Create an object at a given address: Difference between revisions
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{{task|Basic Data Operations}} |
{{task|Basic Data Operations}} |
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{{basic data operation}} |
{{basic data operation}} |
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{{omit from|Modula-2}} |
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In systems programing it is sometimes required to place language objects at specific memory locations, like I/O registers, hardware interrupt vectors etc. |
In systems programing it is sometimes required to place language objects at specific memory locations, like I/O registers, hardware interrupt vectors etc. |
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<br><br> |
<br><br> |
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=={{ |
=={{header|6502 Assembly}}== |
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In [[6502 Assembly]] memory is represented by either an 8-bit or a 16-bit address (i.e. $0000 - $FFFF). 8-bit address are reserved for the memory from $00 to $FF - known as zero page; access to this memory takes one less byte in the opcode and one less cycle to execute. |
In [[6502 Assembly]] memory is represented by either an 8-bit or a 16-bit address (i.e. $0000 - $FFFF). 8-bit address are reserved for the memory from $00 to $FF - known as zero page; access to this memory takes one less byte in the opcode and one less cycle to execute. |
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Data can be stored, one byte at a time, through the store instructions, for example to store data at $1900: |
Data can be stored, one byte at a time, through the store instructions, for example to store data at $1900: |
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< |
<syntaxhighlight lang="6502asm"> sta $1900 |
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stx $1901 |
stx $1901 |
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sty $1902</ |
sty $1902</syntaxhighlight> |
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Storage can be indexed through the use of the X or Y registers: |
Storage can be indexed through the use of the X or Y registers: |
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< |
<syntaxhighlight lang="6502asm"> ldx #54 |
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.loop sta $1900,X |
.loop sta $1900,X |
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dex |
dex |
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bne loop</ |
bne loop</syntaxhighlight> |
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It can also be stored via indirect indexed addressing (i.e. memory points to an address), using the Y register: |
It can also be stored via indirect indexed addressing (i.e. memory points to an address), using the Y register: |
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< |
<syntaxhighlight lang="6502asm"> lda #0 |
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sta $70 |
sta $70 |
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lda #$20 |
lda #$20 |
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sta $71 |
sta $71 |
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ldy #0 |
ldy #0 |
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sta ($70),Y</ |
sta ($70),Y</syntaxhighlight> |
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Finally, it can be stored via indexed indirect addressing (i.e. read the address of memory from the table stored at the parameter), using the X register: |
Finally, it can be stored via indexed indirect addressing (i.e. read the address of memory from the table stored at the parameter), using the X register: |
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< |
<syntaxhighlight lang="6502asm"> lda #0 |
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sta $70 |
sta $70 |
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lda #$20 |
lda #$20 |
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sta $71 |
sta $71 |
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ldx #0 |
ldx #0 |
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sta ($70,X)</ |
sta ($70,X)</syntaxhighlight> |
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It should be noted that on the 6502 processor hardware is normally memory mapped, so this is often used for manipulating hardware. |
It should be noted that on the 6502 processor hardware is normally memory mapped, so this is often used for manipulating hardware. |
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=={{header|68000 Assembly}}== |
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First, an integer object will be created at address $100000: |
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<syntaxhighlight lang="68000devpac">MOVE.L #$12345678,$100000</syntaxhighlight> |
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Finding the address of a given object isn't actually possible in the same way it would be on [[C]], since anything loaded from an address is just a numeric copy and is not actually related in any way to the "object." The closest way is to label a memory address and load that label as a numeric constant. |
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=={{Header|Ada}}== |
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<syntaxhighlight lang="68000devpac">myVariable equ $100000 |
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MOVE.L #myVariable,D0 |
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JSR printLong ;some unimplemented printing routine.</syntaxhighlight> |
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Creating a new object at that location is as simple as storing a new value there. |
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<syntaxhighlight lang="68000devpac">MOVE.L #$FFFFFFFF,myVariable</syntaxhighlight> |
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=={{header|8086 Assembly}}== |
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This example uses UASM to assemble MS-DOS compatible code. |
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<syntaxhighlight lang="asm">.model small ;specify memory model to use |
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.stack 1024 ;set up stack |
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.data ;data segment |
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UserRam BYTE 256 DUP (0) ;allocate 256 bytes of user RAM, initialized to zero. |
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tempByte equ UserRam ;define a few labels for clarity |
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tempWord equ UserRam+2 |
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tempLong_LoWord equ UserRam+4 |
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tempLong_HiWord equ UserRam+6 |
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.code ;code segment |
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mov ax, @data |
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mov ds, ax |
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mov ax, @code |
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mov es, ax ;load segment registers with the appropriate segments. |
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; now there is no need to use "mov ax, seg UserRam" since we've already loaded the data segment into DS |
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;store an integer value into memory |
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mov ax, 1000h ;load the value 0x1000 into AX |
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mov word ptr [ds:tempLong_LoWord],ax ;store 0x1000 into tempLong_LoWord |
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mov ax, 0040h ;the 8086 is 16-bit so we have to load the pieces separately. |
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mov word ptr [ds:tempLong_HiWord],ax ;store 0x0040 into tempLong_HiWord |
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;get the address of a variable |
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mov ax, tempLong_LoWord ;without "word ptr" and brackets, the assembler interprets a label as a constant.</syntaxhighlight> |
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=={{header|Action!}}== |
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<syntaxhighlight lang="action!">DEFINE FIRST="12345" |
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DEFINE SECOND="54321" |
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DEFINE PTR="CARD" |
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PROC Main() |
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PTR base,copy=base |
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PrintF("Address of base variable: %H%E",@base) |
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PrintF("Address of copy variable: %H%E",@copy) |
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PutE() |
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PrintF("Assign %U value to base variable%E",FIRST) |
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base=FIRST |
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PrintF("Value of base variable: %U%E",base) |
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PrintF("Value of copy variable: %U%E",copy) |
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PutE() |
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PrintF("Assign %U value to base variable%E",SECOND) |
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base=SECOND |
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PrintF("Value of base variable: %U%E",base) |
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PrintF("Value of copy variable: %U%E",copy) |
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RETURN</syntaxhighlight> |
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{{out}} |
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[https://gitlab.com/amarok8bit/action-rosetta-code/-/raw/master/images/Create_an_object_at_a_given_address.png Screenshot from Atari 8-bit computer] |
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<pre> |
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Address of base variable: $268C |
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Address of copy variable: $268C |
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Assign 12345 value to base variable |
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Value of base variable: 12345 |
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Value of copy variable: 12345 |
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Assign 54321 value to base variable |
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Value of base variable: 54321 |
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Value of copy variable: 54321 |
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</pre> |
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=={{header|Ada}}== |
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In [[Ada]] object address can be specified using the address representation clause [http://www.adaic.org/standards/05rm/html/RM-13-3.html RM 13.3]: |
In [[Ada]] object address can be specified using the address representation clause [http://www.adaic.org/standards/05rm/html/RM-13-3.html RM 13.3]: |
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< |
<syntaxhighlight lang="ada"> |
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type IO_Port is mod 2**8; -- One byte |
type IO_Port is mod 2**8; -- One byte |
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Device_Port : type IO_Port; |
Device_Port : type IO_Port; |
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for Device_Port'Address use 16#FFFF_F000#; |
for Device_Port'Address use 16#FFFF_F000#; |
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</syntaxhighlight> |
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</lang> |
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In the example above the address is specified constant. It is also possible to specify address dynamically as the following solution of the task does: |
In the example above the address is specified constant. It is also possible to specify address dynamically as the following solution of the task does: |
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< |
<syntaxhighlight lang="ada"> |
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with Ada.Text_IO; use Ada.Text_IO; |
with Ada.Text_IO; use Ada.Text_IO; |
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with System.Storage_Elements; use System.Storage_Elements; |
with System.Storage_Elements; use System.Storage_Elements; |
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Line 74: | Line 157: | ||
Put_Line (Integer'Image (Y)); |
Put_Line (Integer'Image (Y)); |
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end Test_Address; |
end Test_Address; |
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</syntaxhighlight> |
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</lang> |
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Sample output: |
Sample output: |
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<pre> |
<pre> |
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Line 81: | Line 164: | ||
456 |
456 |
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</pre> |
</pre> |
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=={{Header|Aikido}}== |
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=={{header|Aikido}}== |
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Aikido doesn't support getting the address of a variable. However, in the spirit of this task, it does support raw memory access using <code>peek</code> and <code>poke</code>. These can be used on both an integer representing an address (64 bit) or a value obtained from calling <code>malloc</code>. |
Aikido doesn't support getting the address of a variable. However, in the spirit of this task, it does support raw memory access using <code>peek</code> and <code>poke</code>. These can be used on both an integer representing an address (64 bit) or a value obtained from calling <code>malloc</code>. |
