Koch curve: Difference between revisions
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=={{header|Factor}}== |
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The approach taken is to generate a [[Thue-Morse]] sequence. Using turtle graphics, move forward for each 0 encountered and rotate 60 degrees for each 1 encountered. Remarkably, this produces a Koch curve. |
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<lang factor>USING: accessors images images.testing images.viewer kernel |
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literals math math.constants math.functions sequences ; |
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IN: rosetta-code.koch-curve |
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CONSTANT: order 17 |
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CONSTANT: theta 1.047197551196598 ! 60 degrees in radians |
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CONSTANT: move-distance 0.25 |
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CONSTANT: dim { 600 400 } |
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CONSTANT: offset-x 500 |
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CONSTANT: offset-y 300 |
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: <koch-image> ( -- image ) |
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<rgb-image> dim >>dim |
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dim product 3 * [ 255 ] B{ } replicate-as >>bitmap ; |
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: thue-morse ( n -- seq ) |
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{ 0 } swap [ [ ] [ [ 1 bitxor ] map ] bi append ] times ; |
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TUPLE: turtle |
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{ heading initial: 0 } { x initial: 0 } { y initial: 0 } ; |
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: turn ( turtle -- turtle' ) |
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[ theta + 2pi mod ] change-heading ; |
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: move ( turtle -- turtle' ) |
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dup heading>> [ cos move-distance * + ] curry change-x |
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dup heading>> [ sin move-distance * + ] curry change-y ; |
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: step ( turtle elt -- turtle' ) |
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[ move ] [ drop turn ] if-zero ; |
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: setup-pixel ( turtle -- pixel x y ) |
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{ 0 0 0 } swap [ x>> ] [ y>> ] bi |
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[ >integer ] bi@ [ offset-x + ] [ offset-y + ] bi* ; |
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: koch-curve ( -- ) |
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<koch-image> turtle new over order thue-morse [ |
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[ dup setup-pixel ] [ set-pixel-at ] [ step drop ] tri* |
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] 2with each image-window ; |
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MAIN: koch-curve</lang> |
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{{out}} |
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[https://i.imgur.com/MVS8QiS.png] |
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=={{header|FreeBASIC}}== |
=={{header|FreeBASIC}}== |
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Revision as of 01:04, 8 September 2019
You are encouraged to solve this task according to the task description, using any language you may know.
Draw a Koch curve. See details: Koch curve
BASIC256
<lang BASIC256> global RtoD, DtoR RtoD = 180 / Pi DtoR = Pi / 180
global posX, posY, angulo posX = 170 : posY = 100 : angulo = 0
global ancho, alto ancho = 650 : alto = 650 graphsize ancho, alto
subroutine kochLado(longitud, fondo) if fondo = 0 then dx = cos(angulo*DtoR) * longitud dy = sin(angulo*DtoR) * longitud color rgb(5,100,24) line (posX, posY, posX+dx, posY+dy) posX += dx posY += dy else call kochLado(longitud/3.0, fondo-1) angulo += 60 call kochLado(longitud/3.0, fondo-1) angulo -= 120 call kochLado(longitud/3.0, fondo-1) angulo += 60 call kochLado(longitud/3.0, fondo-1) end if end subroutine
subroutine CopoNieveKoch(longitud, recursionfondo) for i = 1 to 6 call kochLado(longitud,recursionfondo) angulo -= 300 next i end subroutine
for n = 0 To 7 clg fastgraphics text 3,4, "Copo de nieve de Koch" text 4,16, "Iteración número: " & n call CopoNieveKoch(280, n) pause 0.8 refresh next n
imgsave "Koch_curve.jpg", "jpg" end </lang>
C
Interactive program which takes the width, height (of the Graphics window) and recursion level of the Koch curve as inputs, prints out usage on incorrect invocation. Requires the WinBGIm library. <lang C>
- include<graphics.h>
- include<stdlib.h>
- include<stdio.h>
- include<math.h>
- define pi M_PI
typedef struct{ double x,y; }point;
void kochCurve(point p1,point p2,int times){ point p3,p4,p5; double theta = pi/3;
if(times>0){ p3 = (point){(2*p1.x+p2.x)/3,(2*p1.y+p2.y)/3}; p5 = (point){(2*p2.x+p1.x)/3,(2*p2.y+p1.y)/3};
p4 = (point){p3.x + (p5.x - p3.x)*cos(theta) + (p5.y - p3.y)*sin(theta),p3.y - (p5.x - p3.x)*sin(theta) + (p5.y - p3.y)*cos(theta)};
kochCurve(p1,p3,times-1); kochCurve(p3,p4,times-1); kochCurve(p4,p5,times-1); kochCurve(p5,p2,times-1); }
else{ line(p1.x,p1.y,p2.x,p2.y); } }
int main(int argC, char** argV) { int w,h,r; point p1,p2;
if(argC!=4){ printf("Usage : %s <window width> <window height> <recursion level>",argV[0]); }
else{ w = atoi(argV[1]); h = atoi(argV[2]); r = atoi(argV[3]);
initwindow(w,h,"Koch Curve");
p1 = (point){10,h-10}; p2 = (point){w-10,h-10};
kochCurve(p1,p2,r);
getch();
closegraph(); }
