Talk:Lucas-Lehmer test

M23,209   is   36   CPU hours ≡ 1979

Welcome to 1979!

Yeah. I know. :-) --Short Circuit 07:55, 21 February 2008 (MST)

List of known Mersenne primes

The table below lists all known Mersenne primes:

# n Mn Digits in Mn Date of discovery Discoverer
1 2 3 (number)|3 1 ancient ancient
2 3 7 (number)|7 1 ancient ancient
3 5 31 (number)|31 2 ancient ancient
4 7 127 (number)|127 3 ancient ancient
5 13 8191 4 1456 anonymous [1]
6 17 131071 6 1588 Cataldi
7 19 524287 6 1588 Cataldi
8 31 2147483647 10 1772 Euler
9 61 2305843009213693951 19 1883 Pervushin
10 89 618970019…449562111 27 1911 Powers
11 107 162259276…010288127 33 1914 Powers[2]
12 127 170141183…884105727 39 1876 Lucas
13 521 686479766…115057151 157 January 30 1952 Robinson
14 607 531137992…031728127 183 January 30 1952 Robinson
15 1,279 104079321…168729087 386 June 25 1952 Robinson
16 2,203 147597991…697771007 664 October 7 1952 Robinson
17 2,281 446087557…132836351 687 October 9 1952 Robinson
18 3,217 259117086…909315071 969 September 8 1957 Riesel
19 4,253 190797007…350484991 1,281 November 3 1961 Hurwitz
20 4,423 285542542…608580607 1,332 November 3 1961 Hurwitz
21 9,689 478220278…225754111 2,917 May 11 1963 Gillies
22 9,941 346088282…789463551 2,993 May 16 1963 Gillies
23 11,213 281411201…696392191 3,376 June 2 1963 Gillies
24 19,937 431542479…968041471 6,002 March 4 1971 Tuckerman
25 21,701 448679166…511882751 6,533 October 30 1978 Noll & Laura Nickel|Nickel
26 23,209 402874115…779264511 6,987 February 9 1979 Noll
27 44,497 854509824…011228671 13,395 April 8 1979 Nelson & David Slowinski|Slowinski
28 86,243 536927995…433438207 25,962 September 25 1982 Slowinski
29 110,503 521928313…465515007 33,265 January 28 1988 Colquitt & Luke Welsh|Welsh
30 132,049 512740276…730061311 39,751 September 19 1983[3] Slowinski
31 216,091 746093103…815528447 65,050 September 1 1985[4] Slowinski
32 756,839 174135906…544677887 227,832 February 19 1992 Slowinski & Paul Gage|Gage on Harwell Lab Cray-2 [5]
33 859,433 129498125…500142591 258,716 January 4 1994 [6] Slowinski & Paul Gage|Gage
34 1,257,787 412245773…089366527 378,632 September 3 1996 Slowinski & Paul Gage|Gage [7]
35 1,398,269 814717564…451315711 420,921 November 13 1996 GIMPS / Joel Armengaud [8]
36 2,976,221 623340076…729201151 895,932 August 24 1997 GIMPS / Gordon Spence [9]
37 3,021,377 127411683…024694271 909,526 January 27 1998 GIMPS / Roland Clarkson [10]
38 6,972,593 437075744…924193791 2,098,960 June 1 1999 GIMPS / Nayan Hajratwala [11]
39 13,466,917 924947738…256259071 4,053,946 November 14 2001 GIMPS / Michael Cameron [12]
40* 20,996,011 125976895…855682047 6,320,430 November 17 2003 GIMPS / Michael Shafer [13]
41* 24,036,583 299410429…733969407 7,235,733 May 15 2004 GIMPS / Josh Findley [14]
42* 25,964,951 122164630…577077247 7,816,230 February 18 2005 GIMPS / Martin Nowak [15]
43* 30,402,457 315416475…652943871 9,152,052 December 15 2005 GIMPS / Curtis Cooper (mathematician)|Curtis Cooper & Steven Boone [16]
44* 32,582,657 124575026…053967871 9,808,358 September 4 2006 GIMPS / Curtis Cooper (mathematician)|Curtis Cooper & Steven Boone [17]


The 45th and 46th Mersenne primes have been discovered, is the intention to keep this table up to date? --Lupus 17:24, 2 December 2008 (UTC)
The above list seems to be copied   in toto   from the updated   Wikipedia site:
                  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mersenne_prime#List_of_known_Mersenne_primes 
The above Wikipedia site now has a list of   51   Mersenne primes.     -- Gerard Schildberger (talk) 19:57, 7 May 2019 (UTC)

Java precision

The Java version is still limited by types. Integer.parseInt(args[0]) limits p to 2147483647. Also the fact that isMersennePrime takes an int limits it there too. For full arbitrary precision every int needs to be a BigInteger or BigDecimal and a square root method will need to be created for them. The limitation is OK I think (I don't think we'll be getting up to 22147483647 - 1 anytime soon), but the claim "any arbitrary prime" is false because of the use of ints. --Mwn3d 07:45, 21 February 2008 (MST)


Speeding things up

The main loop in Lucas-Lehmer is doing (n*n) mod M where M=2^p-1, and p > 1. But we can do it without division.

