Cyclotomic polynomial: Difference between revisions
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# Returns (list1, list2) representing the division between
# two
# (x^p[0] - 1) * (x^p[1] - 1) * ...
def cyclotomic(n):
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def terms(poly):
# convert above representation of division to (coef, power)
def merge(a, b):
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Revision as of 06:38, 8 March 2020
You are encouraged to solve this task according to the task description, using any language you may know.
The nth Cyclotomic polynomial, for any positive integer n, is the unique irreducible polynomial of largest degree with integer coefficients that is a divisor of x^n − 1, and is not a divisor of x^k − 1 for any k < n.
- Task
- Find and print the first 30 cyclotomic polynomials.
- Find and print the order of the first 10 cyclotomic polynomials that have n or -n as a coefficient.
- See also
- Wikipedia article, Cyclotomic polynomial, showing ways to calculate them.
- The sequence A013594 with the smallest order of cyclotomic polynomial containing n or -n as a coefficient.
Go
<lang go>package main
import (
"fmt" "log" "math" "sort" "strings"
)
const (
algo = 2 maxAllFactors = 100000
)
func iabs(i int) int {
if i < 0 { return -i } return i
}
type term struct{ coef, exp int }
func (t term) mul(t2 term) term {
return term{t.coef * t2.coef, t.exp + t2.exp}
}
func (t term) add(t2 term) term {
if t.exp != t2.exp { log.Fatal("exponents unequal in term.add method") } return term{t.coef + t2.coef, t.exp}
}
func (t term) negate() term { return term{-t.coef, t.exp} }
func (t term) String() string {
switch { case t.coef == 0: return "0" case t.exp == 0: return fmt.Sprintf("%d", t.coef) case t.coef == 1: if t.exp == 1 { return "x" } else { return fmt.Sprintf("x^%d", t.exp) } case t.exp == 1: return fmt.Sprintf("%dx", t.coef) } return fmt.Sprintf("%dx^%d", t.coef, t.exp)
}
type poly struct{ terms []term }
// pass coef, exp in pairs as parameters func newPoly(values ...int) poly {
le := len(values) if le == 0 { return poly{[]term{term{0, 0}}} } if le%2 != 0 { log.Fatalf("odd number of parameters (%d) passed to newPoly function", le) } var terms []term for i := 0; i < le; i += 2 { terms = append(terms, term{values[i], values[i+1]}) } p := poly{terms}.tidy() return p
}
func (p poly) hasCoefAbs(coef int) bool {
for _, t := range p.terms { if iabs(t.coef) == coef { return true } } return false
}
func (p poly) add(p2 poly) poly {
p3 := newPoly() le, le2 := len(p.terms), len(p2.terms) for le > 0 || le2 > 0 { if le == 0 { p3.terms = append(p3.terms, p2.terms[le2-1]) le2-- } else if le2 == 0 { p3.terms = append(p3.terms, p.terms[le-1]) le-- } else { t := p.terms[le-1] t2 := p2.terms[le2-1] if t.exp == t2.exp { t3 := t.add(t2) if t3.coef != 0 { p3.terms = append(p3.terms, t3) } le-- le2-- } else if t.exp < t2.exp { p3.terms = append(p3.terms, t) le-- } else { p3.terms = append(p3.terms, t2) le2-- } } } return p3.tidy()
}
func (p poly) addTerm(t term) poly {
q := newPoly() added := false for i := 0; i < len(p.terms); i++ { ct := p.terms[i] if ct.exp == t.exp { added = true if ct.coef+t.coef != 0 { q.terms = append(q.terms, ct.add(t)) } } else { q.terms = append(q.terms, ct) } } if !added { q.terms = append(q.terms, t) } return q.tidy()
}
func (p poly) mulTerm(t term) poly {
q := newPoly() for i := 0; i < len(p.terms); i++ { ct := p.terms[i] q.terms = append(q.terms, ct.mul(t)) } return q.tidy()
}
func (p poly) div(v poly) poly {
q := newPoly() lcv := v.leadingCoef() dv := v.degree() for p.degree() >= v.degree() { lcp := p.leadingCoef() s := lcp / lcv t := term{s, p.degree() - dv} q = q.addTerm(t) p = p.add(v.mulTerm(t.negate())) } return q.tidy()
}
func (p poly) leadingCoef() int {
return p.terms[0].coef
}
func (p poly) degree() int {
return p.terms[0].exp
}
func (p poly) String() string {
var sb strings.Builder first := true for _, t := range p.terms { if first { sb.WriteString(t.String()) first = false } else { sb.WriteString(" ") if t.coef > 0 { sb.WriteString("+ ") sb.WriteString(t.String()) } else { sb.WriteString("- ") sb.WriteString(t.negate().String()) } } } return sb.String()
}
// in place descending sort by term.exp func (p poly) sortTerms() {
sort.Slice(p.terms, func(i, j int) bool { return p.terms[i].exp > p.terms[j].exp })
}
// sort terms and remove any unnecesary zero terms func (p poly) tidy() poly {
p.sortTerms() if p.degree() == 0 { return p } for i := len(p.terms) - 1; i >= 0; i-- { if p.terms[i].coef == 0 { copy(p.terms[i:], p.terms[i+1:]) p.terms[len(p.terms)-1] = term{0, 0} p.terms = p.terms[:len(p.terms)-1] } } if len(p.terms) == 0 { p.terms = append(p.terms, term{0, 0}) } return p
}
func getDivisors(n int) []int {
var divs []int sqrt := int(math.Sqrt(float64(n))) for i := 1; i <= sqrt; i++ { if n%i == 0 { divs = append(divs, i) d := n / i if d != i && d != n { divs = append(divs, d) } } } return divs
}
var (
computed = make(map[int]poly) allFactors = make(map[int]map[int]int)
)
func init() {
f := map[int]int{2: 1} allFactors[2] = f
}
func getFactors(n int) map[int]int {
if f, ok := allFactors[n]; ok { return f } factors := make(map[int]int) if n%2 == 0 { factorsDivTwo := getFactors(n / 2) for k, v := range factorsDivTwo { factors[k] = v } factors[2]++ if n < maxAllFactors { allFactors[n] = factors } return factors } prime := true sqrt := int(math.Sqrt(float64(n))) for i := 3; i <= sqrt; i += 2 { if n%i == 0 { prime = false for k, v := range getFactors(n / i) { factors[k] = v } factors[i]++ if n < maxAllFactors { allFactors[n] = factors } return factors } } if prime { factors[n] = 1 if n < maxAllFactors { allFactors[n] = factors } } return factors
}
func cycloPoly(n int) poly {
