Add a variable to a class instance at runtime
You are encouraged to solve this task according to the task description, using any language you may know.
Demonstrate how to dynamically add variables to an object (a class instance) at runtime.
This is useful when the methods/variables of an instance are based on a data file that isn't available until runtime. Hal Fulton gives an example of creating an OO CSV parser at An Exercise in Metaprogramming with Ruby. This is referred to as "monkeypatching" by Pythonistas and some others.
[edit] ActionScript
In ActionScript this can be done using an Object object
var object:Object = new Object();
object.foo = "bar";
Or by creating a dynamic class
package
{
public dynamic class Foo
{
// ...
}
}
var foo:Foo = new Foo();
foo.bar = "zap";
[edit] Ada
Ada is not a dynamically typed language. Yet it supports mix-in inheritance, run-time inheritance and interfaces. These three allow us to achieve the desired effect, however questionably useful it could be. The example declares an interface of the class (Class). Then a concrete type is created (Base). The object E is an instance of Base. Later, at the run time, a new type Monkey_Patch is created such that it refers to E and implements the class interface per delegation to E. Monkey_Patch has a new integer member Foo and EE is an instance of Monkey_Path. For the user EE appears as E with Foo.
with Ada.Text_IO; use Ada.Text_IO;
procedure Dynamic is
package Abstract_Class is
type Class is limited interface;
function Boo (X : Class) return String is abstract;
end Abstract_Class;
use Abstract_Class;
package Base_Class is
type Base is new Class with null record;
overriding function Boo (X : Base) return String;
end Base_Class;
package body Base_Class is
function Boo (X : Base) return String is
begin
return "I am Class";
end Boo;
end Base_Class;
use Base_Class;
E : aliased Base; -- An instance of Base
begin
-- Gone run-time
declare
type Monkey_Patch (Root : access Base) is new Class with record
Foo : Integer := 1;
end record;
overriding function Boo (X : Monkey_Patch) return String;
function Boo (X : Monkey_Patch) return String is
begin -- Delegation to the base
return X.Root.Boo;
end Boo;
EE : Monkey_Patch (E'Access); -- Extend E
begin
Put_Line (EE.Boo & " with" & Integer'Image (EE.Foo));
end;
end Dynamic;
Sample output:
I am Class with 1
[edit] AutoHotkey
e := {}
e.foo := 1
[edit] BBC BASIC
It's not really intended that you should do this, but if you must you can:
INSTALL @lib$+"CLASSLIB"
REM Create a base class with no members:
DIM class{method}
PROC_class(class{})
REM Instantiate the class:
PROC_new(myobject{}, class{})
REM Add a member at run-time:
member$ = "mymember#"
PROCaddmember(myobject{}, member$, 8)
REM Test that the member can be accessed:
PROCassign("myobject." + member$, "PI")
PRINT EVAL("myobject." + member$)
END
DEF PROCaddmember(RETURN obj{}, mem$, size%)
LOCAL D%, F%, P%
DIM D% DIM(obj{}) + size% - 1, F% LEN(mem$) + 8
P% = !^obj{} + 4
WHILE !P% : P% = !P% : ENDWHILE : !P% = F%
$$(F%+4) = mem$ : F%!(LEN(mem$) + 5) = DIM(obj{})
!(^obj{} + 4) = D%
ENDPROC
DEF PROCassign(v$, n$)
IF EVAL("FNassign(" + v$ + "," + n$ + ")")
ENDPROC
DEF FNassign(RETURN n, v) : n = v : = 0
[edit] Bracmat
This solution saves the original members and methods in a variable, using pattern matching. Then, using macro expansion, a new object is created with an additional member variable and also an additional method. Because the new object is assigned to the same variable as the original object, the original object ceases to exist.
( ( struktuur
= (aMember=) (aMethod=.!(its.aMember))
)
& new$struktuur:?object
& out$"Object as originally created:"
& lst$object
& A value:?(object..aMember)
& !object:(=?originalMembersAndMethods)
& new
$ (
' ( (anotherMember=)
(anotherMethod=.!(its.anotherMember))
()$originalMembersAndMethods
)
)
: ?object
& out
$ "
Object with additional member and method and with 'aMember' already set to some interesting value:"
& lst$object
& some other value:?(object..anotherMember)
& out$"
Call both methods and output their return values."
