Draw a sphere: Difference between revisions
m Updated D entry |
m →{{header|REXX}}: removed superflous blanks. -- ~~~~ |
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<br>The REXX language doesn't have a SQRT function, so I included a version. |
<br>The REXX language doesn't have a SQRT function, so I included a version. |
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<br>Same with CEILing and FLOOR. |
<br>Same with CEILing and FLOOR. |
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⚫ | |||
<lang rexx> |
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⚫ | |||
call drawSphere 19, 4, 2/10 |
call drawSphere 19, 4, 2/10 |
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call drawSphere 10, 2, 4/10 |
call drawSphere 10, 2, 4/10 |
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exit |
exit |
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/*─────────────────────────────────────drawSphere subroutine────────────*/ |
/*─────────────────────────────────────drawSphere subroutine────────────*/ |
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drawSphere: procedure; parse arg r,k,ambient |
drawSphere: procedure; parse arg r,k,ambient |
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end /*i*/ |
end /*i*/ |
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return |
return |
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/*─────────────────────────────────────"1─liner" subroutines────────────*/ |
/*─────────────────────────────────────"1─liner" subroutines────────────*/ |
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sqrt: procedure expose $.; parse arg x; if x=0 then return 0; d=digits() |
sqrt: procedure expose $.; parse arg x; if x=0 then return 0; d=digits() |
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parse value format(x,2,1,,0) 'E0' with g 'E' _ .;return g*.5'E'_%2 |
parse value format(x,2,1,,0) 'E0' with g 'E' _ .;return g*.5'E'_%2 |
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ceil: procedure; parse arg x; _=trunc(x); return _+(x>0)*(x\=_) |
ceil: procedure; parse arg x; _=trunc(x); return _+(x>0)*(x\=_) |
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floor: procedure; parse arg x; _=trunc(x); return _-(x<0)*(x\=_) |
floor: procedure; parse arg x; _=trunc(x); return _-(x<0)*(x\=_)</lang> |
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</lang> |
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Output: |
Output: |
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<pre style="height:105ex;overflow:scroll"> |
<pre style="height:105ex;overflow:scroll"> |
Revision as of 01:03, 20 June 2012
You are encouraged to solve this task according to the task description, using any language you may know.
The task is to draw a sphere. The sphere can be represented graphically, or in ascii art, depending on the language capabilities. Either static or rotational projection is acceptable for this task.
Ada
Translation from the C code at http://cairographics.org/samples/gradient Uses the Cairo component of GtkAda to create and save as png
<lang Ada>with Glib; use Glib; with Cairo; use Cairo; with Cairo.Png; use Cairo.Png; with Cairo.Pattern; use Cairo.Pattern; with Cairo.Image_Surface; use Cairo.Image_Surface; with Ada.Numerics;
procedure Sphere is
subtype Dub is Glib.Gdouble;
Surface : Cairo_Surface; Cr : Cairo_Context; Pat : Cairo_Pattern; Status_Out : Cairo_Status; M_Pi : constant Dub := Dub (Ada.Numerics.Pi);
begin
Surface := Create (Cairo_Format_ARGB32, 512, 512); Cr := Create (Surface); Pat := Cairo.Pattern.Create_Radial (230.4, 204.8, 51.1, 204.8, 204.8, 256.0); Cairo.Pattern.Add_Color_Stop_Rgba (Pat, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0); Cairo.Pattern.Add_Color_Stop_Rgba (Pat, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0); Cairo.Set_Source (Cr, Pat); Cairo.Arc (Cr, 256.0, 256.0, 153.6, 0.0, 2.0 * M_Pi); Cairo.Fill (Cr); Cairo.Pattern.Destroy (Pat); Status_Out := Write_To_Png (Surface, "SphereAda.png"); pragma Assert (Status_Out = Cairo_Status_Success);
end Sphere;</lang>
BASIC
QBasic
<lang QBASIC>SCREEN 13 ' enter high-color graphic mode
' sets palette colors B/N FOR i = 0 TO 255
PALETTE 255 - i, INT(i / 4) + INT(i / 4) * 256 + INT(i / 4) * 65536
NEXT i PALETTE 0, 0
' draw the sphere FOR i = 255 TO 0 STEP -1
x = 50 + i / 3 y = 99 CIRCLE (x, y), i / 3, i PAINT (x, y), i
NEXT i
' wait until keypress DO: LOOP WHILE INKEY$ = "" END</lang>
DarkBASIC
Some simple 3D objects are built into DarkBASIC. Creating a sphere only takes 1 line:
<lang darkbasic>MAKE OBJECT SPHERE 1,1</lang>
BBC BASIC
Using Direct3D. <lang bbcbasic> MODE 8
INSTALL @lib$+"D3DLIB" D3DTS_VIEW = 2 D3DTS_PROJECTION = 3 D3DRS_SPECULARENABLE = 29 SYS "LoadLibrary", @lib$+"D3DX8BBC.DLL" TO d3dx% IF d3dx%=0 ERROR 100, "Couldn't load D3DX8BBC.DLL" SYS "GetProcAddress", d3dx%, "D3DXCreateSphere" TO `D3DXCreateSphere` SYS "GetProcAddress", d3dx%, "D3DXMatrixLookAtLH" TO `D3DXMatrixLookAtLH` SYS "GetProcAddress", d3dx%, "D3DXMatrixPerspectiveFovLH" TO `D3DXMatrixPerspectiveFovLH` DIM eyepos%(2), lookat%(2), up%(2), mat%(3,3) DIM D3Dlight8{Type%, Diffuse{r%,g%,b%,a%}, Specular{r%,g%,b%,a%}, \ \ Ambient{r%,g%,b%,a%}, Position{x%,y%,z%}, Direction{x%,y%,z%}, \ \ Range%, Falloff%, Attenuation0%, Attenuation1%, Attenuation2%, \ \ Theta%, Phi%} DIM D3Dmaterial8{Diffuse{r%,g%,b%,a%}, Ambient{r%,g%,b%,a%}, \ \ Specular{r%,g%,b%,a%}, Emissive{r%,g%,b%,a%}, Power%} DIM D3Dbasemesh8{QueryInterface%, Addref%, Release%, \ \ DrawSubset%, GetNumFaces%, GetNumVertices%, GetFVF%, \ \ GetDeclaration%, GetOptions%, GetDevice%, \ \ CloneMeshFVF%, CloneMesh%, GetVertexBuffer%, GetIndexBuffer%, \ \ LockVertexBuffer%, UnlockVertexBuffer%, LockIndexBuffer%, \ \ UnlockIndexBuffer%, GetAttributeTable%} DIM D3Ddevice8{QueryInterface%, AddRef%, Release%, TestCooperativeLevel%, \ \ GetAvailableTextureMem%, ResourceManagerDiscardBytes%, GetDirect3D%, \ \ GetDeviceCaps%, GetDisplayMode%, GetCreationParameters%, SetCursorProperties%, \ \ SetCursorPosition%, ShowCursor%, CreateAdditionalSwapChain%, Reset%, \ \ Present%, GetBackBuffer%, GetRasterStatus%, SetGammaRamp%, GetGammaRamp%, \ \ CreateTexture%, CreateVolumeTexture%, CreateCubeTexture%, CreateVertexBuffer%, \ \ CreateIndexBuffer%, CreateRenderTarget%, CreateDepthStencilSurface%, \ \ CreateImageSurface%, CopyRects%, UpdateTexture%, GetFrontBuffer%, \ \ SetRenderTarget%, GetRenderTarget%, GetDepthStencilSurface%, BeginScene%, \ \ EndScene%, Clear%, SetTransform%, GetTransform%, MultiplyTransform%, \ \ SetViewport%, GetViewport%, SetMaterial%, GetMaterial%, SetLight%, GetLight%, \ \ LightEnable%, GetLightEnable%, SetClipPlane%, GetClipPlane%, SetRenderState%, \ \ GetRenderState%, BeginStateBlock%, EndStateBlock%, ApplyStateBlock%, \ \ CaptureStateBlock%, DeleteStateBlock%, CreateStateBlock%, SetClipStatus%, \ \ GetClipStatus%, GetTexture%, SetTexture%, GetTextureStageState%, \ \ SetTextureStageState%, ValidateDevice%, GetInfo%, SetPaletteEntries%, \ \ GetPaletteEntries%, SetCurrentTexturePalette%, GetCurrentTexturePalette%, \ \ DrawPrimitive%, DrawIndexedPrimitive%, DrawPrimitiveUP%, \ \ DrawIndexedPrimitiveUP%, ProcessVertices%, CreateVertexShader%, \ \ SetVertexShader%, GetVertexShader%, DeleteVertexShader%, \ \ SetVertexShaderConstant%, GetVertexShaderConstant%, GetVertexShaderDeclaration%, \ \ GetVertexShaderFunction%, SetStreamSource%, GetStreamSource%, SetIndices%, \ \ GetIndices%, CreatePixelShader%, SetPixelShader%, GetPixelShader%, \ \ DeletePixelShader%, SetPixelShaderConstant%, GetPixelShaderConstant%, \ \ GetPixelShaderFunction%, DrawRectPatch%, DrawTriPatch%, DeletePatch%} pDevice%=FN_initd3d(@hwnd%, 1, 1) IF pDevice%=0 ERROR 100, "Couldn't create Direct3D8 device" !(^D3Ddevice8{}+4) = !pDevice% SYS `D3DXCreateSphere`, pDevice%, FN_f4(1), 50, 50, ^meshSphere%, 0 IF meshSphere% = 0 ERROR 100, "D3DXCreateSphere failed" !(^D3Dbasemesh8{}+4) = !meshSphere% REM. Point-source light: D3Dlight8.Type%=1 : REM. point source D3Dlight8.Diffuse.r% = FN_f4(1) D3Dlight8.Diffuse.g% = FN_f4(1) D3Dlight8.Diffuse.b% = FN_f4(1) D3Dlight8.Specular.r% = FN_f4(1) D3Dlight8.Specular.g% = FN_f4(1) D3Dlight8.Specular.b% = FN_f4(1) D3Dlight8.Position.x% = FN_f4(2) D3Dlight8.Position.y% = FN_f4(1) D3Dlight8.Position.z% = FN_f4(4) D3Dlight8.Range% = FN_f4(10) D3Dlight8.Attenuation0% = FN_f4(1) REM. Material: D3Dmaterial8.Diffuse.r% = FN_f4(0.2) D3Dmaterial8.Diffuse.g% = FN_f4(0.6) D3Dmaterial8.Diffuse.b% = FN_f4(1.0) D3Dmaterial8.Specular.r% = FN_f4(0.4) D3Dmaterial8.Specular.g% = FN_f4(0.4) D3Dmaterial8.Specular.b% = FN_f4(0.4) D3Dmaterial8.Power% = FN_f4(100) fovy = RAD(30) aspect = 5/4 znear = 1 zfar = 1000 bkgnd% = &7F7F7F eyepos%() = 0, 0, FN_f4(6) lookat%() = 0, 0, 0 up%() = 0, FN_f4(1), 0 SYS D3Ddevice8.Clear%, pDevice%, 0, 0, 3, bkgnd%, FN_f4(1), 0 SYS D3Ddevice8.BeginScene%, pDevice% SYS D3Ddevice8.SetLight%, pDevice%, 0, D3Dlight8{} SYS D3Ddevice8.LightEnable%, pDevice%, 0, 1 SYS D3Ddevice8.SetMaterial%, pDevice%, D3Dmaterial8{} SYS D3Ddevice8.SetRenderState%, pDevice%, D3DRS_SPECULARENABLE, 1 SYS `D3DXMatrixLookAtLH`, ^mat%(0,0), ^eyepos%(0), ^lookat%(0), ^up%(0) SYS D3Ddevice8.SetTransform%, pDevice%, D3DTS_VIEW, ^mat%(0,0) SYS `D3DXMatrixPerspectiveFovLH`, ^mat%(0,0), FN_f4(fovy), \ \ FN_f4(aspect), FN_f4(znear), FN_f4(zfar) SYS D3Ddevice8.SetTransform%, pDevice%, D3DTS_PROJECTION, ^mat%(0,0) SYS D3Dbasemesh8.DrawSubset%, meshSphere%, 0 SYS D3Ddevice8.EndScene%, pDevice% SYS D3Ddevice8.Present%, pDevice%, 0, 0, 0, 0 SYS D3Ddevice8.Release%, pDevice% SYS D3Dbasemesh8.Release%, meshSphere% SYS "FreeLibrary", d3dx% END
Brlcad
<lang brlcad>opendb balls.g y # Create a database to hold our shapes units cm # Set the unit of measure in ball.s sph 0 0 0 3 # Create a sphere of radius 3 cm named ball.s with its centre at 0,0,0 </lang>
C
The lighting calculation is somewhere between crude and bogus, but hey, I'm shading it with ASCII characters, don't expect too much. <lang C>#include <stdio.h>
- include <stdlib.h>
- include <string.h>
- include <ctype.h>
- include <math.h>
char shades[] = ".:!*oe&#%@";
double light[3] = { 30, 30, -50 }; void normalize(double * v) {
double len = sqrt(v[0]*v[0] + v[1]*v[1] + v[2]*v[2]); v[0] /= len; v[1] /= len; v[2] /= len;
}
double dot(double *x, double *y) {
double d = x[0]*y[0] + x[1]*y[1] + x[2]*y[2]; return d < 0 ? -d : 0;
}
void draw_sphere(double R, double k, double ambient) {
int i, j, intensity; double b; double vec[3], x, y; for (i = floor(-R); i <= ceil(R); i++) { x = i + .5; for (j = floor(-2 * R); j <= ceil(2 * R); j++) { y = j / 2. + .5; if (x * x + y * y <= R * R) { vec[0] = x; vec[1] = y; vec[2] = sqrt(R * R - x * x - y * y); normalize(vec); b = pow(dot(light, vec), k) + ambient; intensity = (1 - b) * (sizeof(shades) - 1); if (intensity < 0) intensity = 0; if (intensity >= sizeof(shades) - 1) intensity = sizeof(shades) - 2; putchar(shades[intensity]); } else putchar(' '); } putchar('\n'); }
}
int main()
{
normalize(light); draw_sphere(20, 4, .1); draw_sphere(10, 2, .4);
return 0;
}</lang>Output:<lang> #############%%%%
##&&eeeeeeeeee&&&&&&&####%%%%%%%% &&eeooooooooooooooeeeee&&&&######%%%%%%%% eeoo**************oooooooeeee&&&&####%%%%%%%% &&oo**!!!!!!::!!!!!!!!****oooooee&&&&######%%%%%%%%%% eeoo!!!!::::::::::::::!!!!*****ooeeee&&&&####%%%%%%%%%%%% ee**!!::::............::::!!!!***ooooeeee&&######%%%%%%%%%%%% &&oo!!::..................::!!!!*****ooeeee&&&&####%%%%%%%%%%%%%% oo!!::....................::::!!*****ooeeee&&&&####%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ee**!!::....................::::!!*****ooeeee&&&&####%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% &&oo!!::......................::::!!*****ooeeee&&&&######%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ee**!!::......................::::!!*****ooeeee&&&&######%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ##oo**!!::......................::!!!!*****ooeeee&&&&####%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% &&oo**::::....................::::!!!!***ooooeeee&&&&####%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% eeoo**!!::..................::::!!!!*****ooooee&&&&######%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% eeoo**!!::................::::!!!!****oooooeeee&&&&######%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