if p, ok := computed[n]; ok { return p } if n == 1 { // polynomial: x - 1 p := newPoly(1, 1, -1, 0) computed[1] = p return p } factors := getFactors(n) cyclo := newPoly() if _, ok := factors[n]; ok { // n is prime for i := 0; i < n; i++ { cyclo.terms = append(cyclo.terms, term{1, i}) } } else if len(factors) == 2 && factors[2] == 1 && factors[n/2] == 1 { // n == 2p prime := n / 2 coef := -1 for i := 0; i < prime; i++ { coef *= -1 cyclo.terms = append(cyclo.terms, term{coef, i}) } } else if len(factors) == 1 { if h, ok := factors[2]; ok { // n == 2^h cyclo.terms = append(cyclo.terms, term{1, 1 << (h - 1)}, term{1, 0}) } else if _, ok := factors[n]; !ok { // n == p ^ k p := 0 for prime := range factors { p = prime } k := factors[p] for i := 0; i < p; i++ { pk := int(math.Pow(float64(p), float64(k-1))) cyclo.terms = append(cyclo.terms, term{1, i * pk}) } } } else if len(factors) == 2 && factors[2] != 0 { // n = 2^h * p^k p := 0 for prime := range factors { if prime != 2 { p = prime } } coef := -1 twoExp := 1 << (factors[2] - 1) k := factors[p] for i := 0; i < p; i++ { coef *= -1 pk := int(math.Pow(float64(p), float64(k-1))) cyclo.terms = append(cyclo.terms, term{coef, i * twoExp * pk}) } } else if factors[2] != 0 && ((n/2)%2 == 1) && (n/2) > 1 { // CP(2m)[x] == CP(-m)[x], n odd integer > 1 cycloDiv2 := cycloPoly(n / 2) for _, t := range cycloDiv2.terms { t2 := t if t.exp%2 != 0 { t2 = t.negate() } cyclo.terms = append(cyclo.terms, t2) } } else if algo == 0 { // slow - uses basic definition divs := getDivisors(n) // polynomial: x^n - 1 cyclo = newPoly(1, n, -1, 0) for _, i := range divs { p := cycloPoly(i) cyclo = cyclo.div(p) } } else if algo == 1 { // faster - remove max divisor (and all divisors of max divisor) // only one divide for all divisors of max divisor divs := getDivisors(n) maxDiv := math.MinInt32 for _, d := range divs { if d > maxDiv { maxDiv = d } } var divsExceptMax []int for _, d := range divs { if maxDiv%d != 0 { divsExceptMax = append(divsExceptMax, d) } } // polynomial: ( x^n - 1 ) / ( x^m - 1 ), where m is the max divisor cyclo = newPoly(1, n, -1, 0) cyclo = cyclo.div(newPoly(1, maxDiv, -1, 0)) for _, i := range divsExceptMax { p := cycloPoly(i) cyclo = cyclo.div(p) } } else if algo == 2 { // fastest // let p, q be primes such that p does not divide n, and q divides n // then CP(np)[x] = CP(n)[x^p] / CP(n)[x] m := 1 cyclo = cycloPoly(m) var primes []int for prime := range factors { primes = append(primes, prime) } sort.Ints(primes) for _, prime := range primes { // CP(m)[x] cycloM := cyclo // compute CP(m)[x^p] var terms []term for _, t := range cycloM.terms { terms = append(terms, term{t.coef, t.exp * prime}) } cyclo = newPoly() cyclo.terms = append(cyclo.terms, terms...) cyclo = cyclo.tidy() cyclo = cyclo.div(cycloM) m *= prime } // now, m is the largest square free divisor of n s := n / m // Compute CP(n)[x] = CP(m)[x^s] var terms []term for _, t := range cyclo.terms { terms = append(terms, term{t.coef, t.exp * s}) } cyclo = newPoly() cyclo.terms = append(cyclo.terms, terms...) } else { log.Fatal("invalid algorithm") } cyclo = cyclo.tidy() computed[n] = cyclo return cyclo
}
func main() {
fmt.Println("Task 1: cyclotomic polynomials for n <= 30:") for i := 1; i <= 30; i++ { p := cycloPoly(i) fmt.Printf("CP[%2d] = %s\n", i, p) }
fmt.Println("\nTask 2: Smallest cyclotomic polynomial with n or -n as a coefficient:") n := 0 for i := 1; i <= 10; i++ { for { n++ cyclo := cycloPoly(n) if cyclo.hasCoefAbs(i) { fmt.Printf("CP[%d] has coefficient with magnitude = %d\n", n, i) n-- break } } }
}</lang>
- Output:
Task 1: cyclotomic polynomials for n <= 30: CP[ 1] = x - 1 CP[ 2] = x + 1 CP[ 3] = x^2 + x + 1 CP[ 4] = x^2 + 1 CP[ 5] = x^4 + x^3 + x^2 + x + 1 CP[ 6] = x^2 - x + 1 CP[ 7] = x^6 + x^5 + x^4 + x^3 + x^2 + x + 1 CP[ 8] = x^4 + 1 CP[ 9] = x^6 + x^3 + 1 CP[10] = x^4 - x^3 + x^2 - x + 1 CP[11] = x^10 + x^9 + x^8 + x^7 + x^6 + x^5 + x^4 + x^3 + x^2 + x + 1 CP[12] = x^4 - x^2 + 1 CP[13] = x^12 + x^11 + x^10 + x^9 + x^8 + x^7 + x^6 + x^5 + x^4 + x^3 + x^2 + x + 1 CP[14] = x^6 - x^5 + x^4 - x^3 + x^2 - x + 1 CP[15] = x^8 - x^7 + x^5 - x^4 + x^3 - x + 1 CP[16] = x^8 + 1 CP[17] = x^16 + x^15 + x^14 + x^13 + x^12 + x^11 + x^10 + x^9 + x^8 + x^7 + x^6 + x^5 + x^4 + x^3 + x^2 + x + 1 CP[18] = x^6 - x^3 + 1 CP[19] = x^18 + x^17 + x^16 + x^15 + x^14 + x^13 + x^12 + x^11 + x^10 + x^9 + x^8 + x^7 + x^6 + x^5 + x^4 + x^3 + x^2 + x + 1 CP[20] = x^8 - x^6 + x^4 - x^2 + 1 CP[21] = x^12 - x^11 + x^9 - x^8 + x^6 - x^4 + x^3 - x + 1 CP[22] = x^10 - x^9 + x^8 - x^7 + x^6 - x^5 + x^4 - x^3 + x^2 - x + 1 CP[23] = x^22 + x^21 + x^20 + x^19 + x^18 + x^17 + x^16 + x^15 + x^14 + x^13 + x^12 + x^11 + x^10 + x^9 + x^8 + x^7 + x^6 + x^5 + x^4 + x^3 + x^2 + x + 1 CP[24] = x^8 - x^4 + 1 CP[25] = x^20 + x^15 + x^10 + x^5 + 1 CP[26] = x^12 - x^11 + x^10 - x^9 + x^8 - x^7 + x^6 - x^5 + x^4 - x^3 + x^2 - x + 1 CP[27] = x^18 + x^9 + 1 CP[28] = x^12 - x^10 + x^8 - x^6 + x^4 - x^2 + 1 CP[29] = x^28 + x^27 + x^26 + x^25 + x^24 + x^23 + x^22 + x^21 + x^20 + x^19 + x^18 + x^17 + x^16 + x^15 + x^14 + x^13 + x^12 + x^11 + x^10 + x^9 + x^8 + x^7 + x^6 + x^5 + x^4 + x^3 + x^2 + x + 1 CP[30] = x^8 + x^7 - x^5 - x^4 - x^3 + x + 1 Task 2: Smallest cyclotomic polynomial with n or -n as a coefficient: CP[1] has coefficient with magnitude = 1 CP[105] has coefficient with magnitude = 2 CP[385] has coefficient with magnitude = 3 CP[1365] has coefficient with magnitude = 4 CP[1785] has coefficient with magnitude = 5 CP[2805] has coefficient with magnitude = 6 CP[3135] has coefficient with magnitude = 7 CP[6545] has coefficient with magnitude = 8 CP[6545] has coefficient with magnitude = 9 CP[10465] has coefficient with magnitude = 10
Java
<lang java> import java.util.ArrayList; import java.util.Collections; import java.util.Comparator; import java.util.HashMap; import java.util.List; import java.util.Map; import java.util.TreeMap;
public class CyclotomicPolynomial {
@SuppressWarnings("unused") private static int divisions = 0; private static int algorithm = 2; public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { System.out.println("Task 1: cyclotomic polynomials for n <= 30:"); for ( int i = 1 ; i <= 30 ; i++ ) { Polynomial p = cyclotomicPolynomial(i); System.out.printf("CP[%d] = %s%n", i, p); } System.out.println("Task 2: Smallest cyclotomic polynomial with n or -n as a coefficient:"); int n = 0; for ( int i = 1 ; i <= 10 ; i++ ) { while ( true ) { n++; Polynomial cyclo = cyclotomicPolynomial(n); if ( cyclo.hasCoefficientAbs(i) ) { System.out.printf("CP[%d] has coefficient with magnitude = %d%n", n, i); n--; break; } } } }
