 2005 version Standard - no additional library

There is no equivalent construct in Ada. In Ada05, the predefined library Ada.Containers implements 3 types of Doubly_Linked_Lists : Basic; Indefinite; Restricted.

with Ada.Text_IO; use Ada.Text_IO;
with Ada.Containers.Doubly_Linked_Lists;

procedure Pythagore_Set is

   type Triangles is array (1 .. 3) of Positive;

   package Triangle_Lists is new Ada.Containers.Doubly_Linked_Lists (
      Triangles);
   use Triangle_Lists;

   function Find_List (Upper_Bound : Positive) return List is
      L : List := Empty_List;
   begin
      for A in 1 .. Upper_Bound loop
         for B in A + 1 .. Upper_Bound loop
            for C in B + 1 .. Upper_Bound loop
               if ((A * A + B * B) = C * C) then
                  Append (L, (A, B, C));
               end if;
            end loop;
         end loop;
      end loop;
      return L;
   end Find_List;

   Triangle_List : List;
   C             : Cursor;
   T             : Triangles;

begin
   Triangle_List := Find_List (Upper_Bound => 20);

   C := First (Triangle_List);
   while Has_Element (C) loop
      T := Element (C);
      Put
        ("(" &
         Integer'Image (T (1)) &
         Integer'Image (T (2)) &
         Integer'Image (T (3)) &
         ") ");
      Next (C);
   end loop;
end Pythagore_Set;

program output:

( 3 4 5) ( 5 12 13) ( 6 8 10) ( 8 15 17) ( 9 12 15) ( 12 16 20)

ALGOL 68

ALGOL 68 does not have list comprehension, however it is sometimes reasonably generous about where a flex array is declared. And with the addition of an append operator "+:=" for lists they can be similarly manipulated.

Translation of: Python
Works with: ALGOL 68 version Standard - no extensions to language used
Works with: ALGOL 68G version Any - tested with release mk15-0.8b.fc9.i386
Works with: ELLA ALGOL 68 version Any (with appropriate job cards) - tested with release 1.8.8d.fc9.i386
MODE XYZ = STRUCT(INT x,y,z);

OP +:= = (REF FLEX[]XYZ lhs, XYZ rhs)FLEX[]XYZ: (
  [UPB lhs+1]XYZ out;
  out[:UPB lhs] := lhs;
  out[UPB out] := rhs;
  lhs := out
);

INT n = 20;
print (([]XYZ(
  FLEX[0]XYZ xyz;
  FOR x TO n DO FOR y FROM x+1 TO n DO FOR z FROM y+1 TO n DO IF x*x + y*y = z*z THEN xyz +:= XYZ(x,y,z) FI OD OD OD;
  xyz), new line
))

Output:

         +3         +4         +5         +5        +12        +13         +6         +8        +10         +8        +15        +17         +9        +12        +15        +12        +16        +20

AppleScript

AppleScript does not provide built-in notation for list comprehensions. The list monad pattern which underlies list comprehension notation can, however, be used in any language which supports the use of higher order functions and closures. AppleScript can do that, although with limited elegance and clarity, and not entirely without coercion.

Translation of: JavaScript
-- List comprehension by direct and unsugared use of list monad

-- pythagoreanTriples :: Int -> [(Int, Int, Int)]
on pythagoreanTriples(n)
    script x
        on |λ|(x)
            script y
                on |λ|(y)
                    script z
                        on |λ|(z)
                            if x * x + y * y = z * z then
                                [[x, y, z]]
                            else
                                []
                            end if
                        end |λ|
                    end script
                    
                    |>>=|(enumFromTo(1 + y, n), z)
                end |λ|
            end script
            
            |>>=|(enumFromTo(1 + x, n), y)
        end |λ|
    end script
    
    |>>=|(enumFromTo(1, n), x)
end pythagoreanTriples

-- TEST -----------------------------------------------------------------------
on run
    --   Pythagorean triples drawn from integers in the range [1..n]
    --  {(x, y, z) | x <- [1..n], y <- [x+1..n], z <- [y+1..n], (x^2 + y^2 = z^2)}
    
    pythagoreanTriples(25)
    
    --> {{3, 4, 5}, {5, 12, 13}, {6, 8, 10}, {7, 24, 25}, {8, 15, 17}, 
    --   {9, 12, 15}, {12, 16, 20}, {15, 20, 25}}
end run


-- GENERIC FUNCTIONS ----------------------------------------------------------

-- Monadic (>>=) (or 'bind') for lists is simply flip concatMap
-- (concatMap with arguments reversed)
-- It applies a function f directly to each value in the list,
-- and returns the set of results as a concat-flattened list

-- The concatenation eliminates any empty lists,
-- combining list-wrapped results into a single results list

-- (>>=) :: Monad m => m a -> (a -> m b) -> m b
on |>>=|(xs, f)
    concatMap(f, xs)
end |>>=|

-- concatMap :: (a -> [b]) -> [a] -> [b]
on concatMap(f, xs)
    set acc to {}
    tell mReturn(f)
        repeat with x in xs
            set acc to acc & |λ|(contents of x)
        end repeat
    end tell
    return acc
end concatMap

-- enumFromTo :: Int -> Int -> [Int]
on enumFromTo(m, n)
    if n < m then
        set d to -1
    else
        set d to 1
    end if
    set lst to {}
    repeat with i from m to n by d
        set end of lst to i
    end repeat
    return lst
end enumFromTo

-- Lift 2nd class handler function into 1st class script wrapper 
-- mReturn :: Handler -> Script
on mReturn(f)
    if class of f is script then
        f
    else
        script
            property |λ| : f
        end script
    end if
end mReturn
Output:
{{3, 4, 5}, {5, 12, 13}, {6, 8, 10}, {7, 24, 25}, {8, 15, 17}, {9, 12, 15}, {12, 16, 20}, {15, 20, 25}}

Arturo

n: 20
triplets: @[
    loop 1..n 'x [
        loop x..n 'y [
            loop y..n 'z [if (z^2) = (x^2)+(y^2) -> @[x y z]]
        ]
    ]
]
print triplets
Output:
[3 4 5] [5 12 13] [6 8 10] [8 15 17] [9 12 15] [12 16 20]

AutoHotkey

Works with: AutoHotkey_L
List Comprehension is not built in.
comprehend("show", range(1, 20), "triples")
return

comprehend(doToVariable, inSet, satisfying)
{
  set := %satisfying%(inSet.begin, inSet.end)
  index := 1
  While % set[index, 1]
  {
    item := set[index, 1] . ", " . set[index, 2] . ", " . set[index, 3]
    %doToVariable%(item)
    index += 1
  }
  return
}


show(var)
{
  msgbox % var
}

range(begin, end)
 {
   set := object()
   set.begin := begin
   set.end := end
   return set
 }
 
!r::reload
!q::exitapp

triples(begin, end)
{
  
  set := object()
  index := 1
  range := end - begin
  
  loop, % range
  {
    x := begin + A_Index 
    loop, % range
    {
      y := A_Index + x 
      if y > 20
	break
loop, % range
{
  z := A_Index + y 
  if z > 20
    break
  isTriple := ((x ** 2 + y ** 2) == z ** 2)
  if isTriple
  {
    set[index, 1] := x 
    set[index, 2] := y
    set[index, 3] := z
    index += 1
  ; msgbox % "triple: "  x . y . z
  }
  
}
}
}
return set
}

Bracmat

Bracmat does not have built-in list comprehension, but nevertheless there is a solution for fixed n that does not employ explicit loop syntax. By their positions in the pattern and the monotonically increasing values in the subject, it is guaranteed that x always is smaller than y and that y always is smaller than z. The combination of flags %@ ensures that x, y and z pick minimally one (%) and at most one (@) element from the subject list.

  :?py                         { Initialize the accumulating result list. }
& (     1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20   { This is the subject }
    :   ?                      { Here starts the pattern }
        %@?x
        ?
        %@?y
        ?
        %@?z
        ( ?
        & -1*!z^2+!x^2+!y^2:0
        & (!x,!y,!z) !py:?py
        & ~                    { This 'failure' expression forces backtracking }
        )                      { Here ends the pattern }
  | out$!py                    { You get here when backtracking has 
                                 exhausted all combinations of x, y and z }
  );

Output:

  (12,16,20)
  (9,12,15)
  (8,15,17)
  (6,8,10)
  (5,12,13)
  (3,4,5)

C

C doesn't have a built-in syntax for this, but any problem can be solved if you throw enough macros at it:

Works with: GCC

The program below is C11 compliant. For C99 compilers note the change on line 57 (output remains unchanged).

#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

#ifndef __GNUC__
#include <setjmp.h>
struct LOOP_T; typedef struct LOOP_T LOOP;
struct LOOP_T {
    jmp_buf b; LOOP * p;
} LOOP_base, * LOOP_V = &LOOP_base;
#define FOR(I, C, A, ACT) (LOOP_V = &(LOOP){ .p = LOOP_V }, \
                           (I), setjmp(LOOP_V->b), \
                           ((C) ? ((ACT),(A), longjmp(LOOP_V->b, 1), 0) : 0), \
                           LOOP_V = LOOP_V->p, 0)
#else
#define FOR(I, C, A, ACT) (({for(I;C;A){ACT;}}), 0)    // GNU version
#endif

typedef struct List { struct List * nx; char val[]; } List;
typedef struct { int _1, _2, _3; } Triple;

#define SEQ(OUT, SETS, PRED) (SEQ_var=&(ITERATOR){.l=NULL,.p=SEQ_var}, \
                              M_FFOLD(((PRED)?APPEND(OUT):0),M_ID SETS), \
                              SEQ_var->p->old=SEQ_var->l,SEQ_var=SEQ_var->p,SEQ_var->old)
typedef struct ITERATOR { List * l, * old; struct ITERATOR * p; } ITERATOR;
ITERATOR * FE_var, SEQ_base, * SEQ_var = &SEQ_base;
#define FOR_EACH(V, T, L, ACT) (FE_var=&(ITERATOR){.l=(L),.p=FE_var}, \
                                FOR((V) = *(T*)&FE_var->l->val, FE_var->l?((V)=*(T*)&FE_var->l->val,1):0, \
                                FE_var->l=FE_var->l->nx, ACT), FE_var=FE_var->p)

#define M_FFOLD(ID, ...) M_ID(M_CONC(M_FFOLD_, M_NARGS(__VA_ARGS__)) (ID, __VA_ARGS__))
#define FORSET(V, T, L) V, T, L
#define APPEND(T, val) (SEQ_var->l?listAppend(SEQ_var->l,sizeof(T),&val):(SEQ_var->l=listNew(sizeof(T),&val)))

#define M_FFOLD_1(ID, E) FOR_EACH M_IDP(FORSET E, ID)
#define M_FFOLD_2(ID, E, ...) FOR_EACH M_IDP(FORSET E, M_FFOLD_1(ID, __VA_ARGS__))
#define M_FFOLD_3(ID, E, ...) FOR_EACH M_IDP(FORSET E, M_FFOLD_2(ID, __VA_ARGS__))  //...