& out$("aMember contains:" (object..aMethod)$)
& out$("anotherMember contains:" (object..anotherMethod)$)
&);
Output:
Object as originally created:
(object=
=(aMember=) (aMethod=.!(its.aMember)));
Object with additional member and method and with 'aMember' already set to some interesting value:
(object=
= (anotherMember=)
(anotherMethod=.!(its.anotherMember))
(aMember=A value)
(aMethod=.!(its.aMember)));
Call both methods and output their return values.
aMember contains: A value
anotherMember contains: some other value
[edit] CoffeeScript
# CoffeeScript is dynamic, just like the Javascript it compiles to.
# You can dynamically add attributes to objects.
# First create an object very simply.
e = {}
e.foo = "bar"
e.yo = -> "baz"
console.log e.foo, e.yo()
# CS also has class syntax to instantiate objects, the details of which
# aren't shown here. The mechanism to add members is the same, though.
class Empty
# empty class
e = new Empty()
e.foo = "bar"
e.yo = -> "baz"
console.log e.foo, e.yo()
[edit] Common Lisp
This version adds a new slot only to one instance, not to the whole class.
(defun augment-instance-with-slots (instance slots)
(change-class instance
(make-instance 'standard-class
:direct-superclasses (list (class-of instance))
:direct-slots slots)))
Example:
CL-USER> (let* ((instance (make-instance 'foo :bar 42 :baz 69))
(new-slots '((:name xenu :initargs (:xenu)))))
(augment-instance-with-slots instance new-slots)
(reinitialize-instance instance :xenu 666)
(describe instance))
#<#<STANDARD-CLASS NIL {1003AEE2C1}> {1003AEE271}>
[standard-object]
Slots with :INSTANCE allocation:
BAR = 42
BAZ = 69
XENU = 666
The following REPL transcript (from LispWorks) shows the definition of a class some-class with no slots, and the creation of an instance of the class. The first attempt to access the slot named slot1 signals an error as there is no such slot. Then the class is redefined to have such a slot, and with a default value of 23. Attempting to access the slot in the preëxisting instance now gives the default value, since the slot has been added to the instance. This behavior is specified in §4.3.6 Redefining Classes of the HyperSpec.
CL-USER 57 > (defclass some-class () ())
#<STANDARD-CLASS SOME-CLASS 200BF63B>
CL-USER 58 > (defparameter *an-instance*
(make-instance 'some-class))
*AN-INSTANCE*
CL-USER 59 > (slot-value *an-instance* 'slot1)
Error: The slot SLOT1 is missing from #<SOME-CLASS 21F59E37> (of class #<STANDARD-CLASS SOME-CLASS 200BF63B>), when reading the value.
1 (abort) Return to level 0.
2 Return to top loop level 0.
Type :b for backtrace, :c <option number> to proceed, or :? for other options
CL-USER 60 : 1 > :a
CL-USER 61 > (defclass some-class ()
((slot1 :initform 23)))
#<STANDARD-CLASS SOME-CLASS 200BF63B>
CL-USER 62 > (slot-value *an-instance* 'slot1)
23
[edit] D
struct Dynamic(T) {
private T[string] vars;
@property T opDispatch(string key)() pure nothrow {
return vars[key];
}
@property void opDispatch(string key, U)(U value)/*pure*/ nothrow {
vars[key] = value;
}
}
void main() {
import std.variant, std.stdio;
// If the type of the attributes is known at compile-time:
auto d1 = Dynamic!double();
d1.first = 10.5;
d1.second = 20.2;
writeln(d1.first, " ", d1.second);
// If the type of the attributes is mixed:
auto d2 = Dynamic!Variant();
d2.a = "Hello";
d2.b = 11;
d2.c = ['x':2, 'y':4];
d2.d = (int x) => x ^^ 3;
writeln(d2.a, " ", d2.b, " ", d2.c);
immutable int x = d2.b.get!int;
}
- Output:
10.5 20.2 Hello 11 ['x':2, 'y':4]
If you want Dynamic to be a class the code is similar. If the attribute names aren't known at compile-time, you have to use a more normal syntax:
import std.stdio, std.variant, std.conv;
struct Dyn {
Variant[string] data;
alias data this;
}
void main(string[] args) {
Dyn d;
const attribute_name = text("attribute_", args.length);
d[attribute_name] = "something";
writeln(d[attribute_name]);
}
- Output:
something
[edit] Elena
ELENA does not support adding a variable at run-time but it can be simulated with the help of a group object
#subject foo.
#class FieldContainer
{
#field theValue.
#method foo'set : anObject
[
theValue := anObject.
]
#method foo'get = theValue.
}
#symbol Program =
[
#var anObject := 234.
// adding a field
anObject := anObject &= FieldContainer.
anObject foo'set:"bar".
'program'Output << anObject << ".foo=" << anObject foo.
'program'input get.
].
[edit] Falcon
Classes and singleton objects have a fixed structure which cannot be changed during runtime. However falcon does have capability to add variables/functions at runtime with Prototype based objects. Below are two of the prototype objects that allow adding variables at runtime. These are arrays and dictionaries (hashes for the perl type out there).
