Triangular numbers

A triangular number is a count of objects arranged into an equilateral triangle. Much like how a square number is a count of objects arranged into a square.

The nth triangular number is the sum of the first n non-negative integers.

Triangular numbers may be calculated by the following explicit formulas:

$T_{n}=\sum _{k=1}^{n}k=1+2+3+\dotsb +n={\frac {n(n+1)}{2}}={n+1 \choose 2}$

where $\textstyle {n+1 \choose 2}$ is the binomial coefficient "n plus one choose two".

Analogous to square roots, we may also calculate a triangular root. Numbers that have an integer triangular root are triangular numbers.

The real triangular root of a number may be found using: $n={\frac {{\sqrt {8x+1}}-1}{2}}$

Similar to how cubic numbers are square numbers extended into a third dimension, triangular numbers extended into a third dimension are known as tetrahedral numbers.

The nth tetrahedral number is the sum of the first n triangular numbers.

Or, may be calculated directly: $Te_{n}=\sum _{k=1}^{n}T_{k}={\frac {n(n+1)(n+2)}{6}}={\frac {n^{\overline {3}}}{3!}}={\binom {n+2}{3}}$ (Binomial "n plus two choose three".)

One may find the real tetrahedral root using the formula: $n={\sqrt[{3}]{3x+{\sqrt {9{x^{2}}-{\frac {1}{27}}}}}}+{\sqrt[{3}]{3x-{\sqrt {9{x^{2}}-{\frac {1}{27}}}}}}-1$
Depending on the math precision of your particular language, may need to be rounded to the nearest 1e-16 or so.

Extending into a fourth dimension we get pentatopic numbers.

Again, the nth pentatope is the sum of the first n tetrahedral numbers, or $P_{n}={\frac {n(n+1)(n+2)(n+3)}{24}}={\binom {n+3}{4}}$ (Binomial "n plus three choose four".)

Pentatopic real roots may be found using: $n={\frac {{\sqrt {5+4{\sqrt {24x+1}}}}-3}{2}}.$

In general, these all belong to the class figurate numbers as they are based on r dimensional figures. Sometimes they are referred to as r-simplex numbers. In geometry a simplex is the simplest r-dimensional object possible.

You may easily extend to an arbitrary dimension r using binomials. Each term n in dimension r is $r_{n}={\binom {n+r-1}{r}}$

There is no known general formula to find roots of higher r-simplex numbers.

Task

Find and display the first 30 triangular numbers (r = 2).
Find and display the first 30 tetrahedral numbers (r = 3).
Find and display the first 30 pentatopic numbers (r = 4).
Find and display the first 30 12-simplex numbers (r = 12).
Find and display the triangular root, the tetrahedral root, and the pentatopic root for the integers:
- 21408696
- 26728085384
- 14545501785001

See also

Wikipedia: Triangular numbers Wikipedia: Tetrahedral numbers Wikipedia: Pentatopic_numbers Wikipedia: Figurate numbers Wikipedia: Simplex(geometry) OEIS:A000217 - Triangular numbers: a(n) = binomial(n+1,2) OEIS:A000292 - Tetrahedral numbers: a(n) = binomial(n+2,3) OEIS:A000332 - Pentatope numbers: a(n) = binomial(n+3,4) Related task: Evaluate binomial coefficients Related task: Pascal's triangle

Raku

use Math::Root;

my \ε = FatRat.new: 1, 10**24;

sub binomial { [×] ($^n … 0) Z/ 1 .. $^p }

sub polytopic (Int $r, @range) { @range.map: { binomial $_ + $r - 1, $r } }

sub triangular-root ($x) { (((8 × $x + 1).&root - 1) / 2).round: ε }

sub tetrahedral-root ($x) {
    ((3 × $x + (9 × $x² - 1/27).&root).&root(3) +
     (3 × $x - (9 × $x² - 1/27).&root).&root(3) - 1).round: ε
}

sub pentatopic-root ($x) { (((5 + 4 × (24 × $x + 1).&root).&root - 3) / 2).round: ε }

sub display (@values) {
    my $c = @values.max.chars;
    @values.batch(6)».fmt("%{$c}d").join: "\n";
}

for 2, 'triangular', 3, 'tetrahedral',
    4, 'pentatopic', 12, '12-simplex'
  -> $r, $name {
    say "\nFirst 30 $name numbers:\n" ~
    display polytopic( $r, ^Inf )[^30]
}

say '';

for 21408696, 26728085384, 14545501785001 {
  say qq:to/R/;
  Roots of $_:
    triangular-root: {.&triangular-root}
   tetrahedral-root: {.&tetrahedral-root}
    pentatopic-root: {.&pentatopic-root}
  R
}

Output:

First 30 triangular numbers:
  0   1   3   6  10  15
 21  28  36  45  55  66
 78  91 105 120 136 153
171 190 210 231 253 276
300 325 351 378 406 435

First 30 tetrahedral numbers:
   0    1    4   10   20   35
  56   84  120  165  220  286
 364  455  560  680  816  969
1140 1330 1540 1771 2024 2300
2600 2925 3276 3654 4060 4495

First 30 pentatopic numbers:
    0     1     5    15    35    70
  126   210   330   495   715  1001
 1365  1820  2380  3060  3876  4845
 5985  7315  8855 10626 12650 14950
17550 20475 23751 27405 31465 35960

First 30 12-simplex numbers:
         0          1         13         91        455       1820
      6188      18564      50388     125970     293930     646646
   1352078    2704156    5200300    9657700   17383860   30421755
  51895935   86493225  141120525  225792840  354817320  548354040
 834451800 1251677700 1852482996 2707475148 3910797436 5586853480

Roots of 21408696:
  triangular-root: 6543
 tetrahedral-root: 503.56182697463651404819613
  pentatopic-root: 149.060947375265867484387575

Roots of 26728085384:
  triangular-root: 231205.405565255836957291031961
 tetrahedral-root: 5432
  pentatopic-root: 893.442456751684869888466212

Roots of 14545501785001:
  triangular-root: 5393607.158145172316497304724655
 tetrahedral-root: 44355.777384073256052620916903
  pentatopic-root: 4321