#define M_NARGS(...) M_NARGS_(__VA_ARGS__, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0)
#define M_NARGS_(_10, _9, _8, _7, _6, _5, _4, _3, _2, _1, N, ...) N
#define M_CONC(A, B) M_CONC_(A, B)
#define M_CONC_(A, B) A##B
#define M_ID(...) __VA_ARGS__
#define M_IDP(...) (__VA_ARGS__)

#define R(f, t) int,intRangeList(f, t)
#define T(a, b, c) Triple,((Triple){(a),(b),(c)})

List * listNew(int sz, void * val) {
 List * l = malloc(sizeof(List) + sz); l->nx = NULL; memcpy(l->val, val, sz); return l;
}
List * listAppend(List * l, int sz, void * val) {
 while (l->nx) { l = l->nx; } l->nx = listNew(sz, val); return l;
}
List * intRangeList(int f, int t) {
 List * l = listNew(sizeof f, &f), * e = l;
 for (int i = f + 1; i <= t; i ++) { e = e->nx = listNew(sizeof i, &i); } // C11 compliant
//int i;
//for (i = f + 1; i <= t; i ++) { e = e->nx = listNew(sizeof i, &i); }    // use this for C99
 return l;
}

int main(void) {
    volatile int x, y, z; const int n = 20;
    
    List * pTriples = SEQ(
                          T(x, y, z),
                          (
                           (x, R(1, n)),
                           (y, R(x, n)),
                           (z, R(y, n))
                          ),
                          (x*x + y*y == z*z)
                         );
    
    volatile Triple t;
    FOR_EACH(t, Triple, pTriples,  printf("%d, %d, %d\n", t._1, t._2, t._3)  );
    
    return 0;
}

Output:

3, 4, 5
5, 12, 13
6, 8, 10
8, 15, 17
9, 12, 15
12, 16, 20

Either GCC's "statement expressions" extension, or a minor piece of undefined behaviour, are required for this to work (technically setjmp, which powers the non-GCC version, isn't supposed to be part of a comma expression, but almost all compilers will treat it as intended). Variables used by one of these looping expressions should be declared volatile to prevent them from being modified by setjmp.

The list implementation in this example is a) terrible and b) leaks memory, neither of which are important to the example. In reality you would want to combine any lists being generated in expressions with an automatic memory management system (GC, autorelease pools, something like that).

C#

LINQ

using System.Linq;

static class Program
{
  static void Main()
  {
    var ts =
      from a in Enumerable.Range(1, 20)
      from b in Enumerable.Range(a, 21 - a)
      from c in Enumerable.Range(b, 21 - b)
      where a * a + b * b == c * c
      select new { a, b, c };

      foreach (var t in ts)
        System.Console.WriteLine("{0}, {1}, {2}", t.a, t.b, t.c);
  }
}

C++

There is no equivalent construct in C++. The code below uses two nested loops and an if statement:

#include <vector>
#include <cmath>
#include <iostream>
#include <algorithm>
#include <iterator>

void list_comprehension( std::vector<int> & , int ) ;

int main( ) {
   std::vector<int> triangles ;
   list_comprehension( triangles , 20 ) ;
   std::copy( triangles.begin( ) , triangles.end( ) ,
	 std::ostream_iterator<int>( std::cout , " " ) ) ;
   std::cout << std::endl ;
   return 0 ;
}

void list_comprehension( std::vector<int> & numbers , int upper_border ) {
   for ( int a = 1 ; a < upper_border ; a++ ) {
      for ( int b = a + 1 ; b < upper_border ; b++ ) {
	 double c = pow( a * a + b * b , 0.5 ) ; //remembering Mr. Pythagoras
	 if ( ( c * c ) < pow( upper_border , 2 ) + 1 ) {
	    if ( c == floor( c ) ) {
	       numbers.push_back( a ) ;
	       numbers.push_back( b ) ;	      
	       numbers.push_back( static_cast<int>( c ) ) ;
	    }
	 }
      }
   }
}

This produces the following output:

3 4 5 5 12 13 6 8 10 8 15 17 9 12 15 12 16 20
Works with: C++11
#include <functional>
#include <iostream>

void PythagoreanTriples(int limit, std::function<void(int,int,int)> yield)
{
    for (int a = 1; a < limit; ++a) {
        for (int b = a+1; b < limit; ++b) {
            for (int c = b+1; c <= limit; ++c) {
                if (a*a + b*b == c*c) {
                    yield(a, b, c);
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

int main()
{
    PythagoreanTriples(20, [](int x, int y, int z)
    {
        std::cout << x << "," << y << "," << z << "\n";
    });
    return 0;
}

Output:

3,4,5
5,12,13
6,8,10
8,15,17
9,12,15
12,16,20

Clojure

(defn pythagorean-triples [n]
  (for [x (range 1 (inc n))
	y (range x (inc n))
	z (range y (inc n))
	:when (= (+ (* x x) (* y y)) (* z z))]
    [x y z]))

CoffeeScript

flatten = (arr) -> arr.reduce ((memo, b) -> memo.concat b), []

pyth = (n) ->
  flatten (for x in [1..n]
    flatten (for y in [x..n]
      for z in [y..n] when x*x + y*y is z*z
        [x, y, z]
    ))
# pyth can also be written more concisely as
# pyth = (n) -> flatten (flatten ([x, y, z] for z in [y..n] when x*x + y*y is z*z for y in [x..n]) for x in [1..n])

console.dir pyth 20

Common Lisp

Common Lisp's loop macro has all of the features of list comprehension, except for nested iteration. (loop for x from 1 to 3 for y from x to 3 collect (list x y)) only returns ((1 1) (2 2) (3 3)). You can nest your macro calls, so (loop for x from 1 to 3 append (loop for y from x to 3 collect (list x y))) returns ((1 1) (1 2) (1 3) (2 2) (2 3) (3 3)).

Here are the Pythagorean triples:

(defun pythagorean-triples (n)
  (loop for x from 1 to n
        append (loop for y from x to n
                     append (loop for z from y to n
                                  when (= (+ (* x x) (* y y)) (* z z))
                                  collect (list x y z)))))

We can also define a new macro for list comprehensions. We can implement them easily with the help of the iterate package.

(defun nest (l)
  (if (cdr l)
    `(,@(car l) ,(nest (cdr l)))
    (car l)))

(defun desugar-listc-form (form)
  (if (string= (car form) 'for)
    `(iter ,form)
    form))

(defmacro listc (expr &body (form . forms) &aux (outer (gensym)))
  (nest
    `((iter ,outer ,form)
      ,@(mapcar #'desugar-listc-form forms)
      (in ,outer (collect ,expr)))))

We can then define a function to compute Pythagorean triples as follows:

(defun pythagorean-triples (n)
  (listc (list x y z)
    (for x from 1 to n)
    (for y from x to n)
    (for z from y to n)
    (when (= (+ (expt x 2) (expt y 2)) (expt z 2)))))

D

D doesn't have list comprehensions. One implementation:

import std.stdio, std.meta, std.range;

TA[] select(TA, TI1, TC1, TI2, TC2, TI3, TC3, TP)
           (lazy TA mapper,
            ref TI1 iter1, TC1 items1,
            ref TI2 iter2, lazy TC2 items2,
            ref TI3 iter3, lazy TC3 items3,
            lazy TP where) {
  Appender!(TA[]) result;
  auto iters = AliasSeq!(iter1, iter2, iter3);

  foreach (el1; items1) {
    iter1 = el1;
    foreach (el2; items2) {
      iter2 = el2;
      foreach (el3; items3) {
        iter3 = el3;
        if (where())
          result ~= mapper();
      }
    }
  }

  AliasSeq!(iter1, iter2, iter3) = iters;
  return result.data;
}

void main() {
  enum int n = 21;
  int x, y, z;
  auto r = select([x,y,z], x, iota(1,n+1), y, iota(x,n+1), z,
                  iota(y, n + 1), x*x + y*y == z*z);
  writeln(r);
}
Output:
[[3, 4, 5], [5, 12, 13], [6, 8, 10], [8, 15, 17], [9, 12, 15], [12, 16, 20]]

E

pragma.enable("accumulator") # considered experimental

accum [] for x in 1..n { for y in x..n { for z in y..n { if (x**2 + y**2 <=> z**2) { _.with([x,y,z]) } } } }

EchoLisp

;; copied from Racket

(for*/list ([x (in-range 1 21)]
[y (in-range x 21)]
[z (in-range y 21)])
#:when (= (+ (* x x) (* y y)) (* z z))
(list x y z))
     ((3 4 5) (5 12 13) (6 8 10) (8 15 17) (9 12 15) (12 16 20))

Efene

pythag = fn (N) {
    [(A, B, C) for A in lists.seq(1, N) \
         for B in lists.seq(A, N) \
         for C in lists.seq(B, N) \
         if A + B + C <= N and A * A + B * B == C * C]
}

@public 
run = fn () {
    io.format("~p~n", [pythag(20)])
}

Ela

pyth n = [(x,y,z) \\ x <- [1..n], y <- [x..n], z <- [y..n] | x**2 + y**2 == z**2]

Elixir

iex(30)> pytha3 = fn(n) ->
...(30)>   for x <- 1..n, y <- x..n, z <- y..n, x*x+y*y == z*z, do: {x,y,z}
...(30)> end
#Function<6.90072148/1 in :erl_eval.expr/5>
iex(31)> pytha3.(20)
[{3, 4, 5}, {5, 12, 13}, {6, 8, 10}, {8, 15, 17}, {9, 12, 15}, {12, 16, 20}]

Erlang

pythag(N) ->
    [ {A,B,C} || A <- lists:seq(1,N),
                 B <- lists:seq(A,N),
                 C <- lists:seq(B,N),
                 A+B+C =< N,
                 A*A+B*B == C*C ].

F#

let pyth n = [ for a in [1..n] do
               for b in [a..n] do
               for c in [b..n] do
               if (a*a+b*b = c*c) then yield (a,b,c)]

Factor

Factor does not support list comprehensions by default. The backtrack vocabulary can make for a faithful imitation, however.