private static final Map<Integer, Polynomial> COMPUTED = new HashMap<>(); private static Polynomial cyclotomicPolynomial(int n) { if ( COMPUTED.containsKey(n) ) { return COMPUTED.get(n); } //System.out.println("COMPUTE: n = " + n); if ( n == 1 ) { // Polynomial: x - 1 Polynomial p = new Polynomial(1, 1, -1, 0); COMPUTED.put(1, p); return p; }
Map<Integer,Integer> factors = getFactors(n); if ( factors.containsKey(n) ) { // n prime List<Term> termList = new ArrayList<>(); for ( int index = 0 ; index < n ; index++ ) { termList.add(new Term(1, index)); } Polynomial cyclo = new Polynomial(termList); COMPUTED.put(n, cyclo); return cyclo; } else if ( factors.size() == 2 && factors.containsKey(2) && factors.get(2) == 1 && factors.containsKey(n/2) && factors.get(n/2) == 1 ) { // n = 2p int prime = n/2; List<Term> termList = new ArrayList<>(); int coeff = -1; for ( int index = 0 ; index < prime ; index++ ) { coeff *= -1; termList.add(new Term(coeff, index)); }
Polynomial cyclo = new Polynomial(termList); COMPUTED.put(n, cyclo); return cyclo; } else if ( factors.size() == 1 && factors.containsKey(2) ) { // n = 2^h int h = factors.get(2); List<Term> termList = new ArrayList<>(); termList.add(new Term(1, (int) Math.pow(2, h-1))); termList.add(new Term(1, 0)); Polynomial cyclo = new Polynomial(termList); COMPUTED.put(n, cyclo); return cyclo; } else if ( factors.size() == 1 && ! factors.containsKey(n) ) { // n = p^k int p = 0; for ( int prime : factors.keySet() ) { p = prime; } int k = factors.get(p); List<Term> termList = new ArrayList<>(); for ( int index = 0 ; index < p ; index++ ) { termList.add(new Term(1, index * (int) Math.pow(p, k-1))); }
Polynomial cyclo = new Polynomial(termList); COMPUTED.put(n, cyclo); return cyclo; } else if ( factors.size() == 2 && factors.containsKey(2) ) { // n = 2^h * p^k int p = 0; for ( int prime : factors.keySet() ) { if ( prime != 2 ) { p = prime; } } List<Term> termList = new ArrayList<>(); int coeff = -1; int twoExp = (int) Math.pow(2, factors.get(2)-1); int k = factors.get(p); for ( int index = 0 ; index < p ; index++ ) { coeff *= -1; termList.add(new Term(coeff, index * twoExp * (int) Math.pow(p, k-1))); }
Polynomial cyclo = new Polynomial(termList); COMPUTED.put(n, cyclo); return cyclo; } else if ( factors.containsKey(2) && ((n/2) % 2 == 1) && (n/2) > 1 ) { // CP(2m)[x] = CP(-m)[x], n odd integer > 1 Polynomial cycloDiv2 = cyclotomicPolynomial(n/2); List<Term> termList = new ArrayList<>(); for ( Term term : cycloDiv2.polynomialTerms ) { termList.add(term.exponent % 2 == 0 ? term : term.negate()); } Polynomial cyclo = new Polynomial(termList); COMPUTED.put(n, cyclo); return cyclo; } // General Case if ( algorithm == 0 ) { // Slow - uses basic definition. List<Integer> divisors = getDivisors(n); // Polynomial: ( x^n - 1 ) Polynomial cyclo = new Polynomial(1, n, -1, 0); for ( int i : divisors ) { Polynomial p = cyclotomicPolynomial(i); cyclo = cyclo.divide(p); } COMPUTED.put(n, cyclo); return cyclo; } else if ( algorithm == 1 ) { // Faster. Remove Max divisor (and all divisors of max divisor) - only one divide for all divisors of Max Divisor List<Integer> divisors = getDivisors(n); int maxDivisor = Integer.MIN_VALUE; for ( int div : divisors ) { maxDivisor = Math.max(maxDivisor, div); } List<Integer> divisorsExceptMax = new ArrayList<Integer>(); for ( int div : divisors ) { if ( maxDivisor % div != 0 ) { divisorsExceptMax.add(div); } }
// Polynomial: ( x^n - 1 ) / ( x^m - 1 ), where m is the max divisor Polynomial cyclo = new Polynomial(1, n, -1, 0).divide(new Polynomial(1, maxDivisor, -1, 0)); for ( int i : divisorsExceptMax ) { Polynomial p = cyclotomicPolynomial(i); cyclo = cyclo.divide(p); }
COMPUTED.put(n, cyclo);
return cyclo; } else if ( algorithm == 2 ) { // Fastest // Let p ; q be primes such that p does not divide n, and q q divides n. // Then CP(np)[x] = CP(n)[x^p] / CP(n)[x] int m = 1; Polynomial cyclo = cyclotomicPolynomial(m); List<Integer> primes = new ArrayList<>(factors.keySet()); Collections.sort(primes); for ( int prime : primes ) { // CP(m)[x] Polynomial cycloM = cyclo; // Compute CP(m)[x^p]. List<Term> termList = new ArrayList<>(); for ( Term t : cycloM.polynomialTerms ) { termList.add(new Term(t.coefficient, t.exponent * prime)); } cyclo = new Polynomial(termList).divide(cycloM); m = m * prime; } // Now, m is the largest square free divisor of n int s = n / m; // Compute CP(n)[x] = CP(m)[x^s] List<Term> termList = new ArrayList<>(); for ( Term t : cyclo.polynomialTerms ) { termList.add(new Term(t.coefficient, t.exponent * s)); } cyclo = new Polynomial(termList); COMPUTED.put(n, cyclo);
return cyclo; } else { throw new RuntimeException("ERROR 103: Invalid algorithm."); } } private static final List<Integer> getDivisors(int number) { List<Integer> divisors = new ArrayList<Integer>(); long sqrt = (long) Math.sqrt(number); for ( int i = 1 ; i <= sqrt ; i++ ) { if ( number % i == 0 ) { divisors.add(i); int div = number / i; if ( div != i && div != number ) { divisors.add(div); } } } return divisors; }
private static final Map<Integer,Map<Integer,Integer>> allFactors = new TreeMap<Integer,Map<Integer,Integer>>(); static { Map<Integer,Integer> factors = new TreeMap<Integer,Integer>(); factors.put(2, 1); allFactors.put(2, factors); }
public static Integer MAX_ALL_FACTORS = 100000;
public static final Map<Integer,Integer> getFactors(Integer number) { if ( allFactors.containsKey(number) ) { return allFactors.get(number); } Map<Integer,Integer> factors = new TreeMap<Integer,Integer>(); if ( number % 2 == 0 ) { Map<Integer,Integer> factorsdDivTwo = getFactors(number/2); factors.putAll(factorsdDivTwo); factors.merge(2, 1, (v1, v2) -> v1 + v2); if ( number < MAX_ALL_FACTORS ) allFactors.put(number, factors); return factors; } boolean prime = true; long sqrt = (long) Math.sqrt(number); for ( int i = 3 ; i <= sqrt ; i += 2 ) { if ( number % i == 0 ) { prime = false; factors.putAll(getFactors(number/i)); factors.merge(i, 1, (v1, v2) -> v1 + v2); if ( number < MAX_ALL_FACTORS ) allFactors.put(number, factors); return factors; } } if ( prime ) { factors.put(number, 1); if ( number < MAX_ALL_FACTORS ) allFactors.put(number, factors); } return factors; } private static final class Polynomial {