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< |
<syntaxhighlight lang="aikido"> |
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var portaddr = 0x80 |
var portaddr = 0x80 |
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Line 95: | Line 179: | ||
poke (addr+6, 12, 2) |
poke (addr+6, 12, 2) |
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</syntaxhighlight> |
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</lang> |
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=={{header|Applesoft BASIC}}== |
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<syntaxhighlight lang="gwbasic"> 0 DEF FN P(A) = PEEK (A) + PEEK (A + 1) * 256 |
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100 : |
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110 REM CREATE AN INTEGER OBJECT |
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120 : |
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130 I$ = CHR$ (42) |
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140 POKE 236, PEEK (131) |
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150 POKE 237, PEEK (132) |
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160 PRINT "HERE IS AN INTEGER : " ASC (I$) |
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200 : |
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210 REM PRINT THE MACHINE ADDRESS OF THE OBJECT |
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220 : |
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230 PRINT "ITS ADDRESS IS : " FN P( FN P(236) + 1) |
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300 : |
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310 REM TAKE THE ADDRESS OF THE OBJECT AND CREATE ANOTHER INTEGER OBJECT AT THIS ADDRESS |
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320 : |
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330 O$ = CHR$ (0) |
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340 POKE 250, PEEK (131) |
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350 POKE 251, PEEK (132) |
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360 POKE FN P(250) + 1, PEEK ( FN P(236) + 1) |
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370 POKE FN P(250) + 2, PEEK ( FN P(236) + 2) |
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400 : |
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410 REM PRINT THE VALUE OF THIS OBJECT TO VERIFY THAT IT IS SAME AS ONE OF THE ORIGIN |
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420 : |
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430 PRINT "COMPARE OTHER INTEGER : " ASC (O$) |
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500 : |
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510 REM CHANGE THE VALUE OF THE ORIGIN AND VERIFY IT AGAIN |
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520 : |
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530 POKE FN P( FN P(236) + 1),69 |
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540 PRINT "NEW INTEGER VALUE : " ASC (I$) |
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550 PRINT "COMPARE OTHER INTEGER : " ASC (O$)</syntaxhighlight> |
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{{out}} |
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<pre> |
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HERE IS AN INTEGER : 42 |
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ITS ADDRESS IS : 38399 |
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COMPARE OTHER INTEGER : 42 |
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NEW INTEGER VALUE : 69 |
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COMPARE OTHER INTEGER : 69 |
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</pre> |
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=={{header|ARM Assembly}}== |
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{{trans|68000 Assembly}} |
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First, an integer object will be created at address $100000: |
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<syntaxhighlight lang="arm assembly">mov r0,#0x00100000 |
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ldr r1,testData |
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str r1,[r0] ;store 0x12345678 at address $100000 |
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bx lr ;return from subroutine |
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testData: |
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.long 0x12345678 ;VASM uses .long for 32 bit and .word for 16 bit values, unlike most ARM assemblers.</syntaxhighlight> |
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Finding the address of a given object isn't actually possible in the same way it would be on [[C]], since anything loaded from an address is just a numeric copy and is not actually related in any way to the "object." The closest way is to label a memory address and load that label as a numeric constant. |
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<syntaxhighlight lang="arm assembly">.equ myVariable,0x00100000 |
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mov r0,#myVariable |
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bl printLong ;unimplemented printing routine</syntaxhighlight> |
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Creating a new object at that location is as simple as storing a new value there. |
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<syntaxhighlight lang="arm assembly">mov r0,#0x00100000 |
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mov r1,#0 |
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mvn r1,r1 ;flip the bits of r1 |
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str r1,[r0] ;store 0xFFFFFFFF at address $100000 |
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bx lr ;return from subroutine</syntaxhighlight> |
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=={{header|AutoHotkey}}== |
=={{header|AutoHotkey}}== |
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In AutoHotkey indeed no language objects can be created at a specified address. But it's very well possible to read and write memory addresses directly. All standard number types are allowed. |
In AutoHotkey indeed no language objects can be created at a specified address. But it's very well possible to read and write memory addresses directly. All standard number types are allowed. |
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< |
<syntaxhighlight lang="autohotkey">; Create a variable with 4 bytes size and show it's machine address. |
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VarSetCapacity(var, 4, 0) |
VarSetCapacity(var, 4, 0) |
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pAddress := &var |
pAddress := &var |
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Line 108: | Line 254: | ||
; Write a number and read it back. |
; Write a number and read it back. |
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NumPut(123456, pAddress+0, 0, "UInt") |
NumPut(123456, pAddress+0, 0, "UInt") |
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MsgBox % "Contents of *pAddress: " . NumGet(pAddress+0, 0, "UInt")</ |
MsgBox % "Contents of *pAddress: " . NumGet(pAddress+0, 0, "UInt")</syntaxhighlight> |
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=={{header|BBC BASIC}}== |
=={{header|BBC BASIC}}== |
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< |
<syntaxhighlight lang="bbcbasic"> REM Create an integer object: |
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anInteger% = 12345678 |
anInteger% = 12345678 |
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PRINT "Original value =", anInteger% |
PRINT "Original value =", anInteger% |
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anInteger% = 55555555 |
anInteger% = 55555555 |
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PRINT "Final value =", !address% |
PRINT "Final value =", !address% |
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</syntaxhighlight> |
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</lang> |
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Output: |
Output: |
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<pre>Original value = 12345678 |
<pre>Original value = 12345678 |
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Line 138: | Line 284: | ||
=={{header|C}}== |
=={{header|C}}== |
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< |
<syntaxhighlight lang="c">#include <stdio.h> |
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int main() |
int main() |
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printf("%p: %08x (=%08x)\n", address, *address, intspace); |
printf("%p: %08x (=%08x)\n", address, *address, intspace); |
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return 0; |
return 0; |
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}</ |
}</syntaxhighlight> |
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<pre>0xbfc5675c: 0000ffff (=0000ffff) |
<pre>0xbfc5675c: 0000ffff (=0000ffff) |
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Line 162: | Line 308: | ||
A more typical embedded way of doing this is below. Note that the OS will probably not allow this due to memory protections. Embedded systems often do not have memory managers. |
A more typical embedded way of doing this is below. Note that the OS will probably not allow this due to memory protections. Embedded systems often do not have memory managers. |
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< |
<syntaxhighlight lang="c">#include <stdint.h> |
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#include <stddef.h> |
#include <stddef.h> |
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return 0; |
return 0; |
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}</ |
}</syntaxhighlight> |
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=={{header|C++}}== |
=={{header|C++}}== |
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C++ supports this natively through placement new. This allows construction of complex object types in arbitrary memory locations. |
C++ supports this natively through placement new. This allows construction of complex object types in arbitrary memory locations. |
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< |
<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">#include <string> |
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#include <iostream> |
#include <iostream> |
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stringPtr->~basic_string(); |
stringPtr->~basic_string(); |
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delete[] data; |
delete[] data; |
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}</ |
}</syntaxhighlight> |
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Sample output: |
Sample output: |
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Line 214: | Line 360: | ||
=={{header|COBOL}}== |
=={{header|COBOL}}== |
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{{works with|COBOL 2002}} |
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{{trans|PicoLisp}} |
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<syntaxhighlight lang="cobolfree">IDENTIFICATION DIVISION. |
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{{works with|COBOL|2002}} |
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PROGRAM-ID. object-address-test. |
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{{works with|OpenCOBOL|1.1}} |
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DATA DIVISION. |
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LOCAL-STORAGE SECTION. |
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PROGRAM-ID. object-address-test. |
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77 int-space PICTURE IS 9(5) VALUE IS 12345. |
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DATA DIVISION. |
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77 addr PICTURE IS 9(5) BASED VALUE IS ZERO. |
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LOCAL-STORAGE SECTION. |
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77 point USAGE IS POINTER. |
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PROCEDURE DIVISION. |
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05 val PICTURE 9(5) VALUE 12345. |
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DISPLAY "Value of integer object : " int-space |
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01 addr BASED. |
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SET point TO ADDRESS OF int-space |
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05 val PICTURE 9(5) VALUE ZERO. |
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DISPLAY "Machine address of object : " point |
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01 point USAGE POINTER. |
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SET ADDRESS OF addr TO point |
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DISPLAY "Value of referent object : " addr |
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DISPLAY val OF int-space END-DISPLAY |
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MOVE 65535 TO int-space |
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DISPLAY "New value of original : " addr |
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DISPLAY point END-DISPLAY |
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DISPLAY "New value of reference : " int-space |
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GOBACK. |
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DISPLAY val OF addr END-DISPLAY |
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END PROGRAM object-address-test.</syntaxhighlight> |
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MOVE 65535 TO val OF addr |
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DISPLAY val OF addr END-DISPLAY |
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DISPLAY val OF int-space END-DISPLAY |
