Truncate a file

Truncate a file
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Truncate a file to a specific length. This should be implemented as a routine that takes two parameters: the filename and the required file length (in bytes).

Truncation can be achieved using system or library calls intended for such a task, if such methods exist, or by creating a temporary file of a reduced size and renaming it, after first deleting the original file, if no other method is available. The file may contain non human readable binary data in an unspecified format, so the routine should be "binary safe", leaving the contents of the untruncated part of the file unchanged.

If the specified filename does not exist, or the provided length is not less than the current file length, then the routine should raise an appropriate error condition. On some systems, the provided file truncation facilities might not change the file or may extend the file, if the specified length is greater than the current length of the file. This task permits the use of such facilities. However, such behaviour should be noted, or optionally a warning message relating to an non change or increase in file size may be implemented.

Ada

The following program is an implementation in Ada using system-independent tools from the standard library to read and write files, remove and rename them. It should work for on any system with byte-oriented file storage and uses Ada 2012 conditional expressions.

<lang Ada>with Ada.Command_Line, Ada.Sequential_IO, Ada.Directories;

procedure Truncate_File is

  type Byte is mod 256;
  for Byte'Size use 8;

  package Byte_IO is new Ada.Sequential_IO(Byte);

  function Arg(N: Positive) return String renames Ada.Command_Line.Argument;
  function Args return Natural renames Ada.Command_Line.Argument_Count;

begin

  -- give help output if neccessary
  if Args < 2 or else Args > 3 then
     raise Program_Error
       with "usage: truncate_file <filename> <length> [<temp_file>]";
  end if;

  -- now do the real work
  declare
     File_Name: String := Arg(1);
     Temp_Name: String := (if Args = 2 then Arg(1) & ".tmp" else Arg(3));
                            -- an Ada 2012 conditional expression
     File, Temp: Byte_IO.File_Type;
     Count: Natural := Natural'Value(Arg(2));
     Value: Byte;
  begin
     -- open files
     Byte_IO.Open  (File => File, Mode => Byte_IO.In_File,  Name => File_Name);
     Byte_IO.Create(File => Temp, Mode => Byte_IO.Out_File, Name => Temp_Name);

     -- copy the required bytes (but at most as much as File has) from File to Temp
     while (not Byte_IO.End_Of_File(File)) and Count > 0 loop
        Byte_IO.Read (File, Value);
        Byte_IO.Write(Temp, Value);
        Count := Count - 1;
     end loop;

     -- close files
     Byte_IO.Close(Temp);
     Byte_IO.Close(File);

     if Count = 0 then -- File was at least Count bytes long
        -- remove File and rename Temp to File
        Ada.Directories.Delete_File(Name => File_Name);
        Ada.Directories.Rename(Old_Name => Temp_Name, New_Name => File_Name);
     else -- File was too short
        -- remove Temp and leave File as it is, output error
        Ada.Directories.Delete_File(Name => Temp_Name);
        raise Program_Error
          with "Size of """ & File_Name & """ less than " & Arg(2);
     end if;
  end;

end Truncate_File;</lang>

C

Windows

Windows uses SetEndOfFile() to change the length of a file. This program can truncate or extend a file. It can detect and print errors.

• If the file does not exist: "The system cannot find the file specified."
• If the length is negative: "An attempt was made to move the file pointer before the beginning of the file."
• If the length is too large: "There is not enough space on the disk."

Works with: MinGW

<lang c>#include <windows.h>

1. include <stdio.h>
2. include <wchar.h>

/* Print "message: last Win32 error" to stderr. */ void oops(const wchar_t *message) { wchar_t *buf; DWORD error;

buf = NULL; error = GetLastError(); FormatMessageW(FORMAT_MESSAGE_ALLOCATE_BUFFER | FORMAT_MESSAGE_FROM_SYSTEM | FORMAT_MESSAGE_IGNORE_INSERTS, NULL, error, 0, (wchar_t *)&buf, 0, NULL);

if (buf) { fwprintf(stderr, L"%ls: %ls", message, buf); LocalFree(buf); } else { /* FormatMessageW failed. */ fwprintf(stderr, L"%ls: unknown error 0x%x\n", message, error); } }

int dotruncate(wchar_t *fn, LARGE_INTEGER fp) { HANDLE fh;

fh = CreateFileW(fn, GENERIC_WRITE, 0, NULL, OPEN_EXISTING, 0, NULL); if (fh == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) { oops(fn); return 1; }

if (SetFilePointerEx(fh, fp, NULL, FILE_BEGIN) == 0 || SetEndOfFile(fh) == 0) { oops(fn); CloseHandle(fh); return 1; }

CloseHandle(fh); return 0; }

/*

* Truncate or extend a file to the given length.
*/

int main() { LARGE_INTEGER fp; int argc; wchar_t **argv, *fn, junk[2];