private List<Term> polynomialTerms; // Format - coeff, exp, coeff, exp, (repeating in pairs) . . . public Polynomial(int ... values) { if ( values.length % 2 != 0 ) { throw new IllegalArgumentException("ERROR 102: Polynomial constructor. Length must be even. Length = " + values.length); } polynomialTerms = new ArrayList<>(); for ( int i = 0 ; i < values.length ; i += 2 ) { Term t = new Term(values[i], values[i+1]); polynomialTerms.add(t); } Collections.sort(polynomialTerms, new TermSorter()); } public Polynomial() { // zero polynomialTerms = new ArrayList<>(); polynomialTerms.add(new Term(0,0)); } private boolean hasCoefficientAbs(int coeff) { for ( Term term : polynomialTerms ) { if ( Math.abs(term.coefficient) == coeff ) { return true; } } return false; } private Polynomial(List<Term> termList) { if ( termList.size() == 0 ) { // zero termList.add(new Term(0,0)); } else { // Remove zero terms if needed for ( int i = 0 ; i < termList.size() ; i++ ) { if ( termList.get(i).coefficient == 0 ) { termList.remove(i); } } } if ( termList.size() == 0 ) { // zero termList.add(new Term(0,0)); } polynomialTerms = termList; Collections.sort(polynomialTerms, new TermSorter()); } public Polynomial divide(Polynomial v) { //long start = System.currentTimeMillis(); divisions++; Polynomial q = new Polynomial(); Polynomial r = this; long lcv = v.leadingCoefficient(); long dv = v.degree(); while ( r.degree() >= v.degree() ) { long lcr = r.leadingCoefficient(); long s = lcr / lcv; // Integer division Term term = new Term(s, r.degree() - dv); q = q.add(term); r = r.add(v.multiply(term.negate())); } //long end = System.currentTimeMillis(); //System.out.printf("Divide: Elapsed = %d, Degree 1 = %d, Degree 2 = %d%n", (end-start), this.degree(), v.degree()); return q; }
public Polynomial add(Polynomial polynomial) { List<Term> termList = new ArrayList<>(); int thisCount = polynomialTerms.size(); int polyCount = polynomial.polynomialTerms.size(); while ( thisCount > 0 || polyCount > 0 ) { Term thisTerm = thisCount == 0 ? null : polynomialTerms.get(thisCount-1); Term polyTerm = polyCount == 0 ? null : polynomial.polynomialTerms.get(polyCount-1); if ( thisTerm == null ) { termList.add(polyTerm.clone()); polyCount--; } else if (polyTerm == null ) { termList.add(thisTerm.clone()); thisCount--; } else if ( thisTerm.degree() == polyTerm.degree() ) { Term t = thisTerm.add(polyTerm); if ( t.coefficient != 0 ) { termList.add(t); } thisCount--; polyCount--; } else if ( thisTerm.degree() < polyTerm.degree() ) { termList.add(thisTerm.clone()); thisCount--; } else { termList.add(polyTerm.clone()); polyCount--; } } return new Polynomial(termList); }
public Polynomial add(Term term) { List<Term> termList = new ArrayList<>(); boolean added = false; for ( int index = 0 ; index < polynomialTerms.size() ; index++ ) { Term currentTerm = polynomialTerms.get(index); if ( currentTerm.exponent == term.exponent ) { added = true; if ( currentTerm.coefficient + term.coefficient != 0 ) { termList.add(currentTerm.add(term)); } } else { termList.add(currentTerm.clone()); } } if ( ! added ) { termList.add(term.clone()); } return new Polynomial(termList); }
public Polynomial multiply(Term term) { List<Term> termList = new ArrayList<>(); for ( int index = 0 ; index < polynomialTerms.size() ; index++ ) { Term currentTerm = polynomialTerms.get(index); termList.add(currentTerm.clone().multiply(term)); } return new Polynomial(termList); }
public Polynomial clone() { List<Term> clone = new ArrayList<>(); for ( Term t : polynomialTerms ) { clone.add(new Term(t.coefficient, t.exponent)); } return new Polynomial(clone); }
public long leadingCoefficient() {
// long coefficient = 0; // long degree = Integer.MIN_VALUE; // for ( Term t : polynomialTerms ) { // if ( t.degree() > degree ) { // coefficient = t.coefficient; // degree = t.degree(); // } // }
return polynomialTerms.get(0).coefficient; }
public long degree() {
// long degree = Integer.MIN_VALUE; // for ( Term t : polynomialTerms ) { // if ( t.degree() > degree ) { // degree = t.degree(); // } // }
return polynomialTerms.get(0).exponent; } @Override public String toString() { StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(); boolean first = true; for ( Term term : polynomialTerms ) { if ( first ) { sb.append(term); first = false; } else { sb.append(" "); if ( term.coefficient > 0 ) { sb.append("+ "); sb.append(term); } else { sb.append("- "); sb.append(term.negate()); } } } return sb.toString(); } } private static final class TermSorter implements Comparator<Term> { @Override public int compare(Term o1, Term o2) { return (int) (o2.exponent - o1.exponent); } } // Note: Cyclotomic Polynomials have small coefficients. Not appropriate for general polynomial usage. private static final class Term { long coefficient; long exponent; public Term(long c, long e) { coefficient = c; exponent = e; } public Term clone() { return new Term(coefficient, exponent); } public Term multiply(Term term) { return new Term(coefficient * term.coefficient, exponent + term.exponent); } public Term add(Term term) { if ( exponent != term.exponent ) { throw new RuntimeException("ERROR 102: Exponents not equal."); } return new Term(coefficient + term.coefficient, exponent); }
public Term negate() { return new Term(-coefficient, exponent); } public long degree() { return exponent; } @Override public String toString() { if ( coefficient == 0 ) { return "0"; } if ( exponent == 0 ) { return "" + coefficient; } if ( coefficient == 1 ) { if ( exponent == 1 ) { return "x"; } else { return "x^" + exponent; } } if ( exponent == 1 ) { return coefficient + "x"; } return coefficient + "x^" + exponent; } }
} </lang>
- Output:
Task 1: cyclotomic polynomials for n <= 30: CP[1] = x - 1 CP[2] = x + 1 CP[3] = x^2 + x + 1 CP[4] = x^2 + 1 CP[5] = x^4 + x^3 + x^2 + x + 1 CP[6] = x^2 - x + 1 CP[7] = x^6 + x^5 + x^4 + x^3 + x^2 + x + 1 CP[8] = x^4 + 1 CP[9] = x^6 + x^3 + 1 CP[10] = x^4 - x^3 + x^2 - x + 1 CP[11] = x^10 + x^9 + x^8 + x^7 + x^6 + x^5 + x^4 + x^3 + x^2 + x + 1 CP[12] = x^4 - x^2 + 1 CP[13] = x^12 + x^11 + x^10 + x^9 + x^8 + x^7 + x^6 + x^5 + x^4 + x^3 + x^2 + x + 1 CP[14] = x^6 - x^5 + x^4 - x^3 + x^2 - x + 1 CP[15] = x^8 - x^7 + x^5 - x^4 + x^3 - x + 1 CP[16] = x^8 + 1 CP[17] = x^16 + x^15 + x^14 + x^13 + x^12 + x^11 + x^10 + x^9 + x^8 + x^7 + x^6 + x^5 + x^4 + x^3 + x^2 + x + 1 CP[18] = x^6 - x^3 + 1 CP[19] = x^18 + x^17 + x^16 + x^15 + x^14 + x^13 + x^12 + x^11 + x^10 + x^9 + x^8 + x^7 + x^6 + x^5 + x^4 + x^3 + x^2 + x + 1 CP[20] = x^8 - x^6 + x^4 - x^2 + 1 CP[21] = x^12 - x^11 + x^9 - x^8 + x^6 - x^4 + x^3 - x + 1 CP[22] = x^10 - x^9 + x^8 - x^7 + x^6 - x^5 + x^4 - x^3 + x^2 - x + 1 CP[23] = x^22 + x^21 + x^20 + x^19 + x^18 + x^17 + x^16 + x^15 + x^14 + x^13 + x^12 + x^11 + x^10 + x^9 + x^8 + x^7 + x^6 + x^5 + x^4 + x^3 + x^2 + x + 1 CP[24] = x^8 - x^4 + 1 CP[25] = x^20 + x^15 + x^10 + x^5 + 1 CP[26] = x^12 - x^11 + x^10 - x^9 + x^8 - x^7 + x^6 - x^5 + x^4 - x^3 + x^2 - x + 1 CP[27] = x^18 + x^9 + 1 CP[28] = x^12 - x^10 + x^8 - x^6 + x^4 - x^2 + 1 CP[29] = x^28 + x^27 + x^26 + x^25 + x^24 + x^23 + x^22 + x^21 + x^20 + x^19 + x^18 + x^17 + x^16 + x^15 + x^14 + x^13 + x^12 + x^11 + x^10 + x^9 + x^8 + x^7 + x^6 + x^5 + x^4 + x^3 + x^2 + x + 1 CP[30] = x^8 + x^7 - x^5 - x^4 - x^3 + x + 1 Task 2: Smallest cyclotomic polynomial with n or -n as a coefficient: CP[1] has coefficient with magnitude = 1 CP[105] has coefficient with magnitude = 2 CP[385] has coefficient with magnitude = 3 CP[1365] has coefficient with magnitude = 4 CP[1785] has coefficient with magnitude = 5 CP[2805] has coefficient with magnitude = 6 CP[3135] has coefficient with magnitude = 7 CP[6545] has coefficient with magnitude = 8 CP[6545] has coefficient with magnitude = 9 CP[10465] has coefficient with magnitude = 10
Julia
<lang julia>using Primes, Polynomials
- memoize cache for recursive calls
const cyclotomics = Dict([1 => Poly([big"-1", big"1"]), 2 => Poly([big"1", big"1"])])
- get all integer divisors of an integer, except itself
function divisors(n::Integer)
f = [one(n)] for (p, e) in factor(n) f = reduce(vcat, [f * p^j for j in 1:e], init=f) end return resize!(f, length(f) - 1)
end
"""
cyclotomic(n::Integer)
Calculate the n -th cyclotomic polynomial. See wikipedia article at bottom of section /wiki/Cyclotomic_polynomial#Fundamental_tools The algorithm is reliable but slow for large n > 1000. """ function cyclotomic(n::Integer)
if haskey(cyclotomics, n) c = cyclotomics[n] elseif isprime(n) c = Poly(ones(BigInt, n)) cyclotomics[n] = c else # recursive formula seen in wikipedia article c = Poly([big"-1"; zeros(BigInt, n - 1); big"1"]) for d in divisors(n) c ÷= cyclotomic(d) end cyclotomics[n] = c end return c
end
println("First 30 cyclotomic polynomials:") for i in 1:30
println(rpad("$i: ", 5), cyclotomic(BigInt(i)))
end
const dig = zeros(BigInt, 10) for i in 1:1000000
if all(x -> x != 0, dig) break end for coef in coeffs(cyclotomic(i)) x = abs(coef) if 0 < x < 11 && dig[Int(x)] == 0 dig[Int(x)] = coef < 0 ? -i : i end end
end for (i, n) in enumerate(dig)
println("The cyclotomic polynomial Φ(", abs(n), ") has a coefficient that is ", n < 0 ? -i : i)
end
</lang>
- Output:
First 30 cyclotomic polynomials: 1: Poly(-1 + x) 2: Poly(1 + x) 3: Poly(1 + x + x^2) 4: Poly(1.0 + 1.0*x^2) 5: Poly(1 + x + x^2 + x^3 + x^4) 6: Poly(1.0 - 1.0*x + 1.0*x^2) 7: Poly(1 + x + x^2 + x^3 + x^4 + x^5 + x^6) 8: Poly(1.0 + 1.0*x^4) 9: Poly(1.0 + 1.0*x^3 + 1.0*x^6) 10: Poly(1.0 - 1.0*x + 1.0*x^2 - 1.0*x^3 + 1.0*x^4) 11: Poly(1 + x + x^2 + x^3 + x^4 + x^5 + x^6 + x^7 + x^8 + x^9 + x^10) 12: Poly(1.0 - 1.0*x^2 + 1.0*x^4) 13: Poly(1 + x + x^2 + x^3 + x^4 + x^5 + x^6 + x^7 + x^8 + x^9 + x^10 + x^11 + x^12) 14: Poly(1.0 - 1.0*x + 1.0*x^2 - 1.0*x^3 + 1.0*x^4 - 1.0*x^5 + 1.0*x^6) 15: Poly(1.0 - 1.0*x + 1.0*x^3 - 1.0*x^4 + 1.0*x^5 - 1.0*x^7 + 1.0*x^8) 16: Poly(1.0 + 1.0*x^8) 17: Poly(1 + x + x^2 + x^3 + x^4 + x^5 + x^6 + x^7 + x^8 + x^9 + x^10 + x^11 + x^12 + x^13 + x^14 + x^15 + x^16) 18: Poly(1.0 - 1.0*x^3 + 1.0*x^6) 19: Poly(1 + x + x^2 + x^3 + x^4 + x^5 + x^6 + x^7 + x^8 + x^9 + x^10 + x^11 + x^12 + x^13 + x^14 + x^15 + x^16 + x^17 + x^18) 20: Poly(1.0 - 1.0*x^2 + 1.0*x^4 - 1.0*x^6 + 1.0*x^8) 21: Poly(1.0 - 1.0*x + 1.0*x^3 - 1.0*x^4 + 1.0*x^6 - 1.0*x^8 + 1.0*x^9 - 1.0*x^11 + 1.0*x^12) 22: Poly(1.0 - 1.0*x + 1.0*x^2 - 1.0*x^3 + 1.0*x^4 - 1.0*x^5 + 1.0*x^6 - 1.0*x^7 + 1.0*x^8 - 1.0*x^9 + 1.0*x^10) 23: Poly(1 + x + x^2 + x^3 + x^4 + x^5 + x^6 + x^7 + x^8 + x^9 + x^10 + x^11 + x^12 + x^13 + x^14 + x^15 + x^16 + x^17 + x^18 + x^19 + x^20 + x^21 + x^22) 24: Poly(1.0 - 1.0*x^4 + 1.0*x^8) 25: Poly(1.0 + 1.0*x^5 + 1.0*x^10 + 1.0*x^15 + 1.0*x^20) 26: Poly(1.0 - 1.0*x + 1.0*x^2 - 1.0*x^3 + 1.0*x^4 - 1.0*x^5 + 1.0*x^6 - 1.0*x^7 + 1.0*x^8 - 1.0*x^9 + 1.0*x^10 - 1.0*x^11 + 1.0*x^12) 27: Poly(1.0 + 1.0*x^9 + 1.0*x^18) 28: Poly(1.0 - 1.0*x^2 + 1.0*x^4 - 1.0*x^6 + 1.0*x^8 - 1.0*x^10 + 1.0*x^12) 29: Poly(1 + x + x^2 + x^3 + x^4 + x^5 + x^6 + x^7 + x^8 + x^9 + x^10 + x^11 + x^12 + x^13 + x^14 + x^15 + x^16 + x^17 + x^18 + x^19 + x^20 + x^21 + x^22 + x^23 + x^24 + x^25 + x^26 + x^27 + x^28) 30: Poly(1.0 + 1.0*x - 1.0*x^3 - 1.0*x^4 - 1.0*x^5 + 1.0*x^7 + 1.0*x^8) The cyclotomic polynomial Φ(1) has a coefficient that is -1 The cyclotomic polynomial Φ(105) has a coefficient that is -2 The cyclotomic polynomial Φ(385) has a coefficient that is -3 The cyclotomic polynomial Φ(1365) has a coefficient that is -4 The cyclotomic polynomial Φ(1785) has a coefficient that is 5 The cyclotomic polynomial Φ(2805) has a coefficient that is -6 The cyclotomic polynomial Φ(3135) has a coefficient that is 7 The cyclotomic polynomial Φ(6545) has a coefficient that is -8 The cyclotomic polynomial Φ(6545) has a coefficient that is 9 The cyclotomic polynomial Φ(10465) has a coefficient that is 10
Perl
Conveniently, the module Math::Polynomial::Cyclotomic
exists to do all the work. An exponent too large
error prevents reaching the 10th step of the 2nd part of the task.
