Monte Carlo methods
You are encouraged to solve this task according to the task description, using any language you may know.
A Monte Carlo Simulation is a way of approximating the value of a function where calculating the actual value is difficult or impossible. It uses random sampling to define constraints on the value and then makes a sort of "best guess."
A simple Monte Carlo Simulation can be used to calculate the value for pi. If you had a circle and a square where the length of a side of the square was the same as the diameter of the circle, the ratio of the area of the circle to the area of the square would be pi/4. So, if you put this circle inside the square and select many random points inside the square, the number of points inside the circle divided by the number of points inside the square and the circle would be approximately pi/4.
Write a function to run a simulation like this with a variable number of random points to select. Also, show the results of a few different sample sizes.
Ada
<ada> with Ada.Text_IO; use Ada.Text_IO; with Ada.Numerics.Float_Random; use Ada.Numerics.Float_Random;
procedure Test_Monte_Carlo is
Dice : Generator;
function Pi (Throws : Positive) return Float is
Inside : Natural := 0;
begin
for Throw in 1..Throws loop
if Random (Dice) ** 2 + Random (Dice) ** 2 <= 1.0 then
Inside := Inside + 1;
end if;
end loop;
return 4.0 * Float (Inside) / Float (Throws);
end Pi;
begin
Put_Line (" 10_000:" & Float'Image (Pi ( 10_000)));
Put_Line (" 100_000:" & Float'Image (Pi ( 100_000)));
Put_Line (" 1_000_000:" & Float'Image (Pi ( 1_000_000)));
Put_Line (" 10_000_000:" & Float'Image (Pi ( 10_000_000)));
Put_Line ("100_000_000:" & Float'Image (Pi (100_000_000)));
end Test_Monte_Carlo; </ada> The implementation uses built-in uniformly distributed on [0,1] random numbers. Note that the accuracy of the result depends on the quality of the pseudo random generator: its circle length and correlation to the function being simulated. Sample output:
10_000: 3.13920E+00
100_000: 3.14684E+00
1_000_000: 3.14197E+00
10_000_000: 3.14215E+00
100_000_000: 3.14151E+00
Forth
include random.fs 10000 value r : hit? ( -- ? ) r random dup * r random dup * + r dup * < ; : sims ( n -- hits ) 0 swap 0 do hit? if 1+ then loop ;
1000 sims 4 * . 3232 ok 10000 sims 4 * . 31448 ok 100000 sims 4 * . 313704 ok 1000000 sims 4 * . 3141224 ok 10000000 sims 4 * . 31409400 ok
Fortran
MODULE Simulation
IMPLICIT NONE
CONTAINS
FUNCTION Pi(samples)
REAL :: Pi
REAL :: coords(2), length
INTEGER :: i, in_circle, samples
in_circle = 0
DO i=1, samples
CALL RANDOM_NUMBER(coords)
coords = coords * 2 - 1
length = SQRT(coords(1)*coords(1) + coords(2)*coords(2))
IF (length <= 1) in_circle = in_circle + 1
END DO
Pi = 4.0 * REAL(in_circle) / REAL(samples)
END FUNCTION Pi
END MODULE Simulation
PROGRAM MONTE_CARLO
USE Simulation
INTEGER :: n = 10000
DO WHILE (n <= 100000000)
WRITE (*,*) n, Pi(n)
n = n * 10
END DO
END PROGRAM MONTE_CARLO
Output:
10000 3.12120
100000 3.13772
1000000 3.13934
10000000 3.14114
100000000 3.14147
Java
<java>public class MC { public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.println(getPi(10000)); System.out.println(getPi(100000)); System.out.println(getPi(1000000)); System.out.println(getPi(10000000)); System.out.println(getPi(100000000));
} public static double getPi(int numThrows){ int inCircle= 0; for(int i= 0;i < numThrows;i++){ //a square with a side of length 2 centered at 0 has //x and y range of -1 to 1 double randX= (Math.random() * 2) - 1;//range -1 to 1 double randY= (Math.random() * 2) - 1;//range -1 to 1 //distance from (0,0) = sqrt((x-0)^2+(y-0)^2) double dist= Math.sqrt(randX * randX + randY * randY); if(dist < 1){//circle with diameter of 2 has radius of 1 inCircle++; } } return 4.0 * inCircle / numThrows; } }</java> Output:
3.1396 3.14256 3.141516 3.1418692 3.14168604
MAXScript
fn monteCarlo iterations =
(
radius = 1.0
pointsInCircle = 0
for i in 1 to iterations do
(
testPoint = [(random -radius radius), (random -radius radius)]
if length testPoint <= radius then
(
pointsInCircle += 1
)
)
4.0 * pointsInCircle / iterations
)
OCaml
<ocaml>let get_pi throws =
let rec helper i count =
if i = throws then count
else
let rand_x = Random.float 2.0 -. 1.0
and rand_y = Random.float 2.0 -. 1.0 in
let dist = sqrt (rand_x *. rand_x +. rand_y *. rand_y) in
if dist < 1.0 then
helper (i+1) (count+1)
else
helper (i+1) count
in float (4 * helper 0 0) /. float throws</ocaml>
Example:
# get_pi 10000;; - : float = 3.15 # get_pi 100000;; - : float = 3.13272 # get_pi 1000000;; - : float = 3.143808 # get_pi 10000000;; - : float = 3.1421704 # get_pi 100000000;; - : float = 3.14153872
Python
Python 2.6rc2 (r26rc2:66507, Sep 18 2008, 14:27:33) [MSC v.1500 32 bit (Intel)] on win32
IDLE 2.6rc2
<python>>>> import random, math >>> throws = 1000 >>> 4.0 * sum(1 for p in xrange(throws) if math.hypot(*[random.random()*2-1 for q in [0,1]]) < 1) / float(throws) 3.1520000000000001 >>> throws = 1000000 >>> 4.0 * sum(1 for p in xrange(throws) if math.hypot(*[random.random()*2-1 for q in [0,1]]) < 1) / float(throws) 3.1396359999999999 >>> throws = 100000000 >>> 4.0 * sum(1 for p in xrange(throws) if math.hypot(*[random.random()*2-1 for q in [0,1]]) < 1) / float(throws) 3.1415666400000002</python>