Compound data type: Difference between revisions
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{{task|rBasic language learning}}
{{Data structure}}
;Task:
Create a compound data type:
<big> Point(x,y) </big>
A compound data type is one that holds multiple independent values.
;Related task:
* [[Enumeration]]
{{Template:See also lists}}
<br><br>
=={{header|11l}}==
<syntaxhighlight lang="11l">T Point
Int x, y
F (x, y)
.x = x
.y = y</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|ACL2}}==
<syntaxhighlight lang="lisp">(defstructure point
(x (:assert (rationalp x)))
(y (:assert (rationalp y))))
(assign p1 (make-point :x 1 :y 2))
(point-x (@ p1)) ; Access the x value of the point
(assign p1 (update-point (@ p1) :x 3)) ; Update the x value
(point-x (@ p1))
(point-p (@ p1)) ; Recognizer for points</syntaxhighlight>
{{out}}
<pre>((:X . 1) (:Y . 2))
1
((:X . 3) (:Y . 2))
3
T</pre>
=={{header|6502 Assembly}}==
The method below is a bit unusual compared to [[C]], where each member of a struct is stored consecutively. The addressing modes of 6502 make it much more efficient to store each member of many different structs consecutively. In other words, the index used to offset into <code>point_x</code> represents which instance of the data type the CPU is accessing. Of course, this assumes that you're willing to declare in advance how many active instances of that data type you'll ever have at once, a very frequent practice in the 8-bit assembly world but is absolutely ludicrous in high-level languages.
NESASM3 syntax:
<syntaxhighlight lang="6502asm">MAX_POINT_OBJECTS = 64 ; define a constant
.rsset $0400 ; reserve memory storage starting at address $0400
point_x .rs MAX_POINT_OBJECTS ; reserve 64 bytes for x-coordinates
point_y .rs MAX_POINT_OBJECTS ; reserve 64 bytes for y-coordinates</syntaxhighlight>
VASM syntax:
<syntaxhighlight lang="6502asm">MAX_POINT_OBJECTS equ 64
point_ram equ $0400
point_x equ point_ram
point_y equ point_ram+MAX_POINT_OBJECTS</syntaxhighlight>
So, for example, let's say we want to load our third (zero-indexed) point variable and copy it to zero page RAM addresses $00 and $01. We would do the following:
<syntaxhighlight lang="6502asm">MAX_POINT_OBJECTS equ 64
point_ram equ $0400
point_x equ point_ram
point_y equ point_ram+MAX_POINT_OBJECTS
LDX #3
LDA point_x,x
STA $00
LDA point_y,x
STA $01</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|Action!}}==
{{libheader|Action! Tool Kit}}
<syntaxhighlight lang="action!">INCLUDE "D2:REAL.ACT" ;from the Action! Tool Kit
DEFINE REALPTR="CARD"
TYPE PointI=[INT x,y]
TYPE PointR=[REALPTR rx,ry]
PROC Main()
PointI p1
PointR p2
REAL realx,realy
Put(125) PutE() ;clear screen
p1.x=123
p1.y=4567
ValR("12.34",realx)
ValR("5.6789",realy)
p2.rx=realx
p2.ry=realy
PrintF("Integer point p1=(%I,%I)%E",p1.x,p1.y)
Print("Real point p2=(")
PrintR(p2.rx) Print(",")
PrintR(p2.ry) Print(")")
RETURN</syntaxhighlight>
{{out}}
[https://gitlab.com/amarok8bit/action-rosetta-code/-/raw/master/images/Compound_data_type.png Screenshot from Atari 8-bit computer]
<pre>
Integer point p1=(123,4567)
Real point p2=(12.34,5.6789)
</pre>
=={{header|ActionScript}}==
<syntaxhighlight lang="actionscript">package
{
public class Point
{
public var x:Number;
public var y:Number;
public function Point(x:Number, y:Number)
{
this.x = x;
this.y = y;
}
}
}</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|Ada}}==
===Tagged Type===
Ada tagged types are extensible through inheritance. The reserved word ''tagged'' causes the compiler to create a tag for the type. The tag identifies the position of the type in an inheritance hierarchy.
===Record Type===
Ada record types are not extensible through inheritance. Without the reserved word ''tagged'' the record does not belong to an inheritance hierarchy.
====Parameterized Types====
An Ada record type can contain a discriminant. The discriminant is used to choose between internal structural representations. Parameterized types were introduced to Ada before tagged types. Inheritance is generally a cleaner solution to multiple representations than is a parameterized type.
In this case every person will have the attributes of gender, name, age, and weight. A person with a
=={{header|ALGOL 68}}==
===Tagged Type===
ALGOL 68 has only tagged-union/discriminants. And the tagging was strictly done by the ''type'' (MODE) of the members.
<syntaxhighlight lang="algol68">MODE UNIONX = UNION(
STRUCT(REAL r, INT i),
INT,
REAL,
STRUCT(INT ii),
STRUCT(REAL rr),
STRUCT([]REAL r)
);</syntaxhighlight>
To extract the apropriate member of a UNION a '''conformity-clause''' has to be used.
<syntaxhighlight lang="algol68">UNIONX data := 6.6;
CASE data IN
(INT i): printf(($"r: "gl$,i)),
(REAL r): printf(($"r: "gl$,r)),
(STRUCT(REAL r, INT i) s): printf(($"r&i: "2(g)l$,s)),
(STRUCT([]REAL r) s): printf(($"r: "n(UPB r OF s)(g)l$,s))
OUT
printf($"Other cases"l$)
ESAC;</syntaxhighlight>
The '''conformity-clause''' does mean that ALGOL 68 avoids the need for
[[duck typing]], but it also makes the tagged-union kinda tough to use,
except maybe in certain special cases.
===Record Type===
ALGOL 68 record types are not extensible through inheritance but they
may be part of a larger STRUCT composition.
<syntaxhighlight lang="algol68">MODE POINT = STRUCT(
INT x,
INT y
);</syntaxhighlight>
====Parameterized Types====
An ALGOL 68 record type can contain a tagged-union/discriminant. The
tagged-union/discriminant is used to choose between internal structural
representations.
<syntaxhighlight lang="algol68">MODE PERSON = STRUCT(
STRING name,
REAL age,
REAL weight,
UNION (
STRUCT (REAL beard length),
VOID
) gender details
);</syntaxhighlight>
In this case every PERSON will have the attributes of gender details, name, age,
and weight. A PERSON may or may not have a beard. The sex is implied by the tagging.
=={{header|ALGOL W}}==
<syntaxhighlight lang="algolw">begin
% create the compound data type %
record Point( real x, y );
% declare a Point variable %
reference(Point) p;
% assign a value to p %
p := Point( 1, 0.5 );
% access the fields of p - note Algol W uses x(p) where many languages would use p.x %
write( x(p), y(p) )
end.</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|AmigaE}}==
<syntaxhighlight lang="amigae">OBJECT point
x, y
ENDOBJECT
PROC main()
DEF pt:PTR TO point,
NEW pt
-> Floats are also stored as integer types making
-> the float conversion operator necessary.
pt.x := !10.4
pt.y := !3.14
END pt
ENDPROC</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|ARM Assembly}}==
{{works with|as|Raspberry Pi}}
<syntaxhighlight lang="arm assembly">
/* ARM assembly Raspberry PI */
/* program structure.s */
/************************************/
/* Constantes */
/************************************/
.equ STDOUT, 1 @ Linux output console
.equ EXIT, 1 @ Linux syscall
.equ WRITE, 4 @ Linux syscall
/*******************************************/
/* Structures */
/********************************************/
.struct 0
point_x: @ x coordinate
.struct point_x + 4
point_y: @ y coordinate
.struct point_y + 4
point_end: @ end structure point
/*********************************/
/* Initialized data */
/*********************************/
.data
sMessResult: .ascii "value x : "
sMessValeur: .fill 11, 1, ' ' @ size => 11
szCarriageReturn: .asciz "\n"
/*********************************/
/* UnInitialized data */
/*********************************/
.bss
stPoint: .skip point_end @ reservation place in memory
/*********************************/
/* code section */
/*********************************/
.text
.global main
main: @ entry of program
ldr r1,iAdrstPoint
mov r0,#5 @ x value
str r0,[r1,#point_x]
mov r0,#10 @ y value
str r0,[r1,#point_y]
@ display value
ldr r2,iAdrstPoint
ldr r0,[r2,#point_x]
ldr r1,iAdrsMessValeur
bl conversion10 @ call conversion decimal
ldr r0,iAdrsMessResult
bl affichageMess @ display message
100: @ standard end of the program
mov r0, #0 @ return code
mov r7, #EXIT @ request to exit program
svc #0 @ perform the system call
iAdrsMessValeur: .int sMessValeur
iAdrszCarriageReturn: .int szCarriageReturn
iAdrsMessResult: .int sMessResult
iAdrstPoint: .int stPoint
/******************************************************************/
/* display text with size calculation */
/******************************************************************/
/* r0 contains the address of the message */
affichageMess:
push {r0,r1,r2,r7,lr} @ save registres
mov r2,#0 @ counter length
1: @ loop length calculation
ldrb r1,[r0,r2] @ read octet start position + index
cmp r1,#0 @ if 0 its over
addne r2,r2,#1 @ else add 1 in the length
bne 1b @ and loop
@ so here r2 contains the length of the message
mov r1,r0 @ address message in r1
mov r0,#STDOUT @ code to write to the standard output Linux
mov r7, #WRITE @ code call system "write"
svc #0 @ call systeme
pop {r0,r1,r2,r7,lr} @ restaur des 2 registres */
bx lr @ return
/******************************************************************/
/* Converting a register to a decimal unsigned */
/******************************************************************/
/* r0 contains value and r1 address area */
/* r0 return size of result (no zero final in area) */
/* area size => 11 bytes */
.equ LGZONECAL, 10
conversion10:
push {r1-r4,lr} @ save registers
mov r3,r1
mov r2,#LGZONECAL
1: @ start loop
bl divisionpar10U @ unsigned r0 <- dividende. quotient ->r0 reste -> r1
add r1,#48 @ digit
strb r1,[r3,r2] @ store digit on area
cmp r0,#0 @ stop if quotient = 0
subne r2,#1 @ else previous position
bne 1b @ and loop
@ and move digit from left of area
mov r4,#0
2:
ldrb r1,[r3,r2]
strb r1,[r3,r4]
add r2,#1
add r4,#1
cmp r2,#LGZONECAL
ble 2b
@ and move spaces in end on area
mov r0,r4 @ result length
mov r1,#' ' @ space
3:
strb r1,[r3,r4] @ store space in area
add r4,#1 @ next position
cmp r4,#LGZONECAL
ble 3b @ loop if r4 <= area size
100:
pop {r1-r4,lr} @ restaur registres
bx lr @return
/***************************************************/
/* division par 10 unsigned */
/***************************************************/
/* r0 dividende */
/* r0 quotient */
/* r1 remainder */
divisionpar10U:
push {r2,r3,r4, lr}
mov r4,r0 @ save value
ldr r3,iMagicNumber @ r3 <- magic_number raspberry 1 2
umull r1, r2, r3, r0 @ r1<- Lower32Bits(r1*r0) r2<- Upper32Bits(r1*r0)
mov r0, r2, LSR #3 @ r2 <- r2 >> shift 3
add r2,r0,r0, lsl #2 @ r2 <- r0 * 5
sub r1,r4,r2, lsl #1 @ r1 <- r4 - (r2 * 2) = r4 - (r0 * 10)
pop {r2,r3,r4,lr}
bx lr @ leave function
iMagicNumber: .int 0xCCCCCCCD
</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|Arturo}}==
<syntaxhighlight lang="arturo">point: #[
x: 10
y: 20
]
print point</syntaxhighlight>
{{out}}
<pre>[x:10 y:20]</pre>
=={{header|ATS}}==
There are numerous ways to do this. The simplest is to use an "unboxed" tuple type:
<syntaxhighlight lang="ats">typedef point (t : t@ype+) = @(t, t)
val p : point double = (1.0, 3.0)</syntaxhighlight>
If one insists both that the type be unique (as opposed to an alias for a tuple) and that the notation to create a point be '''Point (x, y)''', then the following works:
<syntaxhighlight lang="ats">datatype point (t : t@ype+) =
| Point of (t, t)
val p : point double = Point (1.0, 3.0)</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|AutoHotkey}}==
{{works with | AutoHotkey_L}}
[[wp:Monkey_patch|monkeypatched]] example.