<lang perl>use feature 'say';
use List::Util qw(first);
use Math::Polynomial::Cyclotomic qw(cyclo_poly_iterate);
say 'First 30 cyclotomic polynomials:'; my $it = cyclo_poly_iterate(1); say "$_: " . $it->() for 1 .. 30;
say "\nSmallest cyclotomic polynomial with n or -n as a coefficient:"; $it = cyclo_poly_iterate(1);
for (my ($n, $k) = (1, 1) ; $n <= 10 ; ++$k) {
my $poly = $it->(); while (my $c = first { abs($_) == $n } $poly->coeff) { say "CP $k has coefficient with magnitude = $n"; $n++; }
}</lang>
- Output:
First 30 cyclotomic polynomials: 1: (x - 1) 2: (x + 1) 3: (x^2 + x + 1) 4: (x^2 + 1) 5: (x^4 + x^3 + x^2 + x + 1) 6: (x^2 - x + 1) 7: (x^6 + x^5 + x^4 + x^3 + x^2 + x + 1) 8: (x^4 + 1) 9: (x^6 + x^3 + 1) 10: (x^4 - x^3 + x^2 - x + 1) 11: (x^10 + x^9 + x^8 + x^7 + x^6 + x^5 + x^4 + x^3 + x^2 + x + 1) 12: (x^4 - x^2 + 1) 13: (x^12 + x^11 + x^10 + x^9 + x^8 + x^7 + x^6 + x^5 + x^4 + x^3 + x^2 + x + 1) 14: (x^6 - x^5 + x^4 - x^3 + x^2 - x + 1) 15: (x^8 - x^7 + x^5 - x^4 + x^3 - x + 1) 16: (x^8 + 1) 17: (x^16 + x^15 + x^14 + x^13 + x^12 + x^11 + x^10 + x^9 + x^8 + x^7 + x^6 + x^5 + x^4 + x^3 + x^2 + x + 1) 18: (x^6 - x^3 + 1) 19: (x^18 + x^17 + x^16 + x^15 + x^14 + x^13 + x^12 + x^11 + x^10 + x^9 + x^8 + x^7 + x^6 + x^5 + x^4 + x^3 + x^2 + x + 1) 20: (x^8 - x^6 + x^4 - x^2 + 1) 21: (x^12 - x^11 + x^9 - x^8 + x^6 - x^4 + x^3 - x + 1) 22: (x^10 - x^9 + x^8 - x^7 + x^6 - x^5 + x^4 - x^3 + x^2 - x + 1) 23: (x^22 + x^21 + x^20 + x^19 + x^18 + x^17 + x^16 + x^15 + x^14 + x^13 + x^12 + x^11 + x^10 + x^9 + x^8 + x^7 + x^6 + x^5 + x^4 + x^3 + x^2 + x + 1) 24: (x^8 - x^4 + 1) 25: (x^20 + x^15 + x^10 + x^5 + 1) 26: (x^12 - x^11 + x^10 - x^9 + x^8 - x^7 + x^6 - x^5 + x^4 - x^3 + x^2 - x + 1) 27: (x^18 + x^9 + 1) 28: (x^12 - x^10 + x^8 - x^6 + x^4 - x^2 + 1) 29: (x^28 + x^27 + x^26 + x^25 + x^24 + x^23 + x^22 + x^21 + x^20 + x^19 + x^18 + x^17 + x^16 + x^15 + x^14 + x^13 + x^12 + x^11 + x^10 + x^9 + x^8 + x^7 + x^6 + x^5 + x^4 + x^3 + x^2 + x + 1) 30: (x^8 + x^7 - x^5 - x^4 - x^3 + x + 1) Smallest cyclotomic polynomial with n or -n as a coefficient: CP 1 has coefficient with magnitude = 1 CP 105 has coefficient with magnitude = 2 CP 385 has coefficient with magnitude = 3 CP 1365 has coefficient with magnitude = 4 CP 1785 has coefficient with magnitude = 5 CP 2805 has coefficient with magnitude = 6 CP 3135 has coefficient with magnitude = 7 CP 6545 has coefficient with magnitude = 8 CP 6545 has coefficient with magnitude = 9
Perl 6
Uses the same library as Perl, so comes with the same caveats. <lang perl6>use Math::Polynomial::Cyclotomic:from<Perl5> <cyclo_poly_iterate cyclo_poly>;
say 'First 30 cyclotomic polynomials:'; my $iterator = cyclo_poly_iterate(1); say "Φ($_) = " ~ super $iterator().Str for 1..30;
say "\nSmallest cyclotomic polynomial with |n| as a coefficient:"; say "Φ(1) has a coefficient magnitude: 1";
my $index = 0; for 2..9 -> $coefficient {
loop { $index += 5; my \Φ = cyclo_poly($index); next unless Φ ~~ / $coefficient\* /; say "Φ($index) has a coefficient magnitude: $coefficient"; $index -= 5; last; }
}
sub super ($str) {
$str.subst( / '^' (\d+) /, { $0.trans([<0123456789>.comb] => [<⁰¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹>.comb]) }, :g)
}</lang>
First 30 cyclotomic polynomials: Φ(1) = (x - 1) Φ(2) = (x + 1) Φ(3) = (x² + x + 1) Φ(4) = (x² + 1) Φ(5) = (x⁴ + x³ + x² + x + 1) Φ(6) = (x² - x + 1) Φ(7) = (x⁶ + x⁵ + x⁴ + x³ + x² + x + 1) Φ(8) = (x⁴ + 1) Φ(9) = (x⁶ + x³ + 1) Φ(10) = (x⁴ - x³ + x² - x + 1) Φ(11) = (x¹⁰ + x⁹ + x⁸ + x⁷ + x⁶ + x⁵ + x⁴ + x³ + x² + x + 1) Φ(12) = (x⁴ - x² + 1) Φ(13) = (x¹² + x¹¹ + x¹⁰ + x⁹ + x⁸ + x⁷ + x⁶ + x⁵ + x⁴ + x³ + x² + x + 1) Φ(14) = (x⁶ - x⁵ + x⁴ - x³ + x² - x + 1) Φ(15) = (x⁸ - x⁷ + x⁵ - x⁴ + x³ - x + 1) Φ(16) = (x⁸ + 1) Φ(17) = (x¹⁶ + x¹⁵ + x¹⁴ + x¹³ + x¹² + x¹¹ + x¹⁰ + x⁹ + x⁸ + x⁷ + x⁶ + x⁵ + x⁴ + x³ + x² + x + 1) Φ(18) = (x⁶ - x³ + 1) Φ(19) = (x¹⁸ + x¹⁷ + x¹⁶ + x¹⁵ + x¹⁴ + x¹³ + x¹² + x¹¹ + x¹⁰ + x⁹ + x⁸ + x⁷ + x⁶ + x⁵ + x⁴ + x³ + x² + x + 1) Φ(20) = (x⁸ - x⁶ + x⁴ - x² + 1) Φ(21) = (x¹² - x¹¹ + x⁹ - x⁸ + x⁶ - x⁴ + x³ - x + 1) Φ(22) = (x¹⁰ - x⁹ + x⁸ - x⁷ + x⁶ - x⁵ + x⁴ - x³ + x² - x + 1) Φ(23) = (x²² + x²¹ + x²⁰ + x¹⁹ + x¹⁸ + x¹⁷ + x¹⁶ + x¹⁵ + x¹⁴ + x¹³ + x¹² + x¹¹ + x¹⁰ + x⁹ + x⁸ + x⁷ + x⁶ + x⁵ + x⁴ + x³ + x² + x + 1) Φ(24) = (x⁸ - x⁴ + 1) Φ(25) = (x²⁰ + x¹⁵ + x¹⁰ + x⁵ + 1) Φ(26) = (x¹² - x¹¹ + x¹⁰ - x⁹ + x⁸ - x⁷ + x⁶ - x⁵ + x⁴ - x³ + x² - x + 1) Φ(27) = (x¹⁸ + x⁹ + 1) Φ(28) = (x¹² - x¹⁰ + x⁸ - x⁶ + x⁴ - x² + 1) Φ(29) = (x²⁸ + x²⁷ + x²⁶ + x²⁵ + x²⁴ + x²³ + x²² + x²¹ + x²⁰ + x¹⁹ + x¹⁸ + x¹⁷ + x¹⁶ + x¹⁵ + x¹⁴ + x¹³ + x¹² + x¹¹ + x¹⁰ + x⁹ + x⁸ + x⁷ + x⁶ + x⁵ + x⁴ + x³ + x² + x + 1) Φ(30) = (x⁸ + x⁷ - x⁵ - x⁴ - x³ + x + 1) Smallest cyclotomic polynomial with |n| as a coefficient: Φ(1) has a coefficient magnitude: 1 Φ(105) has a coefficient magnitude: 2 Φ(385) has a coefficient magnitude: 3 Φ(1365) has a coefficient magnitude: 4 Φ(1785) has a coefficient magnitude: 5 Φ(2805) has a coefficient magnitude: 6 Φ(3135) has a coefficient magnitude: 7 Φ(6545) has a coefficient magnitude: 8 Φ(6545) has a coefficient magnitude: 9
Phix
Uses several routines from Polynomial_long_division#Phix, tweaked slightly to check remainder is zero and trim the quotient. <lang Phix>-- demo\rosetta\Cyclotomic_Polynomial.exw function degree(sequence p)
for i=length(p) to 1 by -1 do if p[i]!=0 then return i end if end for return -1
end function
function poly_div(sequence n, d)