- eeoo**!!::::............::::!!!!!!****oooeeee&&&&&&######%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
- eeoo**!!!!::::::::::::::::!!!!!!****oooooeeee&&&&######%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
- eeoooo**!!!!!!::::::::!!!!!!******ooooeeeee&&&&&&######%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
- &&eeoo****!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!******ooooeeeee&&&&&&######%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
- &&eeoooo********************ooooooeeee&&&&&&&######%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
- &&&&eeoooooo************ooooooeeeeee&&&&&&&########%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%##&&eeeeeeooooooooooooooooooeeeeee&&&&&&&########%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %####&&&&eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee&&&&&&&&#########%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%##&&&&&&eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee&&&&&&&&&&#########%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%######&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&###########%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%########&&&&&&&&&&&&&&############%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%##############################%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%######################%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%####%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ::..:::::!!** .............::!!**oo ...................::!!**ooee .......................::!!ooeeee .......................::!!**ooee .........................::!!**ooeeee .........................::!!**ooeeee
- .........................::!!**ooeeeeee
........................::!!**ooooeeeeee
- .......................::!!**ooeeeeeeee
- .....................::!!****ooeeeeeeee
!::................:::!!****ooeeeeeeeeee
- !!::..........::::!!!****ooooeeeeeeeeee
**!!::::::::::!!!!*****ooooeeeeeeeeee oo**!!!!!!!!!!*******ooooeeeeeeeeeeee oooo********oooooooeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeooooooooooeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeee </lang>
Fun with 3D noise texture
- include <stdlib.h>
- include <math.h>
- define MAXD 8
int g[] = { -1, 0, 1 }; /* Perlin-like noise */ inline void hashed(int *data, int *out, int len) {
- define ror(a, d) ((a << (d)) | (a >> (32 - d)))
register unsigned int h = 0x12345678, tmp; unsigned int *d = (void*)data; int i = len;
while (i--) { tmp = *d++; h += ror(h, 15) ^ ror(tmp, 5); }
h ^= ror(h, 7); h += ror(h, 23); h ^= ror(h, 19); h += ror(h, 11); h ^= ror(h, 13); h += ror(h, 17);
- undef ror
for (i = len; i--; ) { out[i] = g[h % 3]; h /= 3; } }
double scale[MAXD], scale_u[MAXD]; void noise_init() { int i; for (i = 1; i < MAXD; i++) { scale[i] = 1 / (1 + sqrt(i + 1)); scale_u[i] = scale[i] / sqrt(i + 1); } }
double noise(double *x, int d) {
- define sum(s, x) for (s = 0, j = 0; j < d; j++) s += x
register int i, j; int n[MAXD], o[MAXD], g[MAXD], tmp; double s, r, t, ret, u[MAXD];
sum(s, x[j]); s *= scale[d];
for (i = 0; i < d; i++) { o[i] = i; t = x[i] + s; u[i] = t - (n[i] = floor(t)); } o[d] = 0;
for (i = 0; i < d - 1; i++) for (j = i; j < d; j++) if (u[o[i]] < u[o[j]]) tmp = o[i], o[i] = o[j], o[j] = tmp;
sum(r, n[j]); r *= (s = scale_u[d]); for (j = 0; j < d; j++) u[j] = x[j] + r - n[j];
for (ret = 0, i = 0; i <= d; i++) {
for (t = (d + 1.) / (2 * d), j = 0; j < d; j++)
if ((t -= u[j] * u[j]) <= 0) break;
if (t >= 0) { r = 0; hashed(n, g, d); for (j = 0; j < d; j++) if (g[j] == 1) r += u[j]; else if (g[j] == -1) r -= u[j];
t *= t; ret += r * t * t; }
if (i < d) { n[o[i]]++, u[o[i]]--; for (j = 0; j < d; j++) u[j] += s; } } return ret * (d * d); }
double get_noise2(double x, double y) { int i; double ws, r = 0, v[2];
for (i = 1, ws = 0; i <= 64; i <<= 1) { v[0] = x * i, v[1] = y * i; r += noise(v, 2); ws ++; } r /= ws; return r; }
double get_noise3(double x, double y, double z) { int i; double r = 0, v[3], w, ws;
for (i = 1, ws = 0; i <= 8; i <<= 1) { v[0] = x * i, v[1] = y * i, v[2] = z * i; w = 1./sqrt(i); r += noise(v, 3) * w; ws += w; } return r / ws; }
int main(int c, char** v)
{
unsigned char pix[256 * 256], *p;
int i, j;
double x, y, z, w;
FILE *fp;
noise_init();
for (p = pix, i = 0; i < 256 * 256; i++) *p++ = 0;
for (p = pix, i = 0; i < 256; i++) { y = (i - 128) / 125.; for (j = 0; j < 256; j++, p++) { x = (j - 128) / 125.; //*p = (get_noise2(i/256., j/256.) + 1) / 6 * i; *p = (get_noise2(i/256., j/256.) + 1) * 100;
z = 1- x*x - y*y; if (z < 0) continue;
z = sqrt(z);
w = get_noise3(x, y, -z); if (w > 0) *p = 50;
w = get_noise3(x, y, z); if (w < 0) continue;
w = (1.5 + x - y + z) / 3.5; *p = w * 255; } }
fp = fopen("out.pgm", "w+"); fprintf(fp, "P5\n256 256\n255\n"); fwrite(pix, 1, 256 * 256, fp); fclose(fp);
return 0; }</lang>
D
<lang d>import std.stdio, std.math, std.algorithm, std.numeric;
alias double[3] V3; V3 light = [30, 30, -50];
void normalize(ref V3 v) pure {
v[] /= dotProduct(v, v) ^^ 0.5;
}
double dot(in ref V3 x, in ref V3 y) pure nothrow {
immutable double d = dotProduct(x, y); return d < 0 ? -d : 0;
}
void drawSphere(in double R, in double k, in double ambient) {
enum shades = ".:!*oe&#%@"; foreach (int i; cast(int)floor(-R) .. cast(int)ceil(R) + 1) { immutable double x = i + 0.5; foreach (int j; cast(int)floor(-2*R)..cast(int)ceil(2*R)+1){ immutable double y = j / 2. + 0.5; if (x ^^ 2 + y ^^ 2 <= R ^^ 2) { V3 vec = [x, y, (R^^2 - x^^2 - y^^2) ^^ 0.5]; vec.normalize(); immutable double b = dot(light, vec) ^^ k + ambient; int intensity = cast(int)((1-b) * (shades.length-1)); intensity = min(shades.length-1, max(intensity, 0)); putchar(shades[intensity]); } else putchar(' '); } putchar('\n'); }
}
void main() {
light.normalize(); drawSphere(20, 4, 0.1); drawSphere(10, 2, 0.4);
}</lang>
Delphi
Under Microsoft Windows: If you notice the big sphere loses its roundness, then try increasing the width of the Windows console. By default it’s 80; so put it to something bigger, let’s say 90.
Steps: Run the CMD Windows shell. Then follow this path to setup the new width: Main Menu-> Properties -> Layout -> Window Size -> Width.