<syntaxhighlight lang="autohotkey">point := Object()
point.x := 1
point.y := 0
</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|AWK}}==
As usual, arrays are the only data type more complex than a number or a string.<br>
Use quotes around constant strings as element selectors:
<syntaxhighlight lang="awk">BEGIN {
p["x"]=10
p["y"]=42
z = "ZZ"
p[ z ]=999
p[ 4 ]=5
for (i in p) print( i, ":", p[i] )
}</syntaxhighlight>
{{out}}
<pre>
4 : 5
x : 10
y : 42
ZZ : 999</pre>
=={{header|Axe}}==
Axe does not have language support for custom data structures. However, they can be implemented from scratch using memory directly.
<syntaxhighlight lang="axe">Lbl POINT
r₂→{r₁}ʳ
r₃→{r₁+2}ʳ
r₁
Return</syntaxhighlight>
To initialize a POINT at memory address L₁ with (x, y) = (5, 10):
<syntaxhighlight lang="axe">POINT(L₁,5,10)</syntaxhighlight>
The caller must ensure the buffer has enough free space to contain the object (in this case, 4 bytes).
=={{header|BASIC}}==
{{works with|QBasic}}
{{works with|PowerBASIC}}
<syntaxhighlight lang="qb">TYPE Point
x AS INTEGER
y AS INTEGER
END TYPE</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|BBC BASIC}}==
{{works with|BBC BASIC for Windows}}
<syntaxhighlight lang="bbcbasic"> DIM Point{x%, y%}</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|Bracmat}}==
Normally, values are compounded by putting them in a tree structure. For examples, the values <code>3</code> and <code>4</code> can be put in a small tree <code>(3.4)</code>.
But since the task requires the values to be <i>independent</i>, the values must be changeable, which they are not in <code>(3.4)</code>.
So we go object oriented and create a 'type' Point. We show that <code>x</code> and <code>y</code> are independent by changing the value of <code>x</code> and checking that <code>y</code> didn't change.
Bracmat does not have other typing systems than duck typing. The variable <code>Point</code> is not a class, but an object in its own right. The <code>new$</code> function creates a copy of <code>Point</code>.
<syntaxhighlight lang="bracmat">( ( Point
= (x=)
(y=)
(new=.!arg:(?(its.x).?(its.y)))
)
& new$(Point,(3.4)):?pt
& out$(!(pt..x) !(pt..y))
{ Show independcy by changing x, but not y }
& 7:?(pt..x)
& out$(!(pt..x) !(pt..y))
);</syntaxhighlight>
{{out}}
<pre>3 4
7 4</pre>
=={{header|Brlcad}}==
In brlcad, the datatypes are geometric primitives or combinations. Here we create a lamp using a combination of previously created components:
c lamp base stem bulb shade chord plug
=={{header|C}}==
<syntaxhighlight lang="c">typedef struct Point
{
int x;
int y;
} Point;</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|C sharp|C#}}==
<syntaxhighlight lang="csharp">struct Point
{
public int x, y;
public Point(int x, int y) {
this.x = x;
this.y = y;
}
}</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|C++}}==
<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">struct Point
{
int x;
int y;
};</syntaxhighlight>
It is also possible to add a constructor (this allows the use of <tt>Point(x, y)</tt> in expressions):
<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">struct Point
{
int x;
int y;
Point(int ax, int ay): x(ax), y(ax) {}
};</syntaxhighlight>
Point can also be parametrized on the coordinate type:
<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">template<typename Coordinate> struct point
{
Coordinate x, y;
};
// A point with integer coordinates
Point<int> point1 = { 3, 5 };
// a point with floating point coordinates
Point<float> point2 = { 1.7, 3.6 };</syntaxhighlight>
Of course, a constructor can be added in this case as well.
=={{header|Clean}}==
===Record type===
<syntaxhighlight lang="clean">:: Point = { x :: Int, y :: Int }</syntaxhighlight>
===Parameterized Algebraic type===
<syntaxhighlight lang="clean">:: Point a = Point a a // usage: (Point Int)</syntaxhighlight>
===Synonym type===
<syntaxhighlight lang="clean">:: Point :== (Int, Int)</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|Clojure}}==
<syntaxhighlight lang="clojure">(defrecord Point [x y])</syntaxhighlight>
This defines a datatype with constructor ''Point.'' and accessors '':x'' and '':y'' :
<syntaxhighlight lang="clojure">(def p (Point. 0 1))
(assert (= 0 (:x p)))
(assert (= 1 (:y p)))</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|CLU}}==
CLU has two types of compound datatypes: ''struct''s, which are immutable, and ''record''s, which are mutable.
Aside from this, they work the same way.
<syntaxhighlight lang="clu">% Definitions
point = struct[x, y: int]
mutable_point = record[x, y: int]
% Initialization
p: point := point${x: 10, y: 20}
mp: mutable_point := mutable_point${x: 10, y: 20}</syntaxhighlight>
The fields can be accessed using the <code>.</code> syntax:
<syntaxhighlight lang="clu">foo := p.x
bar := p.y</syntaxhighlight>
''Record''s, but not ''struct''s, allow updating the fields in the same way.
<syntaxhighlight lang="clu">mp.x := 30
mp.y := 40</syntaxhighlight>
It should be noted that the special forms <code>p.x</code> and <code>mp.x := value</code>
are really only syntactic sugar, they are equivalent to the following method calls:
<syntaxhighlight lang="clu">foo := point$get_x(p)
bar := point$get_y(p)</syntaxhighlight>
<syntaxhighlight lang="clu">mutable_point$set_x(mp, 30)
mutable_point$set_y(mp, 40)</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|COBOL}}==
A compound data item description is possible in COBOL as a subdivided record:
<syntaxhighlight lang="cobol"> DATA DIVISION.
WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.
01 Point.
05 x USAGE IS BINARY-SHORT.
05 y USAGE IS BINARY-SHORT.</syntaxhighlight>
Here the record <code>Point</code> has the subdivisions <code>x</code> and <code>y</code>, both of which are signed 16-bit binary integers.
=={{header|CoffeeScript}}==
<syntaxhighlight lang="coffeescript">
# Lightweight JS objects (with CS sugar).
point =
x: 5
y: 3
console.log point.x, point.y # 5 3
# Heavier OO style
class Point
constructor: (@x, @y) ->
distance_from: (p2) ->
dx = p2.x - @x
dy = p2.y - @y
Math.sqrt dx*dx + dy*dy
p1 = new Point(1, 6)
p2 = new Point(6, 18)
console.log p1 # { x: 1, y: 6 }
console.log p1.distance_from # [Function]
console.log p1.distance_from p2 # 13
</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|Common Lisp}}==
<syntaxhighlight lang="lisp">CL-USER> (defstruct point (x 0) (y 0)) ;If not provided, x or y default to 0
POINT</syntaxhighlight>
In addition to defining the ''point'' data type, the defstruct macro also created constructor and accessor functions:
<syntaxhighlight lang="lisp">CL-USER> (setf a (make-point)) ;The default constructor using the default values for x and y
#S(POINT :X 0 :Y 0)
CL-USER> (setf b (make-point :x 5.5 :y #C(0 1))) ;Dynamic datatypes are the default
#S(POINT :X 5.5 :Y #C(0 1)) ;y has been set to the imaginary number i (using the Common Lisp complex number data type)
CL-USER> (point-x b) ;The default name for the accessor functions is structname-slotname
5.5
CL-USER> (point-y b)
#C(0 1)
CL-USER> (setf (point-y b) 3) ;The accessor is setfable
3
CL-USER> (point-y b)
3</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|Crystal}}==
Crystal's structs work very similarly to objects, but are allocated on the stack instead of the heap, and passed by value instead of by reference. More potential caveats are noted in the [https://crystal-lang.org/reference/syntax_and_semantics/structs.html language reference].