/* MinGW never provides wmain(argc, argv). */ argv = CommandLineToArgvW(GetCommandLineW(), &argc); if (argv == NULL) { oops(L"CommandLineToArgvW"); return 1; }

if (argc != 3) { fwprintf(stderr, L"usage: %ls filename length\n", argv[0]); return 1; }

fn = argv[1];

/* fp = argv[2] converted to a LARGE_INTEGER. */ if (swscanf(argv[2], L"%lld%1ls", &fp.QuadPart, &junk) != 1) { fwprintf(stderr, L"%ls: not a number\n", argv[2]); return 1; }

return dotruncate(fn, fp); }</lang>

POSIX

<lang c>#include <unistd.h>

1. include <sys/types.h>

... truncate(filename, length); ftruncate(fd, length); ... </lang> Both functions have length argument of off_t type. There are about a million possible errors, of interest to this task are EFBIG: size too large; EINVAL: size is negative or too large; EIO: IO error; EACCESS (for truncate): either can't see or can't write to the file; EBADF or EINVAL (for ftruncate): file descriptor is not a file descriptor, or not opened for writing.

When specifying a new file size larger than current value, the file will be extended and padded with null bytes.

C#

<lang c sharp>using System; using System.IO;

namespace TruncateFile {

   internal class Program
   {
       private static void Main(string[] args)
       {
           TruncateFile(args[0], long.Parse(args[1]));
       }

       private static void TruncateFile(string path, long length)
       {
           if (!File.Exists(path))
               throw new ArgumentException("No file found at specified path.", "path");

           using (var fileStream = new FileStream(path, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Write))
           {
               if (fileStream.Length < length)
                   throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("length",
                                                         "The specified length is greater than that of the file.");

               fileStream.SetLength(length);
           }
       }
   }

}</lang>

Go

Go has the required function in the standard library. The implementation calls operating system specific functions and returns whatever errors the operating system reports. <lang go>import (

   "fmt"
   "os"

)

if err := os.Truncate("filename", newSize); err != nil {

   fmt.Println(err)

}</lang> Package os also has a separate function that operates on an open file.

Haskell

This can be achieved by using the setFileSize function in System.PosixCompat.Files:

<lang Haskell>setFileSize :: FilePath -> FileOffset -> IO () -- Truncates the file down to the specified length. -- If the file was larger than the given length -- before this operation was performed the extra is lost. -- Note: calls truncate. </lang>

Icon and Unicon

Unicon provides the built-in function truncate which can be used to truncate a file. The following line of code truncates filename to newsizeinbytes. The file is opened for both read and write in untranslated mode. <lang Unicon>truncate(f := open(filename, "bu"), newsizeinbytes) & close(f)</lang> Note: The Unicon book incorrectly indicates that truncate doesn't work on Windows.

J

Solution: <lang j>require 'files' NB. needed for versions prior to J7 ftruncate=: ] fwrite~ ] fread@; 0 , [</lang> Usage: <lang j> (1000$ 'abcdefg') fwrite 'text.txt' NB. create test file

  567 ftruncate 'test.txt'             NB. truncate test file

567

  fsize 'test.txt'                     NB. check new file size

567</lang>

Java

The built-in function for truncating a file in Java will leave the file unchanged if the specified size is larger than the file. This version expects the source file name and the new size as command line arguments (in that order). <lang java>import java.io.FileOutputStream; import java.io.IOException; import java.nio.channels.FileChannel;

public class TruncFile { public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException{ if(args.length < 2){ System.out.println("Usage: java TruncFile fileName newSize"); return; } //turn on "append" so it doesn't clear the file FileChannel outChan = new FileOutputStream(args[0], true).getChannel(); long newSize = Long.parseLong(args[1]); outChan.truncate(newSize); outChan.close(); } }</lang>

Liberty BASIC

Note Liberty BASIC provides a way to exit a function.
It is also possible to call API functions to achieve this task. <lang lb> dim info$( 50, 50) ' NB pre-dimension before calling file-exists

                     '        needed for file-exists function

open "test.dat" for output as #1 'create file

   for i = 1 to 10000
       #1 chr$( int( 256 *rnd( 1)));
   next

close #1

call truncateFile, "test.dat", 5000

wait

sub truncateFile fn$, length

   if fileExists( DefaultDir$, fn$) =0 then notice "No such file": exit sub
   open fn$ for input as #i
       file$ =input$( #i, lof( #i))
       if len( file$) <length then notice "Too short": close #i: exit sub
       file$ =left$( file$, length)
   close #i
   open "test.dat" for output as #o
       #o file$
   close #o

end sub

function fileExists( path$, filename$)

 files path$, filename$, info$()
 fileExists =val( info$( 0, 0))  'non zero is true

end function

end </lang>

Mathematica

<lang Mathematica>Truncate[file_, n_] := Module[{filename = file, nbbytes = n, temp},

 temp = $TemporaryPrefix <> filename;
 BinaryWrite[temp, BinaryReadList[filename, "Byte", nbbytes]];
 Close[temp]; DeleteFile[filename]; RenameFile[temp, filename];
 ]</lang>