<lang Delphi> program DrawASphere;
{$APPTYPE CONSOLE}
uses
SysUtils, Math;
type
TDouble3 = array[0..2] of Double; TChar10 = array[0..9] of Char;
var
shades: TChar10 = ('.', ':', '!', '*', 'o', 'e', '&', '#', '%', '@'); light: TDouble3 = (30, 30, -50 );
procedure normalize(var v: TDouble3); var len: Double; begin len:= sqrt(v[0]*v[0] + v[1]*v[1] + v[2]*v[2]); v[0] := v[0] / len; v[1] := v[1] / len; v[2] := v[2] / len; end;
function dot(x, y: TDouble3): Double; begin Result:= x[0]*y[0] + x[1]*y[1] + x[2]*y[2]; Result:= IfThen(Result < 0, -Result, 0 ); end;
procedure drawSphere(R, k, ambient: Double); var vec: TDouble3; x, y, b: Double; i, j, intensity: Integer; begin for i:= Floor(-R) to Ceil(R) do begin x := i + 0.5; for j:= Floor(-2*R) to Ceil(2 * R) do begin y:= j / 2 + 0.5; if(x * x + y * y <= R * R) then begin vec[0]:= x; vec[1]:= y; vec[2]:= sqrt(R * R - x * x - y * y); normalize(vec); b:= Power(dot(light, vec), k) + ambient; intensity:= IfThen(b <= 0, Length(shades) - 2, Trunc(max( (1 - b) * (Length(shades) - 1), 0 ))); Write(shades[intensity]); end else Write(' '); end; Writeln; end; end;
begin
normalize(light); drawSphere(19, 4, 0.1); drawSphere(10, 2, 0.4); Readln;
end. </lang>
Output:
&&&&&&&&&&####### &eeeeeooeeeeeeee&&&&&&####### eeooo*********oooooeeeee&&&&&#######% eo***!!!!!!!!!!!*****ooooeeee&&&&&#######%% eo**!!!::::::::::!!!!!****ooooeeee&&&&########%%% eo*!!::::........:::::!!!!****oooeeee&&&&########%%%% eo*!!::..............:::::!!!***ooooeeee&&&&#########%%%% eo*!!::..................:::!!!!***oooeeee&&&&&########%%%%%% eo*!::....................::::!!!***ooooeeee&&&&#########%%%%%% o**!::.....................::::!!!***ooooeeee&&&&#########%%%%%%% eo*!::......................::::!!!***ooooeeee&&&&##########%%%%%%% eo*!!::......................:::!!!!***ooooeee&&&&&##########%%%%%%%% eo**!!::.....................:::!!!!***ooooeeee&&&&&##########%%%%%%%%% &eo**!!::...................::::!!!!****oooeeeee&&&&&##########%%%%%%%%%% eeo**!!:::................:::::!!!!****ooooeeee&&&&&##########%%%%%%%%%%% &eoo**!!!::::............:::::!!!!****oooooeeee&&&&&###########%%%%%%%%%%%% &eeo***!!!::::::::::::::::::!!!!!****ooooeeeee&&&&&&##########%%%%%%%%%%%%% &eeoo***!!!!::::::::::::!!!!!!*****oooooeeeee&&&&&&###########%%%%%%%%%%%%% &&eeoo****!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!*****oooooeeeee&&&&&&############%%%%%%%%%%%%%% &&eeeooo*****!!!!!!!!!!*******ooooooeeeeee&&&&&&############%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% #&&eeeoooo*****************oooooooeeeeee&&&&&&&############%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% #&&&eeeeoooooooooooooooooooooooeeeeeee&&&&&&&#############%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ##&&&&eeeeeoooooooooooooooeeeeeeeee&&&&&&&&##############%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ###&&&&eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee&&&&&&&&&&##############%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ####&&&&&&&eeeeeeeeeeeeeee&&&&&&&&&&&################%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% #####&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&#################%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ########&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&####################%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ############################################%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %#######################################%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%##################################%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%###########################%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%#################%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ::...:::!!!*o ..............::!!*oo ..................::!!**ooe .....................::!!**ooee .......................::!!**ooee ........................::!!**oooee .........................::!!**oooeee :........................::!!!**oooeeee ........................::!!!**ooooeeee :......................::!!!***oooeeeee :....................:::!!!***oooeeeeee !:.................:::!!!****oooeeeeeee *!:::...........::::!!!!***ooooeeeeeeee *!!!:::::::::::!!!!!****oooooeeeeeeee o**!!!!!!!!!!!!!*****oooooeeeeeeeee oo**************ooooooeeeeeeeeeee eoooooooooooooooooeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeooooooooeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeee
DWScript
but adapted to spit out a PGM image
<lang delphi> type
TFloat3 = array[0..2] of Float;
var
light : TFloat3 = [ 30, 30, -50 ];
procedure normalize(var v : TFloat3); var
len: Float;
begin
len := sqrt(v[0]*v[0] + v[1]*v[1] + v[2]*v[2]); v[0] /= len; v[1] /= len; v[2] /= len;
end;
function dot(x, y : TFloat3) : Float; begin
Result := x[0]*y[0] + x[1]*y[1] + x[2]*y[2]; if Result<0 then Result:=-Result else Result:=0;
end;
procedure drawSphere(R, k, ambient : Float); var
vec : TFloat3; x, y, b : Float; i, j, size, intensity : Integer;
begin
size:=Trunc(Ceil(R)-Floor(-R)+1); PrintLn('P2'); PrintLn(IntToStr(size)+' '+IntToStr(size)); PrintLn('255'); for i := Floor(-R) to Ceil(R) do begin x := i + 0.5; for j := Floor(-R) to Ceil(R) do begin y := j + 0.5; if (x * x + y * y <= R * R) then begin vec[0] := x; vec[1] := y; vec[2] := sqrt(R * R - x * x - y * y); normalize(vec); b := Power(dot(light, vec), k) + ambient; intensity := ClampInt( Round(b*255), 0, 255); Print(intensity); Print(' ') end else Print('0 '); end; PrintLn(); end;
end;
normalize(light); drawSphere(19, 4, 0.1); </lang>
Go
Using image library rather than ASCII art. <lang go>package main
import (
"fmt" "image" "image/color" "image/png" "math" "os"
)
type vector [3]float64
func normalize(v *vector) {
invLen := 1 / math.Sqrt(dot(v, v)) v[0] *= invLen v[1] *= invLen v[2] *= invLen
}
func dot(x, y *vector) float64 {
return x[0]*y[0] + x[1]*y[1] + x[2]*y[2]
}
func drawSphere(r int, k, amb float64, dir *vector) *image.Gray {
w, h := r*4, r*3 img := image.NewGray(image.Rect(-w/2, -h/2, w/2, h/2)) vec := new(vector) for x := -r; x < r; x++ { for y := -r; y < r; y++ { if z := r*r - x*x - y*y; z >= 0 { vec[0] = float64(x) vec[1] = float64(y) vec[2] = math.Sqrt(float64(z)) normalize(vec) s := dot(dir, vec) if s < 0 { s = 0 } lum := 255 * (math.Pow(s, k) + amb) / (1 + amb) if lum < 0 { lum = 0 } else if lum > 255 { lum = 255 } img.SetGray(x, y, color.Gray{uint8(lum)}) } } } return img
}
func main() {
dir := &vector{-30, -30, 50} normalize(dir) img := drawSphere(200, 1.5, .2, dir) f, err := os.Create("sphere.png") if err != nil { fmt.Println(err) return } if err = png.Encode(f, img); err != nil { fmt.Println(err) } if err = f.Close(); err != nil { fmt.Println(err) }
}</lang>
Icon and Unicon
Unicon provides a built-in interface to openGL including some higher level abstractions (for more information see Unicon Technical References, 3D Graphics). The example below draws a blue sphere on a black background and waits for input to quit.
<lang Unicon>procedure main() W := open("Demo", "gl", "size=400,400", "bg=black") | stop("can't open window!") WAttrib(W, "slices=40", "rings=40", "light0=on, ambient white; diffuse gold; specular gold; position 5, 0, 0" ) Fg(W, "emission blue") DrawSphere(W, 0, 0, -5, 1) Event(W) end</lang>
J
The simplest way to draw a sphere is to run the sphere demo code from J's simple demos. (This assumes J version 6.)