Array: In this example we add a function (which prints out the content of the array) and a new value. While we are not technically adding a "variable", this example is presented to show similar type of functionality.
vect = [ 'alpha', 'beta', 'gamma' ]
vect.dump = function ()
for n in [0: self.len()]
> @"$(n): ", self[n]
end
end
vect += 'delta'
vect.dump()
Output from the above:
0: alpha
1: beta
2: gamma
3: delta
Dictionary: In this example we will add a variable through the use of an object from a bless'ed dictionary. We create a new variable called 'newVar' at runtime and assign a string to it. Additionally we assign an external, to the object, function (sub_func) to the variable 'sub'.
function sub_func( value )
self['prop'] -= value
return self.prop
end
dict = bless( [
'prop' => 0,
'add' => function ( value )
self.prop += value
return self.prop
end ,
'sub' => sub_func
])
dict[ 'newVar' ] = "I'm Rich In Data"
[edit] FBSL
FBSL class instances aren't expandable with additional, directly accessible public methods at runtime once the class template is defined in the user code. But FBSL has an extremely powerful feature -- an ExecLine() function -- which permits the user to execute any additional code on the fly either privately (bypassing the main code flow) or publicly (interacting with the main code). ExecLine() can be used for a variety of applications from the fine-tuning of current tasks to designing application plug-ins or completely standalone code debuggers. The following class instance may be stuffed up at runtime with any code from simple variables to executable private methods and properties.
#APPTYPE CONSOLE
CLASS Growable
PRIVATE:
DIM instructions AS STRING = "Sleep(1)"
:ExecCode
DIM dummy AS INTEGER = EXECLINE(instructions, 1)
PUBLIC:
METHOD Absorb(code AS STRING)
instructions = code
GOTO ExecCode
END METHOD
METHOD Yield() AS VARIANT
RETURN result
END METHOD
END CLASS
DIM Sponge AS NEW Growable()
Sponge.Absorb("DIM b AS VARIANT = 1234567890: DIM result AS VARIANT = b")
PRINT Sponge.Yield()
Sponge.Absorb("b = ""Hello world!"": result = b")
PRINT Sponge.Yield()
PAUSE
Output:
1234567890 Hello world! Press any key to continue...
[edit] Groovy
Any Groovy class that implements "Object get(String)" and "void set(String, Object)" will have the apparent capability to add new properties. However, this capability will only work as expected with an appropriate implementation, backed by a Map object or something very much like a Map.
class A {
final x = { it + 25 }
private map = new HashMap()
Object get(String key) { map[key] }
void set(String key, Object value) { map[key] = value }
}
Test:
def a = new A()
a.y = 55
a.z = { println (new Date()); Thread.sleep 5000 }
println a.x(25)
println a.y
(0..2).each(a.z)
println a.q
Output:
50 55 Wed Feb 23 21:33:40 CST 2011 Wed Feb 23 21:33:45 CST 2011 Wed Feb 23 21:33:50 CST 2011 null
[edit] Io
All "instance variables" (or slots in Io nomenclature) are created at runtime.
Empty := Object clone
e := Empty clone
e foo := 1
[edit] Icon and Unicon
Unicon implements object environments with records and supporting procedures for creation, initialization, and methods. To modify an instance you must create a new record then copy, amend, and replace it. Strictly speaking we can't guarantee the replace as there is no way to modify the existing object and we are creating a new instance with extensions. The procedures constructor and fieldnames are needed. This example doesn't do error checking. Here extend takes three arguments, the class instance, a list of new variable names as strings, and an optional list of new values to be assigned. The new instance is returned and the object is replaced by assignment. The caveat here is that if the object was assigned to anything else we will now have two objects floating around with possible side effects. As written this isn't safe from name collisions - aside from local declarations the use of a fixed constructor name uses the global name space. There is a final caveat that needs to be observed - if future implementations of objects change then this could easily stop working.
Note: Unicon can be translated via a command line switch into icon which allows for classes to be shared with Icon code (assuming no other incompatibilities exist).