OCaml

The Unix module provided with the standard distribution provides a function truncate:

<lang ocaml>val truncate : string -> int -> unit (** Truncates the named file to the given size. *)</lang>

There is also a function ftruncate that does the equivalent operation but with a file descriptor instead of a file name:

<lang ocaml>val ftruncate : file_descr -> int -> unit (** Truncates the file corresponding to the given descriptor to the given size. *)</lang>

Pascal

<lang pascal> Program FileTruncate;

uses

 SysUtils;

var

 myfile:   file of byte;
 filename: string;
 position: integer;

begin

 write('File for truncation: ');
 readln(filename);
 if not FileExists(filename) then
 begin
   writeln('Error: File does not exist.');
   exit;
 end;

 write('Truncate position: ');
 readln(position);

 Assign(myfile, filename);
 Reset(myfile);
 if FileSize(myfile) < position then
 begin
   writeln('Warning: The file "', filename, '" is too short. No need to truncate at position ', position);
   Close(myfile);
   exit;
 end;

 Seek(myfile, position);
 Truncate(myfile);
 Close(myfile);
 writeln('File "', filename, '" truncated at position ', position, '.');

end. </lang> Output:

File for truncation: test
Truncate position: 3
File "test" truncated at position 3.

Perl

<lang perl># Open a file for writing, and truncate it to 1234 bytes. open FOO, ">>file" or die; truncate(FOO, 1234); close FOO;

1. Truncate a file to 567 bytes.

truncate("file", 567);</lang>

PicoLisp

On the 64-bit version, we can call the native runtime library: <lang PicoLisp>(de truncate (File Len)

  (native "@" "truncate" 'I File Len) )</lang>

Otherwise (on all versions), we call the external truncate command: <lang PicoLisp>(de truncate (File Len)

  (call "truncate" "-s" Len File) )</lang>

PureBasic

PureBasic has the internal function TruncateFile that cuts the file at the current file position and discards all data that follows. <lang PureBasic>Procedure SetFileSize(File$, length.q)

 Protected fh, pos, i
 If FileSize(File$) < length
   Debug "File to small, is a directory or does not exist."
   ProcedureReturn #False
 Else 
   fh = OpenFile(#PB_Any, File$)
   FileSeek(fh, length)
   TruncateFile(fh)
   CloseFile(fh)
 EndIf
 ProcedureReturn #True

EndProcedure</lang>

Python

<lang python>def truncate_file(fname, size):

   "Open a file for writing, and truncate it to size bytes."
   with open(fname, "ab") as f:
       f.truncate(size)</lang>

Ruby

This only works with some platforms. If truncation is not available, then Ruby raises NotImplementedError.

<lang ruby># Open a file for writing, and truncate it to 1234 bytes. File.open("file", "ab") { |f| f.truncate(1234) }

1. Truncate a file to 567 bytes.

File.truncate("file", 567)</lang>

Tcl

<lang tcl>package require Tcl 8.5

set f [open "file" r+]; # Truncation is done on channels chan truncate $f 1234; # Truncate at a particular length (in bytes) close $f</lang>

UNIX Shell

The dd(1) command can truncate a file. Because dd(1) would create the file, this example runs ls(1). If the file does not exist, then ls(1) prints an error. If the file exists, then dd(1) truncates the file or prints an error. Unix can extend a file, so there is no error if the length increases.

<lang bash># Truncate a file named "myfile" to 1440 kilobytes. ls myfile >/dev/null &&

 dd if=/dev/null of=myfile bs=1 seek=1440k</lang>

---

Some systems have a truncate(1) command (FreeBSD truncate(1), GNU truncate(1)).

<lang bash># Truncate a file named "myfile" to 1440 kilobytes. truncate -s 1440k myfile</lang>

ZX Spectrum Basic

We can truncate files that were saved as binary. We don't know the length of the original file, so if the provided length is longer, then the file will be extended.

<lang zxbasic>10 CLEAR 29999 20 INPUT "Which file do you want to truncate?";f$ 30 PRINT "Start tape to load file to truncate." 40 LOAD f$ CODE 30000 50 "Input how many bytes do you want to keep?";n 60 PRINT "Please rewind the tape and press record." 70 SAVE f$ CODE 30000,n 80 STOP</lang>