Normally you would bring up this demo by using the menu system:
Studio > Demos... > opengl simple... [ok] > sphere [Run]
<lang j>load 'system/examples/graphics/opengl/simple/sphere.ijs'</lang>
Raytracing Solution
Here's a version using raytracing computed in J. luminosity is an array of luminosity values with theoretical maximum 1 and minimum 0, and viewmat is used to display this.
<lang j>'R k ambient' =. 10 2 0.4 light =. (% +/&.:*:) 30 30 _50 pts =. (0&*^:(0={:))@:(,,(0>.(*:R)-+)&.*:)"0/~ i:15j200 luminosity =. (>:ambient) %~ (ambient * * +/&.:*:"1 pts) + k^~ 0>. R%~ pts +/@:*"1 -light
load 'viewmat' togreyscale =. 256 #. [: <. 255 255 255 *"1 0 ] 'rgb' viewmat togreyscale luminosity</lang>
Java
<lang java>public class Sphere{
static char[] shades = {'.', ':', '!', '*', 'o', 'e', '&', '#', '%', '@'};
static double[] light = { 30, 30, -50 }; private static void normalize(double[] v){ double len = Math.sqrt(v[0]*v[0] + v[1]*v[1] + v[2]*v[2]); v[0] /= len; v[1] /= len; v[2] /= len; }
private static double dot(double[] x, double[] y){ double d = x[0]*y[0] + x[1]*y[1] + x[2]*y[2]; return d < 0 ? -d : 0; }
public static void drawSphere(double R, double k, double ambient){ double[] vec = new double[3]; for(int i = (int)Math.floor(-R); i <= (int)Math.ceil(R); i++){ double x = i + .5; for(int j = (int)Math.floor(-2 * R); j <= (int)Math.ceil(2 * R); j++){ double y = j / 2. + .5; if(x * x + y * y <= R * R) { vec[0] = x; vec[1] = y; vec[2] = Math.sqrt(R * R - x * x - y * y); normalize(vec); double b = Math.pow(dot(light, vec), k) + ambient; int intensity = (b <= 0) ? shades.length - 2 : (int)Math.max((1 - b) * (shades.length - 1), 0); System.out.print(shades[intensity]); } else System.out.print(' '); } System.out.println(); } }
public static void main(String[] args){ normalize(light); drawSphere(20, 4, .1); drawSphere(10, 2, .4); }
}</lang> Output:
&&&&&&&&&&####### &eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee&&&&&&#######% &eoooo*******oooooooeeeee&&&&&########% eoo****!!!!!!!!******oooooeeee&&&&&########%% eoo**!!!!::::::::!!!!!*****ooooeeee&&&&&########%%% eo**!!::::::...:::::::!!!!!***ooooeeee&&&&&########%%%% eo*!!:::.............:::::!!!!***ooooeeee&&&&&########%%%%% eo*!!:::.................::::!!!!***ooooeeee&&&&#########%%%%%% eo*!!::....................::::!!!****oooeeee&&&&&#########%%%%%% &o**!::......................::::!!!****oooeeee&&&&&##########%%%%%%% &o**!::.......................::::!!!****oooeeee&&&&&##########%%%%%%%% &oo*!!::.......................:::!!!!***ooooeeee&&&&&##########%%%%%%%%% &eo*!!::.......................::::!!!****ooooeeee&&&&&##########%%%%%%%%%% eo**!!::......................::::!!!!***ooooeeeee&&&&&##########%%%%%%%%%% &eo**!!:::...................:::::!!!!****ooooeeee&&&&&###########%%%%%%%%%%% eeo**!!::::................:::::!!!!!****ooooeeee&&&&&&###########%%%%%%%%%%% &eeo***!!:::::...........::::::!!!!!****oooooeeee&&&&&&###########%%%%%%%%%%%%% &eeoo**!!!!::::::::::::::::::!!!!!*****ooooeeeee&&&&&&############%%%%%%%%%%%%% &eeooo***!!!!::::::::::::!!!!!!!*****oooooeeeee&&&&&&############%%%%%%%%%%%%%% &&eeooo***!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!******oooooeeeeee&&&&&&############%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% &&eeeooo******!!!!!!!!!!********ooooooeeeeee&&&&&&&############%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% #&&eeeooooo******************oooooooeeeeee&&&&&&&#############%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% #&&&eeeeoooooooo******oooooooooooeeeeeee&&&&&&&&#############%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ##&&&&eeeeeooooooooooooooooooeeeeeeee&&&&&&&&&##############%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ##&&&&&eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee&&&&&&&&&################%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ####&&&&&&eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee&&&&&&&&&&&################%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% #####&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&#################%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %#######&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&###################%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %###########&&&&&&&&&&&&&#######################%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %############################################%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%#######################################%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%#################################%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%#########################%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%#############%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ::...:::!!!*o ..............::!!*oo ..................::!!**ooe .....................::!!**ooee .......................::!!**ooee ........................::!!**oooee .........................::!!**oooeee :........................::!!!**oooeeee ........................::!!!**ooooeeee :......................::!!!***oooeeeee :....................:::!!!***oooeeeeee !:.................:::!!!****oooeeeeeee *!:::...........::::!!!!***ooooeeeeeeee *!!!:::::::::::!!!!!****oooooeeeeeeee o**!!!!!!!!!!!!!*****oooooeeeeeeeee oo**************ooooooeeeeeeeeeee eoooooooooooooooooeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeooooooooeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeee
Logo
Drawing a sphere is actually very simple in logo, using the perspective function to make life easier.