USING: backtrack kernel locals math math.ranges ;

:: pythagorean-triples ( n -- seq )
    [
          n [1,b] amb-lazy :> a
        a n [a,b] amb-lazy :> b
        b n [a,b] amb-lazy :> c
        a a * b b * + c c * = must-be-true { a b c }
    ] bag-of ;

Fortran

Complex numbers simplify the task. However, the reshape intrinsic function along with implicit do loops can generate high rank matrices.

!-*- mode: compilation; default-directory: "/tmp/" -*-
!Compilation started at Fri Jun  7 23:39:20
!
!a=./f && make $a && $a
!gfortran -std=f2008 -Wall -fopenmp -ffree-form -fall-intrinsics -fimplicit-none f.f08 -o f
!   3   4   5
!   5  12  13
!   6   8  10
!   8  15  17
!   9  12  15
!  12  16  20
!
!Compilation finished at Fri Jun  7 23:39:20
 
program list_comprehension
  integer, parameter :: n = 20
  integer, parameter :: m = n*(n+1)/2
  integer :: i, j
  complex, dimension(m) :: a
  real, dimension(m) :: b
  logical, dimension(m) :: c
  integer, dimension(3, m) :: d
  a = [ ( ( cmplx(i,j), i=j,n), j=1,n) ] ! list comprehension, implicit do loop
  b = abs(a)
  c = (b .eq. int(b)) .and. (b .le. n)
  i = sum(merge(1,0,c))
  d(2,:i) = int(real(pack(a, c))) ! list comprehensions: array
  d(1,:i) = int(imag(pack(a, c))) ! assignments and operations.
  d(3,:i) = int(pack(b,c))
  print '(3i4)',d(:,:i)
end program list_comprehension


FreeBASIC

Translation of: Run BASIC

FreeBASIC no tiene listas de comprensión. Una implementación:

Dim As Integer x, y, z, n = 25
For  x = 1 To n 
    For  y = x To n
        For  z = y To n
            If x^2 + y^2 = z^2 Then Print Using "{##_, ##_, ##}"; x; y; z
        Next z
    Next y
Next x
Sleep
Output:
{ 3,  4,  5}
{ 5, 12, 13}
{ 6,  8, 10}
{ 7, 24, 25}
{ 8, 15, 17}
{ 9, 12, 15}
{12, 16, 20}
{15, 20, 25}


FunL

def triples( n ) = [(a, b, c) | a <- 1..n-2, b <- a+1..n-1, c <- b+1..n if a^2 + b^2 == c^2]

println( triples(20) )
Output:
[(3, 4, 5), (5, 12, 13), (6, 8, 10), (8, 15, 17), (9, 12, 15), (12, 16, 20)]

GAP

# We keep only primitive pythagorean triples
pyth := n ->
  Filtered(Cartesian([1 .. n], [1 .. n], [1 .. n]),
  u -> u[3]^2 = u[1]^2 + u[2]^2 and u[1] < u[2] 
  and GcdInt(u[1], u[2]) = 1);

pyth(100);
# [ [ 3, 4, 5 ], [ 5, 12, 13 ], [ 7, 24, 25 ], [ 8, 15, 17 ], [ 9, 40, 41 ], [ 11, 60, 61 ], [ 12, 35, 37 ], 
#   [ 13, 84, 85 ], [ 16, 63, 65 ], [ 20, 21, 29 ], [ 28, 45, 53 ], [ 33, 56, 65 ], [ 36, 77, 85 ], [ 39, 80, 89 ], 
#   [ 48, 55, 73 ], [ 65, 72, 97 ] ]

Go

Go doesn't have special syntax for list comprehensions but we can build a function which behaves similarly.

package main

import "fmt"

type (
    seq  []int
    sofs []seq
)

func newSeq(start, end int) seq {
    if end < start {
        end = start
    }
    s := make(seq, end-start+1)
    for i := 0; i < len(s); i++ {
        s[i] = start + i
    }
    return s
}

func newSofs() sofs {
    return sofs{seq{}}
}

func (s sofs) listComp(in seq, expr func(sofs, seq) sofs, pred func(seq) bool) sofs {
    var s2 sofs
    for _, t := range expr(s, in) {
        if pred(t) {
            s2 = append(s2, t)
        }
    }
    return s2
}

func (s sofs) build(t seq) sofs {
    var u sofs
    for _, ss := range s {
        for _, tt := range t {
            uu := make(seq, len(ss))
            copy(uu, ss)
            uu = append(uu, tt)
            u = append(u, uu)
        }
    }
    return u
}

func main() {
    pt := newSofs()
    in := newSeq(1, 20)
    expr := func(s sofs, t seq) sofs {
        return s.build(t).build(t).build(t)
    }
    pred := func(t seq) bool {
        if len(t) != 3 {
            return false
        }
        return t[0]*t[0]+t[1]*t[1] == t[2]*t[2] && t[0] < t[1] && t[1] < t[2]
    }
    pt = pt.listComp(in, expr, pred)
    fmt.Println(pt)
}
Output:
[[3 4 5] [5 12 13] [6 8 10] [8 15 17] [9 12 15] [12 16 20]]

Haskell

pyth :: Int -> [(Int, Int, Int)]
pyth n =
  [ (x, y, z)
  | x <- [1 .. n] 
  , y <- [x .. n] 
  , z <- [y .. n] 
  , x ^ 2 + y ^ 2 == z ^ 2 ]

List-comprehensions and do notation are two alternative and equivalent forms of syntactic sugar in Haskell.

The list comprehension above could be re-sugared in Do notation as:

pyth :: Int -> [(Int, Int, Int)]
pyth n = do
  x <- [1 .. n]
  y <- [x .. n]
  z <- [y .. n]
  if x ^ 2 + y ^ 2 == z ^ 2
  then [(x, y, z)]
  else []

and both of the above could be de-sugared to:

pyth :: Int -> [(Int, Int, Int)]
pyth n =
  [1 .. n] >>=
  \x ->
     [x .. n] >>=
     \y ->
        [y .. n] >>=
        \z ->
           case x ^ 2 + y ^ 2 == z ^ 2 of
             True -> [(x, y, z)]
             _ -> []

which can be further specialised (given the particular context of the list monad,

in which (>>=) is flip concatMap, pure is flip (:) [], and empty is []) to:

pyth :: Int -> [(Int, Int, Int)]
pyth n =
  concatMap
    (\x ->
        concatMap
          (\y ->
              concatMap
                (\z ->
                    if x ^ 2 + y ^ 2 == z ^ 2
                      then [(x, y, z)]
                      else [])
                [y .. n])
          [x .. n])
    [1 .. n]

main :: IO ()
main = print $ pyth 25
Output:
[(3,4,5),(5,12,13),(6,8,10),(7,24,25),(8,15,17),(9,12,15),(12,16,20),(15,20,25)]

Finally an alternative to the list comprehension from the beginning. First introduce all triplets:

triplets n = [(x, y, z) | x <- [1 .. n], y <- [x .. n], z <- [y .. n]]

If we apply this to our list comprehension we get this tidy line of code:

[(x, y, z) | (x, y, z) <- triplets n, x^2 + y^2 == z^2]

Hy

(defn triples [n]
  (list-comp (, a b c) [a (range 1 (inc n))
                        b (range a (inc n))
                        c (range b (inc n))]
             (= (pow c 2)
                (+ (pow a 2)
                   (pow b 2)))))

(print (triples 15))
; [(3, 4, 5), (5, 12, 13), (6, 8, 10), (9, 12, 15)]

Icon and Unicon

Icon's (and Unicon's) natural goal-directly evaluation produces result sequences and can be used to form list comprehensions. For example, the expression:

    |(x := seq(), x^2 > 3, x*2)

is capable of producing successive elements from the infinite list described in the Wikipedia article. For example, to produce the first 100 elements:

   procedure main()
      every write(|(x := seq(), x^2 > 3, x*2) \ 100
   end

While result sequences are lexically bound to the code that describes them, that code can be embedded in a co-expression to allow access to the result sequence throughout the code. So Pythagorean triples can be produced with (works in both languages):

procedure main(a)
    n := integer(!a) | 20
    s := create (x := 1 to n, y := x to n, z := y to n, x^2+y^2 = z^2, [x,y,z])
    while a := @s do write(a[1]," ",a[2]," ",a[3])
end

Sample output:

->lc
3 4 5
5 12 13
6 8 10
8 15 17
9 12 15
12 16 20
->

Insitux

Translation of: Clojure
(function pythagorean-triples n
  (let n+1 (inc n))
  (for x (range 1 n+1)
       y (range x n+1)
       z (range y n+1)
    (unless (= (+ (* x x) (* y y)) (* z z))
      (continue))
    [x y z]))

(pythagorean-triples 20)
Output:
[[3 4 5] [5 12 13] [6 8 10] [8 15 17] [9 12 15] [12 16 20]]

Ioke

for(
  x <- 1..20, 
  y <- x..20, 
  z <- y..20,
  x * x + y * y == z * z,
  [x, y, z]
)

J

require'stats'
buildSet=:conjunction def '(#~ v) u y'
triples=: 1 + 3&comb
isPyth=: 2&{"1 = 1&{"1 +&.:*: 0&{"1
pythTr=: triples buildSet isPyth

The idiom here has two major elements:

First, you need a statement indicating the values of interest. In this case, (1+3&comb) which when used as a function of n specifies a list of triples each in the range 1..n.

Second, you need a statement of the form (#~ B) where B returns true for the desired members, and false for the undesired members.

In the above example, the word isPyth is our predicate (represented as B in the preceding paragraph). This corresponds to the constraint clause in set builder notation.

In the above example the word triples represents the universe of potential solutions (some of which will be valid, some not). This corresponds to the generator part of set builder notation.

The argument to isPyth will be the candidate solutions (the result of triples). The argument to triples will be the largest element desired in a triple.

Example use:

   pythTr 20
 3  4  5
 5 12 13
 6  8 10
 8 15 17
 9 12 15
12 16 20

Java

Java can stream a list, allowing something like a list comprehension. The syntax is (unsurprisingly) verbose, so you might wonder how good the likeness is. I've labeled the parts according to the description in Wikipedia.

Using list-of-arrays made the syntax easier than list-of-lists, but meant that you need the "output expression" part to get to something easily printable.