return 0; } </lang>
Factor
The approach taken is to generate a Thue-Morse sequence. Using turtle graphics, move forward for each 0 encountered and rotate 60 degrees for each 1 encountered. Remarkably, this produces a Koch curve. <lang factor>USING: accessors images images.testing images.viewer kernel literals math math.constants math.functions sequences ; IN: rosetta-code.koch-curve
CONSTANT: order 17 CONSTANT: theta 1.047197551196598 ! 60 degrees in radians CONSTANT: move-distance 0.25 CONSTANT: dim { 600 400 } CONSTANT: offset-x 500 CONSTANT: offset-y 300
- <koch-image> ( -- image )
<rgb-image> dim >>dim
dim product 3 * [ 255 ] B{ } replicate-as >>bitmap ;
- thue-morse ( n -- seq )
{ 0 } swap [ [ ] [ [ 1 bitxor ] map ] bi append ] times ;
TUPLE: turtle
{ heading initial: 0 } { x initial: 0 } { y initial: 0 } ;
- turn ( turtle -- turtle' )
[ theta + 2pi mod ] change-heading ;
- move ( turtle -- turtle' )
dup heading>> [ cos move-distance * + ] curry change-x dup heading>> [ sin move-distance * + ] curry change-y ;
- step ( turtle elt -- turtle' )
[ move ] [ drop turn ] if-zero ;
- setup-pixel ( turtle -- pixel x y )
{ 0 0 0 } swap [ x>> ] [ y>> ] bi
[ >integer ] bi@ [ offset-x + ] [ offset-y + ] bi* ;
- koch-curve ( -- )
<koch-image> turtle new over order thue-morse [
[ dup setup-pixel ] [ set-pixel-at ] [ step drop ] tri*
] 2with each image-window ;
MAIN: koch-curve</lang>
- Output:
![[1]](https://i.imgur.com/MVS8QiS.png){kind=link}
FreeBASIC
<lang freebasic> Const Pi = 4 * Atn(1) Const RtoD = 180 / Pi Const DtoR = Pi / 180
Dim Shared As Single posX = 260, posY = 90, angulo = 0
Screen 19 : Color 0,15
Sub kochLado(longitud As Integer, fondo As Integer)
Dim As Single dx, dy
If fondo = 0 Then
dx = Cos(angulo*DtoR) * longitud
dy = Sin(angulo*DtoR) * longitud
Line (posX, posY)-(posX+dx, posY+dy), 2
posX += dx
posY += dy
Else
kochLado(longitud/3.0, fondo-1)
angulo += 60
kochLado(longitud/3.0, fondo-1)
angulo -= 120
kochLado(longitud/3.0, fondo-1)
angulo += 60
kochLado(longitud/3.0, fondo-1)
End If
End Sub
Sub CopoNieveKoch(longitud As Integer, recursionfondo As Integer)
For i As Integer = 1 To 6
kochLado(longitud,recursionfondo)
angulo -= 300
Next i
End Sub
For n As Integer = 0 To 5
Cls Locate 3,4: Print "Copo de nieve de Koch" Locate 4,4: Print "Iteracion numero: " & n CopoNieveKoch(280, n) Sleep 800
Next n color 4: Locate 6,4: Print "Pulsa una tecla..." Bsave "Koch_curve.bmp",0 Sleep End </lang>
Go
<lang go>package main
import (
"github.com/fogleman/gg" "math"
)
var dc = gg.NewContext(512, 512)
func koch(x1, y1, x2, y2 float64, iter int) {
angle := math.Pi / 3 // 60 degrees
x3 := (x1*2 + x2) / 3
y3 := (y1*2 + y2) / 3
x4 := (x1 + x2*2) / 3
y4 := (y1 + y2*2) / 3
x5 := x3 + (x4-x3)*math.Cos(angle) + (y4-y3)*math.Sin(angle)
y5 := y3 - (x4-x3)*math.Sin(angle) + (y4-y3)*math.Cos(angle)
if iter > 0 {
iter--
koch(x1, y1, x3, y3, iter)
koch(x3, y3, x5, y5, iter)
koch(x5, y5, x4, y4, iter)
koch(x4, y4, x2, y2, iter)
} else {
dc.LineTo(x1, y1)
dc.LineTo(x3, y3)
dc.LineTo(x5, y5)
dc.LineTo(x4, y4)
dc.LineTo(x2, y2)
}
}
func main() {
dc.SetRGB(1, 1, 1) // White background
dc.Clear()
koch(100, 100, 400, 400, 4)
dc.SetRGB(0, 0, 1) // Blue curve
dc.SetLineWidth(2)
dc.Stroke()
dc.SavePNG("koch.png")
}</lang>
- Output:
Image is similar to Ring entry.
Haskell
Generates SVG for a Koch snowflake. To view, save to a text file with an .svg extension, and open in a browser.
<lang haskell>import Control.Arrow ((***)) import Text.Printf (printf)
kochSnowflake :: Int -> (Float, Float) -> (Float, Float) -> [(Float, Float)] kochSnowflake n a b =
let points@(x:xs) = [a, equilateralApex a b, b] in concat $ zipWith (kochCurve n) points (xs ++ [x])
kochCurve :: Int -> (Float, Float) -> (Float, Float) -> [(Float, Float)] kochCurve n ab xy =
let go 0 (_, xy) = [xy]
go n (ab, xy) =
let (mp, mq) = midThirdOfLine ab xy
points@(_:xs) = [ab, mp, equilateralApex mp mq, mq, xy]
in go (pred n) =<< zip points xs
in ab : go n (ab, xy)
equilateralApex :: (Float, Float) -> (Float, Float) -> (Float, Float)
equilateralApex = rotatedPoint (pi / 3)
rotatedPoint :: Float -> (Float, Float) -> (Float, Float) -> (Float, Float) rotatedPoint theta (ox, oy) (a, b) =
let (dx, dy) = rotatedVector theta (a - ox, oy - b) in (ox + dx, oy - dy)
rotatedVector :: Float -> (Float, Float) -> (Float, Float) rotatedVector angle (x, y) =
(x * cos angle - y * sin angle, x * sin angle + y * cos angle)
midThirdOfLine :: (Float, Float)
-> (Float, Float)
-> ((Float, Float), (Float, Float))
midThirdOfLine (a, b) (x, y) =
let (dx, dy) = ((x - a) / 3, (y - b) / 3)
f = (dx +) *** (dy +)
p = f (a, b)
in (p, f p)
-- TEST ---------------------------------------------------
main :: IO ()
main = putStrLn $ svgFromPoints 1024 $ kochSnowflake 4 (200, 600) (800, 600)
-- SVG ---------------------------------------------------- svgFromPoints :: Int -> [(Float, Float)] -> String svgFromPoints w xys =
let sw = show w
showN = printf "%.2g"
points =
(unwords . fmap (((++) . showN . fst) <*> ((' ' :) . showN . snd))) xys
in unlines
[ "<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\""
, unwords ["width=\"512\" height=\"512\" viewBox=\"5 5", sw, sw, "\"> "]
, "<path d=\"M" ++ points ++ "\" "
, "stroke-width=\"2\" stroke=\"red\" fill=\"transparent\"/>"
, "</svg>"
]</lang>
IS-BASIC
<lang IS-BASIC>100 PROGRAM "Koch.bas" 110 OPTION ANGLE DEGREES 120 SET 22,1:SET 23,0:SET 24,42:SET 25,26 130 OPEN #101:"video:" 140 DISPLAY #101:AT 1 FROM 1 TO 26 150 SET PALETTE 0,252 160 PLOT 300,700;ANGLE 0; 170 FOR I=1 TO 3 180 CALL KOCH(0,800) 190 PLOT RIGHT 120; 200 NEXT 210 DEF KOCH(A,D) 220 IF D>12 THEN 230 LET D=D/3 240 CALL KOCH(A,D) 250 CALL KOCH(60,D) 260 CALL KOCH(-120,D) 270 CALL KOCH(60,D) 280 ELSE 290 PLOT LEFT A;FORWARD D; 300 END IF 310 END DEF</lang>
JavaScript
Generates SVG. To view, save to a file with the extension '.svg', and open in a browser.