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STOP RUN. |
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END PROGRAM object-address-test. |
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</lang> |
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Output: |
Output: |
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<pre> |
<pre> |
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Value of integer object : 12345 |
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12345 |
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Machine address of object : 0x0000563e11e77fd0 |
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3215227472 |
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Value of referent object : 12345 |
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12345 |
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New value of original : 65535 |
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65535 |
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New value of reference : 65535 |
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65535 |
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</pre> |
</pre> |
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=={{header|Commodore BASIC}}== |
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The <code>PEEK</code> and <code>POKE</code> commands allow the [[Commodore BASIC]] user to perform limited [[6502 Assembly]] operations. |
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<syntaxhighlight lang="gwbasic">10 POKE 50000,(3) REM EQUIVALENT OF LDA #$03 STA 50000 |
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20 PEEK(50000) REM READ THE VALUE AT MEMORY ADDRESS 50000</syntaxhighlight> |
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=={{header|D}}== |
=={{header|D}}== |
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A better presentation. |
A better presentation. |
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< |
<syntaxhighlight lang="d">import std.stdio ; |
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void main() { |
void main() { |
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Line 284: | Line 430: | ||
*fPtr = 0.5f ; // change value |
*fPtr = 0.5f ; // change value |
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writefln("arr[3] = 0x%8x (%9.4f) @ 0x%08X", *iPtr, *fPtr, iPtr) ; |
writefln("arr[3] = 0x%8x (%9.4f) @ 0x%08X", *iPtr, *fPtr, iPtr) ; |
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}</ |
}</syntaxhighlight> |
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output: |
output: |
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<pre>arr(as X)'s msg = '~~~A~~~B~~~C~~~D' (len 16) @ 0x401C2F80 |
<pre>arr(as X)'s msg = '~~~A~~~B~~~C~~~D' (len 16) @ 0x401C2F80 |
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Line 291: | Line 437: | ||
arr[3] = 0x3f000000 ( 0.5000) @ 0x401C2F8C |
arr[3] = 0x3f000000 ( 0.5000) @ 0x401C2F8C |
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</pre> |
</pre> |
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=={{header|Delphi}}== |
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<syntaxhighlight lang="delphi"> |
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program Create_an_object_at_a_given_address; |
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{$APPTYPE CONSOLE} |
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var |
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origem: Integer; |
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copy: Integer absolute origem; // This is old the trick |
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begin |
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writeln('The "origem" adress is: ', cardinal(@origem)); |
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writeln('The "copy" adress is: ', cardinal(@copy)); |
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writeln; |
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origem := 10; |
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writeln('Assign 10 to "origem" '); |
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writeln('The value of "origem" é ', origem); |
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writeln('The value of "copy" é ', copy); |
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writeln; |
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copy := 2; |
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writeln('Assign 2 to "copy" '); |
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writeln('The value of "origem" é ', origem); |
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writeln('The value of "copy" é ', copy); |
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Readln; |
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end.</syntaxhighlight> |
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{{out}} |
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<pre>The "origem" adress is: 4261256 |
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The "copy" adress is: 4261256 |
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Assign 10 to "origem" |
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The value of "origem" é 10 |
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The value of "copy" é 10 |
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Assign 2 to "copy" |
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The value of "origem" é 2 |
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The value of "copy" é 2</pre> |
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=={{header|Forth}}== |
=={{header|Forth}}== |
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As an untyped language, specific machine addresses are very easy to represent in Forth. This is usually most useful for embedded targets. |
As an untyped language, specific machine addresses are very easy to represent in Forth. This is usually most useful for embedded targets. |
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< |
<syntaxhighlight lang="forth"> |
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$3f8 constant LPT1: |
$3f8 constant LPT1: |
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LPT1: c@ . |
LPT1: c@ . |
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$3f LPT1: c! |
$3f LPT1: c! |
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</syntaxhighlight> |
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</lang> |
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Some architectures may require special fetch and store operators to access ports. For example, [[Open Firmware]] defines l@ and l! for safe 32-bit port writes. |
Some architectures may require special fetch and store operators to access ports. For example, [[Open Firmware]] defines l@ and l! for safe 32-bit port writes. |
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=={{header|FreeBASIC}}== |
=={{header|FreeBASIC}}== |
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< |
<syntaxhighlight lang="freebasic">' FB 1.05.0 |
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Type Person |
Type Person |
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Line 336: | Line 523: | ||
Print |
Print |
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Print "Press any key to quit" |
Print "Press any key to quit" |
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Sleep</ |
Sleep</syntaxhighlight> |
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{{out}} |
{{out}} |
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Line 343: | Line 530: | ||
Teresa 60 |
Teresa 60 |
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</pre> |
</pre> |
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=={{header|FutureBasic}}== |
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<syntaxhighlight lang="futurebasic"> |
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include "NSLog.incl" |
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local fn DoIt |
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NSLog( @"Dimension in integer \"x\", but do not assign it a value.\n" ) |
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long x |
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// Note that the @ (at sign) prefixing x is a pointer to its machine address |
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NSLog( @"The machine address of x is: %p", @x ) |
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NSLog( @"While x is unassigned, the machine address will contain a garbage value: %ld\n", x ) |
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// Assign x a value of 1234 |
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x = 1234 |
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NSLog( @"When x is assigned a value of %ld, that value will be stored in the machine address: %p", x, @x ) |
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NSLog( @"The machine address now contains the value: %ld\n", x ) |
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// Reassign x a value of 5678 |
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x = 5678 |
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NSLog( @"Wnen x is reassigned the new value %ld, that value will be stored in the existing machine address: %p", x, @x ) |
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NSLog( @"The machine address now contains the value: %ld\n", x ) |
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end fn |
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fn DoIt |
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HandleEvents |
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</syntaxhighlight> |
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{{output}} |
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<pre> |
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Dimension in integer "x", but do not assign it a value. |
|||
The machine address of x is: 0x7ffee279bb58 |
|||
While x is unassigned, the machine address will contain a garbage value: 1099524915200 |
|||
When x is assigned a value of 1234, that value will be stored in the machine address: 0x7ffee279bb58 |
|||
The machine address now contains the value: 1234 |
|||
Wnen x is reassigned the new value 5678, that value will be stored in the existing machine address: 0x7ffee279bb58 |
|||
The machine address now contains the value: 5678 |
|||
</pre> |
|||
=={{header|Go}}== |
=={{header|Go}}== |
||
Go has several ways to access arbitrary memory locations using the built-in unsafe package. If the desired memory contains an array, since Go doesn't have pointer arithmetic, then a slice should be used instead of a pointer. The following solution demonstrates both a pointer and a slice. |
Go has several ways to access arbitrary memory locations using the built-in unsafe package. If the desired memory contains an array, since Go doesn't have pointer arithmetic, then a slice should be used instead of a pointer. The following solution demonstrates both a pointer and a slice. |
||
< |
<syntaxhighlight lang="go">package main |
||
import( |
import( |
||
Line 403: | Line 633: | ||
slice() |
slice() |
||
}</ |
}</syntaxhighlight> |
||
Output: |
Output: |
||
<pre> |
<pre> |
||
Line 420: | Line 650: | ||
a: [65 32 115 116 114 105 110 103 46 0] |
a: [65 32 115 116 114 105 110 103 46 0] |
||
</pre> |
</pre> |
||
=={{header|J}}== |
|||
For this task, it's probably best to use the [[#C|C]] implementation via a [[j:Guides/DLLs/Calling_DLLs|shared library]] (which requires changing the C function name from <code>main</code> to something else). |
|||
=={{header|Julia}}== |
=={{header|Julia}}== |
||
Line 425: | Line 659: | ||
address of a Julia integer variable within the VM may change when it is |
address of a Julia integer variable within the VM may change when it is |
||
re-assigned a new value, an array of a single integer is used below. |
re-assigned a new value, an array of a single integer is used below. |
||
< |
<syntaxhighlight lang="julia"> |
||
function unsafepointers() |
function unsafepointers() |
||
intspace = [42] |
intspace = [42] |
||
Line 439: | Line 673: | ||
unsafepointers() |
unsafepointers() |
||
</syntaxhighlight> |
|||
</lang> |
|||
{{output}}<pre> |
{{output}}<pre> |
||
The address of intspace is Ptr{Void} @0x0000000007271030 |
The address of intspace is Ptr{Void} @0x0000000007271030 |
||
Line 449: | Line 683: | ||
=={{header|Kotlin}}== |
=={{header|Kotlin}}== |
||
{{Works with|Ubuntu|14.04}} |
{{Works with|Ubuntu|14.04}} |
||
< |
<syntaxhighlight lang="scala">// Kotlin/Native Technology Preview |
||
import kotlinx.cinterop.* |
import kotlinx.cinterop.* |
||
Line 459: | Line 693: | ||
with(intVar) { println("Value is $value, address is $rawPtr") } |
with(intVar) { println("Value is $value, address is $rawPtr") } |
||
nativeHeap.free(intVar) |
nativeHeap.free(intVar) |
||
}</ |
}</syntaxhighlight> |
||
{{out}} |
{{out}} |
||
Line 467: | Line 701: | ||
Value is 52, address is 26431776 |
Value is 52, address is 26431776 |
||
</pre> |
</pre> |
||
=={{header|Lua}}== |
|||
Lua has addresses by tables: |
|||
<syntaxhighlight lang="lua">local a = {10} |
|||
local b = a |
|||
print ("address a:"..tostring(a), "value a:"..a[1]) |
|||
print ("address b:"..tostring(b), "value b:"..b[1]) |
|||
b[1] = 42 |
|||
print ("address a:"..tostring(a), "value a:"..a[1]) |
|||
print ("address b:"..tostring(b), "value b:"..b[1])</syntaxhighlight> |
|||
{{out}} |
|||
Sample output: |
|||
<pre>address a:table: 007c8d48 value a:10 |
|||
address b:table: 007c8d48 value b:10 |
|||
address a:table: 007c8d48 value a:42 |
|||
address b:table: 007c8d48 value b:42 |
|||
</pre> |
|||
=={{header|M2000 Interpreter}}== |
=={{header|M2000 Interpreter}}== |
||
In M2000 we can create two kind of buffers, one for data, and one for code. Buffer for code is immutable at execution time. We can execute code by using an offset. Buffer for data is always mutable, but can't execute code. |