<syntaxhighlight lang="ruby">struct Point(T)
getter x : T
getter y : T
def initialize(@x, @y)
end
end
puts Point(Int32).new 13, 12 #=> Point(Int32)(@x=13, @y=12)</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|D}}==
<syntaxhighlight lang="d">void main() {
// A normal POD struct
// (if it's nested and it's not static then it has a hidden
// field that points to the enclosing function):
static struct Point {
int x, y;
}
auto p1 = Point(10, 20);
// It can also be parametrized on the coordinate type:
static struct Pair(T) {
T x, y;
}
// A pair with integer coordinates:
auto p2 = Pair!int(3, 5);
// A pair with floating point coordinates:
auto p3 = Pair!double(3, 5);
// Classes (static inner):
static class PointClass {
int x, y;
this(int x_, int y_) {
this.x = x_;
this.y = y_;
}
}
auto p4 = new PointClass(1, 2);
// There are also library-defined tuples:
import std.typecons;
alias Tuple!(int,"x", int,"y") PointXY;
auto p5 = PointXY(3, 5);
// And even built-in "type tuples":
import std.typetuple;
alias TypeTuple!(int, 5) p6;
static assert(is(p6[0] == int));
static assert(p6[1] == 5);
}</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|Delphi}}==
As defined in Types.pas:
<syntaxhighlight lang="delphi"> TPoint = record
X: Longint;
Y: Longint;
end;
</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|Diego}}==
<syntaxhighlight lang="diego">use_namespace(rosettacode)_me();
add_struct(point)_arg(x,y);
with_point(point1)_arg(4,3);
// Since no datatype is specified for the args any datatype can be passed
with_point(point2)_arg(0.033,👣);
reset_namespace[];</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|E}}==
<syntaxhighlight lang="e">def makePoint(x, y) {
def point {
to getX() { return x }
to getY() { return y }
}
return point
}</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|EchoLisp}}==
<syntaxhighlight lang="scheme">
(lib 'struct)
(struct Point (x y))
(Point 3 4)
→ #<Point> (3 4)
;; run-time type checking is possible
(lib 'types)
(struct Point (x y))
(struct-type Point Number Number)
(Point 3 4)
(Point 3 'albert)
❌ error: #number? : type-check failure : albert → 'Point:y'
</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|Ela}}==
Ela supports algebraic types:
<syntaxhighlight lang="ela">type Maybe = None | Some a</syntaxhighlight>
Except of regular algebraic types, Ela also provides a support for open algebraic types - which can be extended any time with new constructors:
<syntaxhighlight lang="ela">opentype Several = One | Two | Three
//Add new constructor to an existing type
data Several = Four</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|Elena}}==
ELENA 6.x:
<syntaxhighlight lang="elena">struct Point
{
int X : prop;
int Y : prop;
constructor new(int x, int y)
{
X := x;
Y := y
}
}</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|Elixir}}==
<syntaxhighlight lang="elixir">iex(1)> defmodule Point do
...(1)> defstruct x: 0, y: 0
...(1)> end
{:module, Point, <<70, 79, 82, ...>>, %Point{x: 0, y: 0}}
iex(2)> origin = %Point{}
%Point{x: 0, y: 0}
iex(3)> pa = %Point{x: 10, y: 20}
%Point{x: 10, y: 20}
iex(4)> pa.x
10
iex(5)> %Point{pa | y: 30}
%Point{x: 10, y: 30}
iex(6)> %Point{x: px, y: py} = pa # pattern matching
%Point{x: 10, y: 20}
iex(7)> px
10
iex(8)> py
20</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|Elm}}==
<syntaxhighlight lang="elm">
--Compound Data type can hold multiple independent values
--In Elm data can be compounded using List, Tuple, Record
--In a List
point = [2,5]
--This creates a list having x and y which are independent and can be accessed by List functions
--Note that x and y must be of same data type
--Tuple is another useful data type that stores different independent values
point = (3,4)
--Here we can have multiple data types
point1 = ("x","y")
point2 = (3,4.5)
--The order of addressing matters
--Using a Record is the best option
point = {x=3,y=4}
--To access
point.x
point.y
--Or Use it as a function
.x point
.y point
--Also to alter the value
{point | x=7}
{point | y=2}
{point | x=3,y=4}
--Each time a new record is generated
--END
</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|Erlang}}==
<syntaxhighlight lang="erlang">
-module(records_test).
-compile(export_all).
-record(point,{x,y}).
test() ->
P1 = #point{x=1.0,y=2.0}, % creates a new point record
io:fwrite("X: ~f, Y: ~f~n",[P1#point.x,P1#point.y]),
P2 = P1#point{x=3.0}, % creates a new point record with x set to 3.0, y is copied from P1
io:fwrite("X: ~f, Y: ~f~n",[P2#point.x,P2#point.y]).
</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|Euphoria}}==
{{works with|OpenEuphoria}}
<syntaxhighlight lang="euphoria">
enum x, y
sequence point = {0,0}
printf(1,"x = %d, y = %3.3f\n",point)
point[x] = 'A'
point[y] = 53.42
printf(1,"x = %d, y = %3.3f\n",point)
printf(1,"x = %s, y = %3.3f\n",point)
</syntaxhighlight>
{{out}}
<pre>
x = 0, y = 0.000
x = 65, y = 53.420
x = A, y = 53.420
</pre>
=={{header|F_Sharp|F#}}==
See the OCaml section as well. Here we create a list of points and print them out.
<syntaxhighlight lang="fsharp">type Point = { x : int; y : int }
let points = [
{x = 1; y = 1};
{x = 5; y = 5} ]
Seq.iter (fun p -> printfn "%d,%d" p.x p.y) points</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|Factor}}==
<syntaxhighlight lang="factor">TUPLE: point x y ;</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|Fantom}}==
<syntaxhighlight lang="fantom">
// define a class to contain the two fields
// accessors to get/set the field values are automatically generated
class Point
{
Int x
Int y
}
class Main
{
public static Void main ()
{
// empty constructor, so x,y set to 0
// constructor uses with-block, to initialise values
point2 := Point { x = 1; y = 2}
echo ("Point 1 = (" + point1.x + ", " + point1.y + ")")
echo ("Point 2 = (" + point2.x + ", " + point2.y + ")")
}
}
</syntaxhighlight>
{{out}}
<pre>
Point 1 = (0, 0)
Point 2 = (1, 2)
</pre>
=={{header|Forth}}==
There is no standard structure syntax in Forth, but it is easy to define words for creating and accessing data structures.
<syntaxhighlight lang="forth">: pt>x ( point -- x ) ;
: pt>y ( point -- y ) CELL+ ;
: .pt ( point -- ) dup pt>x @ . pt>y @ . ; \ or for this simple structure, 2@ . .
create point 6 , 0 ,
7 point pt>y !
.pt \ 6 7</syntaxhighlight>
{{works with|GNU Forth|0.6.2}}
Some Forths have mechanisms for declaring complex structures. For example, GNU Forth uses this syntax:
<syntaxhighlight lang="forth">struct
cell% field pt>x
cell% field pt>y
end-struct point%</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|Fortran}}==
In ISO Fortran 90 or later, use a TYPE declaration, "constructor" syntax, and field delimiter syntax:
<syntaxhighlight lang="fortran">program typedemo
type rational ! Type declaration
integer :: numerator
integer :: denominator
end type rational
type( rational ), parameter :: zero = rational( 0, 1 ) ! Variables initialized
type( rational ), parameter :: one = rational( 1, 1 ) ! by constructor syntax
type( rational ), parameter :: half = rational( 1, 2 )
integer :: n, halfd, halfn
type( rational ) :: &
one_over_n(20) = (/ (rational( 1, n ), n = 1, 20) /) ! Array initialized with
! constructor inside
! implied-do array initializer
integer :: oon_denoms(20)
halfd = half%denominator ! field access with "%" delimiter
halfn = half%numerator
oon_denoms = one_over_n%denominator ! Access denominator field in every
! rational array element & store
end program typedemo ! as integer array</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|FreeBASIC}}==
<syntaxhighlight lang="freebasic">' FB 1.05.0 Win64
Type Point
As Integer x, y
End Type
Dim p As Point = (1, 2)
Dim p2 As Point = (3, 4)
Print p.x, p.y
Print p2.x, p2.y
Sleep</syntaxhighlight>
{{out}}
<pre>
1 2
3 4
</pre>
=={{header|FutureBasic}}==
<syntaxhighlight lang="futurebasic">
CGRect r = {0, 0, 250, 100}
printf @"x = %.f : y = %.f : width = %.f : height = %.f", r.origin.x, r.origin.y, r.size.width, r.size.height
HandleEvents
</syntaxhighlight>
{{output}}
<pre>
x = 0 : y = 0 : width = 250 : height = 100
</pre>
=={{header|Go}}==
<syntaxhighlight lang="go">type point struct {
x, y float64
}
</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|Groovy}}==
===Declaration===
<syntaxhighlight lang="groovy">class Point {
int x
int y
// Default values make this a 0-, 1-, and 2-argument constructor
Point(int x = 0, int y = 0) { this.x = x; this.y = y }
String toString() { "{x:${x}, y:${y}}" }
}</syntaxhighlight>
===Instantiation===
=====Direct=====
<syntaxhighlight lang="groovy">// Default Construction with explicit property setting:
def p0 = new Point()
assert 0 == p0.x
assert 0 == p0.y
p0.x = 36
p0.y = -2
assert 36 == p0.x
assert -2 == p0.y
// Direct Construction:
def p1 = new Point(36, -2)
assert 36 == p1.x
assert -2 == p1.y
def p2 = new Point(36)
assert 36 == p2.x
assert 0 == p2.y</syntaxhighlight>
=====List-to-argument Substitution=====
There are several ways that a List can be substituted for constructor arguments via "type coercion" (casting).
<syntaxhighlight lang="groovy">// Explicit coersion from list with "as" keyword
def p4 = [36, -2] as Point
assert 36 == p4.x
assert -2 == p4.y
// Explicit coersion from list with Java/C-style casting
p4 = (Point) [36, -2]
println p4
assert 36 == p4.x
assert -2 == p4.y
// Implicit coercion from list (by type of variable)
Point p6 = [36, -2]
assert 36 == p6.x
assert -2 == p6.y
Point p8 = [36]
assert 36 == p8.x
assert 0 == p8.y</syntaxhighlight>
=====Map-to-property Substitution=====
There are several ways to construct an object using a map (or a comma-separated list of map entries) that substitutes entries for class properties. The process is properly (A) instantiation, followed by (B) property mapping. Because the instantiation is not tied to the mapping, it requires the existence of a no-argument constructor.
<syntaxhighlight lang="groovy">// Direct map-based construction
def p3 = new Point([x: 36, y: -2])
assert 36 == p3.x
assert -2 == p3.y
// Direct map-entry-based construction
p3 = new Point(x: 36, y: -2)
assert 36 == p3.x
assert -2 == p3.y
p3 = new Point(x: 36)
assert 36 == p3.x
assert 0 == p3.y
p3 = new Point(y: -2)
assert 0 == p3.x
assert -2 == p3.y
// Explicit coercion from map with "as" keyword
def p5 = [x: 36, y: -2] as Point
assert 36 == p5.x
assert -2 == p5.y
// Implicit coercion from map (by type of variable)
Point p7 = [x: 36, y: -2]
assert 36 == p7.x
assert -2 == p7.y
Point p9 = [y:-2]
assert 0 == p9.x
assert -2 == p9.y</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|Haskell}}==
===Algebraic Data Type===
See [[wp:Algebraic_data_type|algebraic data type]]. The different options ("Empty", "Leaf", "Node") are called ''constructors'', and is associated with 0 or more arguments with the declared types.
data Tree = Empty
| Leaf Int
| Node Tree Tree
deriving (Eq, Show)
t1 = Node (Leaf 1) (Node (Leaf 2) (Leaf 3))
===Tagged Type===
This is a special case of the algebraic data type above with only one constructor.
data Point = Point Integer Integer
instance Show Point where
show (Point x y) = "("++(show x)++","++(show y)++")"
p = Point 6 7
===Record Type===
Entries in an algebraic data type constructor can be given field names.
data Point = Point { x :: Integer, y :: Integer }
deriving (Eq, Show)
The ''deriving'' clause here provides default instances for equality and conversion to string.