<lang javascript>(() => {
'use strict';
// kochSnowflake :: Int -> (Float, Float) -> (Float, Float)
// -> [(Float, Float)]
const kochSnowflake = n => a => b => {
// List of points on a Koch snowflake of order n, derived
// from an equilateral triangle with base a b.
const points = [a, equilateralApex(a)(b), b];
return concat(
zipWith(kochCurve(n))(points)(
points.slice(1).concat([points[0]])
)
);
};
// koch :: Int -> (Float, Float) -> (Float, Float)
// -> [(Float, Float)]
const kochCurve = n => ab => xy => {
// A Koch curve of order N, starting at the point
// (a, b), and ending at the point (x, y).
const go = n => ([ab, xy]) =>
0 !== n ? (() => {
const [mp, mq] = midThirdOfLine(ab)(xy);
const points = [
ab,
mp,
equilateralApex(mp)(mq),
mq,
xy
];
return zip(points)(points.slice(1))
.flatMap(go(n - 1))
})() : [xy];
return [ab].concat(go(n)([ab, xy]));
};
// equilateralApex :: (Float, Float) -> (Float, Float) -> (Float, Float)
const equilateralApex = p => q =>
rotatedPoint(Math.PI / 3)(p)(q);
// rotatedPoint :: Float -> (Float, Float) ->
// (Float, Float) -> (Float, Float)
const rotatedPoint = theta => ([ox, oy]) => ([a, b]) => {
// The point ab rotated theta radians
// around the origin xy.
const [dx, dy] = rotatedVector(theta)(
[a - ox, oy - b]
);
return [ox + dx, oy - dy];
};
// rotatedVector :: Float -> (Float, Float) -> (Float, Float)
const rotatedVector = theta => ([x, y]) =>
// The vector xy rotated by theta radians.
[
x * Math.cos(theta) - y * Math.sin(theta),
x * Math.sin(theta) + y * Math.cos(theta)
];
// midThirdOfLine :: (Float, Float) -> (Float, Float)
// -> ((Float, Float), (Float, Float))
const midThirdOfLine = ab => xy => {
// Second of three equal segments of
// the line between ab and xy.
const
vector = zipWith(dx => x => (dx - x) / 3)(xy)(ab),
f = zipWith(add)(vector),
p = f(ab);
return [p, f(p)];
};
// TEST -----------------------------------------------
// main :: IO ()
const main = () =>
// SVG showing a Koch snowflake of order 4.
console.log(
svgFromPoints(1024)(
kochSnowflake(5)(
[200, 600]
)([800, 600])
)
);
// SVG ----------------------------------------------
// svgFromPoints :: Int -> [(Int, Int)] -> String
const svgFromPoints = w => ps => [
'<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"',
`width="500" height="500" viewBox="5 5 ${w} ${w}">`,
`<path d="M${
ps.flatMap(p => p.map(n => n.toFixed(2))).join(' ')
}" `,
'stroke-width="2" stroke="red" fill="transparent"/>',
'</svg>'
].join('\n');
// GENERIC --------------------------------------------
// add :: Num -> Num -> Num const add = a => b => a + b;
// concat :: a -> [a] const concat = xs => [].concat.apply([], xs);
// zip :: [a] -> [b] -> [(a, b)]
const zip = xs => ys =>
xs.slice(
0, Math.min(xs.length, ys.length)
).map((x, i) => [x, ys[i]]);
// zipWith :: (a -> b -> c) -> [a] -> [b] -> [c]
const zipWith = f => xs => ys =>
xs.slice(
0, Math.min(xs.length, ys.length)
).map((x, i) => f(x)(ys[i]));
// MAIN --- return main();
})();</lang>
Julia
Multiple snowflake plots. Copied from https://www.juliabloggers.com/koch-snowflakes-for-the-holidays/. <lang Julia>using Plots
function pointskoch(points, maxk, α = sqrt(3)/2)
Q = [0 -1; 1 0]
for k = 1:maxk
n = length(points)
new_points = Vector{Float64}[]
for i = 1:n-1
p1, p2 = points[i], points[i+1]
v = (p2 - p1) / 3
q1 = p1 + v
q2 = p1 + 1.5v + α * Q * v
q3 = q1 + v
append!(new_points, [p1, q1, q2, q3])
end
push!(new_points, points[end])
points = new_points
end
return points
end
function plot_koch(points; c=:red, kwargs...)
n = length(points) plot(leg=false, axis=false, grid=false, background=:white) px = [p[1] for p in points] py = [p[2] for p in points] plot!(px, py, c=c; kwargs...)
end
function plot_koch!(points; c=:red, kwargs...)
n = length(points) px = [p[1] for p in points] py = [p[2] for p in points] plot!(px, py, c=c; kwargs...)