<lang logo>to sphere :r cs perspective ht ;making the room ready to use repeat 180 [polystart circle :r polyend down 1] polyview end</lang>
Liberty BASIC
<lang lb> WindowWidth =420 WindowHeight =460
nomainwin
open "Sphere" for graphics_nsb_nf as #w
- w "down ; fill lightgray"
xS =200 yS =200 for radius =150 to 0 step -1
level$ =str$( int( 256 -256 *radius /150)) c$ =level$ +" " +level$ +" " +level$ #w "color "; c$ #w "backcolor "; c$ #w "place "; xS; " "; yS xS =xS -0.5 yS =yS -0.2 #w "circlefilled "; radius
next radius
- w "flush"
wait close #w end </lang>
Lua
<lang Lua>require ("math")
shades = {'.', ':', '!', '*', 'o', 'e', '&', '#', '%', '@'}
function normalize (vec)
len = math.sqrt(vec[1]^2 + vec[2]^2 + vec[3]^2) return {vec[1]/len, vec[2]/len, vec[3]/len}
end
light = normalize{30, 30, -50}
function dot (vec1, vec2)
d = vec1[1]*vec2[1] + vec1[2]*vec2[2] + vec1[3]*vec2[3] return d < 0 and -d or 0
end
function draw_sphere (radius, k, ambient)
for i = math.floor(-radius),-math.floor(-radius) do x = i + .5 local line = for j = math.floor(-2*radius),-math.floor(-2*radius) do y = j / 2 + .5 if x^2 + y^2 <= radius^2 then vec = normalize{x, y, math.sqrt(radius^2 - x^2 - y^2)} b = dot(light,vec) ^ k + ambient intensity = math.floor ((1 - b) * #shades) line = line .. (shades[intensity] or shades[1]) else line = line .. ' ' end end print (line) end
end
draw_sphere (20, 4, 0.1) draw_sphere (10, 2, 0.4)</lang> Output:
&&&&&&&&&&&&##### &eeeoooooooooeeeeee&&&&&####### eooo*************oooooeeee&&&&&######## eo**!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!*****ooooeeee&&&&######### eo*!!!:::::...:::::::!!!!****oooeeee&&&&&########## o**!:::..............::::!!!!***ooooeee&&&&&########### o*!!::...................::::!!!***ooooeee&&&&&############ eo*!::......................::::!!!***oooeeee&&&&&############# o*!::.........................:::!!!***ooooeee&&&&&############## &o*!::..........................:::!!!***ooooeeee&&&&###############% eo*!::...........................:::!!!***ooooeeee&&&&&###############% eo*!::............................:::!!!***ooooeeee&&&&&###############%% &o*!!::...........................:::!!!!***oooeeee&&&&&#################%% eo*!!:...........................::::!!!***ooooeeee&&&&&#################%% eo**!!::.........................::::!!!****oooeeee&&&&&&#################%%% eo**!!::.......................::::!!!!****oooeeeee&&&&&##################%%% &eo**!!:::....................:::::!!!!***ooooeeeee&&&&&&##################%%%% &eoo**!!::::................:::::!!!!****ooooeeeee&&&&&&###################%%%% &eoo***!!!:::::........:::::::!!!!!****oooooeeeee&&&&&&###################%%%%% &eeoo***!!!!:::::::::::::::!!!!!!*****ooooeeeee&&&&&&&####################%%%%% &&eeoo****!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!*****oooooeeeeee&&&&&&######################%%%%% &&eeeooo******!!!!!!!!!!!*******ooooooeeeeee&&&&&&&######################%%%%%% #&&eeeooooo******************oooooooeeeeee&&&&&&&#######################%%%%%%% ##&&&eeeeoooooooooo*ooooooooooooeeeeeeee&&&&&&&&#######################%%%%%%%% ##&&&eeeeeeooooooooooooooooeeeeeeeee&&&&&&&&&########################%%%%%%%% ###&&&&&eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee&&&&&&&&&&##########################%%%%%%%%% ####&&&&&&&eeeeeeeeeeeeeee&&&&&&&&&&&&############################%%%%%%%%% ######&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&##############################%%%%%%%%%% ########&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&################################%%%%%%%%%%% ###############&&&&&#######################################%%%%%%%%%%%% #########################################################%%%%%%%%%%%% #####################################################%%%%%%%%%%%% #################################################%%%%%%%%%%%%%% #############################################%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ########################################%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ##################################%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %##########################%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%############%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ........::!!* ...............::!!*o ....................::!**oo .......................::!**ooo ........................::!!**ooo .........................::!!**oooo ..........................::!!**ooooe ...........................::!!**ooooee ..........................::!!***ooooee .........................::!!!**oooooee .......................:::!!!**oooooeee :.....................::!!!***ooooooeee !::................:::!!!!***ooooooeeee !!::..........:::::!!!****ooooooeeeee *!!!::::::::::!!!!!****oooooooeeeee o***!!!!!!!!!******ooooooooeeeeee ooo***********ooooooooooeeeeeee oooooooooooooooooooeeeeeeee eooooooooooeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeee
Mathematica
Mathematica has many 3D drawing capabilities. To create a sphere with radius one centered at (0,0,0): <lang Mathematica>Graphics3D[Sphere[{0,0,0},1]]</lang>
Openscad
Drawing a sphere is easy in openscad:
<lang openscad>// This will produce a sphere of radius 5 sphere(5);</lang>
Pascal
After changing "{$APPTYPE CONSOLE}" to "{$mode delphi}" or "{$mode objfpc}" the Delphi example works with FreePascal.
Perl 6
Translation of C. Modified to output .pgm file.
<lang perl6>my $x = my $y = 255; $x +|= 1; # must be odd
my @light = normalize([ 3, 2, -5 ]);
my $depth = 255;
sub MAIN ($outfile = 'sphere-perl6.pgm') {
my $out = open( $outfile, :w, :bin ) or die "$!\n"; $out.say("P5\n$x $y\n$depth"); # .pgm header $out.print( draw_sphere( ($x-1)/2, .9, .2)».chrs ); $out.close;
}
sub normalize (@vec) { return @vec »/» ([+] @vec Z* @vec).sqrt }
sub dot (@x, @y) { return -([+] @x Z* @y) max 0 }
sub draw_sphere ( $rad, $k, $ambient ) {
my @pixels; my $r2 = $rad * $rad; my @range = -$rad .. $rad; for @range X @range -> $x, $y { if (my $x2 = $x * $x) + (my $y2 = $y * $y) < $r2 { my @vector = normalize([$x, $y, ($r2 - $x2 - $y2).sqrt]); my $intensity = dot(@light, @vector) ** $k + $ambient; my $pixel = (0 max ($intensity * $depth).Int) min $depth; @pixels.push($pixel); } else { @pixels.push(0); } } return @pixels;
}</lang>
PicoLisp
This is for the 64-bit version. <lang PicoLisp>(load "@lib/openGl.l")
(glutInit) (glutInitDisplayMode (| GLUT_RGBA GLUT_DOUBLE GLUT_ALPHA GLUT_DEPTH)) (glutInitWindowSize 400 400) (glutCreateWindow "Sphere")
(glEnable GL_LIGHTING) (glEnable GL_LIGHT0) (glLightiv GL_LIGHT0 GL_POSITION (10 10 -10 0))