In M2000 we can create two kind of buffers, one for data, and one for code. Buffer for code is immutable at execution time. We can execute code by using an offset. Buffer for data is always mutable, but can't execute code. |
||
Line 473: | Line 729: | ||
Memory addresses are nit the physical address, it's from virtual space. |
Memory addresses are nit the physical address, it's from virtual space. |
||
<syntaxhighlight lang="m2000 interpreter"> |
|||
<lang M2000 Interpreter> |
|||
Module CheckIt { |
Module CheckIt { |
||
structure alfa { |
structure alfa { |
||
Line 511: | Line 767: | ||
} |
} |
||
Checkit |
Checkit |
||
</syntaxhighlight> |
|||
</lang> |
|||
=={{header|Nim}}== |
=={{header|Nim}}== |
||
< |
<syntaxhighlight lang="nim">type |
||
MyObject = object |
MyObject = object |
||
x: int |
x: int |
||
Line 527: | Line 783: | ||
objPtr[] = MyObject(x: 42, y: 3.1415) |
objPtr[] = MyObject(x: 42, y: 3.1415) |
||
echo "object at ", cast[int](mem), ": ", objPtr[] |
echo "object at ", cast[int](mem), ": ", objPtr[] |
||
</syntaxhighlight> |
|||
</lang> |
|||
Output: |
Output: |
||
Line 534: | Line 790: | ||
object at 139966605271112: (x: 42, y: 3.1415) |
object at 139966605271112: (x: 42, y: 3.1415) |
||
</pre> |
</pre> |
||
This works for global variables too: |
|||
<syntaxhighlight lang="nim">var x: int = 3 |
|||
var p: ptr int |
|||
p = cast[ptr int](addr(x)) |
|||
echo "Before ", x |
|||
p[] = 5 |
|||
echo "After: ", x</syntaxhighlight> |
|||
Output: |
|||
<pre>Before 3 |
|||
After: 5</pre> |
|||
=={{header|Pascal}}== |
=={{header|Pascal}}== |
||
Like in Ada you can assigne different variables at the same adress of an already declared variable. |
Like in Ada you can assigne different variables at the same adress of an already declared variable. |
||
Nice to get the bytes out of an Int64. |
Nice to get the bytes out of an Int64. |
||
< |
<syntaxhighlight lang="pascal">program test; |
||
type |
type |
||
t8Byte = array[0..7] of byte; |
t8Byte = array[0..7] of byte; |
||
Line 558: | Line 829: | ||
writeln(#8#32); |
writeln(#8#32); |
||
writeln(L); |
writeln(L); |
||
end.</ |
end.</syntaxhighlight>{OUT}<pre>255 |
||
4711 |
4711 |
||
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 |
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 |
||
506097522914230528</pre> |
506097522914230528</pre> |
||
=={{header|Perl |
=={{header|Perl}}== |
||
The is basically a simplified version of the solution to the [https://rosettacode.org/wiki/Address_of_a_variable#Perl Address of a variable] task, so for more detail please consult that entry. |
|||
Perl 6 has fairly comprehensive facilities for accessing allocating and accessing memory and also declaring C-style structs, via the NativeCall interface, as this example demonstrates. |
|||
<syntaxhighlight lang="perl"># 20210218 Perl programming solution |
|||
<lang perl6>use v6; |
|||
use NativeCall; |
|||
use NativeCall::Types; |
|||
use strict; |
|||
# bind to basic libc memory management |
|||
use warnings; |
|||
sub malloc(size_t) returns Pointer[uint8] is native {*}; |
|||
sub memset(Pointer, uint32, size_t) is native {*}; |
|||
sub free(Pointer[uint8]) is native {*}; |
|||
# create an integer object |
|||
my Pointer[uint8] $base-p = malloc(100); |
|||
memset($base-p, 0, 100); |
|||
print "Here is an integer : ", my $target = 42, "\n"; |
|||
# define object as a C struct that contains a short and an int |
|||
class SampleObject is repr('CStruct') { |
|||
has uint16 $.foo is rw; |
|||
has uint8 $.bar is rw; |
|||
} |
|||
# print the machine address of the object |
|||
# for arguments sake our object is at byte offset 64 in the |
|||
# allocated memory |
|||
print "And its reference is : ", my $targetref = \$target, "\n"; |
|||
my $offset-p = $base-p.clone.add(64); |
|||
my $object-p := nativecast(Pointer[SampleObject], $offset-p); |
|||
note "creating object at address {+$object-p}"; |
|||
# take the address of the object and create another integer object at this address |
|||
my $struct := $object-p.deref; |
|||
print "Now assigns a new value to it : ", $$targetref = 69, "\n"; |
|||
$struct.foo = 41; |
|||
$struct.bar = 99; |
|||
# print the value of this object to verify that it is same as one of the origin |
|||
# check we can update |
|||
$struct.foo++; # 42 |
|||
print "Then compare with the referent : ", $target, "\n"; </syntaxhighlight> |
|||
# Check that we're actually updating the memory |
|||
use Test; |
|||
# look at the bytes directly to verify we've written to memory. Don't be too exact, as |
|||
# the positions may vary on different platforms depending on endianess and field alignment. |
|||
my $rec-size = nativesizeof(SampleObject); |
|||
my uint8 @bytes-written = (0 ..^ $rec-size).map(-> $i {$base-p[64 + $i]}).grep: * > 0; |
|||
# first field 'foo' (amount is small enough to fit in one byte) |
|||
is @bytes-written[0], 42, 'object first field'; |
|||
# second field 'bar' |
|||
is @bytes-written[1], 99, 'object second field'; |
|||
# verify that changing the origin changes the object values |
|||
memset($base-p, 1, 100); # set every byte to 1 |
|||
is $struct.foo, 256 + 1, 'short updated at origin'; |
|||
is $struct.bar, 1, 'byte updated at origin'; |
|||
# tidy up |
|||
free($base-p); |
|||
done-testing; |
|||
</lang> |
|||
{{out}} |
{{out}} |
||
<pre> |
|||
<pre>creating object at address 94299589110352 |
|||
Here is an integer : 42 |
|||
ok 1 - object first field |
|||
And its reference is : SCALAR(0x1e25328) |
|||
ok 2 - object second field |
|||
Now assigns a new value to it : 69 |
|||
ok 3 - short updated at origin |
|||
Then compare with the referent : 69 |
|||
ok 4 - byte updated at origin |
|||
1..4 |
|||
</pre> |
</pre> |
||
Line 635: | Line 867: | ||
Phix does not support creation of a "language object" at a specific address, but you can peek and poke bytes, words, dwords and qwords |
Phix does not support creation of a "language object" at a specific address, but you can peek and poke bytes, words, dwords and qwords |
||
to any address, as long as doing so does not trigger a hardware exception. You could also use inline assembly, if that helps any. |
to any address, as long as doing so does not trigger a hardware exception. You could also use inline assembly, if that helps any. |
||
<!--<syntaxhighlight lang="phix">--> |
|||
<lang Phix>poke(0x80,or_bits(peek(0x80),0x40)) |
|||
<span style="color: #7060A8;">poke</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">0x80</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #7060A8;">or_bits</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #7060A8;">peek</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">0x80</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">),</span><span style="color: #000000;">0x40</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">))</span> |
|||
#ilASM{ mov al,[0x80] |
|||
#ilASM{ mov al,[0x80] |
|||
or al,0x40 |
|||
or al,0x40 |
|||
mov [0x80],al} |
|||
<!--</syntaxhighlight>--> |
|||
=={{header|PicoLisp}}== |
=={{header|PicoLisp}}== |
||
< |
<syntaxhighlight lang="picolisp">: (setq IntSpace 12345) # Integer |
||
-> 12345 |
-> 12345 |
||
Line 651: | Line 885: | ||
: IntSpace # Show the new value |
: IntSpace # Show the new value |
||
-> 65535</ |
-> 65535</syntaxhighlight> |
||
=={{header|PureBasic}}== |
=={{header|PureBasic}}== |
||
< |
<syntaxhighlight lang="purebasic">; Allocate a 1Mb memory area work within to avoid conflicts, |
||
; this address could be any number but it may then fail on some systems. |
; this address could be any number but it may then fail on some systems. |
||
*a=AllocateMemory(1024*1024) |
*a=AllocateMemory(1024*1024) |
||
Line 675: | Line 909: | ||
EndIf |
EndIf |
||
Next |
Next |
||
</syntaxhighlight> |
|||
</lang> |
|||
=={{header|Racket}}== |
=={{header|Racket}}== |
||
< |
<syntaxhighlight lang="racket"> |
||
#lang racket |
#lang racket |
||
(require ffi/unsafe) |
(require ffi/unsafe) |
||
Line 704: | Line 938: | ||
;; or start with a given address of something like a memory-mapped IO |
;; or start with a given address of something like a memory-mapped IO |
||
;; object |
;; object |
||
</syntaxhighlight> |
|||
</lang> |
|||
=={{header|Raku}}== |
|||
(formerly Perl 6) |
|||
Raku has fairly comprehensive facilities for accessing allocating and accessing memory and also declaring C-style structs, via the NativeCall interface, as this example demonstrates. |
|||
<syntaxhighlight lang="raku" line>use NativeCall; |
|||
use NativeCall::Types; |
|||
# bind to basic libc memory management |
|||
sub malloc(size_t) returns Pointer[uint8] is native {*}; |
|||
sub memset(Pointer, uint32, size_t) is native {*}; |
|||
sub free(Pointer[uint8]) is native {*}; |
|||
my Pointer[uint8] $base-p = malloc(100); |
|||
memset($base-p, 0, 100); |
|||
# define object as a C struct that contains a short and an int |
|||
class SampleObject is repr('CStruct') { |
|||
has uint16 $.foo is rw; |
|||
has uint8 $.bar is rw; |
|||
} |
|||
# for arguments sake our object is at byte offset 64 in the |
|||
# allocated memory |
|||
my $offset-p = $base-p.clone.add(64); |
|||
my $object-p := nativecast(Pointer[SampleObject], $offset-p); |
|||
note "creating object at address {+$object-p}"; |
|||
my $struct := $object-p.deref; |
|||
$struct.foo = 41; |
|||
$struct.bar = 99; |
|||
# check we can update |
|||
$struct.foo++; # 42 |
|||
# Check that we're actually updating the memory |
|||
use Test; |
|||
# look at the bytes directly to verify we've written to memory. Don't be too exact, as |
|||
# the positions may vary on different platforms depending on endianess and field alignment. |
|||
my $rec-size = nativesizeof(SampleObject); |
|||
my uint8 @bytes-written = (0 ..^ $rec-size).map(-> $i {$base-p[64 + $i]}).grep: * > 0; |
|||
# first field 'foo' (amount is small enough to fit in one byte) |
|||
is @bytes-written[0], 42, 'object first field'; |
|||
# second field 'bar' |
|||
is @bytes-written[1], 99, 'object second field'; |
|||
# verify that changing the origin changes the object values |
|||
memset($base-p, 1, 100); # set every byte to 1 |
|||
is $struct.foo, 256 + 1, 'short updated at origin'; |
|||
is $struct.bar, 1, 'byte updated at origin'; |
|||
# tidy up |
|||
free($base-p); |
|||
done-testing; |
|||
</syntaxhighlight> |
|||
{{out}} |
|||
<pre>creating object at address 94299589110352 |
|||
ok 1 - object first field |
|||
ok 2 - object second field |
|||
ok 3 - short updated at origin |
|||
ok 4 - byte updated at origin |
|||
1..4 |
|||
</pre> |
|||
=={{header|Rust}}== |
=={{header|Rust}}== |
||
In a real program, most if not all of the contents of main would all be in one `unsafe` block, however in this one each unsafe operation gets its own block to emphasize exactly which actions Rust considers unsafe. |
In a real program, most if not all of the contents of main would all be in one `unsafe` block, however in this one each unsafe operation gets its own block to emphasize exactly which actions Rust considers unsafe. |
||
< |
<syntaxhighlight lang="rust">use std::{mem,ptr}; |
||
fn main() { |
fn main() { |
||
Line 726: | Line 1,029: | ||
println!("{0:p}: {0}", &data); |
println!("{0:p}: {0}", &data); |
||
}</ |
}</syntaxhighlight> |
||
=={{header|S-BASIC}}== |
|||
S-BASIC fully supports "based" variables that can be positioned at run-time. |
|||
<syntaxhighlight lang="basic"> |
|||
var first, addr = integer |
|||
based second = integer |
|||
first = 12345 |
|||
location var addr = first |
|||
base second at addr |
|||
print "Value of first variable ="; first |
|||
print "Address of first variable = "; hex$(addr) |
|||
print "Value of second variable ="; second |
|||
end |
|||
</syntaxhighlight> |
|||
{{out}} |
|||
<pre> |
|||
Value of first variable = 12345 |
|||
Address of first variable = 0CEE |
|||
Value of second variable = 12345 |
|||
</pre> |
|||
=={{header|Scala}}== |
=={{header|Scala}}== |
||
Line 734: | Line 1,061: | ||
It is rather unprofessional to deliver this kind of error-prone software. And we are wondering why this tasks is made. |
It is rather unprofessional to deliver this kind of error-prone software. And we are wondering why this tasks is made. |
||
=={{header|Tcl}}== |
=={{header|Tcl}}== |
||
As noted in the [[Address Operations]] task, it is highly unusual to work with low-level addresses in Tcl. However it is possible to use Tcl's [[C]] API (specifically <code>[http://www.tcl.tk/man/tcl8.6/TclLib/LinkVar.htm Tcl_LinkVar]</code>) to couple Tcl variables to a particular address: |
As noted in the [[Address Operations]] task, it is highly unusual to work with low-level addresses in Tcl. However it is possible to use Tcl's [[C]] API (specifically <code>[http://www.tcl.tk/man/tcl8.6/TclLib/LinkVar.htm Tcl_LinkVar]</code>) to couple Tcl variables to a particular address: |
||
{{libheader|critcl}} |
{{libheader|critcl}} |
||
< |
<syntaxhighlight lang="tcl">package require critcl |
||
# A command to 'make an integer object' and couple it to a Tcl variable |
# A command to 'make an integer object' and couple it to a Tcl variable |
||
Line 758: | Line 1,086: | ||
# Conventionally, programs that use critcl structure in packages |
# Conventionally, programs that use critcl structure in packages |
||
# This is used to prevent recompilation, especially on systems like Windows |
# This is used to prevent recompilation, especially on systems like Windows |
||
package provide machAddrDemo 1</ |
package provide machAddrDemo 1</syntaxhighlight> |
||
Demonstrating: |
Demonstrating: |
||
< |
<syntaxhighlight lang="tcl">package require machAddrDemo |
||
set addr [linkvar foo] |
set addr [linkvar foo] |
||
puts "var 'foo' at $addr with value $foo" |
puts "var 'foo' at $addr with value $foo" |
||
Line 766: | Line 1,094: | ||
puts "var 'bar' at $addr with value $bar" |
puts "var 'bar' at $addr with value $bar" |
||
incr foo |
incr foo |
||
puts "incremented 'foo' so 'bar' is $bar"</ |
puts "incremented 'foo' so 'bar' is $bar"</syntaxhighlight> |
||
Example output (your mileage may vary when it comes to addresses): |
Example output (your mileage may vary when it comes to addresses): |
||
<pre>var 'foo' at 19363848 with value 0 |
<pre>var 'foo' at 19363848 with value 0 |
||
var 'bar' at 19363848 with value 0 |
var 'bar' at 19363848 with value 0 |