// Boilerplate
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.List;
import static java.util.function.Function.identity;
import static java.util.stream.Collectors.toList;
import static java.util.stream.IntStream.range;
public interface PythagComp{
    static void main(String... args){
        System.out.println(run(20));
    }

    static List<List<Integer>> run(int n){
        return
            // Here comes the list comprehension bit
            // input stream - bit clunky
            range(1, n).mapToObj(
                x -> range(x, n).mapToObj(
                    y -> range(y, n).mapToObj(
                        z -> new Integer[]{x, y, z}
                    )
                )
            )
                .flatMap(identity())
                .flatMap(identity())
                // predicate
                .filter(a -> a[0]*a[0] + a[1]*a[1] == a[2]*a[2])
                // output expression
                .map(Arrays::asList)
                // the result is a list
                .collect(toList())
        ;
    }
}
Output:
[[3, 4, 5], [5, 12, 13], [6, 8, 10], [8, 15, 17], [9, 12, 15]]

JavaScript

ES5

ES5 does not provide built-in notation for list comprehensions. The list monad pattern which underlies list comprehension notation can, however, be used in any language which supports the use of higher order functions. The following shows how we can achieve the same result by directly using a list monad in ES5, without the abbreviating convenience of any specific syntactic sugar.

// USING A LIST MONAD DIRECTLY, WITHOUT SPECIAL SYNTAX FOR LIST COMPREHENSIONS

(function (n) {

    return mb(r(1,     n), function (x) {  // x <- [1..n]
    return mb(r(1 + x, n), function (y) {  // y <- [1+x..n]
    return mb(r(1 + y, n), function (z) {  // z <- [1+y..n]
       
       return x * x + y * y === z * z ? [[x, y, z]] : [];
       
    })})});


    // LIBRARY FUNCTIONS
    
    // Monadic bind for lists
    function mb(xs, f) {
        return [].concat.apply([], xs.map(f));
    }
    
    // Monadic return for lists is simply lambda x -> [x]
    // as in [[x, y, z]] : [] above

    // Integer range [m..n]
    function r(m, n) {
        return Array.apply(null, Array(n - m + 1))
            .map(function (n, x) {
                return m + x;
            });
    }

})(100);

Output:

[[3, 4, 5], [5, 12, 13], [6, 8, 10], [7, 24, 25], [8, 15, 17], [9, 12, 15], [9, 40, 41], [10, 24, 26], [11, 60, 61], [12, 16, 20], [12, 35, 37], [13, 84, 85], [14, 48, 50], [15, 20, 25], [15, 36, 39], [16, 30, 34], [16, 63, 65], [18, 24, 30], [18, 80, 82], [20, 21, 29], [20, 48, 52], [21, 28, 35], [21, 72, 75], [24, 32, 40], [24, 45, 51], [24, 70, 74], [25, 60, 65], [27, 36, 45], [28, 45, 53], [28, 96, 100], [30, 40, 50], [30, 72, 78], [32, 60, 68], [33, 44, 55], [33, 56, 65], [35, 84, 91], [36, 48, 60], [36, 77, 85], [39, 52, 65], [39, 80, 89], [40, 42, 58], [40, 75, 85], [42, 56, 70], [45, 60, 75], [48, 55, 73], [48, 64, 80], [51, 68, 85], [54, 72, 90], [57, 76, 95], [60, 63, 87], [60, 80, 100], [65, 72, 97]]

ES6

Translation of: Python
Works with: JavaScript version 1.7+ (Firefox 2+)
Works with: SpiderMonkey version 1.7

See here for more details

function range(begin, end) {
    for (let i = begin; i < end; ++i)
        yield i;
}

function triples(n) {
    return [
        [x, y, z]
        for each(x in range(1, n + 1))
        for each(y in range(x, n + 1))
        for each(z in range(y, n + 1))
        if (x * x + y * y == z * z)
    ]
}

for each(var triple in triples(20))
print(triple);

outputs:

3,4,5
5,12,13
6,8,10
8,15,17
9,12,15
12,16,20


List comprehension notation was not, in the end, included in the final ES6 standard, and the code above will not run in fully ES6-compliant browsers or interpreters, but we can still go straight to the underlying monadic logic of list comprehensions and obtain:

[ (x, y, z) | x <- [1 .. n], y <- [x .. n], z <- [y .. n], x ^ 2 + y ^ 2 == z ^ 2 ]

by using concatMap (the monadic bind function for lists), and x => [x] (monadic pure/return for lists):

(n => {
    'use strict';

    // GENERIC FUNCTIONS ------------------------------------------------------

    // concatMap :: (a -> [b]) -> [a] -> [b]
    const concatMap = (f, xs) => [].concat.apply([], xs.map(f));

    // enumFromTo :: Int -> Int -> [Int]
    const enumFromTo = (m, n) =>
        Array.from({
            length: Math.floor(n - m) + 1
        }, (_, i) => m + i);


    // EXAMPLE ----------------------------------------------------------------

    // [(x, y, z) | x <- [1..n], y <- [x..n], z <- [y..n], x ^ 2 + y ^ 2 == z ^ 2]

    return concatMap(x =>
           concatMap(y =>
           concatMap(z =>

                x * x + y * y === z * z ? [
                    [x, y, z]
                ] : [],

           enumFromTo(y, n)),
           enumFromTo(x, n)),
           enumFromTo(1, n));
})(20);

Or, expressed in terms of bind (>>=)

(n => {
    'use strict';

    // GENERIC FUNCTIONS ------------------------------------------------------

    // bind (>>=) :: Monad m => m a -> (a -> m b) -> m b
    const bind = (m, mf) =>
        Array.isArray(m) ? (
            bindList(m, mf)
        ) : bindMay(m, mf);

    // bindList (>>=) :: [a] -> (a -> [b]) -> [b]
    const bindList = (xs, mf) => [].concat.apply([], xs.map(mf));

    // enumFromTo :: Enum a => a -> a -> [a]
    const enumFromTo = (m, n) =>
        (typeof m !== 'number' ? (
            enumFromToChar
        ) : enumFromToInt)
        .apply(null, [m, n]);

    // enumFromToInt :: Int -> Int -> [Int]
    const enumFromToInt = (m, n) =>
        Array.from({
            length: Math.floor(n - m) + 1
        }, (_, i) => m + i);


    // EXAMPLE ----------------------------------------------------------------

    // [(x, y, z) | x <- [1..n], y <- [x..n], z <- [y..n], x ^ 2 + y ^ 2 == z ^ 2]

    return   bind(enumFromTo(1, n),
        x => bind(enumFromTo(x, n),
        y => bind(enumFromTo(y, n),
        z => x * x + y * y === z * z ? [
                    [x, y, z]
            ] : []
        )));

})(20);
Output:
[[3, 4, 5], [5, 12, 13], [6, 8, 10], [8, 15, 17], [9, 12, 15], [12, 16, 20]]

jq

Direct approach:
def triples(n):
  range(1;n+1) as $x | range($x;n+1) as $y | range($y;n+1) as $z
  | select($x*$x + $y*$y == $z*$z)
  | [$x, $y, $z] ;

Using listof(stream; criterion)

# listof( stream; criterion) constructs an array of those 
# elements in the stream that satisfy the criterion
def listof( stream; criterion): [ stream|select(criterion) ];

def listof_triples(n):
  listof( range(1;n+1) as $x | range($x;n+1) as $y | range($y;n+1) as $z 
          | [$x, $y, $z]; 
          .[0] * .[0] +  .[1] * .[1] ==  .[2] * .[2] ) ;

listof_triples(20)
Output:
$ jq -c -n -f list_of_triples.jq
[[3,4,5],[5,12,13],[6,8,10],[8,15,17],[9,12,15],[12,16,20]]

Julia

Array comprehension:

julia> n = 20
20

julia> [(x, y, z) for x = 1:n for y = x:n for z = y:n if x^2 + y^2 == z^2]
6-element Array{Tuple{Int64,Int64,Int64},1}:
 (3,4,5)
 (5,12,13)
 (6,8,10)
 (8,15,17)
 (9,12,15)
 (12,16,20)

A Julia generator comprehension (note the outer round brackets), returns an iterator over the same result rather than an explicit array:

julia> ((x, y, z) for x = 1:n for y = x:n for z = y:n if x^2 + y^2 == z^2)
Base.Flatten{Base.Generator{UnitRange{Int64},##33#37}}(Base.Generator{UnitRange{Int64},##33#37}(#33,1:20))

julia> collect(ans)
6-element Array{Tuple{Int64,Int64,Int64},1}:
 (3,4,5)
 (5,12,13)
 (6,8,10)
 (8,15,17)
 (9,12,15)
 (12,16,20)

Array comprehensions may also be N-dimensional, not just vectors:

julia> [i + j for i in 1:5, j in 1:5]
5×5 Array{Int64,2}:
 2  3  4  5   6
 3  4  5  6   7
 4  5  6  7   8
 5  6  7  8   9
 6  7  8  9  10

julia> [i + j for i in 1:5, j in 1:5, k in 1:2]
5×5×2 Array{Int64,3}:
[:, :, 1] =
 2  3  4  5   6
 3  4  5  6   7
 4  5  6  7   8
 5  6  7  8   9
 6  7  8  9  10

[:, :, 2] =
 2  3  4  5   6
 3  4  5  6   7
 4  5  6  7   8
 5  6  7  8   9
 6  7  8  9  10

Kotlin

// version 1.0.6

fun pythagoreanTriples(n: Int) = 
    (1..n).flatMap { 
        x -> (x..n).flatMap { 
            y -> (y..n).filter {
                z ->  x * x + y * y == z * z 
            }.map { Triple(x, y, it) } 
        }
    }

fun main(args: Array<String>) {
    println(pythagoreanTriples(20))
}
Output:
[(3, 4, 5), (5, 12, 13), (6, 8, 10), (8, 15, 17), (9, 12, 15), (12, 16, 20)]

Lasso

Lasso uses query expressions for list manipulation.