link ximage
procedure main()
c1 := foo(1,2) # instance of foo
write("c1:\n",ximage(c1))
c1 := extend(c1,["c","d"],[8,9]) # 2 new fields
write("new c1:\n",ximage(c1))
c1 := extend(c1,["e"],[7]) # 1 more
write("newest c1:\n",ximage(c1))
end
class foo(a,b) # dummy class
end
procedure extend(instance,newvars,newvals) #: extend a class instance
every put(f := [],fieldnames(instance)) # copy existing fieldnames
c := ["tempconstructor"] ||| f # new constructor
every put(c,!newvars) # append new vars
t := constructor!c # new constructor
x := t() # new instance
every x[v := !f] := instance[v] # same as old instance
x.__s := x # new self
if \newvals then
every i := 1 to min(*newvars,*newvals) do
x[newvars[i]] := newvals[i] # add new vars = values
return x
end
ximage.icn provides ximage to dump variable contents
Output:c1: R_foo__state_1 := foo__state() R_foo__state_1.a := 1 R_foo__state_1.b := 2 new c1: R_tempconstructor_1 := tempconstructor() R_tempconstructor_1.__s := R_tempconstructor_1 R_tempconstructor_1.__m := R_foo__methods_1 := foo__methods() R_tempconstructor_1.a := 1 R_tempconstructor_1.b := 2 R_tempconstructor_1.c := 8 R_tempconstructor_1.d := 9 newest c1: R_tempconstructor_1 := tempconstructor() R_tempconstructor_1.__s := R_tempconstructor_1 R_tempconstructor_1.__m := R_foo__methods_1 := foo__methods() R_tempconstructor_1.a := 1 R_tempconstructor_1.b := 2 R_tempconstructor_1.c := 8 R_tempconstructor_1.d := 9 R_tempconstructor_1.e := 7
[edit] J
If you assign a value to the name which references a property of a class instance, that name within that instance gets that value.
C=:<'exampleclass' NB. this will be our class name
V__C=: 0 NB. ensure the class exists
OBJ1=:conew 'exampleclass' NB. create an instance of our class
OBJ2=:conew 'exampleclass' NB. create another instance
V__OBJ1,V__OBJ2 NB. both of our instances exist
0
W__OBJ1 NB. instance does not have a W
|value error
W__OBJ1=: 0 NB. here, we add a W to this instance
W__OBJ1 NB. this instance now has a W
0
W__OBJ2 NB. our other instance does not
|value error
[edit] JavaScript
This kind of thing is fundamental to JavaScript, as it's a prototype-based language rather than a class-based one.
e = {} // generic object
e.foo = 1
e["bar"] = 2 // name specified at runtime
[edit] LOLCODE
BUKKITs (the all-purpose container type) can be added to at any point during execution, and the SRS operator permits the creation of identifiers from strings. This program and its output demonstrate both by prompting the user for a name and a value, modifying the object accordingly, and then printing the value of the new variable.
HAI 1.3
I HAS A object ITZ A BUKKIT
I HAS A name, I HAS A value
IM IN YR interface
VISIBLE "R U WANTIN 2 (A)DD A VAR OR (P)RINT 1? "!
I HAS A option, GIMMEH option
option, WTF?
OMG "A"
VISIBLE "NAME: "!, GIMMEH name
VISIBLE "VALUE: "!, GIMMEH value
object HAS A SRS name ITZ value, GTFO
OMG "P"
VISIBLE "NAME: "!, GIMMEH name
VISIBLE object'Z SRS name
OIC
IM OUTTA YR interface
KTHXBYE
Example run:
R U WANTIN 2 (A)DD A VAR OR (P)RINT 1? A NAME: foo VALUE: 42 R U WANTIN 2 (A)DD A VAR OR (P)RINT 1? P NAME: foo 42
[edit] Lua
empty = {}
empty.foo = 1
[edit] Mathematica
Mathematica doesn't rally have classes, so it doesn't have class variables. However, many rules can be applied to a single tag, so it has some aspects similar to a class. With that definition, adding a class variable is similar to adding a rule:
f[a]=1;
f[b]=2;
f[a]=3;
? f
Output:
Global`f f[a]=3 f[b]=2
Here, the two 'variables' can be seen under the single heading 'f'. And of course all of this is done at runtime.
[edit] Objective-C
Objective-C doesn't have the ability to add a variable to an instance at runtime. However, since Mac OS X 10.6 and iOS 3.1, it has something that can accomplish a very similar purpose, called "associative references" or "associated objects", which allow you to attach additional objects onto an object without changing its class.
You can put associative references on any object. You can put multiple ones on the same object. They are indexed by a pointer key (typically the address of some dummy variable). You use the functions objc_getAssociatedObject() and objc_setAssociatedObject to get and set them, respectively.