||
incremented 'foo' so 'bar' is 1</pre> |
incremented 'foo' so 'bar' is 1</pre> |
||
=={{header|Wren}}== |
|||
{{libheader|Wren-fmt}} |
|||
Wren is a high-level scripting language which doesn't support pointers and has no way of obtaining the machine address of variables. |
|||
This is still true even when Wren is embedded in a program written in a low-level language such as C because the embedding API has been designed so as not to expose raw pointers to memory managed by Wren to the host. |
|||
Perhaps the closest we can get to the spirit of this task is to create a new ''foreign'' class, ''Integer'', memory for which is allocated from a C host and the machine address is therefore available. We can then use this class to wrap Wren integers (though, strictly speaking, Wren doesn't have integers - they're just a special case of the ''Num'' class), get and set their values and take their address. |
|||
Note that it is not possible to specify the address at which the embedding API function ''wrenSetSlotNewForeign'' allocates new objects and any attempt to allocate a new object at the same address as an old one by juggling with pointers will almost certainly lead to a seg fault. So all we can sensibly do is to change the value of the current object. |
|||
<syntaxhighlight lang="wren">/* Create_an_object_at_a_given_address.wren */ |
|||
import "./fmt" for Fmt |
|||
foreign class Integer { |
|||
construct new(i) {} |
|||
foreign value |
|||
foreign value=(i) |
|||
foreign address |
|||
} |
|||
var i = Integer.new(42) |
|||
Fmt.print("Integer object with value of: $d allocated at address $#x.", i.value, i.address) |
|||
i.value = 42 |
|||
Fmt.print("Integer object value reset to: $d but still at address $#x.", i.value, i.address) |
|||
i.value = 43 |
|||
Fmt.print("Integer object value changed to: $d but still at address $#x.", i.value, i.address)</syntaxhighlight> |
|||
<br> |
|||
We now embed this in the following C program, compile and run it. |
|||
<syntaxhighlight lang="c">/* gcc Create_an_object_at_a_given_address.c -o Create_an_object_at_a_given_address -lwren -lm */ |
|||
#include <stdio.h> |
|||
#include <stdlib.h> |
|||
#include <string.h> |
|||
#include "wren.h" |
|||
/* C <=> Wren interface functions */ |
|||
void C_integerAllocate(WrenVM* vm) { |
|||
long *pi = (long *)wrenSetSlotNewForeign(vm, 0, 0, sizeof(long)); |
|||
long i = (long)wrenGetSlotDouble(vm, 1); |
|||
*pi = i; |
|||
} |
|||
void C_value(WrenVM* vm) { |
|||
long i = *(long *)wrenGetSlotForeign(vm, 0); |
|||
wrenSetSlotDouble(vm, 0, (double)i); |
|||
} |
|||
void C_setValue(WrenVM* vm) { |
|||
long *pi = (long *)wrenGetSlotForeign(vm, 0); |
|||
long i = (long)wrenGetSlotDouble(vm, 1); |
|||
*pi = i; |
|||
} |
|||
void C_address(WrenVM* vm) { |
|||
long *pi = (long *)wrenGetSlotForeign(vm, 0); |
|||
wrenSetSlotDouble(vm, 0, (double)(unsigned long long)pi); |
|||
} |
|||
WrenForeignClassMethods bindForeignClass(WrenVM* vm, const char* module, const char* className) { |
|||
WrenForeignClassMethods methods; |
|||
methods.allocate = NULL; |
|||
methods.finalize = NULL; |
|||
if (strcmp(module, "main") == 0) { |
|||
if (strcmp(className, "Integer") == 0) { |
|||
methods.allocate = C_integerAllocate; |
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
return methods; |
|||
} |
|||
WrenForeignMethodFn bindForeignMethod( |
|||
WrenVM* vm, |
|||
const char* module, |
|||
const char* className, |
|||
bool isStatic, |
|||
const char* signature) { |
|||
if (strcmp(module, "main") == 0) { |
|||
if (strcmp(className, "Integer") == 0) { |
|||
if (!isStatic && strcmp(signature, "value") == 0) return C_value; |
|||
if (!isStatic && strcmp(signature, "value=(_)") == 0) return C_setValue; |
|||
if (!isStatic && strcmp(signature, "address") == 0) return C_address; |
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
return NULL; |
|||
} |
|||
static void writeFn(WrenVM* vm, const char* text) { |
|||
printf("%s", text); |
|||
} |
|||
void errorFn(WrenVM* vm, WrenErrorType errorType, const char* module, const int line, const char* msg) { |
|||
switch (errorType) { |
|||
case WREN_ERROR_COMPILE: |
|||
printf("[%s line %d] [Error] %s\n", module, line, msg); |
|||
break; |
|||
case WREN_ERROR_STACK_TRACE: |
|||
printf("[%s line %d] in %s\n", module, line, msg); |
|||
break; |
|||
case WREN_ERROR_RUNTIME: |
|||
printf("[Runtime Error] %s\n", msg); |
|||
break; |
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
char *readFile(const char *fileName) { |
|||
FILE *f = fopen(fileName, "r"); |
|||
fseek(f, 0, SEEK_END); |
|||
long fsize = ftell(f); |
|||
rewind(f); |
|||
char *script = malloc(fsize + 1); |
|||
fread(script, 1, fsize, f); |
|||
fclose(f); |
|||
script[fsize] = 0; |
|||
return script; |
|||
} |
|||
static void loadModuleComplete(WrenVM* vm, const char* module, WrenLoadModuleResult result) { |
|||
if( result.source) free((void*)result.source); |
|||
} |
|||
WrenLoadModuleResult loadModule(WrenVM* vm, const char* name) { |
|||
WrenLoadModuleResult result = {0}; |
|||
if (strcmp(name, "random") != 0 && strcmp(name, "meta") != 0) { |
|||
result.onComplete = loadModuleComplete; |
|||
char fullName[strlen(name) + 6]; |
|||
strcpy(fullName, name); |
|||
strcat(fullName, ".wren"); |
|||
result.source = readFile(fullName); |
|||
} |
|||
return result; |
|||
} |
|||
int main(int argc, char **argv) { |
|||
WrenConfiguration config; |
|||
wrenInitConfiguration(&config); |
|||
config.writeFn = &writeFn; |
|||
config.errorFn = &errorFn; |
|||
config.bindForeignClassFn = &bindForeignClass; |
|||
config.bindForeignMethodFn = &bindForeignMethod; |
|||
config.loadModuleFn = &loadModule; |
|||
WrenVM* vm = wrenNewVM(&config); |
|||
const char* module = "main"; |
|||
const char* fileName = "Create_an_object_at_a_given_address.wren"; |
|||
char *script = readFile(fileName); |
|||
WrenInterpretResult result = wrenInterpret(vm, module, script); |
|||
switch (result) { |
|||
case WREN_RESULT_COMPILE_ERROR: |
|||
printf("Compile Error!\n"); |
|||
break; |
|||
case WREN_RESULT_RUNTIME_ERROR: |
|||
printf("Runtime Error!\n"); |
|||
break; |
|||
case WREN_RESULT_SUCCESS: |
|||
break; |
|||
} |
|||
wrenFreeVM(vm); |
|||
free(script); |
|||
return 0; |
|||
}</syntaxhighlight> |
|||
{{out}} |
|||
Sample output: |
|||
<pre> |
|||
Integer object with value of: 42 allocated at address 0x55a56e0f2dd8. |
|||
Integer object value reset to: 42 but still at address 0x55a56e0f2dd8. |
|||
Integer object value changed to: 43 but still at address 0x55a56e0f2dd8. |
|||
</pre> |
|||
=={{header|Z80 Assembly}}== |
|||
When writing assembly yourself, you'll know any object's memory location in advance. |
|||
This code creates the 16-bit integer object 0xFFFF at memory address 0xC000: |
|||
<syntaxhighlight lang="z80">LD HL,&FFFF |
|||
LD (&C000),HL</syntaxhighlight> |
|||
Loading a value into a register from memory only loads a copy; the original value at that memory location isn't altered, nor is the memory location of that value. Assume this code is executed immediately after the above example: |
|||
<syntaxhighlight lang="z80">LD HL,(&C000) ;load &FFFF into HL |
|||
INC HL ;HL now equals &0000 |
|||
LD BC,(&C000) ;load &FFFF into BC.</syntaxhighlight> |
|||
In order to change a value at a memory location, it either needs to be loaded into a register and stored back after altering that register in some way, or by using certain indirect addressing modes, like so: |
|||
<syntaxhighlight lang="z80">LD HL,&C000 ;get the address of our variable. |
|||
INC (hl) ;increment the low byte. |
|||
LD HL,(&C000) ;load &FF00 into HL.</syntaxhighlight> |
|||
If you're not familiar with the Z80's syntax, this can be a bit confusing. The brackets are like the dereference operator in C, and not having brackets is like the unary <code>&</code> operator in C. The Z80's ability to do 16-bit operations is limited; it can load from two consecutive memory locations into a 16-bit register pair, however when using <code>(hl)</code> as an operand it is only operating on the lower 8 bits. When learning Z80 Assembly, it is very helpful to view a hex editor while learning the instruction set. |
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Latest revision as of 14:11, 21 November 2023
![Task](http://static.miraheze.org/rosettacodewiki/thumb/b/ba/Rcode-button-task-crushed.png/64px-Rcode-button-task-crushed.png)
You are encouraged to solve this task according to the task description, using any language you may know.
Basic Data Operation
This is a basic data operation. It represents a fundamental action on a basic data type.
You may see other such operations in the Basic Data Operations category, or:
Integer Operations
Arithmetic |
Comparison
Boolean Operations
Bitwise |
Logical
String Operations
Concatenation |
Interpolation |
Comparison |
Matching
Memory Operations
Pointers & references |
Addresses
In systems programing it is sometimes required to place language objects at specific memory locations, like I/O registers, hardware interrupt vectors etc.
- Task
Show how language objects can be allocated at a specific machine addresses.
Since most OSes prohibit access to the physical memory if it is not mapped by the application, as an example, rather than a physical address, take the address of some existing object (using suitable address operations if necessary).
For example:
- create an integer object
- print the machine address of the object
- take the address of the object and create another integer object at this address
- print the value of this object to verify that it is same as one of the origin
- change the value of the origin and verify it again
6502 Assembly
In 6502 Assembly memory is represented by either an 8-bit or a 16-bit address (i.e. $0000 - $FFFF). 8-bit address are reserved for the memory from $00 to $FF - known as zero page; access to this memory takes one less byte in the opcode and one less cycle to execute.
Data can be stored, one byte at a time, through the store instructions, for example to store data at $1900:
sta $1900
stx $1901
sty $1902
Storage can be indexed through the use of the X or Y registers:
ldx #54
.loop sta $1900,X
dex
bne loop
It can also be stored via indirect indexed addressing (i.e. memory points to an address), using the Y register:
lda #0
sta $70
lda #$20
sta $71
ldy #0
sta ($70),Y
Finally, it can be stored via indexed indirect addressing (i.e. read the address of memory from the table stored at the parameter), using the X register:
lda #0
sta $70
lda #$20
sta $71
ldx #0
sta ($70,X)
It should be noted that on the 6502 processor hardware is normally memory mapped, so this is often used for manipulating hardware.
68000 Assembly
First, an integer object will be created at address $100000:
MOVE.L #$12345678,$100000
Finding the address of a given object isn't actually possible in the same way it would be on C, since anything loaded from an address is just a numeric copy and is not actually related in any way to the "object." The closest way is to label a memory address and load that label as a numeric constant.
myVariable equ $100000
MOVE.L #myVariable,D0
JSR printLong ;some unimplemented printing routine.
Creating a new object at that location is as simple as storing a new value there.
MOVE.L #$FFFFFFFF,myVariable
8086 Assembly
This example uses UASM to assemble MS-DOS compatible code.
.model small ;specify memory model to use
.stack 1024 ;set up stack
.data ;data segment
UserRam BYTE 256 DUP (0) ;allocate 256 bytes of user RAM, initialized to zero.
tempByte equ UserRam ;define a few labels for clarity
tempWord equ UserRam+2
tempLong_LoWord equ UserRam+4
tempLong_HiWord equ UserRam+6
.code ;code segment
mov ax, @data
mov ds, ax
mov ax, @code
mov es, ax ;load segment registers with the appropriate segments.
; now there is no need to use "mov ax, seg UserRam" since we've already loaded the data segment into DS
;store an integer value into memory
mov ax, 1000h ;load the value 0x1000 into AX
mov word ptr [ds:tempLong_LoWord],ax ;store 0x1000 into tempLong_LoWord
mov ax, 0040h ;the 8086 is 16-bit so we have to load the pieces separately.
mov word ptr [ds:tempLong_HiWord],ax ;store 0x0040 into tempLong_HiWord
;get the address of a variable
mov ax, tempLong_LoWord ;without "word ptr" and brackets, the assembler interprets a label as a constant.
Action!
DEFINE FIRST="12345"
DEFINE SECOND="54321"
DEFINE PTR="CARD"
PROC Main()
PTR base,copy=base
PrintF("Address of base variable: %H%E",@base)
PrintF("Address of copy variable: %H%E",@copy)
PutE()
PrintF("Assign %U value to base variable%E",FIRST)
base=FIRST
PrintF("Value of base variable: %U%E",base)
PrintF("Value of copy variable: %U%E",copy)
PutE()
PrintF("Assign %U value to base variable%E",SECOND)
base=SECOND
PrintF("Value of base variable: %U%E",base)
PrintF("Value of copy variable: %U%E",copy)
RETURN
- Output:
Screenshot from Atari 8-bit computer
Address of base variable: $268C Address of copy variable: $268C Assign 12345 value to base variable Value of base variable: 12345 Value of copy variable: 12345 Assign 54321 value to base variable Value of base variable: 54321 Value of copy variable: 54321
Ada
In Ada object address can be specified using the address representation clause RM 13.3:
type IO_Port is mod 2**8; -- One byte
Device_Port : type IO_Port;
for Device_Port'Address use 16#FFFF_F000#;
In the example above the address is specified constant. It is also possible to specify address dynamically as the following solution of the task does:
with Ada.Text_IO; use Ada.Text_IO;
with System.Storage_Elements; use System.Storage_Elements;
procedure Test_Address is
X : Integer := 123;
Y : Integer;
for Y'Address use X'Address;
begin
Put_Line ("At address:" & Integer_Address'Image (To_Integer (Y'Address)));
Put_Line (Integer'Image (Y));
X := 456;
Put_Line (Integer'Image (Y));
end Test_Address;
Sample output:
At address: 38207236 123 456
Aikido
Aikido doesn't support getting the address of a variable. However, in the spirit of this task, it does support raw memory access using peek
and poke
. These can be used on both an integer representing an address (64 bit) or a value obtained from calling malloc
.