(glEnable GL_COLOR_MATERIAL) (glColorMaterial GL_FRONT_AND_BACK GL_AMBIENT_AND_DIFFUSE)
(glClearColor 0.3 0.3 0.5 0) (glColor4f 0.0 0.8 0.0 1.0)
(displayPrg
(glClear (| GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT)) (glutSolidSphere 0.9 40 32) (glFlush) (glutSwapBuffers) )
- Exit upon mouse click
(mouseFunc '((Btn State X Y) (bye))) (glutMainLoop)</lang>
PostScript
Gradient filled circle: <lang PostScript>%!PS-Adobe-3.0 %%BoundingBox 0 0 300 300
150 150 translate 0 0 130 0 360 arc
/Pattern setcolorspace << /PatternType 2
/Shading << /ShadingType 3 /ColorSpace /DeviceRGB /Coords [-60 60 0 0 0 100] /Function << /FunctionType 2 /Domain [0 1] /C0 [1 1 1] /C1 [0 0 0] /N 2 >> >>
>> matrix makepattern setcolor fill
showpage %%EOF </lang>
POV-Ray
This is what POVray was made for. An example with a sky, surface and transparency:
<lang POVray> camera { location <0.0 , .8 ,-3.0> look_at 0}
light_source{< 3,3,-3> color rgb 1}
sky_sphere { pigment{ gradient <0,1,0> color_map {[0 color rgb <.2,.1,0>][.5 color rgb 1]} scale 2}}
plane {y,-2 pigment { hexagon color rgb .7 color rgb .5 color rgb .6 }}
sphere { 0,1
texture { pigment{ color rgbft <.8,1,1,.4,.4> } finish { phong 1 reflection {0.40 metallic 0.5} } } interior { ior 1.5}
} </lang>
Yields this:
PureBasic
3D Sphere animation. <lang PureBasic>; Original by Comtois @ 28/03/06
- Updated/Formated by Fluid Byte @ March.24,2009
- http://www.purebasic.fr/english/viewtopic.php?p=281258#p281258
Declare CreateSphere(M,P) Declare UpdateMesh()
- _SIZEVERT = 36
- _SIZETRIS = 6
- FULLSCREEN = 0
Structure VECTOR
X.f Y.f Z.f
EndStructure
Structure VERTEX
X.f Y.f Z.f NX.f NY.f NZ.f Color.l U.f V.f
EndStructure
Structure TRIANGLE
V1.w V2.w V3.w
EndStructure
Macro CALC_NORMALS
*PtrV\NX = *PtrV\X *PtrV\NY = *PtrV\Y *PtrV\NZ = *PtrV\Z
EndMacro
Global *VBuffer, *IBuffer Global Meridian = 50, Parallele = 50, PasLength = 4, Length
Define EventID, i, NbSommet, CameraMode, Angle.f, Pas.f = 0.5
InitEngine3D() : InitSprite() : InitKeyboard()
Add3DArchive(GetTemporaryDirectory(),#PB_3DArchive_FileSystem) Add3DArchive(#PB_Compiler_Home + "Examples\Sources\Data\",#PB_3DArchive_FileSystem)
If #FULLSCREEN
OpenScreen(800,600,32,"Sphere 3D")
Else
OpenWindow(0,0,0,800,600,"Sphere 3D",#PB_Window_SystemMenu | 1) OpenWindowedScreen(WindowID(0),0,0,800,600,0,0,0)
EndIf
- -Texture
CreateImage(0,128,128) StartDrawing(ImageOutput(0)) For i = 0 To 127 Step 4
Box(0,i,ImageWidth(0),2,RGB(255,255,255)) Box(0,i + 2,ImageWidth(0),2,RGB(0,0,155))
Next i StopDrawing() SaveImage(0,GetTemporaryDirectory() + "temp.bmp") : FreeImage(0)
- -Material
CreateMaterial(0,LoadTexture(0,"temp.bmp")) RotateMaterial(0,0.1,#PB_Material_Animated)
- -Mesh
CreateSphere(Meridian,Parallele)
- -Entity
CreateEntity(0,MeshID(0),MaterialID(0)) ScaleEntity(0,60,60,60)
- -Camera
CreateCamera(0,0,0,100,100) MoveCamera(0,0,0,-200) CameraLookAt(0,EntityX(0),EntityY(0),EntityZ(0))
- -Light
AmbientColor(RGB(105, 105, 105)) CreateLight(0, RGB(255, 255, 55), EntityX(0) + 150, EntityY(0) , EntityZ(0)) CreateLight(1, RGB( 55, 255, 255), EntityX(0) - 150, EntityY(0) , EntityZ(0)) CreateLight(2, RGB( 55, 55, 255), EntityX(0) , EntityY(0) + 150, EntityZ(0)) CreateLight(3, RGB(255, 55, 255), EntityX(0) , EntityY(0) - 150, EntityZ(0))
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- MAINLOOP
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Repeat
If #FULLSCREEN = 0 Repeat EventID = WindowEvent() Select EventID Case #PB_Event_CloseWindow : End EndSelect Until EventID = 0 EndIf Angle + Pas RotateEntity(0, Angle, Angle,Angle) If PasLength > 0 : UpdateMesh() : EndIf If ExamineKeyboard() If KeyboardReleased(#PB_Key_F1) CameraMode = 1 - CameraMode CameraRenderMode(0, CameraMode) EndIf EndIf RenderWorld() FlipBuffers()
Until KeyboardPushed(#PB_Key_Escape)
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- FUNCTIONS
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Procedure CreateSphere(M,P)
; M = Meridian ; P = Parallele ; The radius is 1. Front to remove it later, it's just for the demo. If M < 3 Or P < 2 : ProcedureReturn 0 : EndIf Protected Normale.VECTOR, NbSommet, i, j, Theta.f, cTheta.f, sTheta.f Protected Alpha.f, cAlpha.f, sAlpha.f, *PtrV.VERTEX, *PtrF.TRIANGLE, NbTriangle NbSommet = 2 + ((M + 1) * P) *VBuffer = AllocateMemory(#_SIZEVERT * Nbsommet) For i = 0 To M Theta = i * #PI * 2.0 / M cTheta = Cos(theta) sTheta = Sin(theta) For j = 1 To P Alpha = j * #PI / (P + 1) cAlpha = Cos(Alpha) sAlpha = Sin(Alpha) *PtrV = *VBuffer + #_SIZEVERT * ((i * P) + (j - 1)) *PtrV\X = sAlpha * cTheta *PtrV\Y = sAlpha * sTheta *PtrV\Z = cAlpha *PtrV\U = Theta / (2.0 * #PI) *PtrV\V = Alpha / #PI CALC_NORMALS Next j Next i ; Southpole *PtrV = *VBuffer + #_SIZEVERT * ((M + 1) * P) *PtrV\X = 0 *PtrV\Y = 0 *PtrV\Z = -1 *PtrV\U = 0 *PtrV\V = 0 CALC_NORMALS ; Northpole *PtrV + #_SIZEVERT *PtrV\X = 0 *PtrV\Y = 0 *PtrV\Z = 1 *PtrV\U = 0 *PtrV\V = 0 CALC_NORMALS ; Les facettes NbTriangle = 4 * M * P *IBuffer = AllocateMemory(#_SIZETRIS * NbTriangle) *PtrF = *IBuffer For i = 0 To M - 1 For j = 1 To P - 1 *PtrF\V1 = ((i + 1) * P) + j *PtrF\V2 = ((i + 1) * P) + (j - 1) *PtrF\V3 = (i * P) + (j - 1) *PtrF + #_SIZETRIS *PtrF\V3 = ((i + 1) * P) + j ;Recto *PtrF\V2 = ((i + 1) * P) + (j - 1) ;Recto *PtrF\V1 = (i * P) + (j - 1) ;Recto *PtrF + #_SIZETRIS *PtrF\V1 = i * P + j *PtrF\V2 = ((i + 1) * P) + j *PtrF\V3 = (i * P) + (j - 1) *PtrF + #_SIZETRIS *PtrF\V3 = i * P + j ;Recto *PtrF\V2 = ((i + 1) * P) + j ;Recto *PtrF\V1 = (i * P) + (j - 1) ;Recto *PtrF + #_SIZETRIS Next j Next i ; The Poles For i = 0 To M - 1 *PtrF\V3 = (M + 1) * P + 1 *PtrF\V2 = (i + 1) * P *PtrF\V1 = i * P *PtrF + #_SIZETRIS *PtrF\V1 = (M + 1) * P + 1 ;Recto *PtrF\V2 = (i + 1) * P ;Recto *PtrF\V3 = i * P ;Recto *PtrF + #_SIZETRIS Next i For i = 0 To M - 1 *PtrF\V3 = (M + 1) * P *PtrF\V2 = i * P + (P - 1) *PtrF\V1 = (i + 1) * P + (P - 1) *PtrF + #_SIZETRIS *PtrF\V1 = (M + 1) * P ;Recto *PtrF\V2 = i * P + (P - 1) ;Recto *PtrF\V3 = (i + 1) * P + (P - 1) ;Recto *PtrF + #_SIZETRIS Next i If CreateMesh(0,100) Protected Flag = #PB_Mesh_Vertex | #PB_Mesh_Normal | #PB_Mesh_UVCoordinate | #PB_Mesh_Color SetMeshData(0,Flag,*VBuffer,NbSommet) SetMeshData(0,#PB_Mesh_Face,*IBuffer,NbTriangle) ProcedureReturn 1 EndIf ProcedureReturn 0
EndProcedure
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Procedure UpdateMesh()
Protected NbTriangle = 4 * Meridian * Parallele Length + PasLength If Length >= NbTriangle PasLength = 0 Length = Nbtriangle EndIf SetMeshData(0,#PB_Mesh_Face,*IBuffer,Length)
REXX
This program is modeled after the "C" version.
The REXX language doesn't have a SQRT function, so I included a version.
Same with CEILing and FLOOR.
