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A common theme in these examples is that there is no runtime error for popping from an empty queue. Instead, you simply cannot compile a program that tries to pop from an empty queue. The type of a queue depends on its size, and you will get a type error if that size is not proven to be nonzero.
(One way to get such a proof is with an assertion that calls the ''is_empty'' predicate. But the compiler does not insert that check for you, and the example programs do not need it.)
=== A linear linked list as a queue ===
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