end
function main()
pyplot(size=(600,300))
points = [[0.0; 0.0], [1.0; 0.0]]
for k = 0:7
new_points = pointskoch(points, k)
plot_koch(new_points)
ylims!(-0.1, 0.4)
png("line-koch-$k")
end
pyplot(size=(200,200))
for N = 2:8
points = [[sin(2π*i/N), cos(2π*i/N)] for i = 0:N]
plot_koch(points, c=:blue)
points = pointskoch(points, 6)
plot_koch!(points)
xlims!(-1.5, 1.5)
ylims!(-1.5, 1.5)
png("polygon-$N")
points = [[sin(2π*i/N), cos(2π*i/N)] for i = N:-1:0]
plot_koch(points, c=:blue)
points = pointskoch(points, 6)
plot_koch!(points)
xlims!(-1.5, 1.5)
ylims!(-1.5, 1.5)
png("polygon-reverse-$N")
if N > 2
points = [[sin(2π*i/N), cos(2π*i/N)] for i = N:-1:0]
α = 0.85 / tan(π / N)
α = 3 * sqrt(N) / 5
points = pointskoch(points, 5, α)
plot_koch(points)
xlims!(-1.5, 1.5)
ylims!(-1.5, 1.5)
png("stargon-$N")
end
end
# [1.5, 1.2, 0.96, 0.85 # [√3/2, 1.2, 1.32, 1.47
maxk = 5
points = [[sin(2π*i/3), cos(2π*i/3)] for i = 3:-1:0]
points = pointskoch(points, maxk)
plot_koch(points)
xlims!(-1.1, 1.1)
ylims!(-0.9, 1.3)
png("reverse-koch")
N = 4
points = [[cos(2π*i/N), sin(2π*i/N)] for i = 0:N]
points = pointskoch(points, maxk, 1.25)
plot_koch(points)
png("star")
points = [[0.0; 0.0], [1.0; 0.0], [1.0; 1.0], [0.0; 1.0], [0.0; 0.0]]
points = pointskoch(points, maxk, 1.2)
plot_koch(points)
png("reverse-star")
for N = 3:5
points = [[cos(2π*i/N), sin(2π*i/N)] for i = 1:N]
points = [i % 2 == 0 ? zeros(2) : points[div(i, 2) + 1] for i = 0:2N]
points = pointskoch(points, 5, 1.0)
plot_koch(points)
xlims!(-1.2, 1.2)
ylims!(-1.2, 1.2)
png("tri-$N")
end
N = 3
points = [[sin(2π*i/N), cos(2π*i/N)] for i = 0:N]
points = pointskoch(points, maxk)
plot_koch(points)
α = 0.6
plot_koch!(α^2 * points)
plot_koch!(α^4 * points)
points = [[y,x] for (x,y) in points]
plot_koch!(α * points, c=:green)
plot_koch!(α^3 * points, c=:green)
png("koch")
run(`montage tri-3.png koch.png tri-4.png tri-5.png reverse-star.png star.png -geometry +2+2 background.jpg`)
end
function large_koch()
pyplot(size=(2000,2000))
N = 3
points = [[sin(2π*i/N), cos(2π*i/N)] for i = 0:N]
points = pointskoch(points, 1)
plot_koch(points)
α = 3/sqrt(3)
maxp = 11
for p = 1:maxp
points = α * [[-y;x] for (x,y) in points]
if p < 7
points = pointskoch(points, 1)
end
plot_koch!(points, c=p%2==1 ? :green : :red)
xlims!(-1.1α^p, 1.1α^p)
ylims!(-1.1α^p, 1.1α^p)
png("koch-large-sub-$p")
end
xlims!(-1.1α^maxp, 1.1α^maxp)
ylims!(-1.1α^maxp, 1.1α^maxp)
png("koch-large")
end
function koch_julia()
colors = [RGB(0.584, 0.345, 0.698) RGB(0.667, 0.475, 0.757);
RGB(0.220, 0.596, 0.149) RGB(0.376, 0.678, 0.318);
RGB(0.796, 0.235, 0.200) RGB(0.835, 0.388, 0.361)]
plot()
plot_koch([])
α = sqrt(3)/3
for (i,θ) in enumerate([2π*i/3 for i = 0:2])
points = [[sin(2π*i/3), cos(2π*i/3)] for i = 0:3]
points = pointskoch(points, 6)
plot_koch!([[sin(θ) + x; cos(θ) + y] for (x,y) in points], c=colors[i,1], lw=2)
for p = 1:8
points = α * [[-y; x] for (x,y) in points]
plot_koch!([[sin(θ) + x; cos(θ) + y] for (x,y) in points], c=colors[i,p%2+1], lw=2)
end
end
xlims!(-2.1, 2.1)
ylims!(-1.9, 2.3)
png("koch-julia")
end
- main()
- large_koch()
koch_julia() </lang>
Kotlin
This incorporates code from other relevant tasks in order to provide a runnable example. The image produced is saved to disk where it can be viewed with a utility such as EOG. <lang scala>// Version 1.2.41
import java.awt.Color import java.awt.Graphics import java.awt.image.BufferedImage import kotlin.math.* import java.io.File import javax.imageio.ImageIO
val Double.asI get() = this.toInt()
class Point(var x: Int, var y: Int)
class BasicBitmapStorage(width: Int, height: Int) {
val image = BufferedImage(width, height, BufferedImage.TYPE_3BYTE_BGR)
fun fill(c: Color) {
val g = image.graphics
g.color = c
g.fillRect(0, 0, image.width, image.height)
}
fun setPixel(x: Int, y: Int, c: Color) = image.setRGB(x, y, c.getRGB())
fun getPixel(x: Int, y: Int) = Color(image.getRGB(x, y))
fun drawLine(x0: Int, y0: Int, x1: Int, y1: Int, c: Color) {
val dx = abs(x1 - x0)
val dy = abs(y1 - y0)
val sx = if (x0 < x1) 1 else -1
val sy = if (y0 < y1) 1 else -1
var xx = x0
var yy = y0
var e1 = (if (dx > dy) dx else -dy) / 2
var e2: Int
while (true) {
setPixel(xx, yy, c)
if (xx == x1 && yy == y1) break
e2 = e1
if (e2 > -dx) { e1 -= dy; xx += sx }
if (e2 < dy) { e1 += dx; yy += sy }
}
}
fun koch(x1: Double, y1: Double, x2: Double, y2: Double, it: Int) {
val angle = PI / 3.0 // 60 degrees
val clr = Color.blue
var iter = it
val x3 = (x1 * 2.0 + x2) / 3.0
val y3 = (y1 * 2.0 + y2) / 3.0
val x4 = (x1 + x2 * 2.0) / 3.0
val y4 = (y1 + y2 * 2.0) / 3.0
val x5 = x3 + (x4 - x3) * cos(angle) + (y4 - y3) * sin(angle)
val y5 = y3 - (x4 - x3) * sin(angle) + (y4 - y3) * cos(angle)
if (iter > 0) {
iter--
koch(x1, y1, x3, y3, iter)
koch(x3, y3, x5, y5, iter)
koch(x5, y5, x4, y4, iter)
koch(x4, y4, x2, y2, iter)
}
else {
drawLine(x1.asI, y1.asI, x3.asI, y3.asI, clr)
drawLine(x3.asI, y3.asI, x5.asI, y5.asI, clr)
drawLine(x5.asI, y5.asI, x4.asI, y4.asI, clr)
drawLine(x4.asI, y4.asI, x2.asI, y2.asI, clr)
}
}
}
fun main(args: Array<String>) {
val width = 512
val height = 512
val bbs = BasicBitmapStorage(width, height)
with (bbs) {
fill(Color.white)
koch(100.0, 100.0, 400.0, 400.0, 4)
val kFile = File("koch_curve.jpg")
ImageIO.write(image, "jpg", kFile)
}
}</lang>
- Output:
Image is similar to Ring entry.