#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
#import <objc/runtime.h>
char fooKey;
int main (int argc, const char *argv[]) {
NSAutoreleasePool *pool = [[NSAutoreleasePool alloc] init];
id e = [[NSObject alloc] init];
// set
objc_setAssociatedObject(e, &fooKey, [NSNumber numberWithInt:1], OBJC_ASSOCIATION_RETAIN);
// get
NSNumber *associatedObject = objc_getAssociatedObject(e, &fooKey);
NSLog(@"associatedObject: %@", associatedObject);
[e release];
[pool drain];
return 0;
}
You can also use a selector as the key, since two selectors with the same content are guaranteed to be equal:
#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
#import <objc/runtime.h>
int main (int argc, const char *argv[]) {
NSAutoreleasePool *pool = [[NSAutoreleasePool alloc] init];
id e = [[NSObject alloc] init];
// set
objc_setAssociatedObject(e, @selector(foo), [NSNumber numberWithInt:1], OBJC_ASSOCIATION_RETAIN);
// get
NSNumber *associatedObject = objc_getAssociatedObject(e, @selector(foo));
NSLog(@"associatedObject: %@", associatedObject);
[e release];
[pool drain];
return 0;
}
[edit] Octave
Octave is dynamically typed, and can have fields added in two methods:
% Given struct "test"
test.b=1;
test = setfield (test, "c", 3);
[edit] ooRexx
ooRexx does not directly expose instance variables to callers. Encapsulated access to instance variables is done via accesser methods for assignment and retrieval. In general, it is not possible to just dynamically add support, but it is possible to construct a class that allows for this to happen.
[edit] Unknown Method Access
This example traps unknown method calls, then sets or retrieves the values in an encapsulated directory object.
d = .dynamicvar~new
d~foo = 123
say d~foo
d2 = .dynamicvar2~new
d~bar = "Fred"
say d~bar
-- a class that allows dynamic variables. Since this is a mixin, this
-- capability can be added to any class using multiple inheritance
::class dynamicvar MIXINCLASS object
::method init
expose variables
variables = .directory~new
-- the UNKNOWN method is invoked for all unknown messages. We turn this
-- into either an assignment or a retrieval for the desired item
::method unknown
expose variables
use strict arg messageName, arguments
-- assignment messages end with '=', which tells us what to do
if messageName~right(1) == '=' then do
variables[messageName~left(messageName~length - 1)] = arguments[1]
end
else do
return variables[messageName]
end
-- this class is not a direct subclass of dynamicvar, but mixes in the
-- functionality using multiple inheritance
::class dynamicvar2 inherit dynamicvar
::method init
-- mixin init methods are not automatically invoked, so we must
-- explicitly invoke this
self~init:.dynamicvar
[edit] Dynamic Method Definitions
An object may be written that can dynamically add methods to itself. This example is similar to the above example, but the UNKNOWN method attaches a getter/setter pair of methods for the name triggering the UNKNOWN call. On all subsequent calls, the attribute methods will get called.
d = .dynamicvar~new
d~foo = 123
say d~foo
-- a class that allows dynamic variables. Since this is a mixin, this
-- capability can be added to any class using multiple inheritance
::class dynamicvar MIXINCLASS object
::method init
expose variables
variables = .directory~new
-- the unknown method will get invoked any time an unknown method is
-- used. This UNKNOWN method will add attribute methods for the given
-- name that will be available on all subsequent uses.
::method unknown
expose variables
use strict arg messageName, arguments
-- check for an assignment or fetch, and get the proper
-- method name
if messageName~right(1) == '=' then do
variableName = messageName~left(messageName~length - 1)
end
else do
variableName = messageName
end
-- define a pair of methods to set and retrieve the instance variable. These are
-- created at the object scope
self~setMethod(variableName, 'expose' variableName'; return' variableName)
self~setMethod(variableName'=', 'expose' variableName'; use strict arg value;' variableName '= value' )
-- reinvoke the original message. This will now go to the dynamically added
methods
forward to(self) message(messageName) arguments(arguments)
[edit] OxygenBasic
Simple implementation for making runtime members - supports integer, float and string types.
'=================
class fleximembers
'=================
indexbase 0
bstring buf, *varl
sys dp,en
method addVar(string name,dat)
sys le=len buf
if dp+16>le then
buf+=nuls 0x100 : le+=0x100 :
end if
@varl=?buf
varl[en]=name
varl[en+1]=dat
dp+=2*sizeof sys
en+=2 'next slot
end method
method find(string name) as sys
sys i
for i=0 to <en step 2
if name=varl[i] then return i+1
next
end method
method vars(string name) as string
sys f=find(name)
if f then return varl[f]
end method
method VarF(string name) as double
return vars(name)
end method
method VarI(string name) as sys
return vars(name)
end method
method vars(string name,dat)
bstring varl at buf
sys f=find(name)
if f then varl[f]=dat
end method
method delete()
sys i
sys v at buf
for i=0 to <en
freememory v[i]
next
freememory ?buf
? buf=0 : en=0 : dp=0
end method
end class
'TEST
fleximembers a
a.addVar "p",5
a.addVar "q",4.5
a.addVar "r","123456"
print a.Vars("q")+a.vars("q") 'result 4.54.5
print a.Varf("q")+a.varf("q") 'result 9
a.delete
[edit] Oz
It is not possible to add variables to instances in Oz. Every object has exactly one class and this association cannot be changed after object creation. Classes themselves are immutable.