#!/usr/bin/lasso9

local(n = 20)
local(triples = 
  with x in generateSeries(1, #n),
       y in generateSeries(#x, #n),
       z in generateSeries(#y, #n)
    where #x*#x + #y*#y == #z*#z
  select (:#x, #y, #z)
)
#triples->join('\n')

Output:

staticarray(3, 4, 5)
staticarray(5, 12, 13)
staticarray(6, 8, 10)
staticarray(8, 15, 17)
staticarray(9, 12, 15)
staticarray(12, 16, 20)

Lua

Lua doesn't have list comprehensions built in, but they can be constructed from chained coroutines:

LC={}
LC.__index = LC

function LC:new(o)
  o = o or {}
  setmetatable(o, self)
  return o
end

function LC:add_iter(func)
  local prev_iter = self.iter
  self.iter = coroutine.wrap(
    (prev_iter == nil) and (function() func{} end)
    or (function() for arg in prev_iter do func(arg) end end))
  return self
end

function maybe_call(maybe_func, arg)
  if type(maybe_func) == "function" then return maybe_func(arg) end
  return maybe_func
end

function LC:range(key, first, last)
  return self:add_iter(function(arg)
    for value=maybe_call(first, arg), maybe_call(last, arg) do
      arg[key] = value
      coroutine.yield(arg)
    end
  end)
end

function LC:where(pred)
  return self:add_iter(function(arg) if pred(arg) then coroutine.yield(arg) end end)
end

We can then define a function to compute Pythagorean triples as follows:

function get(key)
  return (function(arg) return arg[key] end)
end

function is_pythagorean(arg)
  return (arg.x^2 + arg.y^2 == arg.z^2)
end

function list_pythagorean_triples(n)
  return LC:new():range("x",1,n):range("y",1,get("x")):range("z", get("y"), n):where(is_pythagorean).iter
end

for arg in list_pythagorean_triples(100) do
  print(arg.x, arg.y, arg.z)
end

Mathematica/Wolfram Language

Select[Tuples[Range[100], 3], #1[[1]]^2 + #1[[2]]^2 == #1[[3]]^2 &]
Pick[#, (#^2).{1, 1, -1}, 0] &@Tuples[Range[100], 3]

MATLAB / Octave

In Matlab/Octave, one does not think much about lists rather than vectors and matrices. Probably, the find() operation comes closes to the task

N = 20
[a,b] = meshgrid(1:N, 1:N);
c = sqrt(a.^2 + b.^2); 
[x,y] = find(c == fix(c));
disp([x, y, sqrt(x.^2 + y.^2)])
Output:
    4    3    5
    3    4    5
   12    5   13
    8    6   10
    6    8   10
   15    8   17
   12    9   15
    5   12   13
    9   12   15
   16   12   20
    8   15   17
   20   15   25
   12   16   20
   15   20   25

Mercury

Solutions behaves like list comprehension since compound goals resemble set-builder notation.

:- module pythtrip.
:- interface.
:- import_module io.
:- import_module int.

:- type triple ---> triple(int, int, int).

:- pred pythTrip(int::in,triple::out) is nondet.
:- pred main(io::di, io::uo) is det.

:- implementation.
:- import_module list.
:- import_module solutions.
:- import_module math.

pythTrip(Limit,triple(X,Y,Z)) :-
    nondet_int_in_range(1,Limit,X),
    nondet_int_in_range(X,Limit,Y),
    nondet_int_in_range(Y,Limit,Z),
    pow(Z,2) = pow(X,2) + pow(Y,2).

main(!IO) :-
     solutions((pred(Triple::out) is nondet :- pythTrip(20,Triple)),Result),
     write(Result,!IO).

Nemerle

Demonstrating a list comprehension and an iterator. List comprehension adapted from Haskell example, iterator adapted from C# example.

using System;
using System.Console;
using System.Collections.Generic;

module Program
{

    PythTriples(n : int) : list[int * int * int]
    {
        $[ (x, y, z) | x in [1..n], y in [x..n], z in [y..n], ((x**2) + (y**2)) == (z**2) ]
    }

    GetPythTriples(n : int) : IEnumerable[int * int * int]
    {
        foreach (x in [1..n])
        {
            foreach (y in [x..n])
            {
                foreach (z in [y..n])
                {
                    when (((x**2) + (y**2)) == (z**2))
                    {
                        yield (x, y, z)
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }

    Main() : void
    {
        WriteLine("Pythagorean triples up to x = 20: {0}", PythTriples(20));

        foreach (triple in GetPythTriples(20))
        {
            Write(triple)
        }
    }
}

Nim

List comprehension is done in the standard library with the collect() macro (which uses for-loop macros) from the sugar package:

import sugar, math

let n = 20
let triplets = collect(newSeq):
  for x in 1..n:
    for y in x..n:
      for z in y..n:
        if x^2 + y^2 == z^2:
          (x,y,z)
echo triplets

Output:

@[(3, 4, 5), (5, 12, 13), (6, 8, 10), (8, 15, 17), (9, 12, 15), (12, 16, 20)]

A special syntax for list comprehensions in Nim can be implemented thanks to the strong metaprogramming capabilities:

import macros

type ListComprehension = object
var lc*: ListComprehension

macro `[]`*(lc: ListComprehension, x, t): untyped =
  expectLen(x, 3)
  expectKind(x, nnkInfix)
  expectKind(x[0], nnkIdent)
  assert($x[0].strVal == "|")

  result = newCall(
    newDotExpr(
      newIdentNode("result"),
      newIdentNode("add")),
    x[1])

  for i in countdown(x[2].len-1, 0):
    let y = x[2][i]
    expectKind(y, nnkInfix)
    expectMinLen(y, 1)
    if y[0].kind == nnkIdent and $y[0].strVal == "<-":
      expectLen(y, 3)
      result = newNimNode(nnkForStmt).add(y[1], y[2], result)
    else:
      result = newIfStmt((y, result))

  result = newNimNode(nnkCall).add(
    newNimNode(nnkPar).add(
      newNimNode(nnkLambda).add(
        newEmptyNode(),
        newEmptyNode(),
        newEmptyNode(),
        newNimNode(nnkFormalParams).add(
          newNimNode(nnkBracketExpr).add(
            newIdentNode("seq"),
            t)),
        newEmptyNode(),
        newEmptyNode(),
        newStmtList(
          newAssignment(
            newIdentNode("result"),
            newNimNode(nnkPrefix).add(
              newIdentNode("@"),
              newNimNode(nnkBracket))),
          result))))

const n = 20
echo lc[(x,y,z) | (x <- 1..n, y <- x..n, z <- y..n, x*x + y*y == z*z), tuple[a,b,c: int]]

Output:

@[(a: 3, b: 4, c: 5), (a: 5, b: 12, c: 13), (a: 6, b: 8, c: 10), (a: 8, b: 15, c: 17), (a: 9, b: 12, c: 15), (a: 12, b: 16, c: 20)]

OCaml

As of OCaml 4.08 (2019), binding operators were added to the language syntax. A general notion of "comprehension syntax" can be recovered using them.

Assuming a comprehension is of the form [ expression | x <- enumeration ; condition ; ... ] We can rewrite it using binding operators like so

let* x = enumeration in
  if not condition then empty else
  return expression

For instance, we can write the required Pythagorean triples comprehension:

let pyth n =
  let* x = 1 -- n in
  let* y = x -- n in
  let* z = y -- n in
    if x * x + y * y <> z * z then [] else
    [x, y, z]

where the (let*) and (--) operators are defined for the List module like so:

let (let*) xs f = List.concat_map f xs
let (--) a b = List.init (b-a+1) ((+)a)
Historical note
OCaml never had a built-in list-comprehension syntax. However, there have been a couple of preprocessing syntax extensions which aimed to add list comprehensions sugar to the language. One of which was shipped directly with camlp4, a tool for syntax extensions that was bundled with the OCaml compiler distribution, up to version 4.02 (2014), and was completely deprecated after version 4.08 (2019).
Another, OCaml Batteries Included, had uniform comprehension syntax for lists, arrays, enumerations (like streams), lazy lists (like lists but evaluated on-demand), sets, hashtables, etc. This later split into the now legacy package pa_comprehensions, which is similarly deprecated.

Oz

Oz does not have list comprehension.

However, there is a list comprehension package available here. It uses the unofficial and deprecated macro system. Usage example:

functor
import
   LazyList
   Application
   System
define

   fun {Pyth N}
      <<list [X Y Z] with
	 X <- {List.number 1 N 1}
	 Y <- {List.number X N 1}
	 Z <- {List.number Y N 1}
	 where X*X + Y*Y == Z*Z
      >>
   end

   {ForAll {Pyth 20} System.show}

   {Application.exit 0}
end

PARI/GP

GP 2.6.0 added support for a new comprehension syntax:

Works with: PARI/GP version 2.6.0 and above
f(n)=[v|v<-vector(n^3,i,vector(3,j,i\n^(j-1)%n)),norml2(v)==2*v[3]^2]

Older versions of GP can emulate this through select:

Works with: PARI/GP version 2.4.3 and above
This code uses the select() function, which was added in PARI version 2.4.2. The order of the arguments changed between versions; to use in 2.4.2 change select(function, vector) to select(vector, function).
f(n)=select(v->norml2(v)==2*v[3]^2,vector(n^3,i,vector(3,j,i\n^(j-1)%n)))

Version 2.4.2 (obsolete, but widespread on Windows systems) requires inversion:

Works with: PARI/GP version 2.4.2
f(n)=select(vector(n^3,i,vector(3,j,i\n^(j-1)%n)),v->norml2(v)==2*v[3]^2)

Perl

Perl 5 does not have built-in list comprehension syntax. The closest approach are the list map and grep (elsewhere often known as filter) operators:

sub triples ($) {
  my ($n) = @_;
  map { my $x = $_; map { my $y = $_; map { [$x, $y, $_] } grep { $x**2 + $y**2 == $_**2 } 1..$n } 1..$n } 1..$n;
}

map binds $_ to each element of the input list and collects the results from the block. grep returns every element of the input list for which the block returns true. The .. operator generates a list of numbers in a specific range.

for my $t (triples(10)) {
  print "@$t\n";
}

Phix

Phix does not have builtin support for list comprehensions.

However, consider the fact that the compiler essentially converts an expression such as s[i] into calls to the low-level back end (machine code) routines :%opRepe and :%opSubse depending on context (although somtimes it will inline things and sometimes for better performance it will use opRepe1/opRepe1ip/opRepe1is and opSubse1/opSubse1i/opSubse1is/opSubse1ip variants, but that's just detail). It also maps ? to hll print().

Thinking laterally, Phix also does not have any special syntax for dictionaries, instead they are supported via an autoinclude with the following standard hll routines:

global function new_dict(integer pool_only=0)
global procedure destroy_dict(integer tid, integer justclear=0)
global procedure setd(object key, object data, integer tid=1)
global function getd(object key, integer tid=1)
global procedure destroy_dict(integer tid, integer justclear=0)
global function getd_index(object key, integer tid=1)
global function getd_by_index(integer node, integer tid=1)
global procedure deld(object key, integer tid=1)
global procedure traverse_dict(integer rid, object user_data=0, integer tid=1)
global function dict_size(integer tid=1)

Clearly it would be relatively trivial for the compiler, just like it does with s[i], to map some other new dictionary syntax to calls to these routines (not that it would ever use the default tid of 1, and admittedly traverse_dict might prove a bit trickier than the rest). Since Phix is open source, needs no other tools, and compiles itself in 10s, that is not as unreasonable for you (yes, you) to attempt as it might first sound.