Different equivalent ways of constructing a point:
p = Point 2 3
p' = Point { x=4, y=5 }
The field name is also a function that extracts the field value out of the record
x p' -- evaluates to 4
===Tuple Type===
You can make a tuple literal by using a comma-delimited list surrounded by parentheses, without needing to declare the type first:
<syntaxhighlight lang="haskell">p = (2,3)</syntaxhighlight>
The type of <code>p</code> is <code>(Int, Int)</code>, using the same comma-delimited list syntax as the literal.
===Discriminated Type===
Just an algebraic data type with multiple constructors being records
data Person =
Male { name :: String, age :: Integer, weight :: Double,
beard_length :: Double }
| Female { name :: String, age :: Integer, weight :: Double }
deriving (Eq, Show)
Note that the field names may be identical in alternatives.
=={{header|Icon}} and {{header|Unicon}}==
<syntaxhighlight lang="icon">record Point(x,y)</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|IDL}}==
<syntaxhighlight lang="idl">point = {x: 6 , y: 0 }
point.y = 7
print, point
;=> { 6 7}</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|J}}==
In a "real" J application, points would be represented by arrays of 2 (or N) numbers. None the less, sometimes objects (in the OO sense) are a better representation than arrays, so J supports them:
<syntaxhighlight lang="j"> NB. Create a "Point" class
coclass'Point'
NB. Define its constructor
create =: 3 : 0
'X Y' =: y
)
NB. Instantiate an instance (i.e. an object)
cocurrent 'base'
P =: 10 20 conew 'Point'
NB. Interrogate its members
X__P
10
Y__P
20</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|Jakt}}==
<syntaxhighlight lang="jakt">
struct Point {
x: i64
y: i64
}
fn main() {
println("{}", Point(x: 3, y: 4))
}
</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|Java}}==
Starting with Java 14 you can use a record
<syntaxhighlight lang="java">
record Point(int x, int y) { }
</syntaxhighlight>
Usage
<syntaxhighlight lang="java">
Point point = new Point(1, 2);
int x = point.x;
int y = point.y;
</syntaxhighlight>
<br />
Alternately
We use a class:
<syntaxhighlight lang="java">public class Point
{
public int x, y;
public Point() { this(0); }
public Point(int x0) { this(x0,0); }
public Point(int x0, int y0) { x = x0; y = y0; }
public static void main(String args[])
{
System.out.println("x = " + point.x );
}
}</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|JavaScript}}==
<syntaxhighlight lang="javascript">//using object literal syntax
var point = {x : 1, y : 2};
//using constructor
var Point = function (x, y) {
this.x = x;
this.y = y;
};
point = new Point(1, 2);
//using ES6 class syntax
class Point {
constructor(x, y) {
this.x = x;
this.y = y;
}
}
point = new Point(1, 2);</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|jq}}==
<syntaxhighlight lang="jq">{"x":1, "y":2}</syntaxhighlight>
If the emphasis in the task description is on "type", then an alternative approach would be to include a "type" key, e.g.
<syntaxhighlight lang="jq">{"x":1, "y":2, type: "Point"}</syntaxhighlight>
Using this approach, one can distinguish between objects of type "Point" and those that happen to have keys named "x" and "y".
=={{header|JSON}}==
<syntaxhighlight lang="json">{"x":1,"y":2}</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|Julia}}==
'''Define the type''':
<syntaxhighlight lang="julia">struct Point{T<:Real}
x::T
y::T
end</syntaxhighlight>
The components of <code>Point</code> can be any sort of real number, though they do have to be of the same type.
'''Define a few simple operations for Point''':
<syntaxhighlight lang="julia">Base.:(==)(u::Point, v::Point) = u.x == v.x && u.y == v.y
Base.:-(u::Point) = Point(-u.x, -u.y)
Base.:+(u::Point, v::Point) = Point(u.x + v.x, u.y + v.y)
Base.:-(u::Point, v::Point) = u + (-v)</syntaxhighlight>
'''Have fun''':
<syntaxhighlight lang="julia">a, b, c = Point(1, 2), Point(3, 7), Point(2, 4)
@show a b c
@show a + b
@show -a + b
@show a - b
@show a + b + c
@show a == b
@show a + a == c</syntaxhighlight>
{{out}}
<pre>a = Point{Int64}(1, 2)
b = Point{Int64}(3, 7)
c = Point{Int64}(2, 4)
a + b = Point{Int64}(4, 9)
-a + b = Point{Int64}(2, 5)
a - b = Point{Int64}(-2, -5)
a + b + c = Point{Int64}(6, 13)
a == b = false
a + a == c = true</pre>
=={{header|KonsolScript}}==
<syntaxhighlight lang="konsolscript">Var:Create(
Point,
Number x,
Number y
)</syntaxhighlight>
Instanciate it with...
<syntaxhighlight lang="konsolscript">function main() {
Var:Point point;
}</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|Kotlin}}==
<syntaxhighlight lang="scala">data class Point(var x: Int, var y: Int)
fun main(args: Array<String>) {
val p = Point(1, 2)
println(p)
p.x = 3
p.y = 4
println(p)
}</syntaxhighlight>
{{out}}
<pre>
Point(x=1, y=2)
Point(x=3, y=4)
</pre>
=={{header|Lambdatalk}}==
<syntaxhighlight lang="scheme">
1) a pair
{def P {P.new 1 2}}
-> P
{P.left {P}}
-> 1
{P.right {P}}
-> 2
2) its Lispsish variant
{def Q {cons 1 2}}
-> Q
{car {Q}}
-> 1
{cdr {Q}}
-> 2
3) as an array
{def R {A.new 1 2}}
-> R
{A.first {R}}
-> 1
{A.last {R}}
-> 2
</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|Lang}}==
<syntaxhighlight lang="lang">
&Point = {
$x
$y
}
</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|Lasso}}==
In Lasso, a point could just be stored in the pair type. However, assuming we want to be able to access the points using the member methods [Point->x] and [Point->y], let's just create a type that inherits from the pair type:
<syntaxhighlight lang="lasso">define Point => type {
parent pair
public onCreate(x,y) => {
..onCreate(#x=#y)
}
public x => .first
public y => .second
}
local(point) = Point(33, 42)
#point->x
#point->y</syntaxhighlight>
{{out}}
<pre>33
43</pre>
=={{header|LFE}}==
Simply define a record in the LFE REPL (can also be used in include files, modules, etc.):
<syntaxhighlight lang="lisp">
(defrecord point
x
y)
</syntaxhighlight>
Creating points:
<pre>
> (make-point x 0 y 0)
#(point 0 0)
> (set p (make-point x 1.1 y -4.2))
#(point 1.1 -4.2)
</pre>
Accessing:
<pre>
> (point-x p)
1.1
> (point-y p)
-4.2
</pre>
Updates (note that since LFE has no mutable data, persisted updates would need to rebind the new value to the old variable name):
<pre>
> (set-point-x p 3.1)
#(point 3.1 -4.2)
> (set-point-y p 4.2)
#(point 1.1 4.2)
</pre>
Metadata, etc.:
<pre>
> (fields-point)
(x y)
> (is-point #(x y))
false
> (is-point p)
true
</pre>
=={{header|Lingo}}==
Point and Vector types are built-in. A custom "MyPoint" type can be implemented like this:
<syntaxhighlight lang="lingo">-- parent script "MyPoint"
property x
property y
on new (me, px, py)
me.x = px
me.y = py
return me
end</syntaxhighlight>
<syntaxhighlight lang="lingo">p = script("MyPoint").new(23, 42)
put p.x, p.y
-- 23 42</syntaxhighlight>
Construction could also be simplified by using a global wrapper function:
<syntaxhighlight lang="lingo">-- in some movie script
on MyPoint (x, y)
return script("MyPoint").new(x, y)
end</syntaxhighlight>
<syntaxhighlight lang="lingo">p = MyPoint(23, 42)
put p.x, p.y
-- 23 42</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|Logo}}==
In Logo, a point is represented by a list of two numbers. For example, this will draw a triangle:
<syntaxhighlight lang="logo">setpos [100 100] setpos [100 0] setpos [0 0]
show pos ; [0 0]</syntaxhighlight>
Access is via normal list operations like FIRST and BUTFIRST (BF). X is FIRST point, Y is LAST point. For example, a simple drawing program which exits if mouse X is negative:
<syntaxhighlight lang="logo">until [(first mousepos) < 0] [ifelse button? [pendown] [penup] setpos mousepos]</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|Lua}}==
==== Simple Table ====
Lua could use a simple table to store a compound data type Point(x, y):
<syntaxhighlight lang="lua">
a = {x = 1; y = 2}
b = {x = 3; y = 4}
c = {
x = a.x + b.x;
y = a.y + b.y
}
print(a.x, a.y) --> 1 2
print(c.x, c.y) --> 4 6
</syntaxhighlight>
==== Prototype Object ====
Furthermore, Lua could create a prototype object (OOP class emulation) to represent a compound data type Point(x, y) as the following:
<syntaxhighlight lang="lua">
cPoint = {} -- metatable (behaviour table)
function newPoint(x, y) -- constructor
local pointPrototype = {} -- prototype declaration
function pointPrototype:getX() return x end -- public method
function pointPrototype:getY() return y end -- public method
function pointPrototype:getXY() return x, y end -- public method
function pointPrototype:type() return "point" end -- public method
return setmetatable(pointPrototype, cPoint) -- set behaviour and return the pointPrototype
end--newPoint
</syntaxhighlight>
In the above example, the methods are declared inside the constructor so that they could access the closured values <code>x</code> and <code>y</code> (see usage example). The <code>pointPrototype:type</code> method could be used to extend the original <code>type</code> function available in Lua:
<syntaxhighlight lang="lua">
local oldtype = type; -- store original type function
function type(v)
local vType = oldtype(v)
if (vType=="table" and v.type) then
return v:type() -- bypass original type function if possible
else
return vType
end--if vType=="table"
end--type
</syntaxhighlight>
The usage of metatable <code>cPoint</code> which stores the behavior of the <code>pointPrototype</code> enables additional behaviour to be added to the data type, such as:
<syntaxhighlight lang="lua">
function cPoint.__add(op1, op2) -- add the x and y components
if type(op1)=="point" and type(op2)=="point" then
return newPoint(
op1:getX()+op2:getX(),
op1:getY()+op2:getY())
end--if type(op1)
end--cPoint.__add
function cPoint.__sub(op1, op2) -- subtract the x and y components
if (type(op1)=="point" and type(op2)=="point") then
return newPoint(
op1:getX()-op2:getX(),
op1:getY()-op2:getY())
end--if type(op1)
end--cPoint.__sub
</syntaxhighlight>
Usage example:
<syntaxhighlight lang="lua">
a = newPoint(1, 2)
b = newPoint(3, 4)
c = a + b -- using __add behaviour
print(a:getXY()) --> 1 2
print(type(a)) --> point
print(c:getXY()) --> 4 6
print((a-b):getXY()) --> -2 -2 -- using __sub behaviour
</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|Maple}}==
<syntaxhighlight lang="maple">Point:= Record(x = 2,y = 4):
Point:-x;
Point:-y;</syntaxhighlight>
{{out}}
<pre>
2
4
</pre>
=={{header|Mathematica}} / {{header|Wolfram Language}}==
Expressions like point[x, y] can be used without defining.