However, classes are also first-class values and are created at runtime. Many of the tasks that are solved with "monkeypatching" in other languages, can be solved by dynamically creating classes in Oz.
declare
%% Creates a new class derived from BaseClass
%% with an added feature (==public immutable attribute)
fun {AddFeature BaseClass FeatureName FeatureValue}
class DerivedClass from BaseClass
feat
%% "FeatureName" is escaped, otherwise a new variable
%% refering to a private feature would be created
!FeatureName:FeatureValue
end
in
DerivedClass
end
class Base
feat
bar:1
meth init
skip
end
end
Derived = {AddFeature Base foo 2}
Instance = {New Derived init}
in
{Show Instance.bar} %% inherited feature
{Show Instance.foo} %% feature of "synthesized" class
To add a variable number of features and attributes, you can use Class.new.
[edit] Perl
package Empty;
# Constructor. Object is hash.
sub new { return bless {}, shift; }
package main;
# Object.
my $o = Empty->new;
# Set runtime variable (key => value).
$o->{'foo'} = 1;
[edit] Perl 6
You can add variables/methods to a class at runtime by composing in a role. The role only affects that instance, though it is inheritable. An object created from an existing object will inherit any roles composed in with values set to those at the time the role was created. If you want to keep changed values in the new object, clone it instead.
class Bar { } # an empty class
my $object = Bar.new; # new instance
role a_role { # role to add a variable: foo,
has $.foo is rw = 2; # with an initial value of 2
}
$object does a_role; # compose in the role
say $object.foo; # prints: 2
$object.foo = 5; # change the variable
say $object.foo; # prints: 5
my $ohno = Bar.new; # new Bar object
#say $ohno.foo; # runtime error, base Bar class doesn't have the variable foo
my $this = $object.new; # instantiate a new Bar derived from $object
say $this.foo; # prints: 2 - original role value
my $that = $object.clone; # instantiate a new Bar derived from $object copying any variables
say $that.foo; # 5 - value from the cloned object
That's what's going on underneath, but often people just mix in an anonymous role directly using the but operator. Here we'll mix an attribute into a normal integer.
my $lue = 42 but role { has $.answer = "Life, the Universe, and Everything" }
say $lue; # 42
say $lue.answer; # Life, the Universe, and Everything
On the other hand, mixins are frowned upon when it is possible to compose roles directly into classes (as with Smalltalk traits), so that you get method collision detection at compile time. If you want to change a class at run time, you can also use monkey patching:
use MONKEY_TYPING;
augment class Int {
method answer { "Life, the Universe, and Everything" }
}
say 42.answer; # Life, the Universe, and Everything
This practice, though allowed, is considered to be Evil Action at a Distance.
[edit] PHP
class E {};
$e=new E();
$e->foo=1;
$e->{"foo"} = 1; // using a runtime name
$x = "foo";
$e->$x = 1; // using a runtime name in a variable
[edit] PicoLisp
In general, all instance variables in PicoLisp are dynamically created at runtime.
: (setq MyObject (new '(+MyClass))) # Create some object
-> $385605941
: (put MyObject 'newvar '(some value)) # Set variable
-> (some value)
: (show MyObject) # Show the object
$385605941 (+MyClass)
newvar (some value)
-> $385605941
[edit] Pike
Pike does not allow adding variables to existing objects, but we can design a class that allows us to add variables.
class CSV
{
mapping variables = ([]);
mixed `->(string name)
{
return variables[name];
}
void `->=(string name, mixed value)
{
variables[name] = value;
}
array _indices()
{
return indices(variables);
}
}
object csv = CSV();
csv->greeting = "hello world";
csv->count = 1;
csv->lang = "Pike";
indices(csv);
Result: ({ /* 3 elements */
"lang",
"count",
"greeting"
})
[edit] Pop11
In Pop11 instance variables (slots) are specified at class creation time and there is no way to add new slot to an instance after its class was created. However, for most practical purposes one can obtain desired effect in different way. Namely, except for a few low-level routines slots in Pop11 are accessed via getter and setter methods. Getters and setters are like ordinary methods, but are automatically defined and "know" low level details of slot access. Pop11 allows dynamic definition of methods, and one can add new methods which work as "getter" and "setter" but do not store data directly in instance. One possibility is to have one instance variable which contains a hastable (this is essentially what Perl solution is doing). Another possibility (used below) is to create na external hashtable. Adding new slots typically make sense if slot name is only known at runtine, so we create method definition (as a list) at runtime and compile it using the 'pop11_compile' procedure.