Mathematica
<lang mathematica>Graphics[{GeometricTransformation[KochCurve[5], RotationTransform[Pi, {0.5, 0}]],
GeometricTransformation[KochCurve[5], RotationTransform[-Pi/3, {1, 0}]],
GeometricTransformation[KochCurve[5], RotationTransform[Pi/3, {0, 0}]]}]</lang>
Nim
<lang nim> from math import sin, cos, PI import libgd
const
width = 512 height = 512 iterations = 4
proc kochCurve(img: gdImagePtr, x1, y1, x2, y2: float, iter: int): void =
let angle = PI / 3 # 60 degrees let x3 = (x1 * 2 + x2) / 3 let y3 = (y1 * 2 + y2) / 3 let x4 = (x1 + x2 * 2) / 3 let y4 = (y1 + y2 * 2) / 3 let x5 = x3 + (x4 - x3) * cos(angle) + (y4 - y3) * sin(angle) let y5 = y3 - (x4 - x3) * sin(angle) + (y4 - y3) * cos(angle)
if iter > 0: img.kochCurve(x1, y1, x3, y3, iter - 1) img.kochCurve(x3, y3, x5, y5, iter - 1) img.kochCurve(x5, y5, x4, y4, iter - 1) img.kochCurve(x4, y4, x2, y2, iter - 1) else: img.drawLine(startPoint=[x1.int, y1.int], endPoint=[x3.int, y3.int]) img.drawLine(startPoint=[x3.int, y3.int], endPoint=[x5.int, y5.int]) img.drawLine(startPoint=[x5.int, y5.int], endPoint=[x4.int, y4.int]) img.drawLine(startPoint=[x4.int, y4.int], endPoint=[x2.int, y2.int])
proc main() =
withGd imageCreate(width, height) as img: let white = img.backgroundColor(0xffffff) let red = img.foregroundColor(0xff0000)
img.kochCurve(100, 100, 400, 400, iterations)
let png_out = open("koch_curve.png", fmWrite)
img.writePng(png_out)
png_out.close()
main() </lang>
Perl
<lang perl>use SVG; use List::Util qw(max min);
use constant pi => 2 * atan2(1, 0);
- Compute the curve with a Lindemayer-system
my $koch = 'F--F--F'; $koch =~ s/F/F+F--F+F/g for 1..5;
- Draw the curve in SVG
($x, $y) = (0, 0); $theta = pi/3; $r = 2;
for (split //, $koch) {
if (/F/) {
push @X, sprintf "%.0f", $x;
push @Y, sprintf "%.0f", $y;
$x += $r * cos($theta);
$y += $r * sin($theta);
}
elsif (/\+/) { $theta += pi/3; }
elsif (/\-/) { $theta -= pi/3; }
}
$xrng = max(@X) - min(@X); $yrng = max(@Y) - min(@Y); $xt = -min(@X)+10; $yt = -min(@Y)+10; $svg = SVG->new(width=>$xrng+20, height=>$yrng+20); $points = $svg->get_path(x=>\@X, y=>\@Y, -type=>'polyline'); $svg->rect(width=>"100%", height=>"100%", style=>{'fill'=>'black'}); $svg->polyline(%$points, style=>{'stroke'=>'orange', 'stroke-width'=>1}, transform=>"translate($xt,$yt)");
open $fh, '>', 'koch_curve.svg'; print $fh $svg->xmlify(-namespace=>'svg'); close $fh;</lang> Koch curve (offsite image)
Perl 6
Koch curve, actually a full Koch snowflake. <lang perl6>use SVG;
role Lindenmayer {
has %.rules;
method succ {
self.comb.map( { %!rules{$^c} // $c } ).join but Lindenmayer(%!rules)
}
}
my $flake = 'F--F--F' but Lindenmayer( { F => 'F+F--F+F' } );
$flake++ xx 5; my @points = (50, 440);
for $flake.comb -> $v {
state ($x, $y) = @points[0,1];
state $d = 2 + 0i;
with $v {
when 'F' { @points.append: ($x += $d.re).round(.01), ($y += $d.im).round(.01) }
when '+' { $d *= .5 + .8660254i }
when '-' { $d *= .5 - .8660254i }
}
}
say SVG.serialize(
svg => [
width => 600, height => 600, style => 'stroke:rgb(0,0,255)',
:rect[:width<100%>, :height<100%>, :fill<white>],
:polyline[ points => @points.join(','), :fill<white> ],
],
);</lang>
See: Koch snowflake
Variation using 90° angles: <lang perl6>use SVG;
role Lindenmayer {
has %.rules;
method succ {
self.comb.map( { %!rules{$^c} // $c } ).join but Lindenmayer(%!rules)
}
}
my $koch = 'F' but Lindenmayer( { F => 'F+F-F-F+F', } );
$koch++ xx 4; my @points = (450, 250);
for $koch.comb -> $v {
state ($x, $y) = @points[0,1];
state $d = -5 - 0i;
with $v {
when 'F' { @points.append: ($x += $d.re).round(.01), ($y += $d.im).round(.01) }
when /< + - >/ { $d *= "{$v}1i" }
}
}
say SVG.serialize(
svg => [
width => 500, height => 300, style => 'stroke:rgb(0,0,255)',
:rect[:width<100%>, :height<100%>, :fill<white>],
:polyline[ points => @points.join(','), :fill<white> ],
],
);</lang> See: Koch curve variant with 90° angles
Phix
<lang Phix>-- demo\rosetta\Koch_curve.exw include pGUI.e
Ihandle dlg, canvas cdCanvas cddbuffer, cdcanvas
procedure koch(atom x1, y1, x2, y2, integer iter)
atom angle = -PI/3, -- -60 degrees
x3 := (x1*2 + x2) / 3,
y3 := (y1*2 + y2) / 3,
x4 := (x1 + x2*2) / 3,
y4 := (y1 + y2*2) / 3,
x5 := x3 + (x4-x3)*cos(angle) + (y4-y3)*sin(angle),
y5 := y3 - (x4-x3)*sin(angle) + (y4-y3)*cos(angle)
if iter>0 then
iter -= 1
koch(x1, y1, x3, y3, iter)
koch(x3, y3, x5, y5, iter)
koch(x5, y5, x4, y4, iter)
koch(x4, y4, x2, y2, iter)
else
cdCanvasVertex(cddbuffer, x1, y1)
cdCanvasVertex(cddbuffer, x3, y3)
cdCanvasVertex(cddbuffer, x5, y5)
cdCanvasVertex(cddbuffer, x4, y4)
cdCanvasVertex(cddbuffer, x2, y2)
end if
end procedure
function redraw_cb(Ihandle /*ih*/, integer /*posx*/, integer /*posy*/) integer {width, height} = IupGetIntInt(canvas, "DRAWSIZE")
cdCanvasActivate(cddbuffer) cdCanvasBegin(cddbuffer, CD_OPEN_LINES) koch(0,0,width,height,4) cdCanvasEnd(cddbuffer) cdCanvasFlush(cddbuffer) return IUP_DEFAULT
end function
function map_cb(Ihandle ih)
cdcanvas = cdCreateCanvas(CD_IUP, ih) cddbuffer = cdCreateCanvas(CD_DBUFFER, cdcanvas) cdCanvasSetBackground(cddbuffer, CD_WHITE) cdCanvasSetForeground(cddbuffer, CD_BLUE) return IUP_DEFAULT
end function
function esc_close(Ihandle /*ih*/, atom c)
if c=K_ESC then return IUP_CLOSE end if return IUP_CONTINUE
end function
procedure main()
IupOpen()
canvas = IupCanvas(NULL)
IupSetAttribute(canvas, "RASTERSIZE", "512x512") -- initial size
IupSetCallback(canvas, "MAP_CB", Icallback("map_cb"))
dlg = IupDialog(canvas)
IupSetAttribute(dlg, "TITLE", "Koch curve")
IupSetCallback(dlg, "K_ANY", Icallback("esc_close"))
IupSetCallback(canvas, "ACTION", Icallback("redraw_cb"))
IupMap(dlg) IupSetAttribute(canvas, "RASTERSIZE", NULL) -- release the minimum limitation IupShowXY(dlg,IUP_CENTER,IUP_CENTER) IupMainLoop() IupClose()
end procedure
main()</lang> The distributed version also contains some almost-but-not-quite complete code to draw a full snowflake.