With all that in mind, the following (which works just fine as it is) might be a first step to formal list comprehension support:

-- demo\rosetta\List_comprehensions.exw
with javascript_semantics
function list_comprehension(sequence s, integer rid, integer k, integer level=1, sequence args={})
sequence res = {}
    args &= 0
    for i=1 to length(s) do
        args[$] = s[i]
        if level<k then
            res &= list_comprehension(s,rid,k,level+1,deep_copy(args))
        else
            res &= call_func(rid,args)
        end if
    end for
    return res 
end function

function triangle(integer a, b, c)
    if a<b and a*a+b*b=c*c then
        return {{a,b,c}}
    end if
    return {}
end function

?list_comprehension(tagset(20),routine_id("triangle"),3)
Output:
{{3,4,5},{5,12,13},{6,8,10},{8,15,17},{9,12,15},{12,16,20}}

Picat

List comprehensions

pyth(N) = [[A,B,C] : A in 1..N, B in A..N, C in B..N, A**2 + B**2 == C**2].

Array comprehensions

Picat also has array comprehensions. Arrays are generally used for faster access (using {} instead of []).

pyth(N) = {{A,B,C} : A in 1..N, B in A..N, C in B..N, A**2 + B**2 == C**2}.

findall/2

A related construct is findall/2 to get all solutions for the specific goal at the second parameter. Here this is shown with member/2 for generating the numbers to test (which for this task is fairly inefficient).

pyth(N) = findall([A,B,C], (member(A,1..N), member(B,1..N), member(C,1..N), A < B, A**2 + B**2 == C**2)).

PicoLisp

PicoLisp doesn't have list comprehensions. We might use a generator function, pipe, coroutine or pilog predicate.

Using a generator function

(de pythag (N)
   (job '((X . 1) (Y . 1) (Z . 0))
      (loop
         (when (> (inc 'Z) N)
            (when (> (inc 'Y) N)
               (setq Y (inc 'X)) )
            (setq Z Y) )
         (T (> X N))
         (T (= (+ (* X X) (* Y Y)) (* Z Z))
            (list X Y Z) ) ) ) )

(while (pythag 20)
   (println @) )

Using a pipe

(pipe
   (for X 20
      (for Y (range X 20)
         (for Z (range Y 20)
            (when (= (+ (* X X) (* Y Y)) (* Z Z))
               (pr (list X Y Z)) ) ) ) )
   (while (rd)
      (println @) ) )

Using a coroutine

Coroutines are available only in the 64-bit version.

(de pythag (N)
   (co 'pythag
      (for X N
         (for Y (range X N)
            (for Z (range Y N)
               (when (= (+ (* X X) (* Y Y)) (* Z Z))
                  (yield (list X Y Z)) ) ) ) ) ) )

(while (pythag 20)
   (println @) )

Output in all three cases:

(3 4 5)
(5 12 13)
(6 8 10)
(8 15 17)
(9 12 15)
(12 16 20)

Using Pilog

Works with: PicoLisp version 3.0.9.7
(be pythag (@N @X @Y @Z)
   (for @X @N)
   (for @Y @X @N)
   (for @Z @Y @N)
   (^ @ 
      (let (X (-> @X)  Y (-> @Y)  Z (-> @Z))
         (= (+ (* X X) (* Y Y)) (* Z Z)) ) ) )

Test:

: (? (pythag 20 @X @Y @Z))
 @X=3 @Y=4 @Z=5
 @X=5 @Y=12 @Z=13
 @X=6 @Y=8 @Z=10
 @X=8 @Y=15 @Z=17
 @X=9 @Y=12 @Z=15
 @X=12 @Y=16 @Z=20
-> NIL

Prolog

SWI-Prolog does not have list comprehension, however we can simulate it.

% We need operators
:- op(700, xfx, <-).
:- op(450, xfx, ..).
:- op(1100, yfx, &).

% use for explicit list usage
my_bind(V, [H|_]) :- V = H.
my_bind(V, [_|T]) :- my_bind(V, T).

% we need to define the intervals of numbers
Vs <- M..N :-
        integer(M),
	integer(N),
	M =< N,
	between(M, N, Vs).

% for explicit list comprehension like Vs <- [1,2,3]
Vs <- Xs :-
	is_list(Xs),
	my_bind(Vs, Xs).

% finally we define list comprehension
% prototype is Vs <- {Var, Dec, Pred} where
% Var is the list of variables to output
% Dec is the list of intervals of the variables
% Pred is the list of predicates
Vs <- {Var & Dec & Pred} :-
	findall(Var,  maplist(call, [Dec, Pred]), Vs).

% for list comprehension without Pred
Vs <- {Var & Dec} :-
	findall(Var, maplist(call, [Dec]), Vs).

Examples of use :
List of Pythagorean triples :

 ?- V <- {X, Y, Z & X <- 1..20, Y <- X..20, Z <- Y..20 & X*X+Y*Y =:= Z*Z}.
V = [ (3,4,5), (5,12,13), (6,8,10), (8,15,17), (9,12,15), (12,16,20)] ;
false.

List of double of x, where x^2 is greater than 50 :

 ?- V <- {Y & X <- 1..20 & X*X > 50, Y is 2 * X}.
V = [16,18,20,22,24,26,28,30,32,34,36,38,40] ;
false.
?- Vs <- {X, Y & X <- [1,2,3], Y <- [1,2,3, 4] & X = Y}.
Vs = [ (1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3)].
?- Vs <- {X, Y & X <- [1,2,3], Y <- 1..5 & X = Y}.
Vs = [ (1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3)].
?- Vs <- {X, Y & X <- [1,2], Y <- [4,5] }.
Vs = [ (1, 4), (1, 5), (2, 4), (2, 5)].

Python

import itertools
n = 20

# List comprehension:
[(x,y,z) for x in xrange(1,n+1) for y in xrange(x,n+1) for z in xrange(y,n+1) if x**2 + y**2 == z**2]

# A Python generator expression (note the outer round brackets), 
# returns an iterator over the same result rather than an explicit list:
((x,y,z) for x in xrange(1,n+1) for y in xrange(x,n+1) for z in xrange(y,n+1) if x**2 + y**2 == z**2)

# A slower but more readable version: 
[(x, y, z) for (x, y, z) in itertools.product(xrange(1,n+1),repeat=3) if x**2 + y**2 == z**2 and x <= y <= z]

# Or as an iterator:
((x, y, z) for (x, y, z) in itertools.product(xrange(1,n+1),repeat=3) if x**2 + y**2 == z**2 and x <= y <= z)

# Alternatively we shorten the initial list comprehension but this time without compromising on speed. 
# First we introduce a generator which generates all triplets:
def triplets(n):
    for x in xrange(1, n + 1):
        for y in xrange(x, n + 1):
            for z in xrange(y, n + 1):
                yield x, y, z

# Apply this to our list comprehension gives:
[(x, y, z) for (x, y, z) in triplets(n) if x**2 + y**2 == z**2]

# Or as an iterator:
((x, y, z) for (x, y, z) in triplets(n) if x**2 + y**2 == z**2)

# More generally, the list comprehension syntax can be understood as a concise syntactic sugaring 
# of a use of the list monad, in which non-matches are returned as empty lists, matches are wrapped 
# as single-item lists, and concatenation flattens the output, eliminating the empty lists.

# The monadic 'bind' operator for lists is concatMap, traditionally used with its first two arguments flipped. 
# The following three formulations of a '''pts''' (pythagorean triangles) function are equivalent:

from functools import (reduce)
from operator import (add)

# pts :: Int -> [(Int, Int, Int)]
def pts(n):
    m = 1 + n
    return [(x, y, z) for x in xrange(1, m)
            for y in xrange(x, m)
            for z in xrange(y, m) if x**2 + y**2 == z**2]


# pts2 :: Int -> [(Int, Int, Int)]
def pts2(n):
    m = 1 + n
    return bindList(
        xrange(1, m)
    )(lambda x: bindList(
        xrange(x, m)
    )(lambda y: bindList(
        xrange(y, m)
    )(lambda z: [(x, y, z)] if x**2 + y**2 == z**2 else [])))


# pts3 :: Int -> [(Int, Int, Int)]
def pts3(n):
    m = 1 + n
    return concatMap(
        lambda x: concatMap(
            lambda y: concatMap(
                lambda z: [(x, y, z)] if x**2 + y**2 == z**2 else []
            )(xrange(y, m))
        )(xrange(x, m))
    )(xrange(1, m))


# GENERIC ---------------------------------------------------------

# concatMap :: (a -> [b]) -> [a] -> [b]
def concatMap(f):
    return lambda xs: (
        reduce(add, map(f, xs), [])
    )


# (flip concatMap)
# bindList :: [a] -> (a -> [b])  -> [b]
def bindList(xs):
    return lambda f: (
        reduce(add, map(f, xs), [])
    )


def main():
    for f in [pts, pts2, pts3]:
        print (f(20))


main()
Output:
[(3, 4, 5), (5, 12, 13), (6, 8, 10), (8, 15, 17), (9, 12, 15), (12, 16, 20)]
[(3, 4, 5), (5, 12, 13), (6, 8, 10), (8, 15, 17), (9, 12, 15), (12, 16, 20)]
[(3, 4, 5), (5, 12, 13), (6, 8, 10), (8, 15, 17), (9, 12, 15), (12, 16, 20)]

R

R has inherent list comprehension:

x = (0:10)
> x^2
 [1]   0   1   4   9  16  25  36  49  64  81 100
> Reduce(function(y,z){return (y+z)},x)
[1] 55
> x[x[(0:length(x))] %% 2==0]
[1]  0  2  4  6  8 10

R's "data frame" functions can be used to achieve the same code clarity (at the cost of expanding the entire grid into memory before the filtering step)

subset(expand.grid(x=1:n, y=1:n, z=1:n), x^2 + y^2 == z^2)

Racket

#lang racket
(for*/list ([x (in-range 1 21)]
            [y (in-range x 21)]
            [z (in-range y 21)]
            #:when (= (+ (* x x) (* y y)) (* z z)))
  (list x y z))

Raku

(formerly Perl 6) Raku has single-dimensional list comprehensions that fall out naturally from nested modifiers; multidimensional comprehensions are also supported via the cross operator; however, Raku does not (yet) support multi-dimensional list comprehensions with dependencies between the lists, so the most straightforward way is currently:

my $n = 20;
say gather for 1..$n -> $x {
         for $x..$n -> $y {
           for $y..$n -> $z {
             take $x,$y,$z if $x*$x + $y*$y == $z*$z;
           }
         }
       }
Output:
((3 4 5) (5 12 13) (6 8 10) (8 15 17) (9 12 15) (12 16 20))

Note that gather/take is the primitive in Raku corresponding to generators or coroutines in other languages. It is not, however, tied to function call syntax in Raku. We can get away with that because lists are lazy, and the demand for more of the list is implicit; it does not need to be driven by function calls.