lib objectclass;
define :class foo;
enddefine;
define define_named_method(method, class);
lvars method_str = method >< '';
lvars class_str = class >< '';
lvars method_hash_str = 'hash_' >< length(class_str) >< '_'
>< class_str >< '_' >< length(method_str)
>< '_' >< method_str;
lvars method_hash = consword(method_hash_str);
pop11_compile([
lvars ^method_hash = newassoc([]);
define :method ^method(self : ^class);
^method_hash(self);
enddefine;
define :method updaterof ^method(val, self : ^class);
val -> ^method_hash(self);
enddefine;
]);
enddefine;
define_named_method("met1", "foo");
lvars bar = consfoo();
met1(bar) => ;;; default value -- false
"baz" -> met1(bar);
met1(bar) => ;;; new value
[edit] PowerShell
PowerShell allows extending arbitrary object instances at runtime with the Add-Member cmdlet. The following example adds a property Title to an integer:
$x = 42 `
| Add-Member -PassThru `
NoteProperty `
Title `
"The answer to the question about life, the universe and everything"
Now that property can be accessed:
PS> $x.Title The answer to the question about life, the universe and everything
or reflected:
PS> $x | Get-Member TypeName: System.Int32 Name MemberType Definition ---- ---------- ---------- CompareTo Method int CompareTo(System.Object value), ... Equals Method bool Equals(System.Object obj), bool... GetHashCode Method int GetHashCode() GetType Method type GetType() GetTypeCode Method System.TypeCode GetTypeCode() ToString Method string ToString(), string ToString(s... Title NoteProperty System.String Title=The answer to th...
While trying to access the same property in another instance will fail:
PS> $y = 42 PS> $y.Title
(which simply causes no output).
[edit] Python
class empty(object):
pass
e = empty()
If the variable (attribute) name is known at "compile" time (hard-coded):
e.foo = 1
If the variable name is determined at runtime:
setattr(e, name, value)
Note: Somewhat counter-intuitively one cannot simply use e = object(); e.foo = 1 because the Python base object (the ultimate ancestor to all new-style classes) will raise attribute exceptions. However, any normal derivatives of object can be "monkey patched" at will.
Because functions are first class objects in Python one can not only add variables to instances. One can add or replace functionality to an instance. Doing so is tricky if one wishes to refer back to other instance attributes since there's no "magic" binding back to "self." One trick is to dynamically define the function to be added, nested within the function that applies the patch like so:
class empty(object):
def __init__(this):
this.foo = "whatever"
def patch_empty(obj):
def fn(self=obj):
print self.foo
obj.print_output = fn
e = empty()
patch_empty(e)
e.print_output()
# >>> whatever
- Note: The name self is not special; it's merely the pervasive Python convention. In this example I've deliberately used this in the class definition to underscore this fact. The nested definition could use any name for the "self" object. Because it's nested the value of the object is evaluated at the time that the patch_empty() function is run and thus the function being patched in has a valid reference to the object into which it is being inserted. Other arguments could be passed as necessary. Such techniques are not recommended; however they are possible.
[edit] REBOL
rebol [
Title: "Add Variables to Class at Runtime"
Author: oofoe
Date: 2009-12-04
URL: http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Adding_variables_to_a_class_instance_at_runtime
]
; As I understand it, a REBOL object can only ever have whatever
; properties it was born with. However, this is somewhat offset by the
; fact that every instance can serve as a prototype for a new object
; that also has the new parameter you want to add.
; Here I create an empty instance of the base object (x), then add the
; new instance variable while creating a new object prototyped from
; x. I assign the new object to x, et voila', a dynamically added
; variable.
x: make object! [] ; Empty object.
x: make x [
newvar: "forty-two" ; New property.
]
print "Empty object modifed with 'newvar' property:"
probe x
; A slightly more interesting example:
starfighter: make object! [
model: "unknown"
pilot: none
]
x-wing: make starfighter [
model: "Incom T-65 X-wing"
]
squadron: reduce [
make x-wing [pilot: "Luke Skywalker"]
make x-wing [pilot: "Wedge Antilles"]
make starfighter [
model: "Slayn & Korpil B-wing"
pilot: "General Salm"
]
]
; Adding new property here.
squadron/1: make squadron/1 [deathstar-removal-expert: yes]
print [crlf "Fighter squadron:"]
foreach pilot squadron [probe pilot]
[edit] Ruby
class Empty
end
e = Empty.new
class << e
attr_accessor :foo
end
e.foo = 1
puts e.foo # output: "1"
f = Empty.new
f.foo = 1 # raises NoMethodError
"class << e" uses the singleton class of "e", which is an automatic subclass of Empty that has only this single instance. Therefore we added the "foo" accessor only to "e", not to other instances of Empty.