Python
Functional
Generates SVG for a Koch snowflake. To view, save as a text file with the extension .svg, and open in a browser.
<lang python>Koch curve
from math import cos, pi, sin from operator import add, sub from itertools import chain
- kochSnowflake :: Int -> (Float, Float) -> (Float, Float) -> [(Float, Float)]
def kochSnowflake(n, a, b):
List of points on a Koch snowflake of order n, derived
from an equilateral triangle with base a b.
points = [a, equilateralApex(a, b), b]
return chain.from_iterable(
map(kochCurve(n), points, points[1:] + [points[0]])
)
- kochCurve :: Int -> (Float, Float) -> (Float, Float)
- -> [(Float, Float)]
def kochCurve(n):
List of points on a Koch curve of order n,
starting at point ab, and ending at point xy.
def koch(n, abxy):
(ab, xy) = abxy
if 0 == n:
return [xy]
else:
(mp, mq) = midThirdOfLine(ab, xy)
points = [
ab,
mp,
equilateralApex(mp, mq),
mq,
xy
]
return concatMap(curry(koch)(n - 1))(
zip(points, points[1:])
)
return lambda ab, xy: [ab] + koch(n, (ab, xy))
- equilateralApex :: (Float, Float) -> (Float, Float) -> (Float, Float)
def equilateralApex(p, q):
Apex of triangle with base p q. return rotatedPoint(pi / 3)(p, q)
- rotatedPoint :: Float -> (Float, Float) ->
- (Float, Float) -> (Float, Float)
def rotatedPoint(theta):
The point ab rotated theta radians
around the origin xy.
def go(xy, ab):
(ox, oy) = xy
(a, b) = ab
(dx, dy) = rotatedVector(theta, (a - ox, oy - b))
return (ox + dx, oy - dy)
return lambda xy, ab: go(xy, ab)
- rotatedVector :: Float -> (Float, Float) -> (Float, Float)
def rotatedVector(theta, xy):
The vector xy rotated by theta radians.
(x, y) = xy
return (
x * cos(theta) - y * sin(theta),
x * sin(theta) + y * cos(theta)
)
- midThirdOfLine :: (Float, Float) -> (Float, Float)
- -> ((Float, Float), (Float, Float))
def midThirdOfLine(ab, xy):
Second of three equal segments of
the line between ab and xy.
vector = [x / 3 for x in map(sub, xy, ab)]
def f(p):
return tuple(map(add, vector, p))
p = f(ab)
return (p, f(p))
- TEST ----------------------------------------------------
- main :: IO ()
def main():
SVG for Koch snowflake of order 4.
print(
svgFromPoints(1024)(
kochSnowflake(
4, (200, 600), (800, 600)
)
)
)
- SVG -----------------------------------------------------
- svgFromPoints :: Int -> [(Float, Float)] -> SVG String
def svgFromPoints(w):
Width of square canvas -> Point list -> SVG string
def go(w, xys):
xs = ' '.join(map(
lambda xy: str(round(xy[0], 2)) + ' ' + str(round(xy[1], 2)),
xys
))
return '\n'.join(
['<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"',
f'width="512" height="512" viewBox="5 5 {w} {w}">',
f'<path d="M{xs}" ',
'stroke-width="2" stroke="red" fill="transparent"/>',
'</svg>'
]
)
return lambda xys: go(w, xys)
- GENERIC -------------------------------------------------
- concatMap :: (a -> [b]) -> [a] -> [b]
def concatMap(f):
A concatenated list or string over which a function
has been mapped.
The list monad can be derived by using a function f which
wraps its output in a list,
(using an empty list to represent computational failure).
return lambda xs: (.join if isinstance(xs, str) else list)(
chain.from_iterable(map(f, xs))
)
- curry :: ((a, b) -> c) -> a -> b -> c
def curry(f):
A curried function derived
from a function over a tuple.
return lambda x: lambda y: f(x, y)
- MAIN ---
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()</lang>
QBasic
<lang qbasic> ' Chaos: start at any point, this program uses the middle of the screen (or universe. One of six
' degrees of freedom (a direction) is chosen at random (by throwing a six-sided die), and a line ' is drawn from the old point to the new point in the direction indicated by the pip on the die. ' ' The traverse distance is always a fraction of the last distance drawn; the fraction (here) uses: ' ' +- -+ ' | | ' distance <=== old_distance * | 1/2 - 1/8 - 1/32 - 1/128 - ... | ' | | ' +- -+ ' ---or--- ' +- -+ ' | 1 1 1 1 | ' distance <=== old_distance * | --- - --- - ---- - ----- - ... | ' | 2**1 2**3 2**5 2**7 | ' +- -+ ' ' (The series above has a limit of 1/3.) ' ' The six degrees of freedom: 1 6 ' ' \ / ' \ / ' \ / ' 2 <------ X ------> 5 ' / \ ' / \ ' / \ ' ' 3 4 ' ' When the amount to be moved is too small to show on the terminal screen, the chaos curve is ' starting again (from the initial point, the middle of the screen/universe). ' ' All subsequent chaos curves are superimposed on the first curve. ' ' The envelope of this chaos curve is defined as the snowflake curve. ' ' If any cursor key (one of the "arrow" keys) is pressed, program execution is halted. ' ' If any function key is pressed during execution, the random chaos curve is stopped, the screen ' cleared, and the snowflake curve is drawn by a non-random method (brute force). ' ' Once the random snowflake (chaos) curve is being drawn, the pressing of function keys 1-->9 will ' force the randomness to move in a particular direction, the direction (the degree of freedom) is ' the direction indicated by the number of times that function key is pressed for that curve point. ' That is, function key 1 is used for the first point (part of the chaos curve), function key 2 is ' used for the second point, function key 3 for the third point, etc.