var portaddr = 0x80
var v = peek (portaddr, 1) // 1 byte
v |= 0x40
poke (portaddr, v, 1) // 1 byte back again
var addr = malloc (16)
poke (addr, 1234, 4)
poke (addr+4, 0, 2)
poke (addr+6, 12, 2)
Applesoft BASIC
0 DEF FN P(A) = PEEK (A) + PEEK (A + 1) * 256
100 :
110 REM CREATE AN INTEGER OBJECT
120 :
130 I$ = CHR$ (42)
140 POKE 236, PEEK (131)
150 POKE 237, PEEK (132)
160 PRINT "HERE IS AN INTEGER : " ASC (I$)
200 :
210 REM PRINT THE MACHINE ADDRESS OF THE OBJECT
220 :
230 PRINT "ITS ADDRESS IS : " FN P( FN P(236) + 1)
300 :
310 REM TAKE THE ADDRESS OF THE OBJECT AND CREATE ANOTHER INTEGER OBJECT AT THIS ADDRESS
320 :
330 O$ = CHR$ (0)
340 POKE 250, PEEK (131)
350 POKE 251, PEEK (132)
360 POKE FN P(250) + 1, PEEK ( FN P(236) + 1)
370 POKE FN P(250) + 2, PEEK ( FN P(236) + 2)
400 :
410 REM PRINT THE VALUE OF THIS OBJECT TO VERIFY THAT IT IS SAME AS ONE OF THE ORIGIN
420 :
430 PRINT "COMPARE OTHER INTEGER : " ASC (O$)
500 :
510 REM CHANGE THE VALUE OF THE ORIGIN AND VERIFY IT AGAIN
520 :
530 POKE FN P( FN P(236) + 1),69
540 PRINT "NEW INTEGER VALUE : " ASC (I$)
550 PRINT "COMPARE OTHER INTEGER : " ASC (O$)
- Output:
HERE IS AN INTEGER : 42 ITS ADDRESS IS : 38399 COMPARE OTHER INTEGER : 42 NEW INTEGER VALUE : 69 COMPARE OTHER INTEGER : 69
ARM Assembly
First, an integer object will be created at address $100000:
mov r0,#0x00100000
ldr r1,testData
str r1,[r0] ;store 0x12345678 at address $100000
bx lr ;return from subroutine
testData:
.long 0x12345678 ;VASM uses .long for 32 bit and .word for 16 bit values, unlike most ARM assemblers.
Finding the address of a given object isn't actually possible in the same way it would be on C, since anything loaded from an address is just a numeric copy and is not actually related in any way to the "object." The closest way is to label a memory address and load that label as a numeric constant.
.equ myVariable,0x00100000
mov r0,#myVariable
bl printLong ;unimplemented printing routine
Creating a new object at that location is as simple as storing a new value there.
mov r0,#0x00100000
mov r1,#0
mvn r1,r1 ;flip the bits of r1
str r1,[r0] ;store 0xFFFFFFFF at address $100000
bx lr ;return from subroutine
AutoHotkey
In AutoHotkey indeed no language objects can be created at a specified address. But it's very well possible to read and write memory addresses directly. All standard number types are allowed.
; Create a variable with 4 bytes size and show it's machine address.
VarSetCapacity(var, 4, 0)
pAddress := &var
MsgBox Machine address: %pAddress%
; pAddress contains the memory address.
; Write a number and read it back.
NumPut(123456, pAddress+0, 0, "UInt")
MsgBox % "Contents of *pAddress: " . NumGet(pAddress+0, 0, "UInt")
BBC BASIC
REM Create an integer object:
anInteger% = 12345678
PRINT "Original value =", anInteger%
REM Print the machine address of the object:
address% = ^anInteger%
PRINT "Hexadecimal address = ";~address%
REM Take the address of the object and create
REM another integer object at this address:
!address% = 87654321
REM Print the value of this object to verify
REM that it is same as one of the origin:
PRINT "New value =", anInteger%
REM Change the value and verify it again:
anInteger% = 55555555
PRINT "Final value =", !address%
Output:
Original value = 12345678 Hexadecimal address = B51955 New value = 87654321 Final value = 55555555
C
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int intspace;
int *address;
address = &intspace; // address = 0x100;
*address = 65535;
printf("%p: %08x (=%08x)\n", address, *address, intspace);
// likely we must be worried about endianness, e.g.
*((char*)address) = 0x00;
*((char*)address+1) = 0x00;
*((char*)address+2) = 0xff;
*((char*)address+3) = 0xff; // if sizeof(int) == 4!
// which maybe is not the best way of writing 32 bit values...
printf("%p: %08x (=%08x)\n", address, *address, intspace);
return 0;
}
0xbfc5675c: 0000ffff (=0000ffff) 0xbfc5675c: ffff0000 (=ffff0000)
A more typical embedded way of doing this is below. Note that the OS will probably not allow this due to memory protections. Embedded systems often do not have memory managers.
#include <stdint.h>
#include <stddef.h>
// This is a port variable located at address 0x100
#define PORT_A (*(volatile uint32_t*)0x100)
int main()
{
uint32_t dat;
size_t addr;
PORT_A ^= 0x01; // Toggle bit 0 of PORT_A
dat = PORT_A; // Read PORT_A
addr = &PORT_A; // addr = 0x100
return 0;
}
C++
C++ supports this natively through placement new. This allows construction of complex object types in arbitrary memory locations.
#include <string>
#include <iostream>
int main()
{
// Allocate enough memory to hold an instance of std::string
char* data = new char[sizeof(std::string)];
// use placement new to construct a std::string in the memory we allocated previously
std::string* stringPtr = new (data) std::string("ABCD");
std::cout << *stringPtr << " 0x" << stringPtr << std::endl;
// use placement new to construct a new string object in the same memory location
// remember to manually call destructor
stringPtr->~basic_string();
stringPtr = new (data) std::string("123456");
std::cout << *stringPtr << " 0x" << stringPtr << std::endl;
// clean up
stringPtr->~basic_string();
delete[] data;
}
Sample output:
ABCD 0x00204040 123456 0x00204040
COBOL
IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
PROGRAM-ID. object-address-test.
DATA DIVISION.
LOCAL-STORAGE SECTION.
77 int-space PICTURE IS 9(5) VALUE IS 12345.
77 addr PICTURE IS 9(5) BASED VALUE IS ZERO.
77 point USAGE IS POINTER.
PROCEDURE DIVISION.
DISPLAY "Value of integer object : " int-space
SET point TO ADDRESS OF int-space
DISPLAY "Machine address of object : " point
SET ADDRESS OF addr TO point
DISPLAY "Value of referent object : " addr
MOVE 65535 TO int-space
DISPLAY "New value of original : " addr
DISPLAY "New value of reference : " int-space
GOBACK.
END PROGRAM object-address-test.
Output:
Value of integer object : 12345 Machine address of object : 0x0000563e11e77fd0 Value of referent object : 12345 New value of original : 65535 New value of reference : 65535
Commodore BASIC
The PEEK
and POKE
commands allow the Commodore BASIC user to perform limited 6502 Assembly operations.
10 POKE 50000,(3) REM EQUIVALENT OF LDA #$03 STA 50000
20 PEEK(50000) REM READ THE VALUE AT MEMORY ADDRESS 50000
D
A better presentation.
import std.stdio ;
void main() {
int[] arr ;
foreach(i; [0,1,2,3])
arr ~= i*(1 << 24) + 0x417e7e7e ;
struct X {
char[16] msg ;
}
X* xPtr ;
int* iPtr ;
float* fPtr ;
int adrSpace = cast(int) arr.ptr ;
// get address of an existing object arr
xPtr = cast(X*) adrSpace ;
// xPtr now point to arr, as a struct X
writefln("arr(as X)'s msg = '%s' (len %d) @ 0x%08x",
xPtr.msg, xPtr.msg.length, xPtr) ;
iPtr = cast(int*) (adrSpace + 1 * 4 /*bytes*/) ;
fPtr = cast(float*) iPtr ;
// pointers now point to arr[1]
writefln("arr[1] = 0x%8x (%9.4f) @ 0x%08X", *iPtr, *fPtr, iPtr) ;
iPtr = cast(int*) (adrSpace + 3 * 4 /*bytes*/) ;
fPtr = cast(float*) iPtr ;
// pointers now point to arr[3]
writefln("arr[3] = 0x%8x (%9.4f) @ 0x%08X", *iPtr, *fPtr, iPtr) ;
*fPtr = 0.5f ; // change value
writefln("arr[3] = 0x%8x (%9.4f) @ 0x%08X", *iPtr, *fPtr, iPtr) ;
}
output:
arr(as X)'s msg = '~~~A~~~B~~~C~~~D' (len 16) @ 0x401C2F80 arr[1] = 0x427e7e7e ( 63.6235) @ 0x401C2F84 arr[3] = 0x447e7e7e (1017.9764) @ 0x401C2F8C arr[3] = 0x3f000000 ( 0.5000) @ 0x401C2F8C
Delphi
program Create_an_object_at_a_given_address;
{$APPTYPE CONSOLE}
var
origem: Integer;
copy: Integer absolute origem; // This is old the trick
begin
writeln('The "origem" adress is: ', cardinal(@origem));
writeln('The "copy" adress is: ', cardinal(@copy));
writeln;
origem := 10;
writeln('Assign 10 to "origem" ');
writeln('The value of "origem" é ', origem);
writeln('The value of "copy" é ', copy);
writeln;
copy := 2;
writeln('Assign 2 to "copy" ');
writeln('The value of "origem" é ', origem);
writeln('The value of "copy" é ', copy);
Readln;
end.
- Output:
The "origem" adress is: 4261256 The "copy" adress is: 4261256 Assign 10 to "origem" The value of "origem" é 10 The value of "copy" é 10 Assign 2 to "copy" The value of "origem" é 2 The value of "copy" é 2
Forth
As an untyped language, specific machine addresses are very easy to represent in Forth. This is usually most useful for embedded targets.
$3f8 constant LPT1:
LPT1: c@ .
$3f LPT1: c!
Some architectures may require special fetch and store operators to access ports. For example, Open Firmware defines l@ and l! for safe 32-bit port writes.
FreeBASIC
' FB 1.05.0
Type Person
As String name
As Integer age
Declare Constructor(name As String, age As Integer)
End Type
Constructor Person(name As String, age As Integer)
This.name = name
This.age = age
End Constructor
Dim ap As Any Ptr = CAllocate(SizeOf(Person)) ' allocate memory to store a Person object
'create a Person object at the address of the memory we've just allocated
Dim p As Person Ptr = New(ap) Person("Teresa", 60)
'check addresses are same
Print ap, p
'check data is not corrupt
Print p -> name, p -> age
'call implicit destructor
p -> Destructor
'free memory
Deallocate(ap)
Print
Print "Press any key to quit"
Sleep
- Output:
4790800 4790800 Teresa 60
FutureBasic
include "NSLog.incl"
local fn DoIt
NSLog( @"Dimension in integer \"x\", but do not assign it a value.\n" )
long x
// Note that the @ (at sign) prefixing x is a pointer to its machine address
NSLog( @"The machine address of x is: %p", @x )
NSLog( @"While x is unassigned, the machine address will contain a garbage value: %ld\n", x )
// Assign x a value of 1234
x = 1234
NSLog( @"When x is assigned a value of %ld, that value will be stored in the machine address: %p", x, @x )
NSLog( @"The machine address now contains the value: %ld\n", x )
// Reassign x a value of 5678
x = 5678
NSLog( @"Wnen x is reassigned the new value %ld, that value will be stored in the existing machine address: %p", x, @x )
NSLog( @"The machine address now contains the value: %ld\n", x )
end fn
fn DoIt
HandleEvents
- Output:
Dimension in integer "x", but do not assign it a value. The machine address of x is: 0x7ffee279bb58 While x is unassigned, the machine address will contain a garbage value: 1099524915200 When x is assigned a value of 1234, that value will be stored in the machine address: 0x7ffee279bb58 The machine address now contains the value: 1234 Wnen x is reassigned the new value 5678, that value will be stored in the existing machine address: 0x7ffee279bb58 The machine address now contains the value: 5678
Go
Go has several ways to access arbitrary memory locations using the built-in unsafe package. If the desired memory contains an array, since Go doesn't have pointer arithmetic, then a slice should be used instead of a pointer. The following solution demonstrates both a pointer and a slice.