while length(d)<length(n) do d &=0 end while integer dn = degree(n), dd = degree(d) if dd<0 then throw("divide by zero") end if sequence quot = repeat(0,dn) while dn>=dd do integer k = dn-dd integer qk = n[dn]/d[dd] quot[k+1] = qk sequence d2 = d[1..length(d)-k] for i=1 to length(d2) do n[-i] -= d2[-i]*qk end for dn = degree(n) end while
-- return {quot,n} -- (n is now the remainder)
if n!=repeat(0,length(n)) then ?9/0 end if while quot[$]=0 do quot = quot[1..$-1] end while return quot
end function
function poly(sequence si) -- display helper
string r = "" for t=length(si) to 1 by -1 do integer sit = si[t] if sit!=0 then if sit=1 and t>1 then r &= iff(r=""? "":" + ") elsif sit=-1 and t>1 then r &= iff(r=""?"-":" - ") else if r!="" then r &= iff(sit<0?" - ":" + ") sit = abs(sit) end if r &= sprintf("%d",sit) end if r &= iff(t>1?"x"&iff(t>2?sprintf("^%d",t-1):""):"") end if end for if r="" then r="0" end if return r
end function --</Polynomial_long_division.exw>
--# memoize cache for recursive calls constant cyclotomics = new_dict({{1,{-1,1}},{2,{1,1}}})
function cyclotomic(integer n) -- -- Calculate nth cyclotomic polynomial. -- See wikipedia article at bottom of section /wiki/Cyclotomic_polynomial#Fundamental_tools -- The algorithm is reliable but slow for large n > 1000. --
sequence c if getd_index(n,cyclotomics)!=NULL then c = getd(n,cyclotomics) else if is_prime(n) then c = repeat(1,n) else -- recursive formula seen in wikipedia article c = -1&repeat(0,n-1)&1 sequence f = factors(n,-1) for i=1 to length(f) do c = poly_div(c,cyclotomic(f[i])) end for end if setd(n,c,cyclotomics) end if return c
end function
for i=1 to 30 do
sequence z = cyclotomic(i) string s = poly(z) printf(1,"cp(%2d) = %s\n",{i,s}) if i>1 and z!=reverse(z) then ?9/0 end if -- sanity check
end for
integer found = 0, n = 1, cheat = 0 sequence fn = repeat(false,10),
nxt = {105,385,1365,1785,2805,3135,6545,6545,10465,10465}
atom t1 = time()+1 puts(1,"\n") while found<10 do
sequence z = cyclotomic(n) for i=1 to length(z) do atom azi = abs(z[i]) if azi>=1 and azi<=10 and fn[azi]=0 then printf(1,"cp(%d) has a coefficient with magnitude %d\n",{n,azi}) cheat = azi -- (comment this out to prevent cheating!) found += 1 fn[azi] = true t1 = time()+1 end if end for if cheat then {n,cheat} = {nxt[cheat],0} else n += iff(n=1?4:10) end if if time()>t1 then printf(1,"working (%d) ...\r",n) t1 = time()+1 end if
end while</lang>
- Output:
If you disable the cheating, and if in a particularly self harming mood replace it with n+=1, you will get exactly the same output, eventually.
(The distributed version contains simple instrumentation showing cp(1260) executes the line in the heart of poly_div() that subtracts a multiple of qk over 15 million times.)
cp( 1) = x - 1 cp( 2) = x + 1 cp( 3) = x^2 + x + 1 cp( 4) = x^2 + 1 cp( 5) = x^4 + x^3 + x^2 + x + 1 cp( 6) = x^2 - x + 1 cp( 7) = x^6 + x^5 + x^4 + x^3 + x^2 + x + 1 cp( 8) = x^4 + 1 cp( 9) = x^6 + x^3 + 1 cp(10) = x^4 - x^3 + x^2 - x + 1 cp(11) = x^10 + x^9 + x^8 + x^7 + x^6 + x^5 + x^4 + x^3 + x^2 + x + 1 cp(12) = x^4 - x^2 + 1 cp(13) = x^12 + x^11 + x^10 + x^9 + x^8 + x^7 + x^6 + x^5 + x^4 + x^3 + x^2 + x + 1 cp(14) = x^6 - x^5 + x^4 - x^3 + x^2 - x + 1 cp(15) = x^8 - x^7 + x^5 - x^4 + x^3 - x + 1 cp(16) = x^8 + 1 cp(17) = x^16 + x^15 + x^14 + x^13 + x^12 + x^11 + x^10 + x^9 + x^8 + x^7 + x^6 + x^5 + x^4 + x^3 + x^2 + x + 1 cp(18) = x^6 - x^3 + 1 cp(19) = x^18 + x^17 + x^16 + x^15 + x^14 + x^13 + x^12 + x^11 + x^10 + x^9 + x^8 + x^7 + x^6 + x^5 + x^4 + x^3 + x^2 + x + 1 cp(20) = x^8 - x^6 + x^4 - x^2 + 1 cp(21) = x^12 - x^11 + x^9 - x^8 + x^6 - x^4 + x^3 - x + 1 cp(22) = x^10 - x^9 + x^8 - x^7 + x^6 - x^5 + x^4 - x^3 + x^2 - x + 1 cp(23) = x^22 + x^21 + x^20 + x^19 + x^18 + x^17 + x^16 + x^15 + x^14 + x^13 + x^12 + x^11 + x^10 + x^9 + x^8 + x^7 + x^6 + x^5 + x^4 + x^3 + x^2 + x + 1 cp(24) = x^8 - x^4 + 1 cp(25) = x^20 + x^15 + x^10 + x^5 + 1 cp(26) = x^12 - x^11 + x^10 - x^9 + x^8 - x^7 + x^6 - x^5 + x^4 - x^3 + x^2 - x + 1 cp(27) = x^18 + x^9 + 1 cp(28) = x^12 - x^10 + x^8 - x^6 + x^4 - x^2 + 1 cp(29) = x^28 + x^27 + x^26 + x^25 + x^24 + x^23 + x^22 + x^21 + x^20 + x^19 + x^18 + x^17 + x^16 + x^15 + x^14 + x^13 + x^12 + x^11 + x^10 + x^9 + x^8 + x^7 + x^6 + x^5 + x^4 + x^3 + x^2 + x + 1 cp(30) = x^8 + x^7 - x^5 - x^4 - x^3 + x + 1 cp(1) has a coefficient with magnitude 1 cp(105) has a coefficient with magnitude 2 cp(385) has a coefficient with magnitude 3 cp(1365) has a coefficient with magnitude 4 cp(1785) has a coefficient with magnitude 5 cp(2805) has a coefficient with magnitude 6 cp(3135) has a coefficient with magnitude 7 cp(6545) has a coefficient with magnitude 8 cp(6545) has a coefficient with magnitude 9 cp(10465) has a coefficient with magnitude 10
Python
<lang python>from itertools import count, chain from collections import deque
def primes(_cache=[2, 3]):
yield from _cache for n in count(_cache[-1]+2, 2): if isprime(n): _cache.append(n) yield n
def isprime(n):
for p in primes(): if n%p == 0: return False if p*p > n: return True
def factors(n):
for p in primes(): # prime factoring is such a non-issue for small numbers that, for # this example, we might even just say # for p in count(2): if p*p > n: if n > 1: yield(n, 1, 1) break
if n%p == 0: cnt = 0 while True: n, cnt = n//p, cnt+1 if n%p != 0: break yield p, cnt, n
- ^^ not the most sophisticated prime number routines, because no need
- Returns (list1, list2) representing the division between
- two polinomials. A list p of integers means the product
- (x^p[0] - 1) * (x^p[1] - 1) * ...