DEFINT A-Y ' define variables that begin with A-->Y as integers. DEFSNG Z ' define variables that begin with Z as single precision. DIM XP(16,6),YP(16,6),KY(16) ' define some (integer) arrays. MP= 16 ' set the maximum number of points (1st dimension) that can be plotted. CLS ' clear the screen for visual fidelity. SCREEN 2 ' make the screen high-res graphics. GOTO 230 ' branch around a RETURN statement that ON KEY(i) uses.
220 RETURN 230 FK= 0 ' set FK (used to indicate that a function key was pressed).
FOR I=1 TO 10 ' allow the use of function keys to stop the deliberate snowflake
' curve and start drawing it randomly.
KY(I)= 0
ON KEY(I) GOSUB 220 ' allow the trapping of function keys, but don't process it as yet.
KEY(I) ON
KEY(I) STOP
NEXT I
CLS ' clear the screen for visual fidelity. ZZ= 2 + TIMER ' on some PCs, a pause of at least one second prevents scrolling.
240 IF TIMER<ZZ THEN GOTO 240
RANDOMIZE TIMER ' randomize the RND function from the timer.
XM= 640 - 1 ' define the number of points on the screen (for plotting).
YM= 200 - 1
XO= XM \ 2 ' define the origin of the chaos curve.
YO= YM \ 2
ZT= 1 / 3 ' define the traverse distance, it's this distance that each part of
' the chaos curve "breaks", when the distance that the next part of
' the chaos curve is moved to.
ZA= 1 ' define the aspect ratio for the terminal screen.
ZX= XM * ZA ' define the initial distance to be plotted (for a line).
ZY= YM ' " " " " " " " " " "
FOR I=1 TO MP ' compute (once) all the x & y distances for each part of the curve.
ZX= ZX * ZT * ZA
ZY= ZY * ZT
XP(I, 1) = -ZX / 2
XP(I, 2) = -ZX
XP(I, 3) = -ZX / 2
XP(I, 4) = ZX / 2
XP(I, 5) = ZX
XP(I, 6) = ZX / 2
YP(I, 1) = -ZY
YP(I, 2) = 0
YP(I, 3) = ZY
YP(I, 4) = ZY
YP(I, 5) = 0
YP(I, 6) = -ZY
NEXT I
N0=0
FOR II=1 TO MP ' find the maximum number of points that can be plotted.
FOR I=1 TO 6
IF XP(II, I) <> 0 THEN N0= II
IF YP(II, I) <> 0 THEN N0= II
NEXT I
NEXT II
FOR I=11 TO 14 ' quit if any cursor key is pressed.
ON KEY(I) GOSUB 598
KEY(I) ON
NEXT I
FOR I=1 TO 10 ' If any function key is pressed during execution, the deliberate
ON KEY(I) GOSUB 400 ' curve is stopped, the screen is cleared, and the snowflake curve is
KEY(I) ON ' drawn by a random process (AKA, the chaos curve).
NEXT I
GOTO 500
400 FK= 1 ' come here when any function or cursor key is pressed, and set FK
' that is checked by the deliberate snowflake curve generator. RETURN
500 CLS ' clear the screen before starting (for visual fidelity).
FOR I1=1 TO 6 ' plot the curve via non-random (deliberate calculation) points.
X1= XO + XP(1, I1)
Y1= YO + YP(1, I1)
IF FK THEN GOTO 600
LINE (XO, YO) - (X1, Y1)
FOR I2=1 TO 6
X2= X1 + XP(2,I2)
Y2= Y1 + YP(2,I2)
IF FK THEN GOTO 600
LINE (X1, Y1) - (X2, Y2)
FOR I3=1 TO 6
X3= X2 + XP(3, I3)
Y3= Y2 + YP(3, I3)
IF FK THEN GOTO 600
LINE (X2, Y2) - (X3, Y3)
FOR I4=1 TO 6
X4= X3 + XP(4, I4)
Y4= Y3 + YP(4, I4)
IF FK THEN GOTO 600
LINE (X3, Y3) - (X4, Y4)
FOR I5=1 TO 6
X5= X4 + XP(5, I5)
Y5= Y4 + YP(5, I5)
IF FK THEN GOTO 600
LINE (X4, Y4) - (X5, Y5)
NEXT I5
NEXT I4
NEXT I3
NEXT I2
NEXT I1
ZZ= 10+TIMER ' The snowflake curve is now complete.
555 IF TIMER<ZZ THEN GOTO 555 ' loop for ten seconds. 598 SYSTEM ' stick a fork in it, we're all done.
600 ON KEY(1) GOSUB 710 ' trap all function keys for toggling.
ON KEY(2) GOSUB 720 ON KEY(3) GOSUB 730 ON KEY(4) GOSUB 740 ON KEY(5) GOSUB 750 ON KEY(6) GOSUB 760 ON KEY(7) GOSUB 770 ON KEY(8) GOSUB 780 ON KEY(9) GOSUB 790 ON KEY(10) GOSUB 700
FOR I=1 TO MP ' re-active trapping all the function keys.
KEY(I) ON
NEXT I
CLS ' clear the screen before starting.
GOTO 900 ' go and start drawing the chaos curve.
700 FOR I0=1 TO MP ' reset all toggle settings for all points.
KY(I0)= 0
NEXT I0
RETURN
710 KI= 1 ' toggle setting for point #1 (bypass).
GOTO 800
720 KI= 2 ' toggle setting for point #2 (bypass).
GOTO 800
730 KI= 3 ' toggle setting for point #3 (bypass).
GOTO 800
740 KI= 4 ' toggle setting for point #4 (bypass).
GOTO 800
750 KI= 5 ' toggle setting for point #5 (bypass).
GOTO 800
760 KI= 6 ' toggle setting for point #6 (bypass).
GOTO 800
770 KI= 7 ' toggle setting for point #7 (bypass).
GOTO 800
780 KI= 8 ' toggle setting for point #8 (bypass).
GOTO 800
790 KI= 9 ' toggle setting for point #9 (bypass).
800 KY(KI)= (1 + KY(KI) ) MOD 7 ' reset toggle settings for all higher points.
FOR IK=KI+1 TO MP
KY(IK)= 0
NEXT IK
RETURN
900 N= 0 ' initialize the number of points in this particular chaos curve.
X= XO ' move the start-of-the-chaos-curve to the origin.