[edit] Scala
Since version 2.10 Scala supports dynamic types. Dynamic types have to implement trait Dynamic and implement methods selectDynamic and updateDynamic.
import language.dynamics
import scala.collection.mutable.HashMap
class A extends Dynamic {
private val map = new HashMap[String, Any]
def selectDynamic(name: String): Any = {
return map(name)
}
def updateDynamic(name:String)(value: Any) = {
map(name) = value
}
}
Sample output in the REPL:
scala> val a = new A
a: A = A@7b20f29d
scala> a.foo = 42
a.foo: Any = 42
scala> a.foo
res10: Any = 42
[edit] Slate
Slate objects are prototypes:
define: #Empty -> Cloneable clone.
define: #e -> Empty clone.
e addSlotNamed: #foo valued: 1.
[edit] Smalltalk
the following addSlot function creates an anonymus class with the additional slot, defines accessor methods and clones a new instance from the given object which becomes the old one. This preserves object identity. (by the way: if we remember and reuse these temp classes, we get the core of Google's fast JavaScript interpreter implementation ;-)
|addSlot p|
addSlot :=
[:obj :slotName |
|anonCls newObj|
anonCls := obj class
subclass:(obj class name,'+') asSymbol
instanceVariableNames:slotName
classVariableNames:''
poolDictionaries:'' category:nil
inEnvironment:nil.
anonCls compile:('%1 ^ %1' bindWith:slotName).
anonCls compile:('%1:v %1 := v' bindWith:slotName).
newObj := anonCls cloneFrom:obj.
obj become:newObj.
].
create a 2D Point object, add a z slot, change and retrieve the z-value, finally inspect it (and see the slots).
p := Point x:10 y:20.
addSlot value:p value:'z'.
p z:30.
p z.
p z:40.
p inspect
The above used a block to perform this operation in privacy. In a real world application, the addSlot code would be added as an extension to the Object class, as in.
!Object methodsFor:'adding slots'!
addSlot: slotName
|anonCls newObj|
anonCls := self class
subclass:(self class name,'+') asSymbol
instanceVariableNames:slotName
classVariableNames:''
poolDictionaries:'' category:nil
inEnvironment:nil.
anonCls compile:('%1 ^ %1' bindWith:slotName).
anonCls compile:('%1:v %1 := v' bindWith:slotName).
newObj := anonCls cloneFrom:self.
self become:newObj.
then, again create a 2D Point object, add a z slot, change and retrieve the z-value, finally inspect it (and see the slots).
p := Point x:10 y:20.
p addSlot:'z'.
p z:30.
p z.
p z:40.
p inspect
Object subclass: #Monkey
instanceVariableNames: 'aVar'
classVariableNames: ''
poolDictionaries: ''
category: nil !
!Monkey class methodsFor: 'new instance'!
new
| o |
o := super new.
o init.
^o
!!
!Monkey methodsFor: 'init instance'!
init
aVar := 0
!
initWith: value
aVar := value
!!
!Monkey methodsFor: 'set/get the inst var(s)'!
setVar: var
aVar := var
!
getVar
^aVar
!!
"Create a new instance"
Smalltalk at: #aMonkey put: (Monkey new) !
"set the 'original' instance var to 12"
aMonkey setVar: 12 .
"let's see what's inside"
aMonkey inspect .
"add a new instance var"
Monkey addInstVarName: 'x'.
"let's see what's inside now"
aMonkey inspect .
"let us create a new method for x"
!Monkey methodsFor: 'about x'!
setX: val
x := val
!
x
^x
!!
aMonkey setX: 10 .
aMonkey inspect .
(aMonkey x) printNl .
Output is:
An instance of Monkey aVar: 12 An instance of Monkey aVar: 12 x: nil An instance of Monkey aVar: 12 x: 10 10
[edit] Tcl
orThe code below uses the fact that each object is implemented as a namespace, to add a time variable to an instance of summation:
% package require TclOO
% oo::class create summation {
constructor {} {
variable v 0
}
method add x {
variable v
incr v $x
}
method value {{var v}} {
variable $var
return [set $var]
}
destructor {
variable v
puts "Ended with value $v"
}
}
::summation
% set s [summation new]
% # Do the monkey patch!
% set [info object namespace $s]::time now
now
% # Prove it's really part of the object...
% $s value time
now
%
An alternative approach is to expose the (normally hidden) varname method on the object so that you can get a handle for an arbitrary variable in the object.
% oo::class create summation {
constructor {} {
variable v 0
}
method add x {
variable v
incr v $x
}
method value {{var v}} {
variable $var
return [set $var]
}
destructor {
variable v
puts "Ended with value $v"
}
}
::summation
% set s [summation new]
% set s2 [summation new]
% oo::objdefine $s export varname
% # Do the monkey patch...
% set [$s varname time] "now"
% $s value time
now
% # Show that it is only in one object...
% $s2 value time
can't read "time": no such variable
- Programming Tasks
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