Rascal

 
public list[tuple[int, int, int]]  PythTriples(int n) = [<a, b, c> | a <- [1..n], b <- [1..n], c <- [1 .. n], a*a + b*b == c*c];

REXX

There is no native comprehensive support for lists per se,   except that
normal lists can be processed quite easily and without much effort.

vertical list

/*REXX program displays a vertical list of Pythagorean triples up to a specified number.*/
parse arg n .                                    /*obtain optional argument from the CL.*/
if n=='' | n==","  then n= 100                   /*Not specified?  Then use the default.*/
say  'Pythagorean triples  (a² + b² = c²,   c ≤'  n"):"     /*display the list's title. */
$=                                               /*assign a  null  to the triples list. */
            do     a=1   for n-2;  aa=a*a
              do   b=a+1  to n-1;  ab=aa + b*b
                do c=b+1  to n  ;  cc= c*c
                if ab<cc   then leave            /*Too small?   Then try the next  B.   */
                if ab==cc  then do;  $=$  '{'a","   ||   b','c"}";  leave;  end
                end   /*c*/
              end     /*b*/
            end       /*a*/
#= words($);                       sat
            do j=1  for #
            say  left('', 20)      word($, j)    /*display  a  member  of the list,     */
            end       /*j*/                      /* [↑]   list the members vertically.  */
say
say #  ' members listed.'                        /*stick a fork in it,  we're all done. */
output   when using the default input:
Pythagorean triples  (a² + b² = c²,   c ≤ 100):

                     {3,4,5}
                     {5,12,13}
                     {6,8,10}
                     {7,24,25}
                     {8,15,17}
                     {9,12,15}
                     {9,40,41}
                     {10,24,26}
                     {11,60,61}
                     {12,16,20}
                     {12,35,37}
                     {13,84,85}
                     {14,48,50}
                     {15,20,25}
                     {15,36,39}
                     {16,30,34}
                     {16,63,65}
                     {18,24,30}
                     {18,80,82}
                     {20,21,29}
                     {20,48,52}
                     {21,28,35}
                     {21,72,75}
                     {24,32,40}
                     {24,45,51}
                     {24,70,74}
                     {25,60,65}
                     {27,36,45}
                     {28,45,53}
                     {28,96,100}
                     {30,40,50}
                     {30,72,78}
                     {32,60,68}
                     {33,44,55}
                     {33,56,65}
                     {35,84,91}
                     {36,48,60}
                     {36,77,85}
                     {39,52,65}
                     {39,80,89}
                     {40,42,58}
                     {40,75,85}
                     {42,56,70}
                     {45,60,75}
                     {48,55,73}
                     {48,64,80}
                     {51,68,85}
                     {54,72,90}
                     {57,76,95}
                     {60,63,87}
                     {60,80,100}
                     {65,72,97}
52  members listed.

horizontal list

/*REXX program shows a horizontal list of Pythagorean triples up to a specified number. */
parse arg n .                                    /*obtain optional argument from the CL.*/
if n=='' | n==","  then n= 100                   /*Not specified?  Then use the default.*/
            do k=1  for n;   @.k= k*k            /*precompute the squares of usable #'s.*/
            end   /*k*/
sw= linesize() - 1                               /*obtain the terminal width (less one).*/
say  'Pythagorean triples  (a² + b² = c²,   c ≤'  n"):"     /*display the list's title. */
$=                                               /*assign a  null  to the triples list. */
            do     a=1  for n-2;      bump= a//2 /*Note:   A*A   is faster than   A**2. */
              do b=a+1  to  n-1  by 1+bump
              ab= @.a + @.b                      /*AB: a shortcut for the sum of A² & B²*/
              if bump==0 & b//2==0  then cump= 2
                                    else cump= 1
                do c=b+cump  to n by  cump
                if ab<@.c   then leave           /*Too small?   Then try the next  B.   */
                if ab==@.c  then do;  $=$  '{'a","   ||   b','c"}";  leave;  end
                end   /*c*/
              end     /*b*/
            end       /*a*/
#= words($);                     say
            do j=1  until p==0;             p= lastPos('}', $, sw)    /*find the last } */
            if p\==0  then do;   _= left($, p)
                                 say strip(_)
                                 $= substr($, p+1)
                           end
            end   /*j*/
say strip($);                    say
say #  ' members listed.'                        /*stick a fork in it,  we're all done. */
output   when using the following input:   35
Pythagorean triples  (a² + b² = c²,   c ≤ 35):

{3,4,5} {5,12,13} {6,8,10} {7,24,25} {8,15,17} {9,12,15} {10,24,26} {12,16,20} {15,20,25} {16,30,34} {18,24,30} {20,21,29} {21,28,35}

13  members listed.

Ring

for  x = 1 to 20 
     for  y = x to 20 
          for  z = y to 20
               if pow(x,2) + pow(y,2) = pow(z,2)
                  see "[" + x + "," + y + "," + z + "]" + nl ok
          next 
     next
next

Ruby

Ruby has no special syntax for list comprehensions.

Enumerable#select comprises a list from one variable, like Perl grep() or Python filter(). Some lists need Array#map! to transform the variable.

  • (1..100).select { |x| x % 3 == 0 } is the list of all x from 1 to 100 such that x is a multiple of 3.
  • methods.select { |name| name.length <= 5 } is the list of all methods from self with names not longer than 5 characters.
  • Dir["/bin/*"].select { |p| File.setuid? p }.map! { |p| File.basename p } is the list of all files in /bin with a setuid bit.

Ruby's object-oriented style enforces writing 1..100 before x. Think not of x in 1..100. Think of 1..100 giving x.

Ruby 1.9.2

Works with: Ruby version 1.9.2
n = 20
 
# select Pythagorean triplets
r = ((1..n).flat_map { |x|
       (x..n).flat_map { |y|
         (y..n).flat_map { |z|
           [[x, y, z]].keep_if { x * x + y * y == z * z }}}})

p r # print the array _r_

Output: [[3, 4, 5], [5, 12, 13], [6, 8, 10], [8, 15, 17], [9, 12, 15], [12, 16, 20]]

Ruby 1.9.2 introduces two new methods: Enumerable#flat_map joins all the arrays from the block. Array#keep_if is an alternative to Enumerable#select that modifies the original array. (We avoid Array#select! because it might not return the array.)

  • The [[x, y, z]].keep_if { ... } returns either an array of one Pythagorean triplet, or an empty array.
  • The inner (y..n).flat_map { ... } concatenates those arrays for all z given some x, y.
  • The middle (x..n).flat_map { ... } concatenates the inner arrays for all y given some x.
  • The outer (1..n).flat_map { ... } concatenates the middle arrays for all x.


Illustrating a way to avoid all loops (but no list comprehensions) :

n = 20
p (1..n).to_a.combination(3).select{|a,b,c| a*a + b*b == c*c}

Run BASIC

for  x = 1 to 20 
 for  y = x to 20 
  for  z = y to 20
   if x^2 + y^2 = z^2 then  print "[";x;",";y;",";z;"]"
  next z
 next y
next x
Output:
[3,4,5]
[5,12,13]
[6,8,10]
[8,15,17]
[9,12,15]
[12,16,20]


Rust

Rust doesn't have comprehension-syntax, but it has powerful lazy-iteration mechanisms topped with a powerful macro system, as such you can implement comprehensions on top of the language fairly easily.

Iterator

First using the built-in iterator trait, we can simply flat-map and then filter-map:

fn pyth(n: u32) -> impl Iterator<Item = [u32; 3]> {
    (1..=n).flat_map(move |x| {
        (x..=n).flat_map(move |y| {
            (y..=n).filter_map(move |z| {
                if x.pow(2) + y.pow(2) == z.pow(2) {
                    Some([x, y, z])
                } else {
                    None
                }
            })
        })
    })
}
  • Using flat_map we can map and flatten an iterator.
  • Use filter_map we can return an Option where Some(value) is returned or None isn't. Technically we could also use flat_map instead, because Option implements IntoIterator.
  • Using the impl Trait syntax, we return the Iterator generically, because it's statically known.
  • Using the move syntax on the closure, means the closure will take ownership of the values (copying them) which is what we wan't because the captured variables will be returned multiple times.

Comprehension Macro

Using the above and macro_rules! we can implement comprehension with a reasonably sized macro:

macro_rules! comp {
    ($e:expr, for $x:pat in $xs:expr $(, if $c:expr)?) => {{
        $xs.filter_map(move |$x| if $($c &&)? true { Some($e) } else { None })
    }};
    ($e:expr, for $x:pat in $xs:expr $(, for $y:pat in $ys:expr)+ $(, if $c:expr)?) => {{
        $xs.flat_map(move |$x| comp!($e, $(for $y in $ys),+ $(, if $c)?))
    }};
}

The way to understand a Rust macro is it's a bit like regular expressions. The input matches a type of token, and expands it into the block, for example take the follow pattern:

($e:expr, for $x:pat in $xs:expr $(, if $c:expr)?)
  1. matches an expr expression, defines it to $e
  2. matches the tokens , for
  3. matches a pat pattern, defines it to $x
  4. matches the tokens in
  5. matches an expr expression, defines it to $xs
  6. matches $(..)? optional group
    1. patches tokens , if
    2. matches an expr expression, defines it to $c

This makes the two following blocks equivalent:

comp!(x, for x in 0..10, if x != 5)
(0..10).filter_map(move |x| {
    if x != 5 && true { 
        Some(x) 
    } else { 
        None 
    }
})

The most interesting part of comp! is that it's a recursive macro (it expands within itself), and that means it can handle any number of iterators as inputs.