<syntaxhighlight lang="mathematica">In[1]:= a = point[2, 3]
Out[1]= point[2, 3]
In[2]:= a[[2]]
Out[2]= 3
In[3]:= a[[2]] = 4; a
Out[3]= point[2, 4]</syntaxhighlight>
Or you can just define a function.
<syntaxhighlight lang="mathematica">p[x] = 2; p[y] = 3;</syntaxhighlight>
Data will be stored as down values of the symbol ''p''.
=={{header|MATLAB}} / {{header|Octave}}==
<syntaxhighlight lang="matlab"> point.x=3;
point.y=4;</syntaxhighlight>
Alternatively, coordinates can be also stored as vectors
<syntaxhighlight lang="matlab"> point = [3,4];</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|Maxima}}==
<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">defstruct(point(x, y))$
p: new(point)$
q: point(1, 2)$
p@x: 5$</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|MAXScript}}==
Point is a built-in object type in MAX, so...
<syntaxhighlight lang="maxscript">struct myPoint (x, y)
newPoint = myPoint x:3 y:4</syntaxhighlight>
In practice however, you'd use MAX's built in Point2 type
<syntaxhighlight lang="maxscript">newPoint = Point2 3 4</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|MiniScript}}==
<syntaxhighlight lang="miniscript">Point = {}
Point.x = 0
Point.y = 0</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|Modula-2}}==
<syntaxhighlight lang="modula2">TYPE Point = RECORD
x, y : INTEGER
END;</syntaxhighlight>
Usage:
<syntaxhighlight lang="modula2">VAR point : Point;
...
point.x := 12;
point.y := 7;</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|Modula-3}}==
<syntaxhighlight lang="modula3">TYPE Point = RECORD
x, y: INTEGER;
END;</syntaxhighlight>
Usage:
<pre>
VAR point: Point;
...
point := Point{3, 4};
</pre>
or
<pre>
point := Point{x := 3, y := 4};
</pre>
=={{header|NetRexx}}==
Like Java, NetRexx uses the <tt>class</tt> instruction to create compound types. Unlike Java; NetRexx provides keywords to automatically generate getters and setters for <tt>class</tt> properties and will automatically generate intermediate methods based on defaults provided in method prototypes.
<syntaxhighlight lang="netrexx">/* NetRexx */
options replace format comments java crossref symbols nobinary
class RCompoundDataType
method main(args = String[]) public static
pp = Point(2, 4)
say pp
return
class RCompoundDataType.Point -- inner class "Point"
properties indirect -- have NetRexx create getters & setters
x = Integer
y = Integer
method Point(x_ = 0, y_ = 0) public -- providing default values for x_ & y_ lets NetRexx generate intermediate constructors Point() & Point(x_)
this.x = Integer(x_)
this.y = Integer(y_)
return
method toString() public returns String
res = 'X='getX()',Y='getY()
return res
</syntaxhighlight>
{{out}}
<pre>
X=2,Y=4
</pre>
=={{header|Nim}}==
<syntaxhighlight lang="nim">type Point = tuple[x, y: int]
var p: Point = (12, 13)
var p2: Point = (x: 100, y: 200)</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|Oberon-2}}==
<syntaxhighlight lang="oberon2">
MODULE Point;
TYPE
Object* = POINTER TO ObjectDesc;
ObjectDesc* = RECORD
x-,y-: INTEGER;
END;
PROCEDURE (p: Object) Init(x,y: INTEGER);
BEGIN
p.x := x; p.y := y
END Init;
PROCEDURE New*(x,y: INTEGER): Object;
VAR
p: Object;
BEGIN
NEW(p);p.Init(x,y);RETURN p;
END New;
END Point.
</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|Objeck}}==
Classes are used for compound data types.
<syntaxhighlight lang="objeck">
class Point {
@x : Int;
@y : Int;
New() {
@x := 0;
@y := 0;
}
New(x : Int, y : Int) {
@x := x;
@y := y;
}
New(p : Point) {
@x := p->GetX();
@y := p->GetY();
}
method : public : GetX() ~ Int {
return @x;
}
method : public : GetY() ~ Int {
return @y;
}
method : public : SetX(x : Int) ~ Nil {
@x := x;
}
method : public : SetY(y : Int) ~ Nil {
@y := y;
}
}
</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|OCaml}}==
===Algebraic Data Type===
See [[wp:Algebraic_data_type|algebraic data type]]. The different options ("Empty", "Leaf", "Node") are called ''constructors'', and is associated with 0 or more arguments with the declared types; multiple arguments are declared with a syntax that looks like a tuple type, but it is not really a tuple.
<syntaxhighlight lang="ocaml">type tree = Empty
| Leaf of int
| Node of tree * tree
let t1 = Node (Leaf 1, Node (Leaf 2, Leaf 3))</syntaxhighlight>
==
<syntaxhighlight lang="ocaml">type point = { x : int; y : int }</syntaxhighlight>
How to construct a point:
<syntaxhighlight lang="ocaml">let p = { x = 4; y = 5 }</syntaxhighlight>
You can use the dot (".") to access fields.
<syntaxhighlight lang="ocaml">p.x (* evaluates to 4 *)</syntaxhighlight>
Fields can be optionally declared to be mutable:
<syntaxhighlight lang="ocaml">type mutable_point = { mutable x2 : int; mutable y2 : int }</syntaxhighlight>
Then they can be assigned using the assignment operator "<-"
<syntaxhighlight lang="ocaml">let p2 = { x2 = 4; y2 = 5 } in
p2.x2 <- 6;
p2 (* evaluates to { x2 = 6; y2 = 5 } *)</syntaxhighlight>
===Tuple Type===
You can make a tuple literal by using a comma-delimited list, optionally surrounded by parentheses, without needing to declare the type first:
<syntaxhighlight lang="ocaml">let p = (2,3)</syntaxhighlight>
The type of <code>p</code> is a product (indicated by <code>*</code>) of the types of the components:
# let p = (2,3);;
val p : int * int = (2, 3)
=={{header|Oforth}}==
Using a class :
<syntaxhighlight lang="oforth">Object Class new: Point(x, y)</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|ooRexx}}==
ooRexx uses class for compound data types.
<syntaxhighlight lang="oorexx">
p = .point~new(3,4)
say "x =" p~x
say "y =" p~y
::class point
::method init
expose x y
use strict arg x = 0, y = 0 -- defaults to 0 for any non-specified coordinates
::attribute x
::attribute y
</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|OpenEdge/Progress}}==
The temp-table is a in memory database table. So you can query sort and iterate it, but is the data structure that comes closest.
<syntaxhighlight lang="progress (openedge abl)">def temp-table point
field x as int
field y as int
.</syntaxhighlight>
Another option would be a simple class.
=={{header|OxygenBasic}}==
<syntaxhighlight lang="oxygenbasic">
'SHORT FORM
type point float x,y
'FULL FORM
type point
float x
float y
end type
point p
'WITH DEFAULT VALUES
type point
float x = 1.0
float y = 1.0
end type
point p = {} 'assigns the set of default values
print p.x " " p.y
</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|Oz}}==
A point can be represented by using a record value:
<syntaxhighlight lang="oz">P = point(x:1 y:2)</syntaxhighlight>
Now we can access the components by name: P.x and P.y
Often such values are deconstructed by pattern matching:
<syntaxhighlight lang="oz">case P of point(x:X y:Y) then
{Show X}
{Show Y}
end</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|PARI/GP}}==
<syntaxhighlight lang="parigp">point.x=1;
point.y=2;</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|Pascal}}==
<syntaxhighlight lang="pascal">type point = record
x, y: integer;
end;</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|Perl}}==
===Array===
<syntaxhighlight lang="perl">my @point = (3, 8);</syntaxhighlight>
===Hash===
<syntaxhighlight lang="perl">my %point = (
x => 3,
y => 8
);</syntaxhighlight>
===Class instance===
<syntaxhighlight lang="perl">package Point;
use strict;
use base 'Class::Struct'
x => '$',
y => '$',
;
my $point = Point->new(x => 3, y => 8);</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|Phix}}==
===traditional user defined type===
The sequence is a natural compound data type. The following would be the same without the type point and declaring p as a sequence, apart from the run-time error. There would be no difficulty defining point to have a string and two atoms.
<!--<syntaxhighlight lang="phix">(phixonline)-->
<span style="color: #008080;">with</span> <span style="color: #008080;">javascript_semantics</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">enum</span> <span style="color: #000000;">x</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">y</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">type</span> <span style="color: #000000;">point</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #004080;">object</span> <span style="color: #000000;">p</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">return</span> <span style="color: #004080;">sequence</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">p</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span> <span style="color: #008080;">and</span> <span style="color: #7060A8;">length</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">p</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)=</span><span style="color: #000000;">y</span> <span style="color: #008080;">and</span> <span style="color: #004080;">atom</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">p</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[</span><span style="color: #000000;">x</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">])</span> <span style="color: #008080;">and</span> <span style="color: #004080;">atom</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">p</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[</span><span style="color: #000000;">y</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">])</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">type</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">point</span> <span style="color: #000000;">p</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">{</span><span style="color: #000000;">175</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">3.375</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">}</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">p</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[</span><span style="color: #000000;">x</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">]</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">-=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">p</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[</span><span style="color: #000000;">y</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">]*</span><span style="color: #000000;">20</span>
<span style="color: #7060A8;">puts</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #008000;">"point p is "</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span>
<span style="color: #0000FF;">?</span><span style="color: #000000;">p</span>
<span style="color: #7060A8;">printf</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #008000;">"p[x]:%g, p[y]:%g\n"</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,{</span><span style="color: #000000;">p</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[</span><span style="color: #000000;">x</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">],</span><span style="color: #000000;">p</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[</span><span style="color: #000000;">y</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">]})</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">p</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[</span><span style="color: #000000;">x</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">]</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">0</span> <span style="color: #000080;font-style:italic;">-- fine</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">p</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[</span><span style="color: #000000;">y</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">]</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #008000;">"string"</span> <span style="color: #000080;font-style:italic;">-- run-time error (not pwa/p2js)</span>
<!--</syntaxhighlight>-->
{{out}}
<pre>
point p is {107.5,3.375}
p[x]:107.5, p[y]:3.375
C:\Program Files (x86)\Phix\test.exw:12
type check failure, p is {0,"string"}
--> see C:\Program Files (x86)\Phix\ex.err
Press Enter...