package main
import(
"fmt"
"unsafe"
"reflect"
)
func pointer() {
fmt.Printf("Pointer:\n")
// Create a *int and store the address of 'i' in it. To create a pointer to
// an arbitrary memory location, use something like the following:
// p := (*int)(unsafe.Pointer(uintptr(0x100)))
// And replace '0x100' with the desired address.
var i int
p := &i
fmt.Printf("Before:\n\t%v: %v, %v\n", p, *p, i)
*p = 3
fmt.Printf("After:\n\t%v: %v, %v\n", p, *p, i)
}
func slice() {
fmt.Printf("Slice:\n")
var a [10]byte
// reflect.SliceHeader is a runtime representation of the internal workings
// of a slice. To make it point to a specific address, use something like
// the following:
// h.Data = uintptr(0x100)
// And replace '0x100' with the desired address.
var h reflect.SliceHeader
h.Data = uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&a)) // The address of the first element of the underlying array.
h.Len = len(a)
h.Cap = len(a)
// Create an actual slice from the SliceHeader.
s := *(*[]byte)(unsafe.Pointer(&h))
fmt.Printf("Before:\n\ts: %v\n\ta: %v\n", s, a)
// Copy a string into the slice. This fills the underlying array, which in
// this case has been manually set to 'a'.
copy(s, "A string.")
fmt.Printf("After:\n\ts: %v\n\ta: %v\n", s, a)
}
func main() {
pointer()
fmt.Println()
slice()
}
Output:
Pointer: Before: 0xf840026018: 0, 0 After: 0xf840026018: 3, 3 Slice: Before: s: [0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0] a: [0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0] After: s: [65 32 115 116 114 105 110 103 46 0] a: [65 32 115 116 114 105 110 103 46 0]
J
For this task, it's probably best to use the C implementation via a shared library (which requires changing the C function name from main
to something else).
Julia
Julia has pointer access functions for interface with C code. Because the address of a Julia integer variable within the VM may change when it is re-assigned a new value, an array of a single integer is used below.
function unsafepointers()
intspace = [42]
address = pointer_from_objref(intspace)
println("The address of intspace is $address")
anotherint = unsafe_pointer_to_objref(address)
println("intspace is $(intspace[1]), memory at $address, reference value $(anotherint[1])")
intspace[1] = 123456
println("Now, intspace is $(intspace[1]), memory at $address, reference value $(anotherint[1])")
anotherint[1] = 7890
println("Now, intspace is $(intspace[1]), memory at $(pointer_from_objref(anotherint)), reference value $(anotherint[1])")
end
unsafepointers()
- Output:
The address of intspace is Ptr{Void} @0x0000000007271030 intspace is 42, memory at Ptr{Void} @0x0000000007271030, reference value 42 Now, intspace is 123456, memory at Ptr{Void} @0x0000000007271030, reference value 123456 Now, intspace is 7890, memory at Ptr{Void} @0x0000000007271030, reference value 7890
Kotlin
// Kotlin/Native Technology Preview
import kotlinx.cinterop.*
fun main(args: Array<String>) {
val intVar = nativeHeap.alloc<IntVar>().apply { value = 42 }
with(intVar) { println("Value is $value, address is $rawPtr") }
intVar.value = 52 // create new value at this address
with(intVar) { println("Value is $value, address is $rawPtr") }
nativeHeap.free(intVar)
}
- Output:
Sample output:
Value is 42, address is 26431776 Value is 52, address is 26431776
Lua
Lua has addresses by tables:
local a = {10}
local b = a
print ("address a:"..tostring(a), "value a:"..a[1])
print ("address b:"..tostring(b), "value b:"..b[1])
b[1] = 42
print ("address a:"..tostring(a), "value a:"..a[1])
print ("address b:"..tostring(b), "value b:"..b[1])
- Output:
Sample output:
address a:table: 007c8d48 value a:10 address b:table: 007c8d48 value b:10 address a:table: 007c8d48 value a:42 address b:table: 007c8d48 value b:42
M2000 Interpreter
In M2000 we can create two kind of buffers, one for data, and one for code. Buffer for code is immutable at execution time. We can execute code by using an offset. Buffer for data is always mutable, but can't execute code.
There is no assembler x86 for M2000 yet, so we have to write code using a reference book and some subs for help
Memory addresses are nit the physical address, it's from virtual space.
Module CheckIt {
structure alfa {
val as long
}
Buffer Clear Beta as alfa*2
Print Beta(0) ' return address
Return Beta, 0!val:=500 ' unsigned integer 32 bit
Print Eval(Beta, 0!val)=500
Return Beta, 0!val:=0xFFFFFFFF
Print Eval(Beta, 0!val)=4294967295
Buffer Code ExecMem as byte*1024
Offset=0
EmbLong(0xb8, 5000) ' mov eax,5100
EmbByteLong(0x3,0x5, Beta(0)) ' add eax, [Beta(0)]
EmbLong(0xa3, Beta(1)) ' mov [Beta(1)], eax
EmbByte(0x31, 0xC0) ' xor eax, eax
Ret() ' Return
Execute Code ExecMem, 0
Print eval(Beta, 1!val)=4999
Sub Ret()
Return ExecMem, Offset:=0xC3
Offset++
End Sub
Sub EmbByte()
Return ExecMem, Offset:=Number, Offset+1:=Number
Offset+=2
End Sub
Sub EmbLong()
Return ExecMem, Offset:=Number, Offset+1:=Number as Long
Offset+=5
End Sub
Sub EmbByteLong()
Return ExecMem, Offset:=Number, Offset+1:=Number, Offset+2:=Number as Long
Offset+=6
End Sub
}
Checkit
Nim
type
MyObject = object
x: int
y: float
var
mem = alloc(sizeof(MyObject))
objPtr = cast[ptr MyObject](mem)
echo "object at ", cast[int](mem), ": ", objPtr[]
objPtr[] = MyObject(x: 42, y: 3.1415)
echo "object at ", cast[int](mem), ": ", objPtr[]
Output:
object at 139966605271112: (x: 0, y: 0.0) object at 139966605271112: (x: 42, y: 3.1415)
This works for global variables too:
var x: int = 3
var p: ptr int
p = cast[ptr int](addr(x))
echo "Before ", x
p[] = 5
echo "After: ", x
Output:
Before 3 After: 5
Pascal
Like in Ada you can assigne different variables at the same adress of an already declared variable. Nice to get the bytes out of an Int64.
program test;
type
t8Byte = array[0..7] of byte;
var
I : integer;
A : integer absolute I;
K : t8Byte;
L : Int64 absolute K;
begin
I := 0;
A := 255; writeln(I);
I := 4711;writeln(A);
For i in t8Byte do
Begin
K[i]:=i;
write(i:3,' ');
end;
writeln(#8#32);
writeln(L);
end.
{OUT}
255 4711 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 506097522914230528
Perl
The is basically a simplified version of the solution to the Address of a variable task, so for more detail please consult that entry.
# 20210218 Perl programming solution
use strict;
use warnings;
# create an integer object
print "Here is an integer : ", my $target = 42, "\n";
# print the machine address of the object
print "And its reference is : ", my $targetref = \$target, "\n";
# take the address of the object and create another integer object at this address
print "Now assigns a new value to it : ", $$targetref = 69, "\n";
# print the value of this object to verify that it is same as one of the origin
print "Then compare with the referent : ", $target, "\n";
- Output:
Here is an integer : 42 And its reference is : SCALAR(0x1e25328) Now assigns a new value to it : 69 Then compare with the referent : 69
Phix
Phix does not support creation of a "language object" at a specific address, but you can peek and poke bytes, words, dwords and qwords to any address, as long as doing so does not trigger a hardware exception. You could also use inline assembly, if that helps any.
poke(0x80,or_bits(peek(0x80),0x40)) #ilASM{ mov al,[0x80] or al,0x40 mov [0x80],al}
PicoLisp
: (setq IntSpace 12345) # Integer
-> 12345
: (setq Address (adr 'IntSpace)) # Encoded machine address
-> -2969166782547
: (set (adr Address) 65535) # Set this address to a new value
-> 65535
: IntSpace # Show the new value
-> 65535
PureBasic
; Allocate a 1Mb memory area work within to avoid conflicts,
; this address could be any number but it may then fail on some systems.
*a=AllocateMemory(1024*1024)
; Write a int wit value "31415" at address +312,
; using pointer '*a' with a displacement.
PokeI(*a+312, 31415)
; Write a float with value Pi at address +316,
; by creating a new pointer '*b' for this address
*b=*a+316
PokeF(*b, #PI)
;Now test it
For i=0 To 1024000 Step 4
n=PeekI(*a+i)
If n
Debug "Int at +"+Str(i)+" = "+Str(n)
Debug "Float at +"+Str(i)+"= "+StrF(PeekF(*a+i))
EndIf
Next
Racket
#lang racket
(require ffi/unsafe)
(define x #"Foo")
;; Get the address of the `x' object
(printf "The address of `x' is: ~s\n" (cast x _scheme _long))
(define address (cast x _bytes _long))
(printf "The address of the bytestring it holds: ~s\n" address)
(define y (cast address _long _bytes))
(printf "Converting this back to a bytestring: ~s\n" y)
(bytes-set! y 0 71)
(printf "Changed the converted bytestring: ~s\n" y)
(printf "The original one is now: ~s\n" x)
;; But (bytes-set! x 0 71) will throw an error since `x' is immutable,
;; showing that we've really modifed the memory directly in a way that
;; the runtime doesn't like.
;; Also, the above can fail at any moment if a GC happens, since
;; Racket's GC moves objects. So a proper way to do this is not to
;; start from an existing object, but allocate one outside of the GC's
;; reach, using raw malloc():
(define buf (malloc 4 'raw))
(make-sized-byte-string buf 4)
;; or start with a given address of something like a memory-mapped IO
;; object
Raku
(formerly Perl 6) Raku has fairly comprehensive facilities for accessing allocating and accessing memory and also declaring C-style structs, via the NativeCall interface, as this example demonstrates.
use NativeCall;
use NativeCall::Types;
# bind to basic libc memory management
sub malloc(size_t) returns Pointer[uint8] is native {*};
sub memset(Pointer, uint32, size_t) is native {*};
sub free(Pointer[uint8]) is native {*};
my Pointer[uint8] $base-p = malloc(100);
memset($base-p, 0, 100);
# define object as a C struct that contains a short and an int
class SampleObject is repr('CStruct') {
has uint16 $.foo is rw;
has uint8 $.bar is rw;
}
# for arguments sake our object is at byte offset 64 in the
# allocated memory
my $offset-p = $base-p.clone.add(64);
my $object-p := nativecast(Pointer[SampleObject], $offset-p);
note "creating object at address {+$object-p}";
my $struct := $object-p.deref;
$struct.foo = 41;
$struct.bar = 99;
# check we can update
$struct.foo++; # 42
# Check that we're actually updating the memory
use Test;
# look at the bytes directly to verify we've written to memory. Don't be too exact, as
# the positions may vary on different platforms depending on endianess and field alignment.
my $rec-size = nativesizeof(SampleObject);
my uint8 @bytes-written = (0 ..^ $rec-size).map(-> $i {$base-p[64 + $i]}).grep: * > 0;
# first field 'foo' (amount is small enough to fit in one byte)
is @bytes-written[0], 42, 'object first field';
# second field 'bar'
is @bytes-written[1], 99, 'object second field';
# verify that changing the origin changes the object values
memset($base-p, 1, 100); # set every byte to 1
is $struct.foo, 256 + 1, 'short updated at origin';
is $struct.bar, 1, 'byte updated at origin';
# tidy up
free($base-p);
done-testing;
- Output:
creating object at address 94299589110352 ok 1 - object first field ok 2 - object second field ok 3 - short updated at origin ok 4 - byte updated at origin 1..4
Rust
In a real program, most if not all of the contents of main would all be in one `unsafe` block, however in this one each unsafe operation gets its own block to emphasize exactly which actions Rust considers unsafe.
use std::{mem,ptr};
fn main() {
let mut data: i32;
// Rust does not allow us to use uninitialized memory but the STL provides an `unsafe`
// function to override this protection.
unsafe {data = mem::uninitialized()}
// Construct a raw pointer (perfectly safe)
let address = &mut data as *mut _;
unsafe {ptr::write(address, 5)}
println!("{0:p}: {0}", &data);
unsafe {ptr::write(address, 6)}
println!("{0:p}: {0}", &data);
}
S-BASIC
S-BASIC fully supports "based" variables that can be positioned at run-time.
var first, addr = integer
based second = integer
first = 12345
location var addr = first
base second at addr
print "Value of first variable ="; first
print "Address of first variable = "; hex$(addr)
print "Value of second variable ="; second
end
- Output:
Value of first variable = 12345 Address of first variable = 0CEE Value of second variable = 12345
Scala
As a high-level, type safe Functional Programming language this sort of (low-level) assembler tasks are in the danger zone and therefore not allowed. One of the reasons; a variable at a physical memory address has also a type. A memory location could contain e.g. an integer but for the same ease it could also a character object. This must by guarded by the programming language in order to shield the programmer from errors.