Iterator Comprehension

The pythagorean function could as such be defined as the following:

fn pyth(n: u32) -> impl Iterator<Item = [u32; 3]> {
    comp!(
        [x, y, z],
        for x in 1..=n,
        for y in x..=n,
        for z in y..=n,
        if x.pow(2) + y.pow(2) == z.pow(2)
    )
}


Scala

def pythagoranTriangles(n: Int) = for {
  x <- 1 to 21
  y <- x to 21
  z <- y to 21
  if x * x + y * y == z * z
} yield (x, y, z)

which is a syntactic sugar for:

 def pythagoranTriangles(n: Int) = (1 to n) flatMap (x => 
  (x to n) flatMap (y => 
    (y to n) filter (z => x * x + y * y == z * z) map (z => 
      (x, y, z))))

Alas, the type of collection returned depends on the type of the collection being comprehended. In the example above, we are comprehending a Range. Since a Range of triangles doesn't make sense, it returns the closest (supertype) collection for which it does, an IndexedSeq.

To get a List out of it, just pass a List to it:

def pythagoranTriangles(n: Int) = for {
  x <- List.range(1, n + 1)
  y <- x to 21
  z <- y to 21
  if x * x + y * y == z * z
} yield (x, y, z)

Sample:

scala> pythagoranTriangles(21)
res36: List[(Int, Int, Int)] = List((3,4,5), (5,12,13), (6,8,10), (8,15,17), (9,12,15), (12,16,20))

Scheme

Scheme has no native list comprehensions, but SRFI-42 [1] provides them:

(list-ec (:range x 1 21)
         (:range y x 21)
         (:range z y 21)
         (if (= (* z z) (+ (* x x) (* y y))))
         (list x y z))
((3 4 5) (5 12 13) (6 8 10) (8 15 17) (9 12 15) (12 16 20))

Sidef

Translation of: Raku
var n = 20
say gather {
    for x in (1 .. n) {
        for y in (x .. n) {
           for z in (y .. n) {
             take([x,y,z]) if (x*x + y*y == z*z)
           }
        }
    }
}
Output:
[[3, 4, 5], [5, 12, 13], [6, 8, 10], [8, 15, 17], [9, 12, 15], [12, 16, 20]]

Smalltalk

Works with: Pharo version 1.3-13315
| test |

test := [ :a :b :c | a*a+(b*b)=(c*c) ].

(1 to: 20) 
    combinations: 3 atATimeDo: [ :x | 
        (test valueWithArguments: x) 
            ifTrue: [ ':-)' logCr: x ] ].

"output on Transcript:
#(3 4 5)
#(5 12 13)
#(6 8 10)
#(8 15 17)
#(9 12 15)
#(12 16 20)"

Stata

Stata does no have list comprehensions, but the Mata matrix language helps simplify this task.

function grid(n,p) {
	return(colshape(J(1,p,1::n),1),J(n,1,1::p))
}

n = 20
a = grid(n,n)
a = a,sqrt(a[.,1]:^2+a[.,2]:^2)
a[selectindex(floor(a[.,3]):==a[.,3] :& a[.,3]:<=n),]

Output

         1    2    3
     +----------------+
   1 |   3    4    5  |
   2 |   4    3    5  |
   3 |   5   12   13  |
   4 |   6    8   10  |
   5 |   8    6   10  |
   6 |   8   15   17  |
   7 |   9   12   15  |
   8 |  12    5   13  |
   9 |  12    9   15  |
  10 |  12   16   20  |
  11 |  15    8   17  |
  12 |  16   12   20  |
     +----------------+

SuperCollider

var pyth = { |n|
  all {: [x,y,z],
    x <- (1..n),
    y <- (x..n),
    z <- (y..n),
    (x**2) + (y**2) == (z**2)
    }
};

pyth.(20) // example call

returns

[ [ 3, 4, 5 ], [ 5, 12, 13 ], [ 6, 8, 10 ], [ 8, 15, 17 ], [ 9, 12, 15 ], [ 12, 16, 20 ] ]

Swift

This example is incorrect. Please fix the code and remove this message.
Details: They should be distinct from (nested) for loops and the use of map and filter functions within the syntax of the language.
typealias F1 = (Int) -> [(Int, Int, Int)]
typealias F2 = (Int) -> Bool

func pythagoreanTriples(n: Int) -> [(Int, Int, Int)] {
  (1...n).flatMap({x in
    (x...n).flatMap({y in
      (y...n).filter({z in
        x * x + y * y == z * z
      } as F2).map({ (x, y, $0) })
    } as F1)
  } as F1)
}

print(pythagoreanTriples(n: 20))
Output:
[(3, 4, 5), (5, 12, 13), (6, 8, 10), (8, 15, 17), (9, 12, 15), (12, 16, 20)]

Tcl

Tcl does not have list comprehensions built-in to the language, but they can be constructed.

package require Tcl 8.5

# from http://wiki.tcl.tk/12574 
proc lcomp {expression args} {
    # Check the number of arguments.
    if {[llength $args] < 2} {
        error "wrong # args: should be \"lcomp expression var1 list1\
            ?... varN listN? ?condition?\""
    }

    # Extract condition from $args, or use default.
    if {[llength $args] % 2 == 1} {
        set condition [lindex $args end]
        set args [lrange $args 0 end-1]
    } else {
        set condition 1
    }

    # Collect all var/list pairs and store in reverse order.
    set varlst [list]
    foreach {var lst} $args {
        set varlst [concat [list $var] [list $lst] $varlst]
    }

    # Actual command to be executed, repeatedly.
    set script {lappend result [subst $expression]}

    # If necessary, make $script conditional.
    if {$condition ne "1"} {
        set script [list if $condition $script]
    }

    # Apply layers of foreach constructs around $script.
    foreach {var lst} $varlst {
        set script [list foreach $var $lst $script]
    }

    # Do it!
    set result [list]
    {*}$script ;# Change to "eval $script" if using Tcl 8.4 or older.
    return $result
}

set range {1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20}
puts [lcomp {$x $y $z} x $range y $range z $range {$x < $y && $x**2 + $y**2 == $z**2}]
{3 4 5} {5 12 13} {6 8 10} {8 15 17} {9 12 15} {12 16 20}

TI-89 BASIC

TI-89 BASIC does not have a true list comprehension, but it has the seq() operator which can be used for some similar purposes.

{1, 2, 3, 4} → a
seq(a[i]^2, i, 1, dim(a))

produces {1, 4, 9, 16}. When the input is simply a numeric range, an input list is not needed; this produces the same result:

seq(x^2, x, 1, 4)

Transd

The language's construct for list comprehension closely follows the established set-builder notation:

FOR x IN <SET>
WHERE predicate(x)
PROJECT f(x)

The special form of 'for' construct performs list comprehension and returns a collection with selected elements.

In basic form, the returned vector is created and filled automatically:

(with v (for x in Range(10) 
        project (* x x))
   (textout v))
Output:
[0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81]

Basic form with 'WHERE' clause:

(with v (for x in Range(10) 
        where (mod x 2)
        project Vector<ULong>([x,(* x x)]))
   (textout v))
Output:
[[1, 1], [3, 9], [5, 25], [7, 49], [9, 81]]

In cases when more customized behaviour is required, there is an option to define and fill the returned collection directly:

(with v (for x in Range(1 n) project<Vector<ULong>>
        (for y in Range(x n) do 
        (for z in Range(y n) 
            where (== (* z z) (+ (* y y) (* x x)))
            do (append @projRes Vector<ULong>([x,y,z])))))
    (textout "Pythagorean triples:\n" v))
}
Output:
Pythagorean triples:
[[3, 4, 5], [5, 12, 13], [6, 8, 10], [9, 12, 15]]

Visual Basic .NET

Translation of: C#
Module ListComp
    Sub Main()
        Dim ts = From a In Enumerable.Range(1, 20) _
                 From b In Enumerable.Range(a, 21 - a) _
                 From c In Enumerable.Range(b, 21 - b) _
                 Where a * a + b * b = c * c _
                 Select New With { a, b, c }
        
        For Each t In ts
            System.Console.WriteLine("{0}, {1}, {2}", t.a, t.b, t.c)
        Next
    End Sub
End Module

Output:

3, 4, 5
5, 12, 13
6, 8, 10
8, 15, 17
9, 12, 15
12, 16, 20

Visual Prolog

VP7 has explicit list comprehension syntax.

implement main
    open core, std

domains
    pythtrip = pt(integer, integer, integer).

class predicates
    pythTrips : (integer) -> pythtrip nondeterm (i).

clauses
    pythTrips(Limit) = pt(X,Y,Z) :-
        X = fromTo(1,Limit),
        Y = fromTo(X,Limit),
        Z = fromTo(Y,Limit),
        Z^2 = X^2 + Y^2.

    run():-
        console::init(),
        Triples = [ X || X = pythTrips(20) ],
        console::write(Triples),
        Junk = console::readLine(),
        succeed(). 
end implement main

goal
    mainExe::run(main::run).

Wrapl

ALL WITH x <- 1:to(n), y <- x:to(n), z <- y:to(n) DO (x^2 + y^2 = z^2) & [x, y, z];

Wren

Using a generator.

var pythTriples = Fiber.new { |n|
    (1..n-2).each { |x|
        (x+1..n-1).each { |y|
            (y+1..n).each { |z| (x*x + y*y == z*z) && Fiber.yield([x, y, z]) }
        }
    }
}

var n = 20
while (!pythTriples.isDone) {
    var res = pythTriples.call(n)
    res && System.print(res)
}
Output:
[3, 4, 5]
[5, 12, 13]
[6, 8, 10]
[8, 15, 17]
[9, 12, 15]
[12, 16, 20]

zkl

var n=20;
[[(x,y,z); [1..n]; {[x..n]}; {[y..n]},{ x*x + y*y == z*z }; _]]
//-->L(L(3,4,5),L(5,12,13),L(6,8,10),L(8,15,17),L(9,12,15),L(12,16,20))

Lazy:

var n=20;
lp:=[& (x,y,z);  // three variables, [& means lazy/iterator
    [1..n];      // x: a range
    {[x..n]};    // y: another range, fcn(x) is implicit (via "{")
    {[y..n]},    // z with a filter/guard, expands to fcn(x,y){[y..n]}
       { x*x + y*y == z*z }; // the filter, fcn(x,y,z)
    { T(x,y,z) } // the result, could also be written as fcn(x,y,z){ T(x,y,z) }
                // or just T (read only list) as T(x,y,z) creates a new list
               // with values x,y,z, or just _ (which means return arglist)
]];
lp.walk(2) //-->L(L(3,4,5),L(5,12,13))