</pre>
===classes===
{{libheader|Phix/Class}}
You could also use a class (not pwa/p2js)
<!--<syntaxhighlight lang="phix">-->
<span style="color: #008080;">class</span> <span style="color: #000000;">point</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">public</span> <span style="color: #004080;">atom</span> <span style="color: #000000;">x</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">y</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">class</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">point</span> <span style="color: #000000;">p</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #7060A8;">new</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">({</span><span style="color: #000000;">175</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">3.375</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">})</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">p</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">.</span><span style="color: #000000;">x</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">-=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">p</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">.</span><span style="color: #000000;">y</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">*</span><span style="color: #000000;">20</span>
<span style="color: #7060A8;">printf</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #008000;">"p.x:%g, p.y:%g\n"</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,{</span><span style="color: #000000;">p</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">.</span><span style="color: #000000;">x</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">p</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">.</span><span style="color: #000000;">y</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">})</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">p</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">.</span><span style="color: #000000;">x</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">0</span> <span style="color: #000080;font-style:italic;">-- fine</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">p</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">.</span><span style="color: #000000;">y</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #008000;">"string"</span> <span style="color: #000080;font-style:italic;">-- run-time error</span>
<!--</syntaxhighlight>-->
{{out}}
<pre>
p.x:107.5, p.y:3.375
C:\Program Files (x86)\Phix\test.exw:9
type error assigning "string" to point.y
--> see C:\Program Files (x86)\Phix\ex.err
Press Enter...
</pre>
=={{header|PHP}}==
<syntaxhighlight lang="php"># Using pack/unpack
$point = pack("ii", 1, 2);
$u = unpack("ix/iy", $point);
echo $x;
echo $y;
list($x,$y) = unpack("ii", $point);
echo $x;
echo $y;</syntaxhighlight>
<syntaxhighlight lang="php"># Using array
$point = array('x' => 1, 'y' => 2);
list($x, $y) = $point;
echo $x, ' ', $y, "\n";
# or simply:
echo $point['x'], ' ', $point['y'], "\n";</syntaxhighlight>
<syntaxhighlight lang="php"># Using class
class Point {
function __construct($x, $y) { $this->x = $x; $this->y = $y; }
function __tostring() { return $this->x . ' ' . $this->y . "\n"; }
}
$point = new Point(1, 2);
echo $point; # will call __tostring() in later releases of PHP 5.2; before that, it won't work so good.</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|PicoLisp}}==
<syntaxhighlight lang="picolisp">(class +Point)
(dm T (X Y)
(=: x X)
(=: y Y) )
(setq P (new '(+Point) 3 4))
(show P)</syntaxhighlight>
{{out}}
<pre>$52717735311266 (+Point)
y 4
x 3</pre>
=={{header|Pike}}==
<syntaxhighlight lang="pike">
class Point {
int x, y;
void create(int _x, int _y)
{
x = _x;
y = _y;
}
}
void main()
{
object point = Point(10, 20);
write("%d %d\n", point->x, point->y);
}
</syntaxhighlight>
{{Out}}
<pre>
10 20
</pre>
=={{header|PL/I}}==
<syntaxhighlight lang="pl/i">
define structure
1 point,
2 x float,
2 y float;
</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|Plain English}}==
<syntaxhighlight lang="plainenglish">A cartesian point is a record with an x coord and a y coord.</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|Pop11}}==
<syntaxhighlight lang="pop11">uses objectclass;
define :class Point;
slot x = 0;
slot y = 0;
enddefine;</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|PowerShell}}==
{{works with|PowerShell|5}}
<syntaxhighlight lang="powershell">
class Point {
[Int]$a
[Int]$b
Point() {
$this.a = 0
$this.b = 0
}
Point([Int]$a, [Int]$b) {
$this.a = $a
$this.b = $b
}
[Int]add() {return $this.a + $this.b}
[Int]mul() {return $this.a * $this.b}
}
$p1 = [Point]::new()
$p2 = [Point]::new(3,2)
$p1.add()
$p2.mul()
</syntaxhighlight>
<b>Output:</b>
<pre>
0
6
</pre>
=={{header|Prolog}}==
Prolog terms ARE compound data types, there is no need to specifically define a type.
for the purpose of this exercise you could define a rule like so:
<syntaxhighlight lang="prolog">point(10, 20).</syntaxhighlight>
This will create static point that can be called:
<syntaxhighlight lang="prolog">?- point(X,Y).
X = 10,
Y = 20.</syntaxhighlight>
terms can be passed around as values and can have a complex nested structure of any size, eg:
<syntaxhighlight lang="prolog">person_location(person(name(N), age(A)), point(X, Y)).</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|PureBasic}}==
A basic [http://www.purebasic.com/documentation/reference/structures.html structure] is implemented as;
<syntaxhighlight lang="purebasic">Structure MyPoint
x.i
y.i
EndStructure</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|Python}}==
The simplest way it to use a tuple, or a list if it should be mutable:
<syntaxhighlight lang="python">X, Y = 0, 1
p = (3, 4)
p = [3, 4]
print p[X]</syntaxhighlight>
If needed, you can use class:
<syntaxhighlight lang="python">class Point:
def __init__(self, x=0, y=0):
self.x = x
self.y = y
p = Point()
print p.x</syntaxhighlight>
One could also simply instantiate a generic object and "monkeypatch" it:
<syntaxhighlight lang="python">class MyObject(object): pass
point = MyObject()
point.x, point.y = 0, 1
# objects directly instantiated from "object()" cannot be "monkey patched"
# however this can generally be done to it's subclasses</syntaxhighlight>
=== Dictionary ===
Mutable. Can add keys (attributes)
<syntaxhighlight lang="python">pseudo_object = {'x': 1, 'y': 2}</syntaxhighlight>
=== Named Tuples ===
As of Python 2.6 one can use the ''collections.namedtuple'' factory to create classes which associate field names with elements of a tuple. This allows one to perform all normal operations on the contained tuples (access by indices or slices, packing and unpacking) while also allowing elements to be accessed by name.
<syntaxhighlight lang="python">>>> from collections import namedtuple
>>> help(namedtuple)
Help on function namedtuple in module collections:
namedtuple(typename, field_names, verbose=False)
Returns a new subclass of tuple with named fields.
>>> Point = namedtuple('Point', 'x y')
>>> Point.__doc__ # docstring for the new class
'Point(x, y)'
>>> p = Point(11, y=22) # instantiate with positional args or keywords
>>> p[0] + p[1] # indexable like a plain tuple
33
>>> x, y = p # unpack like a regular tuple
>>> x, y
(11, 22)
>>> p.x + p.y # fields also accessable by name
33
>>> d = p._asdict() # convert to a dictionary
>>> d['x']
11
>>> Point(**d) # convert from a dictionary
Point(x=11, y=22)
>>> p._replace(x=100) # _replace() is like str.replace() but targets named fields
Point(x=100, y=22)
>>></syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|QB64}}==
<syntaxhighlight lang="qb64">Type Point
x As Double
y As Double
End Type
Dim p As Point
p.x = 15.42
p.y = 2.412
Print p.x; p.y</syntaxhighlight>
{{out}}
<pre> 15.42 2.412</pre>
=={{header|Quackery}}==
The single ubiquitous compound data type in Quackery is the ''nest'' (a ''mostly'' immutable dynamic array), a sequence of items wrapped in square brackets. (''Mostly'' immutable; i.e. immutable except under limited circumstances beyond the scope of this discussion. When we refer to changing the contents of a nest here, this is casual speech; a shorthand for saying "creating a new instance of the nest, identical the previous instance except where it differs".)
Presented here are two solutions to the task, the "quick and dirty" solution; sufficient to the task described here, and the "overkill" solution; extending the Quackery compiler to facilitate complex compound data structures akin to structs in C etc.
===Quick and Dirty===
The word <code>point</code> creates an instance of a nest with two elements, both initialised to zero. The word <code>x</code> specifies the location of the zeroth element within the nest, and the word <code>y</code> specifies the location of the first element within the nest. <code>peek</code> returns the value stored in a specified location, and <code>poke</code> changes the value stored in a specified location, returning the modified nest.
<syntaxhighlight lang="quackery">
[ ' [ 0 0 ] ] is point ( --> [ )
[ 0 ] is x ( --> n )
[ 1 ] is y ( --> n )
point
dup x peek echo cr
99 swap y poke
y peek echo cr</syntaxhighlight>
{{out}}
<pre>0
99</pre>
===Overkill===
The "overkill" solution automates the process of creating new structures with the word <code>struct{</code>, which extends the Quackery compiler to allow the definition of complex compound data structures as follows.
<syntaxhighlight lang="quackery"> struct{
item.0
{ item.1.0
item.1.1
{ item.1.2.0
item.1.2.1
item.1.2.2
item.1.2.3
} item.1.2
item.1.3
} item.1
item.2
}struct mystruct</syntaxhighlight>
Once defined, the word <code>mystruct</code> will place a new instance of the described structure, with each item initialised to <code>null</code>, on the stack. (The behaviour of <code>null</code> is to place a reference to itself on the stack, as a convenience for debugging, and to allow code to identify elements within the structure that have not had a value assigned to them.)
The various names defined within the struct (e.g. <code>item.1.2.1</code>) return a ''path'' - a means of locating a specific item within the struct, for use by <code>{peek}</code> and <code>{poke}</code>, which have the same behaviours as <code>peek</code> and <code>poke</code>, except the they take a path to an item within a struct as an argument, rather than a number specifying an item within a nest.
Names following a <code>}</code> within the definition of a struct (e.g. <code>} item.1.2</code>) return a path to the compound data structure preceding it within the structure. In the example, <code>item.1.2</code> returns the path to <code>{ item.1.2.0 item.1.2.1 item.1.2.2 item.1.2.3 }</code>
<syntaxhighlight lang="quackery"> mystruct ( create new instance of a mystruct )
dup echo cr ( this is what it looks like )
789 swap item.1.3 {poke} ( change one of the items )
dup echo cr ( this is what it looks like now )
item.1.3 {peek} echo cr ( retrieve the specified item )
</syntaxhighlight>
{{out}}
<pre>[ null [ null null [ null null null null ] null ] null ]
[ null [ null null [ null null null null ] 789 ] null ]
789</pre>
The words <code>{peek}</code>, <code>{poke}</code>, <code>null</code>, and the building word (i.e. compiler extension) <code>struct{</code> defined:
<syntaxhighlight lang="text"> [ witheach peek ] is {peek} ( { p --> x )
[ dip dup
witheach [ peek dup ]
drop ] is depack ( { p --> * )
[ reverse
witheach
[ dip swap poke ] ] is repack ( * p --> { )
[ dup dip
[ rot dip
[ depack drop ] ]
repack ] is {poke} ( x { p --> { )
[ this ] is null ( --> [ )
[ stack ] is {}.path ( --> s )
protect {}.path
[ stack ] is {}.struct ( --> s )
protect {}.struct
[ nextword dup
$ "" = if
[ $ "Unexpected end of struct."
message put
bail ] ] is {}.checknext ( [ $ --> [ $ $ )
[ dup $ "{" =
over $ "}" = or
swap $ "}struct" = or if
[ $ "Name missing after }."