def cyclotomic(n):
def poly_div(num, den): return (num[0] + den[1], num[1] + den[0])
def elevate(poly, n): # replace poly p(x) with p(x**n) powerup = lambda p, n: [a*n for a in p] return poly if n == 1 else (powerup(poly[0], n), powerup(poly[1], n))
if n == 0: return ([], []) if n == 1: return ([1], [])
p, m, r = next(factors(n)) poly = cyclotomic(r) return elevate(poly_div(elevate(poly, p), poly), p**(m-1))
def to_text(poly):
def getx(c, e): if e == 0: return '1' elif e == 1: return 'x' return 'x' + (.join('⁰¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹'[i] for i in map(int, str(e))))
parts = [] for (c,e) in (poly): if c < 0: coef = ' - ' if c == -1 else f' - {-c} ' else: coef = (parts and ' + ' or ) if c == 1 else f' + {c}' parts.append(coef + getx(c,e)) return .join(parts)
def terms(poly):
# convert above representation of division to (coef, power) pairs
def merge(a, b): # a, b should be deques. They may change during the course. while a or b: l = a[0] if a else (0, -1) # sentinel value r = b[0] if b else (0, -1) if l[1] > r[1]: a.popleft() elif l[1] < r[1]: b.popleft() l = r else: a.popleft() b.popleft() l = (l[0] + r[0], l[1]) yield l
def mul(poly, p): # p means polynomial x^p - 1 poly = list(poly) return merge(deque((c, e+p) for c,e in poly), deque((-c, e) for c,e in poly))
def div(poly, p): # p means polynomial x^p - 1 q = deque() for c,e in merge(deque(poly), q): if c: q.append((c, e - p)) yield (c, e - p) if e == p: break
p = [(1, 0)] # 1*x^0, i.e. 1
for x in poly[0]: # numerator p = mul(p, x) for x in sorted(poly[1], reverse=True): # denominator p = div(p, x) return p
for n in chain(range(11), [2]):
print(f'{n}: {to_text(terms(cyclotomic(n)))}')
want = 1 for n in count():
c = [c for c,_ in terms(cyclotomic(n))] while want in c or -want in c: print(f'C[{want}]: {n}') want += 1</lang>
- Output:
Only showing first 10 polynomials to avoid clutter.
0: 1 1: x - 1 2: x + 1 3: x² + x + 1 4: x² + 1 5: x⁴ + x³ + x² + x + 1 6: x² - x + 1 7: x⁶ + x⁵ + x⁴ + x³ + x² + x + 1 8: x⁴ + 1 9: x⁶ + x³ + 1 10: x⁴ - x³ + x² - x + 1 105: x⁴⁸ + x⁴⁷ + x⁴⁶ - x⁴³ - x⁴² - 2 x⁴¹ - x⁴⁰ - x³⁹ + x³⁶ + x³⁵ + x³⁴ + x³³ + x³² + x³¹ - x²⁸ - x²⁶ - x²⁴ - x²² - x²⁰ + x¹⁷ + x¹⁶ + x¹⁵ + x¹⁴ + x¹³ + x¹² - x⁹ - x⁸ - 2 x⁷ - x⁶ - x⁵ + x² + x + 1 C[1]: 0 C[2]: 105 C[3]: 385 C[4]: 1365 C[5]: 1785 C[6]: 2805 C[7]: 3135 C[8]: 6545 C[9]: 6545 C[10]: 10465 C[11]: 10465 C[12]: 10465 C[13]: 10465 C[14]: 10465 C[15]: 11305 C[16]: 11305 C[17]: 11305 C[18]: 11305 C[19]: 11305 C[20]: 11305 C[21]: 11305 C[22]: 15015 C[23]: 15015
Sidef
Solution based on polynomial interpolation (slow). <lang ruby>var Poly = require('Math::Polynomial') Poly.string_config(Hash(fold_sign => true, prefix => "", suffix => ""))
func poly_interpolation(v) {
v.len.of {|n| v.len.of {|k| n**k } }.msolve(v)
}
say "First 30 cyclotomic polynomials:" for k in (1..30) {
var a = (k+1).of { cyclotomic(k, _) } var Φ = poly_interpolation(a) say ("Φ(#{k}) = ", Poly.new(Φ...))
}
say "\nSmallest cyclotomic polynomial with n or -n as a coefficient:" for n in (1..10) { # very slow
var k = (1..Inf -> first {|k| poly_interpolation((k+1).of { cyclotomic(k, _) }).first { .abs == n } }) say "Φ(#{k}) has coefficient with magnitude #{n}"
}</lang>
Slightly faster solution, using the Math::Polynomial::Cyclotomic Perl module. <lang ruby>var Poly = require('Math::Polynomial')
require('Math::Polynomial::Cyclotomic')
Poly.string_config(Hash(fold_sign => true, prefix => "", suffix => ""))
say "First 30 cyclotomic polynomials:" for k in (1..30) {
say ("Φ(#{k}) = ", Poly.new.cyclotomic(k))
}
say "\nSmallest cyclotomic polynomial with n or -n as a coefficient:" for n in (1..10) {
var p = Poly.new var k = (1..Inf -> first {|k| [p.cyclotomic(k).coeff].first { .abs == n } }) say "Φ(#{k}) has coefficient with magnitude = #{n}"
}</lang>
- Output:
First 30 cyclotomic polynomials: Φ(1) = x - 1 Φ(2) = x + 1 Φ(3) = x^2 + x + 1 Φ(4) = x^2 + 1 Φ(5) = x^4 + x^3 + x^2 + x + 1 Φ(6) = x^2 - x + 1 Φ(7) = x^6 + x^5 + x^4 + x^3 + x^2 + x + 1 Φ(8) = x^4 + 1 Φ(9) = x^6 + x^3 + 1 Φ(10) = x^4 - x^3 + x^2 - x + 1 Φ(11) = x^10 + x^9 + x^8 + x^7 + x^6 + x^5 + x^4 + x^3 + x^2 + x + 1 Φ(12) = x^4 - x^2 + 1 Φ(13) = x^12 + x^11 + x^10 + x^9 + x^8 + x^7 + x^6 + x^5 + x^4 + x^3 + x^2 + x + 1 Φ(14) = x^6 - x^5 + x^4 - x^3 + x^2 - x + 1 Φ(15) = x^8 - x^7 + x^5 - x^4 + x^3 - x + 1 Φ(16) = x^8 + 1 Φ(17) = x^16 + x^15 + x^14 + x^13 + x^12 + x^11 + x^10 + x^9 + x^8 + x^7 + x^6 + x^5 + x^4 + x^3 + x^2 + x + 1 Φ(18) = x^6 - x^3 + 1 Φ(19) = x^18 + x^17 + x^16 + x^15 + x^14 + x^13 + x^12 + x^11 + x^10 + x^9 + x^8 + x^7 + x^6 + x^5 + x^4 + x^3 + x^2 + x + 1 Φ(20) = x^8 - x^6 + x^4 - x^2 + 1 Φ(21) = x^12 - x^11 + x^9 - x^8 + x^6 - x^4 + x^3 - x + 1 Φ(22) = x^10 - x^9 + x^8 - x^7 + x^6 - x^5 + x^4 - x^3 + x^2 - x + 1 Φ(23) = x^22 + x^21 + x^20 + x^19 + x^18 + x^17 + x^16 + x^15 + x^14 + x^13 + x^12 + x^11 + x^10 + x^9 + x^8 + x^7 + x^6 + x^5 + x^4 + x^3 + x^2 + x + 1 Φ(24) = x^8 - x^4 + 1 Φ(25) = x^20 + x^15 + x^10 + x^5 + 1 Φ(26) = x^12 - x^11 + x^10 - x^9 + x^8 - x^7 + x^6 - x^5 + x^4 - x^3 + x^2 - x + 1 Φ(27) = x^18 + x^9 + 1 Φ(28) = x^12 - x^10 + x^8 - x^6 + x^4 - x^2 + 1 Φ(29) = x^28 + x^27 + x^26 + x^25 + x^24 + x^23 + x^22 + x^21 + x^20 + x^19 + x^18 + x^17 + x^16 + x^15 + x^14 + x^13 + x^12 + x^11 + x^10 + x^9 + x^8 + x^7 + x^6 + x^5 + x^4 + x^3 + x^2 + x + 1 Φ(30) = x^8 + x^7 - x^5 - x^4 - x^3 + x + 1 Smallest cyclotomic polynomial with n or -n as a coefficient: Φ(1) has coefficient with magnitude = 1 Φ(105) has coefficient with magnitude = 2 Φ(385) has coefficient with magnitude = 3 Φ(1365) has coefficient with magnitude = 4 Φ(1785) has coefficient with magnitude = 5 Φ(2805) has coefficient with magnitude = 6 Φ(3135) has coefficient with magnitude = 7 ^C