Y= YO
LINE (X, Y) - (X, Y)
N= N + 1 ' bump number of points drawn so far.
IF N>N0 THEN GOTO 900 ' # points drawn exceeds possible? Start another chaos curve.
' start of diminishing loop to create an envelope for the chaos curve.
IF KY(N) THEN R= KY(N) ELSE R= 1 + INT(RND*6)
X= X + XP(N, R) ' exercise a degree of freedom (one of six).
Y= Y + YP(N, R)
LINE -(X, Y) ' depending on the "die", draw the next part of the chaos curve.
GOTO 900 ' now, go and do another point.</lang>
Racket
<lang racket>#lang racket
(require metapict)
- rot
- rotate d degrees around point p, where c is a point or curve
(def (rot d p c)
(rotated-aboutd d p c))
(define (koch a b n)
(match n
[0 (draw (curve a -- b))]
[_ (def 1/3ab (med 1/3 a b))
(def 2/3ab (med 2/3 a b))
(draw (koch a 1/3ab (- n 1))
(koch 1/3ab (rot 60 1/3ab 2/3ab) (- n 1))
(koch (rot 60 1/3ab 2/3ab) 2/3ab (- n 1))
(koch 2/3ab b (- n 1)))]))
(define (snow n)
(def a (pt 0 0))
(def b (pt 1 0))
(def c (rot 60 a b))
(draw (koch b a n)
(koch c b n)
(koch a c n)))
(scale 4 (snow 2))</lang>
Ring
<lang ring>
- Project : Koch curve
load "guilib.ring"
paint = null
new qapp
{
win1 = new qwidget() {
setwindowtitle("Koch curve")
setgeometry(100,100,500,600)
label1 = new qlabel(win1) {
setgeometry(10,10,400,400)
settext("")
}
new qpushbutton(win1) {
setgeometry(150,500,100,30)
settext("draw")
setclickevent("draw()")
}
show()
}
exec()
}
func draw
p1 = new qpicture()
color = new qcolor() {
setrgb(0,0,255,255)
}
pen = new qpen() {
setcolor(color)
setwidth(1)
}
paint = new qpainter() {
begin(p1)
setpen(pen)
koch(100, 100, 400, 400, 4)
endpaint()
}
label1 { setpicture(p1) show() }
func koch x1, y1, x2, y2, it
angle = 60*3.14/180
x3 = (2*x1+x2)/3
y3 = (2*y1+y2)/3
x4 = (x1+2*x2)/3
y4 = (y1+2*y2)/3
x = x3 + (x4-x3)*cos(angle)+(y4-y3)*sin(angle)
y = y3 - (x4-x3)*sin(angle)+(y4-y3)*cos(angle)
if (it > 0)
koch(x1, y1, x3, y3, it-1)
koch(x3, y3, x, y, it-1)
koch(x, y, x4, y4, it-1)
koch(x4, y4, x2, y2, it-1)
else
paint.drawline(x1, y1, x3, y3)
paint.drawline(x3, y3, x, y)
paint.drawline(x, y, x4, y4)
paint.drawline(x4, y4, x2, y2)
ok
</lang> Output image:
Sidef
Using the LSystem class defined at Hilbert curve. <lang ruby>var rules = Hash(
F => 'F+F--F+F',
)
var lsys = LSystem(
width: 800, height: 800,
xoff: -210, yoff: -90,
len: 8, angle: 60, color: 'dark green',
)
lsys.execute('F--F--F', 4, "koch_snowflake.png", rules)</lang>
Output image: Koch snowflake
zkl
Uses Image Magick and the PPM class from http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Bitmap/Bresenham%27s_line_algorithm#zkl <lang zkl>var width=512, height=512, img=PPM(width,height,0xFfffFF); // white canvas var angle=(60.0).toRad(); const green=0x00FF00;
fcn koch(x1,y1, x2,y2, it){
x3,y3 := (x1*2 + x2) /3, (y1*2 + y2) /3;
x4,y4 := (x1 + x2*2)/3, (y1 + y2*2)/3;
x:=x3 + (x4-x3)*angle.cos() + (y4-y3)*angle.sin();
y:=y3 - (x4-x3)*angle.sin() + (y4-y3)*angle.cos();
if(it>0){
it-=1;
koch(x1,y1, x3,y3, it);
koch(x3,y3, x, y, it);
koch(x, y, x4,y4, it);
koch(x4,y4, x2,y2, it);
}else{
x,y, x1,y1, x2,y2, x3,y3, x4,y4 =
T(x,y, x1,y1, x2,y2, x3,y3, x4,y4).apply("toInt");
img.line(x1,y1, x3,y3, green);
img.line(x3,y3, x, y, green);
img.line(x, y, x4,y4, green);
img.line(x4,y4, x2,y2, green);
}
}
koch(100.0,100.0, 400.0,400.0, 4); img.writeJPGFile("koch.zkl.jpg");</lang> Image at koch curve
Using a Lindenmayer system and turtle graphics to draw a Koch snowflake:
<lang zkl>lsystem("F--F--F", Dictionary("F","F+F--F+F"), "+-", 4) // snowflake //lsystem("F", Dictionary("F","F+F--F+F"), "+-", 3) // curve
- turtle(_);
fcn lsystem(axiom,rules,consts,n){ // Lindenmayer system --> string
foreach k in (consts){ rules.add(k,k) }
buf1,buf2 := Data(Void,axiom).howza(3), Data().howza(3); // characters
do(n){
buf1.pump(buf2.clear(), rules.get);
t:=buf1; buf1=buf2; buf2=t; // swap buffers
}
buf1.text // n=4 snow flake --> 1,792 characters
}
fcn turtle(koch){
const D=10.0;
dir,deg60, x,y := 0.0, (60.0).toRad(), 20.0, 710.0; // turtle; x,y are float
img,color := PPM(850,950), 0x00ff00;
foreach c in (koch){
switch(c){
case("F"){ // draw forward dx,dy := D.toRectangular(dir); tx,ty := x,y; x,y = (x+dx),(y+dy); img.line(tx.toInt(),ty.toInt(), x.toInt(),y.toInt(), color); } case("-"){ dir-=deg60 } // turn right 60* case("+"){ dir+=deg60 } // turn left 60*
}
}
img.writeJPGFile("kochSnowFlake.zkl.jpg");
}</lang> Image at Koch snow flake