<lang rexx>/*REXX program to express a lighted sphere with simple chars for shading*/
call drawSphere 19, 4, 2/10
call drawSphere 10, 2, 4/10
exit
/*─────────────────────────────────────drawSphere subroutine────────────*/
drawSphere: procedure; parse arg r,k,ambient
shading='·:!ºoe@░▒█' /*for ASCI machines*/
if 1=='f1'x then shading='.:!*oe&#%@' /*for EBCDIC machs.*/ parse value '30 30 -50' with s1 s2 s3 /*the light source.*/ _=sqrt(s1**2 + s2**2 + s3**2); s1=s1/_; s2=s2/_; s3=s3/_ /*normalize S'*/ sLen=length(shading); sLen1=sLen-1; rr=r*r
do i=floor(-r) to ceil(r) ; x= i+.5; xx=x**2; aLine= do j=floor(-2*r) to ceil(2*r); y=j/2+.5; yy=y**2 if xx+yy<=rr then do parse value x y sqrt(rr-xx-yy) with v1 v2 v3 _=sqrt(v1**2 + v2**2 + v3**2) v1=v1/_; v2=v2/_; v3=v3/_ /*normalize V's.*/ dot=s1*v1 + s2*v2 + s3*v3 if dot>0 then dot=0 b=abs(dot)**k + ambient if b<=0 then brite=sLenm1 else brite=trunc(max((1-b)*sLen1,0)) aLine=aLine||substr(shading,brite+1,1) end else aLine=aLine' ' end /*j*/ say strip(aLine,'T') end /*i*/
return /*─────────────────────────────────────"1─liner" subroutines────────────*/ sqrt: procedure expose $.; parse arg x; if x=0 then return 0; d=digits()
numeric digits 11; g=$sqguess(); do j=0 while p>9; m.j=p;p=p%2+1;end do k=j+5 to 0 by -1; if m.k>11 then numeric digits m.k g=.5*(g+x/g); end; numeric digits d; return g/1
$sqguess: numeric form scientific; m.=11; p=d+d%4+2
parse value format(x,2,1,,0) 'E0' with g 'E' _ .;return g*.5'E'_%2
ceil: procedure; parse arg x; _=trunc(x); return _+(x>0)*(x\=_) floor: procedure; parse arg x; _=trunc(x); return _-(x<0)*(x\=_)</lang> Output:
eeeeeeeeee@@@@@@@ eoooooooooooooooeeeee@@@@@@@░ ooººº!!!!!!!!ººººººooooeeeee@@@@@@@░░ oºº!!!:::::::::!!!!!ºººººooooeeee@@@@@@@░░░ oº!!::::·········:::::!!!!ºººooooeeeee@@@@@@@░░░░ oº!:::················::::!!!ººººoooeeeee@@@@@@@░░░░░ oº!::····················::::!!!ººººoooeeeee@@@@@@@░░░░░░ oº!::·······················:::!!!!ºººooooeeee@@@@@@@@░░░░░░░ oº!::·························:::!!!ºººooooeeeee@@@@@@@░░░░░░░░ oº!:···························:::!!!ººººoooeeeee@@@@@@@@░░░░░░░░ oº!::··························::::!!!ºººooooeeeee@@@@@@@@░░░░░░░░░ oº!::···························:::!!!!ºººooooeeeee@@@@@@@@░░░░░░░░░░ oº!!::··························::::!!!ººººooooeeeee@@@@@@@@░░░░░░░░░░░ eoº!!::·························::::!!!ººººooooeeeee@@@@@@@@@░░░░░░░░░░░░ ooº!!::························::::!!!ººººooooeeeeee@@@@@@@@░░░░░░░░░░░░░ eooº!!:::·····················::::!!!!ººººoooooeeeee@@@@@@@@@░░░░░░░░░░░░░░ eooºº!!:::·················:::::!!!!!ººººooooeeeeee@@@@@@@@@░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░ eooºº!!!:::::··········:::::::!!!!!ººººoooooeeeeee@@@@@@@@@@░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░ eeooººº!!!:::::::::::::::::!!!!!!ºººººoooooeeeeee@@@@@@@@@@░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░ eeoooººº!!!!!!!:::::::!!!!!!!!ººººººoooooeeeeee@@@@@@@@@@@░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░ @eeoooººººº!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!ºººººººooooooeeeeeee@@@@@@@@@@@░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░ @@eeeooooºººººººººººººººººººººoooooooeeeeeee@@@@@@@@@@@@░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░ @@@eeeooooooºººººººººººººoooooooooeeeeeeee@@@@@@@@@@@@░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░ @@@eeeeeooooooooooooooooooooooeeeeeeeee@@@@@@@@@@@@@░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░ @@@@@eeeeeeeooooooooooooeeeeeeeeeeee@@@@@@@@@@@@@@░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░ @@@@@@eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░ @@@@@@@@@eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░ ░@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░ ░░@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░ ░░░░@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░ ░░░░░░░@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░ ░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░ ░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░ ░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░ ░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░ ░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░ ░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░ ░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░ ::···:::!!!ºo ··············::!!ºoo ··················::!!ººooe ·····················::!!ººooee ·······················::!!ººooee ························::!!ººoooee ·························::!!ººoooeee :························::!!!ººoooeeee ························::!!!ººooooeeee :······················::!!!ºººoooeeeee :····················:::!!!ºººoooeeeeee !:·················:::!!!ººººoooeeeeeee º!:::···········::::!!!!ºººooooeeeeeeee º!!!:::::::::::!!!!!ººººoooooeeeeeeee oºº!!!!!!!!!!!!!ºººººoooooeeeeeeeee ooººººººººººººººooooooeeeeeeeeeee eoooooooooooooooooeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeooooooooeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeee
Ruby
Shoes comes with this sample program.
<lang ruby>Shoes.app :width => 500, :height => 500, :resizable => false do
image 400, 470, :top => 30, :left => 50 do nostroke fill "#127" image :top => 230, :left => 0 do oval 70, 130, 260, 40 blur 30 end oval 10, 10, 380, 380 image :top => 0, :left => 0 do fill "#46D" oval 30, 30, 338, 338 blur 10 end fill gradient(rgb(1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.7), rgb(1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0)) oval 80, 14, 240, 176 image :top => 0, :left => 0 do fill "#79F" oval 134, 134, 130, 130 blur 40 end image :top => 150, :left => 40, :width => 320, :height => 260 do fill gradient(rgb(0.7, 0.9, 1.0, 0.0), rgb(0.7, 0.9, 1.0, 0.6)) oval 60, 60, 200, 136 blur 20 end end
end</lang>
SVG
Tcl
Assuming the task is to draw a likeness of a sphere, this would usually do:
<lang Tcl>proc grey {n} {format "#%2.2x%2.2x%2.2x" $n $n $n}
pack [canvas .c -height 400 -width 640 -background white]
for {set i 0} {$i < 255} {incr i} {
set h [grey $i] .c create arc [expr {100+$i/5}] [expr {50+$i/5}] [expr {400-$i/1.5}] [expr {350-$i/1.5}] \ -start 0 -extent 359 -fill $h -outline $h}
}</lang> Results in this image:
XPL0
<lang XPL0>include c:\cxpl\codes; \intrinsic 'code' declarations def R=100, R2=R*R; \radius, in pixels; radius squared def X0=640/2, Y0=480/2; \coordinates of center of screen int X, Y, Z, C, D2; \coords, color, distance from center squared [SetVid($112); \set 640x480x24 graphics mode for Y:= -R to +R do \for all the coordinates near the circle
for X:= -R to +R do \ which is under the sphere [D2:= X*X + Y*Y; C:= 0; \default color is black if D2 <= R2 then \coordinate is inside circle under sphere [Z:= sqrt(R2-D2); \height of point on surface of sphere above X,Y C:= Z-(X+Y)/2+130; \color is proportional; offset X and Y, and ]; \ shift color to upper limit of its range Point(X+X0, Y+Y0, C<<8+C); \green + blue = cyan ];
repeat until KeyHit; \wait for keystroke SetVid($03); \restore normal text mode ]</lang>