Direct physical memory address is considered harmful. It divides the languages which supports and the other that prohibits this bad practice. Its adorns languages which are you preventing from this evil.
It is rather unprofessional to deliver this kind of error-prone software. And we are wondering why this tasks is made.
Tcl
As noted in the Address Operations task, it is highly unusual to work with low-level addresses in Tcl. However it is possible to use Tcl's C API (specifically Tcl_LinkVar
) to couple Tcl variables to a particular address:
package require critcl
# A command to 'make an integer object' and couple it to a Tcl variable
critcl::cproc linkvar {Tcl_Interp* interp char* var1} int {
int *intPtr = (int *) ckalloc(sizeof(int));
*intPtr = 0;
Tcl_LinkVar(interp, var1, (void *) intPtr, TCL_LINK_INT);
return (int) intPtr;
}
# A command to couple another Tcl variable to an 'integer object'; UNSAFE!
critcl::cproc linkagain(Tcl_Interp* interp int addr char* var2} void {
int *intPtr = (int *) addr;
Tcl_LinkVar(interp, var2, (void *) intPtr, TCL_LINK_INT);
}
# Conventionally, programs that use critcl structure in packages
# This is used to prevent recompilation, especially on systems like Windows
package provide machAddrDemo 1
Demonstrating:
package require machAddrDemo
set addr [linkvar foo]
puts "var 'foo' at $addr with value $foo"
linkagain $addr bar
puts "var 'bar' at $addr with value $bar"
incr foo
puts "incremented 'foo' so 'bar' is $bar"
Example output (your mileage may vary when it comes to addresses):
var 'foo' at 19363848 with value 0 var 'bar' at 19363848 with value 0 incremented 'foo' so 'bar' is 1
Wren
Wren is a high-level scripting language which doesn't support pointers and has no way of obtaining the machine address of variables.
This is still true even when Wren is embedded in a program written in a low-level language such as C because the embedding API has been designed so as not to expose raw pointers to memory managed by Wren to the host.
Perhaps the closest we can get to the spirit of this task is to create a new foreign class, Integer, memory for which is allocated from a C host and the machine address is therefore available. We can then use this class to wrap Wren integers (though, strictly speaking, Wren doesn't have integers - they're just a special case of the Num class), get and set their values and take their address.
Note that it is not possible to specify the address at which the embedding API function wrenSetSlotNewForeign allocates new objects and any attempt to allocate a new object at the same address as an old one by juggling with pointers will almost certainly lead to a seg fault. So all we can sensibly do is to change the value of the current object.
/* Create_an_object_at_a_given_address.wren */
import "./fmt" for Fmt
foreign class Integer {
construct new(i) {}
foreign value
foreign value=(i)
foreign address
}
var i = Integer.new(42)
Fmt.print("Integer object with value of: $d allocated at address $#x.", i.value, i.address)
i.value = 42
Fmt.print("Integer object value reset to: $d but still at address $#x.", i.value, i.address)
i.value = 43
Fmt.print("Integer object value changed to: $d but still at address $#x.", i.value, i.address)
We now embed this in the following C program, compile and run it.
/* gcc Create_an_object_at_a_given_address.c -o Create_an_object_at_a_given_address -lwren -lm */
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include "wren.h"
/* C <=> Wren interface functions */
void C_integerAllocate(WrenVM* vm) {
long *pi = (long *)wrenSetSlotNewForeign(vm, 0, 0, sizeof(long));
long i = (long)wrenGetSlotDouble(vm, 1);
*pi = i;
}
void C_value(WrenVM* vm) {
long i = *(long *)wrenGetSlotForeign(vm, 0);
wrenSetSlotDouble(vm, 0, (double)i);
}
void C_setValue(WrenVM* vm) {
long *pi = (long *)wrenGetSlotForeign(vm, 0);
long i = (long)wrenGetSlotDouble(vm, 1);
*pi = i;
}
void C_address(WrenVM* vm) {
long *pi = (long *)wrenGetSlotForeign(vm, 0);
wrenSetSlotDouble(vm, 0, (double)(unsigned long long)pi);
}
WrenForeignClassMethods bindForeignClass(WrenVM* vm, const char* module, const char* className) {
WrenForeignClassMethods methods;
methods.allocate = NULL;
methods.finalize = NULL;
if (strcmp(module, "main") == 0) {
if (strcmp(className, "Integer") == 0) {
methods.allocate = C_integerAllocate;
}
}
return methods;
}
WrenForeignMethodFn bindForeignMethod(
WrenVM* vm,
const char* module,
const char* className,
bool isStatic,
const char* signature) {
if (strcmp(module, "main") == 0) {
if (strcmp(className, "Integer") == 0) {
if (!isStatic && strcmp(signature, "value") == 0) return C_value;
if (!isStatic && strcmp(signature, "value=(_)") == 0) return C_setValue;
if (!isStatic && strcmp(signature, "address") == 0) return C_address;
}
}
return NULL;
}
static void writeFn(WrenVM* vm, const char* text) {
printf("%s", text);
}
void errorFn(WrenVM* vm, WrenErrorType errorType, const char* module, const int line, const char* msg) {
switch (errorType) {
case WREN_ERROR_COMPILE:
printf("[%s line %d] [Error] %s\n", module, line, msg);
break;
case WREN_ERROR_STACK_TRACE:
printf("[%s line %d] in %s\n", module, line, msg);
break;
case WREN_ERROR_RUNTIME:
printf("[Runtime Error] %s\n", msg);
break;
}
}
char *readFile(const char *fileName) {
FILE *f = fopen(fileName, "r");
fseek(f, 0, SEEK_END);
long fsize = ftell(f);
rewind(f);
char *script = malloc(fsize + 1);
fread(script, 1, fsize, f);
fclose(f);
script[fsize] = 0;
return script;
}
static void loadModuleComplete(WrenVM* vm, const char* module, WrenLoadModuleResult result) {
if( result.source) free((void*)result.source);
}
WrenLoadModuleResult loadModule(WrenVM* vm, const char* name) {
WrenLoadModuleResult result = {0};
if (strcmp(name, "random") != 0 && strcmp(name, "meta") != 0) {
result.onComplete = loadModuleComplete;
char fullName[strlen(name) + 6];
strcpy(fullName, name);
strcat(fullName, ".wren");
result.source = readFile(fullName);
}
return result;
}
int main(int argc, char **argv) {
WrenConfiguration config;
wrenInitConfiguration(&config);
config.writeFn = &writeFn;
config.errorFn = &errorFn;
config.bindForeignClassFn = &bindForeignClass;
config.bindForeignMethodFn = &bindForeignMethod;
config.loadModuleFn = &loadModule;
WrenVM* vm = wrenNewVM(&config);
const char* module = "main";
const char* fileName = "Create_an_object_at_a_given_address.wren";
char *script = readFile(fileName);
WrenInterpretResult result = wrenInterpret(vm, module, script);
switch (result) {
case WREN_RESULT_COMPILE_ERROR:
printf("Compile Error!\n");
break;
case WREN_RESULT_RUNTIME_ERROR:
printf("Runtime Error!\n");
break;
case WREN_RESULT_SUCCESS:
break;
}
wrenFreeVM(vm);
free(script);
return 0;
}
- Output:
Sample output:
Integer object with value of: 42 allocated at address 0x55a56e0f2dd8. Integer object value reset to: 42 but still at address 0x55a56e0f2dd8. Integer object value changed to: 43 but still at address 0x55a56e0f2dd8.
Z80 Assembly
When writing assembly yourself, you'll know any object's memory location in advance. This code creates the 16-bit integer object 0xFFFF at memory address 0xC000:
LD HL,&FFFF
LD (&C000),HL
Loading a value into a register from memory only loads a copy; the original value at that memory location isn't altered, nor is the memory location of that value. Assume this code is executed immediately after the above example:
LD HL,(&C000) ;load &FFFF into HL
INC HL ;HL now equals &0000
LD BC,(&C000) ;load &FFFF into BC.
In order to change a value at a memory location, it either needs to be loaded into a register and stored back after altering that register in some way, or by using certain indirect addressing modes, like so:
LD HL,&C000 ;get the address of our variable.
INC (hl) ;increment the low byte.
LD HL,(&C000) ;load &FF00 into HL.
If you're not familiar with the Z80's syntax, this can be a bit confusing. The brackets are like the dereference operator in C, and not having brackets is like the unary &
operator in C. The Z80's ability to do 16-bit operations is limited; it can load from two consecutive memory locations into a 16-bit register pair, however when using (hl)
as an operand it is only operating on the lower 8 bits. When learning Z80 Assembly, it is very helpful to view a hex editor while learning the instruction set.
- Programming Tasks
- Basic Data Operations
- 6502 Assembly
- 68000 Assembly
- 8086 Assembly
- Action!
- Ada
- Aikido
- Applesoft BASIC
- ARM Assembly
- AutoHotkey
- BBC BASIC
- C
- C++
- Clojure/Omit
- COBOL
- Commodore BASIC
- D
- Delphi
- Forth
- FreeBASIC
- FutureBasic
- Go
- J
- Julia
- Kotlin
- Lua
- M2000 Interpreter
- Nim
- Pascal
- Perl
- Phix
- PicoLisp
- PureBasic
- Racket
- Raku
- Rust
- S-BASIC
- Scala
- Tcl
- Critcl
- Wren
- Wren-fmt
- Z80 Assembly
- AWK/Omit
- Batch File/Omit
- Bc/Omit
- Dc/Omit
- E/Omit
- Erlang/Omit
- Groovy/Omit
- Haskell/Omit
- Icon/Omit
- Unicon/Omit
- Java/Omit
- JavaScript/Omit
- Joy/Omit
- LabVIEW/Omit
- Logtalk/Omit
- M4/Omit
- Mathematica/Omit
- Maxima/Omit
- MATLAB/Omit
- Modula-2/Omit
- NetRexx/Omit
- Oz/Omit
- NSIS/Omit
- PARI/GP/Omit
- Pike/Omit
- PowerShell/Omit
- Processing/Omit
- Python/Omit
- Ruby/Omit
- Standard ML/Omit
- Swift/Omit
- TI-89 BASIC/Omit
- Zkl/Omit