message put
bail ] ] is {}.checkname ( [ $ $ --> [ $ )
[ nested
namenest take
join
namenest put
' [ ' ]
{}.path share nested join
actiontable take
1 stuff
actiontable put ] is {}.addpath ( [ $ $ --> [ $ )
[ nested
namenest take
join
namenest put
' [ ' ]
{}.struct share nested join
actiontable take
1 stuff
actiontable put ] is {}.addstruct ( [ $ $ --> [ $ )
[ {}.path take
dup -1 peek
1+
swap -1 poke
-1 join
{}.path put
[] {}.struct put ] is {}.{ ( [ $ --> [ $ )
[ {}.struct size 3 < if
[ $ "Badly formed struct."
message put bail ]
trim {}.checknext
dup {}.checkname
{}.path take
-1 split drop
{}.path put
{}.addpath
{}.struct take
{}.struct take
swap nested join
{}.struct put ] is {}.} ( [ $ --> [ $ )
[ {}.path take
dup -1 peek
1+
swap -1 poke
{}.path put
{}.addpath
{}.struct take
' [ null ] join
{}.struct put ] is {}.name ( [ $ --> [ $ )
[ trim {}.checknext
{}.struct size
2 != if
[ $ "Badly formed struct."
message put
bail ]
{}.addstruct ] is {}.}struct ( [ $ --> [ $ )
[ ' [ -1 ] {}.path put
[] {}.struct put
[ trim {}.checknext
dup $ "{" = iff
[ drop {}.{ ] again
dup $ "}" = iff
[ drop {}.} ] again
dup $ "}struct" = iff
[ drop {}.}struct ] done
{}.name again ]
{}.struct release
{}.path release ] builds struct{ ( [ $ --> [ $ )</syntaxhighlight>
Finally we use <code>struct{</code> etc. to fulfil the requirements go the task.
<syntaxhighlight lang="quackery"> struct{ x y }struct point
point
dup x {peek} echo cr
99 swap y {poke}
y {peek} echo cr</syntaxhighlight>
{{out}}
<pre>null
99
</pre>
=={{header|R}}==
R uses the list data type for compound data.
<syntaxhighlight lang="r">mypoint <- list(x=3.4, y=6.7)
# $x
# [1] 3.4
# $y
# [1] 6.7
mypoint$x # 3.4
list(a=1:10, b="abc", c=runif(10), d=list(e=1L, f=TRUE))
# $a
# [1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
# $b
# [1] "abc"
# $c
# [1] 0.64862897 0.73669435 0.11138945 0.10408015 0.46843836 0.32351247
# [7] 0.20528914 0.78512472 0.06139691 0.76937113
# $d
# $d$e
# [1] 1
# $d$f
# [1] TRUE</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|Racket}}==
The most common method uses structures (similar to records):
<syntaxhighlight lang="racket">
#lang racket
(struct point (x y))
</syntaxhighlight>
Alternatively, you can define a class:
<syntaxhighlight lang="racket">
#lang racket
(define point% ; classes are suffixed with % by convention
(class object%
(super-new)
(init-field x y)))
</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|Raku}}==
(formerly Perl 6)
{{works with|Rakudo|#24 "Seoul"}}
===Array===
<syntaxhighlight lang="raku" line>my @point = 3, 8;
my Int @point = 3, 8; # or constrain to integer elements</syntaxhighlight>
===Hash===
<syntaxhighlight lang="raku" line>my %point = x => 3, y => 8;
my Int %point = x => 3, y => 8; # or constrain the hash to have integer values</syntaxhighlight>
===Class instance===
<syntaxhighlight lang="raku" line>class Point { has Real ($.x, $.y) is rw; }
my Point $point .= new: x => 3, y => 8;</syntaxhighlight>
===[http://design.raku.org/S32/Containers.html#Set Set]===
<syntaxhighlight lang="raku" line>my $s1 = set <a b c d>; # order is not preserved
my $s2 = set <c d e f>;
say $s1 (&) $s2; # OUTPUT«set(c, e)»
say $s1 ∩ $s2; # we also do Unicode</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|REXX}}==
<syntaxhighlight lang="rexx">x= -4.9
y= 1.7
point=x y</syntaxhighlight>
:: ---or---
<syntaxhighlight lang="rexx">x= -4.1
y= 1/4e21
point=x y
bpoint=point
gpoint=5.6 7.3e-12</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|Ring}}==
<syntaxhighlight lang="ring">
see new point {x=10 y=20} class point x y
</syntaxhighlight>
Output
<syntaxhighlight lang="ring">
x: 10.000000
y: 20.000000
</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|Ruby}}==
<syntaxhighlight lang="ruby">Point = Struct.new(:x,:y)
pt = Point.new(6,7)
puts pt.x #=> 6
pt.y = 3
puts pt #=> #<struct Point x=6, y=3>
# The other way of accessing
pt = Point[2,3]
puts pt[:x] #=> 2
pt['y'] = 5
puts pt #=> #<struct Point x=2, y=5>
pt.each_pair{|member, value| puts "#{member} : #{value}"}
#=> x : 2
#=> y : 5</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|Rust}}==
===Structs===
There are three kinds of <code>struct</code>s in Rust, two of which would be suitable to represent a point.
====C-like struct====
<syntaxhighlight lang="rust"> // Defines a generic struct where x and y can be of any type T
struct Point<T> {
x: T,
y: T,
}
fn main() {
let p = Point { x: 1.0, y: 2.5 }; // p is of type Point<f64>
println!("{}, {}", p.x, p.y);
} </syntaxhighlight>
====Tuple struct====
These are basically just named tuples.
<syntaxhighlight lang="rust">struct Point<T>(T, T);
fn main() {
let p = Point(1.0, 2.5);
println!("{},{}", p.0, p.1);
}</syntaxhighlight>
===Tuples===
<syntaxhighlight lang="rust"> fn main() {
let p = (0.0, 2.4);
println!("{},{}", p.0, p.1);
}</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|Scala}}==
<syntaxhighlight lang="scala">case class Point(x: Int = 0, y: Int = 0)
val p = Point(1, 2)
println(p.y) //=> 2</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|Scheme}}==
Using [http://srfi.schemers.org/srfi-9/srfi-9.html SRFI 9]:
<syntaxhighlight lang="scheme">(define-record-type point
(make-point x y)
point?
(x point-x)
(y point-y))</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|Seed7}}==
<syntaxhighlight lang="seed7">const type: Point is new struct
var integer: x is 0;
var integer: y is 0;
end struct;</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|Shen}}==
<syntaxhighlight lang="shen">(datatype point
X : number; Y : number;
====================
[point X Y] : point;)</syntaxhighlight>
Pairs (distinct from cons cells) are also supported, in which case a point would be denoted by (number * number):
<syntaxhighlight lang="shen">(2+) (@p 1 2)
(@p 1 2) : (number * number)</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|Sidef}}==
<syntaxhighlight lang="ruby">struct Point {x, y};
var point = Point(1, 2);
say point.y; #=> 2</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|SIMPOL}}==
The <code>point</code> type is pre-defined in [SIMPOL], so we will call this mypoint.
<syntaxhighlight lang="simpol">type mypoint
embed
integer x
integer y
end type</syntaxhighlight>
The <code>embed</code> keyword is used here as a toggle to indicate that all following properties are embedded in the type. The other toggle is <code>reference</code>, which only places a reference to an object in the type, but the reference assigned before the property can be used. These keywords can also be placed on the same line, but then they only apply to that line of the type definition.
A type in [SIMPOL] can be just a container of values and other structures, but it can also include methods. These are implemented outside the type definition, but must be part of the same compiled unit.
<syntaxhighlight lang="simpol">type mypoint
embed
integer x
integer y
end type
function mypoint.new(mypoint me, integer x, integer y)
me.x = x
me.y = y
end function me</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|SNOBOL4}}==
<syntaxhighlight lang="snobol"> data('point(x,y)')
p1 = point(10,20)
p2 = point(10,40)
output = "Point 1 (" x(p1) "," y(p1) ")"
output = "Point 2 (" x(p2) "," y(p2) ")"
end</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|Standard ML}}==
===Algebraic Data Type===
See [[wp:Algebraic_data_type|algebraic data type]]. The different options ("Empty", "Leaf", "Node") are called ''constructors'', and is associated with 0 or 1 arguments with the declared types; multiple arguments are handled with tuples.
<syntaxhighlight lang="sml">datatype tree = Empty
| Leaf of int
| Node of tree * tree
val t1 = Node (Leaf 1, Node (Leaf 2, Leaf 3))</syntaxhighlight>
===Tuple Type===
You can make a tuple literal by using a comma-delimited list surrounded by parentheses, without needing to declare the type first:
<syntaxhighlight lang="sml">val p = (2,3)</syntaxhighlight>
The type of <code>p</code> is a product (indicated by <code>*</code>) of the types of the components:
- val p = (2,3);
val p = (2,3) : int * int
You can extract elements of the tuple using the <code>#N</code> syntax:
- #2 p;
val it = 3 : int
The <code>#2</code> above extracts the second field of its argument.
===Record Type===
Records are like tuples but with field names.
You can make a record literal by using a comma-delimited list of <code>key = value</code> pairs surrounded by curly braces, without needing to declare the type first:
<syntaxhighlight lang="sml">val p = { x = 4, y = 5 }</syntaxhighlight>
The type of <code>p</code> is a comma-delimited list of <code>key:type</code> pairs of the types of the fields:
- val p = { x = 4, y = 5 };
val p = {x=4,y=5} : {x:int, y:int}
You can extract elements of the tuple using the <code>#name</code> syntax:
- #y p;
val it = 5 : int
The <code>#y</code> above extracts the field named "y" of its argument.
=={{header|Stata}}==
See '''[https://www.stata.com/help.cgi?m2_struct struct]''' in Stata help.
<syntaxhighlight lang="stata">mata
struct Point {
real scalar x, y
}
// dumb example
function test() {
struct Point scalar a
a.x = 10
a.y = 20
printf("%f\n",a.x+a.y)
}
test()
30
end</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|Swift}}==
<syntaxhighlight lang="swift">// Structure
struct Point {
var x:Int
var y:Int
}
// Tuple
typealias PointTuple = (Int, Int)
// Class
class PointClass {
var x:Int!
var y:Int!
init(x:Int, y:Int) {
self.x = x
self.y = y
}
}</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|Tcl}}==
This can be done using an associative array:
<syntaxhighlight lang="tcl">array set point {x 4 y 5}
set point(y) 7
puts "Point is {$point(x),$point(y)}"
# => Point is {4,7}</syntaxhighlight>
Or a dictionary:
{{works with|Tcl|8.5}}
<syntaxhighlight lang="tcl">set point [dict create x 4 y 5]
dict set point y 7
puts "Point is {[dict get $point x],[dict get $point y]}"</syntaxhighlight>
Or an object:
{{works with|Tcl|8.6}}
<syntaxhighlight lang="tcl">oo::class create Point {
variable x y
constructor {X Y} {set x $X;set y $Y}
method x {args} {set x {*}$args}
method y {args} {set y {*}$args}
method show {} {return "{$x,$y}"}
}
Point create point 4 5
point y 7
puts "Point is [point show]"</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|TI-89 BASIC}}==
TI-89 BASIC does not have user-defined data structures. The specific example of a point is best handled by using the built-in vectors or complex numbers.