<lang>We compute the remainder of a division by M. Now, intuitively, dividing by 2^p-1 is almost like dividing by 2^p, except the latter is much faster since it's a shift. Let's compute how much the two divisions differ.

We will call S = n*n. Notice that since the remainder mod M is computed again and again, the value of n must be < M at the beginning of a loop, that is at most 2^p-2, thus S = n*n <= 2^(2*p) - 4*2^p + 4 = 2^p * (2^p - 2) + 4 - 2*2^p

When dividing S by M, you get quotient q1 and remainder r1 with S = q1*M + r1 and 0 <= r1 < M When dividing S by M+1, you get likewise S = q2*(M+1) + r2 and 0 <= r2 <= M In the latter, we divide by a larger number, so the quotient must be less, or maybe equal, that is, q2 <= q1.

Subtract the two equalities, giving 0 = (q2 - q1)*M + q2 + r2 - r1 (q1 - q2)*M = q2 + r2 - r1

Since S = 2^p * (2^p - 2) + 4 - 2*2^p

       <= 2^p * (2^p - 2),

then the quotient q2 is less than 2^p - 2 (remember, when computing q2, we divide by M+1 = 2^p).

Now, 0 <= q2 <= 2^p - 2

    0 <= r2 <= 2^p - 1
    0 <= r1 <= 2^p - 2

Thus the right hand side is >= 0, and <= 2*2^p - 3. The left hand side is a multiple of M = 2^p - 1.

Therefore, this multiple must be 0*M or 1*M, certainly not 2*M = 2*2^p - 2, which would be > 2*2^p - 3, and not any other higher multiple would do. So we have proved that q1 - q2 = 0 or 1.

This means that division by 2^p is almost equivalent (regarding the quotient) to dividing by 2^p-1: it's the same quotient, or maybe too short by 1.

Now, the remainder S mod M. We start with a quotient q = S div 2^p, or simply q = S >> p (right shift). The remainder is S - q*M = S - q*(2^p - 1) = S - q*2^p + q, and the multiplication by 2^p is a left shift. And this remainder may be a bit too large, if our quotient is a bit too small (by one): in this case we must subtract M.

So, in pseudo-code, we are done if we do:

   S = n*n
   q = S >> p
   r = S - (q << p) + q
   if r >= M then r = r - M

We can go a bit further: taking S >> p then q << p is simply keeping the higher bits of S. But then we subtract these higher bits from S, so we only keep the lower bits, that is we do (S & mask), and this mask is simply M ! (remember, M = 2^p - 1, a bit mask of p bits equal to "1")

The pseudo-code can thus be written

   S = n*n
   r = (S & M) + (S >> p)
   if r >= M then r = r - M

And we have computed a remainder mod M without any division, only a few addition/subtraction/shift/bitwise-and, which will be much faster (each has a linear time complexity).

How much faster ? For exponents between 1 and 2000, in Python, the job is done 2.87 times as fast. For exponents between 1 and 5000, it's 3.42 times as fast. And it gets better and better, since the comlexity is lower. </lang> Arbautjc (talk) 22:04, 15 November 2013 (UTC)


May 2015 - fixed small bugs in both Python implementations. In the first, execution failed (Python 3) without a cast to int in the test. In the second, there was a typo - an 'r' should have been 's'.

Timing for some solutions for 2..11213:
Time (s) Solution
871.2 Python without optimizations
314.7 Python with optimizations
124.7 Perl Math::GMP without optimizations
106.9 Pari/GP 2.8.0
61.8 Perl Math::GMP with optimization
33.0 Python using gmpy2 (skipping non-primes)
14.2 C/GMP with even more optimizations
13.3 Perl Math::Prime::Util::GMP (source of C/GMP code)

Danaj (talk) 19:49, 9 May 2015 (UTC)

Rust solution for 2..11213 -> 8.6 s

Pari/GP solution for 2..11213 -> 2.835 s --Nebulus (talk) 05:21, 22 February 2023 (UTC)

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