=={{header|Transd}}==
<syntaxhighlight lang="Scheme">#lang transd
// If the Point type needs encapsulation and/or methods, it should be
// implemented as class. Otherwise, the named tuple will do.
class Point: {
x: Double(), y: Double(),
@init: (λ _x Double() _y Double() (= x _x) (= y _y)),
@to-String: (λ ss StringStream() (textout to: ss
"Point( x: " x "; y: " y " )"))
// ... other methods can be defined here ...
}
MainModule: {
Point2: typealias(Tuple<Double Double>()),
_start: (λ
(with pt Point(2.5 3.7)
(lout "Class: " pt)
)
(with pt Point2(2.5 3.7)
(lout "\nNamed tuple: " pt)
)
)
}</syntaxhighlight>
{{out}}
<pre>
Class: Point( x: 2.5; y: 3.7 )
Named tuple: [[2.5, 3.7]]
</pre>
=={{header|TXR}}==
In TXR Lisp, a structure type can be created:
<syntaxhighlight lang="txrlisp">(defstruct point nil (x 0) (y 0))</syntaxhighlight>
If it is okay for the coordinates to be initialized to <tt>nil</tt>, it can be condensed to:
<syntaxhighlight lang="txrlisp">(defstruct point nil x y)</syntaxhighlight>
The <tt>nil</tt> denotes that a <tt>point</tt> has no supertype: it doesn't inherit from anything.
This structure type can then be instantiated using the <tt>new</tt> macro (not the only way):
<syntaxhighlight lang="txrlisp">(new point) ;; -> #S(point x 0 y 0)
(new point x 1) ;; -> #S(point x 1 y 0)
(new point x 1 y 1) ;; -> #S(point x 1 y 1)</syntaxhighlight>
A structure can support optional by-order-of-arguments ("boa") construction by providing a "boa constructor". The <tt>defstruct</tt> syntactic sugar does this if a function-like syntax is used in place of the structure name:
<syntaxhighlight lang="txrlisp">(defstruct (point x y) nil (x 0) (y 0))</syntaxhighlight>
The existing construction methods continue to work, but in addition, this is now possible:
<syntaxhighlight lang="txrlisp">(new (point 3 4)) -> #S(point x 3 y 4)</syntaxhighlight>
Slot access syntax is supported. If variable <tt>p</tt> holds a point, then <tt>p.x</tt> designates the <tt>x</tt> slot, as a syntactic place which can be accessed and stored:
<syntaxhighlight lang="txrlisp">(defun displace-point-destructively (p delta)
(inc p.x delta.x)
(inc p.y delta.y))</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|UNIX Shell}}==
{{works with|ksh93}}
ksh93 allows you to define new compound types with the <tt>typeset -T</tt> command.
<syntaxhighlight lang="bash">typeset -T Point=(
typeset x
typeset y
)
Point p
p.x=1
p.y=2
echo $p
echo ${p.x} ${p.y}
Point q=(x=3 y=4)
echo ${q.x} ${q.y}</syntaxhighlight>
{{out}}
<pre>( x=1 y=2 )
1 2
3 4</pre>
You can also declare compound variables "on the fly" without using a defined type:
<syntaxhighlight lang="bash">point=()
point.x=5
point.y=6
echo $point
echo ${point.x} ${point.y}</syntaxhighlight>
{{out}}
<pre>( x=5 y=6 )
5 6</pre>
=={{header|Ursala}}==
A record type with two untyped fields named <code>x</code> and <code>y</code> can be declared like this.
<syntaxhighlight lang="ursala">point :: x y</syntaxhighlight>
A constant instance of the record can be declared like this.
<syntaxhighlight lang="ursala">p = point[x: 'foo',y: 'bar']</syntaxhighlight>
A function returning a value of this type can be defined like this,
<syntaxhighlight lang="ursala">f = point$[x: g,y: h]</syntaxhighlight>
where <code>g</code> and <code>h</code> are functions. Then <code>f(p)</code> would evaluate to
<code>point[x: g(p),y: h(p)]</code> for a given argument <code>p</code>. Accessing the fields of
a record can be done like this.
<syntaxhighlight lang="ursala">t = ~x p
u = ~y p</syntaxhighlight>
where <code>p</code> is any expression of the defined type. A real application wouldn't be written
this way because pairs of values <code>(x,y)</code> are a common idiom.
=={{header|Vala}}==
<syntaxhighlight lang="vala">struct Point {
int x;
int y;
}</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|VBA}}==
<syntaxhighlight lang="vb">Type point
x As Integer
y As Integer
End Type</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|Vim Script}}==
One cannot create new data types in Vim Script. A point could be represented by a dictionary:
<syntaxhighlight lang="vim">function MakePoint(x, y) " 'Constructor'
return {"x": a:x, "y": a:y}
endfunction
let p1 = MakePoint(3, 2)
let p2 = MakePoint(-1, -4)
echon "Point 1: x = " p1.x ", y = " p1.y "\n"
echon "Point 2: x = " p2.x ", y = " p2.y "\n"</syntaxhighlight>
{{Out}}
<pre>Point 1: x = 3, y = 2
Point 2: x = -1, y = -4</pre>
=={{header|Visual Basic .NET}}==
=== Structures ===
A simple structure with two public, mutable fields:
<syntaxhighlight lang="vbnet">Structure Point
Public X, Y As Integer
End Structure</syntaxhighlight>
=== Immutable Structures ===
It is generally recommended in .NET that mutable structures only be used in niche cases where they provide needed performance, e.g. when the creation of massive numbers of class instances would cause excessive garbage collection pressure, as high-performance code dealing with structs generally is of a paradigm considered "impure" from an object-oriented perspective that relies on passing by reference and directly exposing fields.
The semantics of value types in .NET mean that a new copy of a structure is created whenever one is passed by value to or from a method or property. This is particularly vexing when properties are involved, as it is not possible to mutate a structure that is returned by a property, due to the returned structure actually being an independent copy of whatever the property originally returned. The only workaround would be to store the value of the property in a temporary variable, mutate that variable, and assign the mutated variable back to the property, which involves another copy operation. When a structure is large, this copying can significantly affect performance.
On another note, algorithms relying on immutable data structures are often more easily parallelized, as they eliminate the race conditions caused by concurrent reading and writing.
Below is the same <code>Point</code> as above, except with an immutable API.
<syntaxhighlight lang="vbnet">Structure ImmutablePoint
ReadOnly Property X As Integer
ReadOnly Property Y As Integer
Public Sub New(x As Integer, y As Integer)
Me.X = x
Me.Y = y
End Sub
End Structure</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|V (Vlang)}}==
Vlang also supports embedding structs into other structs and assigning methods to structs.
<syntaxhighlight lang="v (vlang)">struct Point {
x int
y int
}
// main() declaration can be skipped in one file programs
// we can define whether immutable or mutable by using the "mut" keyword
mut p := Point{
x: 10
y: 20
}
// struct fields are accessed using a dot
println("Value of p.x is: $p.x")
println("Show the struct:\n $p")
// alternative literal syntax can be used for structs with 3 fields or fewer
p = Point{30, 40}
assert p.x == 30
println("Show the struct again after change:\n $p")
</syntaxhighlight>
{{out}}
<pre>
Value of p.x is: 10
Show the struct:
Point{
x: 10
y: 20
}
Show the struct again after change:
Point{
x: 30
y: 40
}
</pre>
=={{header|Wren}}==
<syntaxhighlight lang="wren">class Point {
construct new(x, y) {
_x = x
_y = y
}
x { _x }
y { _y }
// for illustration allow Points to be mutated
x=(value) { _x = value }
y=(value) { _y = value }
toString { "(%(_x), %(_y))" }
}
var p = Point.new(1, 2)
System.print(p.toString)
// mutate Point object
p.x = 2
p.y = 3
// print without using the toString method
System.printAll(["(", p.x, ", ", p.y, ")"])</syntaxhighlight>
{{out}}
<pre>
(1, 2)
(2, 3)
</pre>
=={{header|XSLT}}==
Data types in XSLT are expressed as XML nodes. Members of a node can be either attributes or child nodes. Access to data is via XPath expressions.
===Attributes===
Attributes are often used for simple values. This is how a point might be represented in SVG, for example.
<syntaxhighlight lang="xml"><point x="20" y="30"/>
<!-- context is a point node. The '@' prefix selects named attributes of the current node. -->
<fo:block>Point = <xsl:value-of select="@x"/>, <xsl:value-of select="@y"/></fo:block></syntaxhighlight>
===Children===
More complex, multivariate, and nested data structures can be represented using child nodes.
<syntaxhighlight lang="xml"><circle>
<point>
<x>20</x>
<y>30</y>
</point>
<radius>10</radius>
</circle>
<!-- context is a circle node. Children are accessed using a path-like notation (hence the name "XPath"). --></syntaxhighlight>
<fo:block>Circle center = <xsl:value-of select="point/x"/>, <xsl:value-of select="point/y"/></fo:block>
==
We'll declare the following C struct:
<syntaxhighlight lang="c">struct Point{
char x;
char y;
}</syntaxhighlight>
and then execute the following C code as Z80 Assembly below.
<syntaxhighlight lang="c">struct Point myPoint;
myPoint.x = 3;
myPoint.y = 5;</syntaxhighlight>
<syntaxhighlight lang="z80">;I'm arbitrarily choosing &1100 as the memory location of our Point variable.
ld hl,&1100
ld (hl),3
inc hl
ld (hl),5
ret</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|zkl}}==
The OO solution:
<syntaxhighlight lang="zkl">class Point{ var x,y;
fcn init(x,y){self.x=x.toFloat(); self.y=y.toFloat(); }
fcn toString{ "P(%f,%f)".fmt(x,y) }
fcn __opADD(P){} //+: add Point, constant or whatever
//... __opEQ == etc
}
Point(1,2).println() //-->P(1.000000,2.000000)</syntaxhighlight>
which can be pretty heavy weight. [read only] lists can work just as well:
<syntaxhighlight lang="zkl">point:=T(1,2); points:=T( T(1,2), L(3,4) )</syntaxhighlight>
{{omit from|bc}}
{{omit from|dc}}
=={{header|zonnon}}==
<syntaxhighlight lang="zonnon">
{ref,public} (* class *)
Point = object(ord,abs: integer)
var
(* instance variables *)
{public,immutable} x,y: integer;
(* method *)
procedure {public} Ord():integer;
begin
return y
end Ord;
(* method *)
procedure {public} Abs():integer;
begin
return x
end Abs;
(* constructor *)
begin
self.x := ord;
self.y := abs;
end Point;
</syntaxhighlight>
| |||