99 Bottles of Beer/Assembly
99 Bottles of Beer/Assembly is part of 99 Bottles of Beer. You may find other members of 99 Bottles of Beer at Category:99 Bottles of Beer.
99 Bottles of Beer done in any of the assembler-languages.
360 Assembly
For maximum compatibility, this program uses only the basic instruction set.
* 99 Bottles of Beer 04/09/2015
BOTTLES CSECT
USING BOTTLES,R12
LR R12,R15
BEGIN LA R2,99 r2=99 number of bottles
LR R3,R2
LOOP BCTR R3,0 r3=r2-1
CVD R2,DW binary to pack decimal
MVC ZN,EDMASKN load mask
ED ZN,DW+6 pack decimal (PL2) to char (CL4)
CH R2,=H'1' if r2<>1
BNE NOTONE1 then goto notone1
MVI PG1+13,C' ' 1 bottle
MVI PG2+13,C' ' 1 bottle
NOTONE1 MVC PG1+4(2),ZN+2 insert bottles
MVC PG2+4(2),ZN+2 insert bottles
CVD R3,DW binary to pack decimal
MVC ZN,EDMASKN load mask
ED ZN,DW+6 pack decimal (PL2) to char (CL4)
MVC PG4+4(2),ZN+2 insert bottles
WTO MF=(E,PG1)
WTO MF=(E,PG2)
WTO MF=(E,PG3)
CH R3,=H'1' if r3<>1
BNE NOTONE2 then goto notone2
MVI PG4+13,C' ' 1 bottle
NOTONE2 LTR R3,R3 if r3=0
BZ ZERO then goto zero
WTO MF=(E,PG4)
B PR5
ZERO WTO MF=(E,PG4Z)
PR5 WTO MF=(E,PG5)
BCT R2,LOOP
RETURN XR R15,R15
BR R14
CNOP 0,4
PG1 DC H'40',H'0',CL40'xx bottles of beer on the wall'
PG2 DC H'40',H'0',CL40'xx bottles of beer'
PG3 DC H'40',H'0',CL40'Take one down, pass it around'
PG4 DC H'40',H'0',CL40'xx bottles of beer on the wall'
PG5 DC H'40',H'0',CL40' '
PG4Z DC H'40',H'0',CL40'No more bottles of beer on the wall'
DW DS 0D,PL8 15num
ZN DS CL4
EDMASKN DC X'40202120' CL4 3num
WTOMSG CNOP 0,4
DC H'80' length of WTO buffer
DC H'0' must be binary zeroes
YREGS
END BOTTLES- Output:
... 5 bottles of beer on the wall 5 bottles of beer Take one down, pass it around 4 bottles of beer on the wall 4 bottles of beer on the wall 4 bottles of beer Take one down, pass it around 3 bottles of beer on the wall 3 bottles of beer on the wall 3 bottles of beer Take one down, pass it around 2 bottles of beer on the wall 2 bottles of beer on the wall 2 bottles of beer Take one down, pass it around 1 bottle of beer on the wall 1 bottle of beer on the wall 1 bottle of beer Take one down, pass it around No more bottles of beer on the wall
6502 Assembly
IMPORTANT NOTE: This assembly language solution is targeted at the Apple 1.
The Apple 1 was an innovative device for its time, but it's quite primitive by modern standards, and it had NO support for lower-case letters.
Therefore, the UPPER-CASE output of this example accurately represents the only reasonable one for this device, and cannot be "fixed" due to non-compliance, only deleted.
.CR 6502
.TF AP1BEER.O,AP1
.LF AP1BEER.LST
.OR $0BEE
;-------------------------------------;
; BEER SONG IN 6502 ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE ;
; BY BARRYM 2010-05-30 ;
; THANKS TO SBPROJECTS.COM FOR LOTS ;
; OF VALUABLE INFORMATION AND A ;
; VERY NICE ASSEMBLER! ;
;-------------------------------------;
; THE TARGET MACHINE FOR THIS PROGRAM ;
; IS THE APPLE 1, BUT IT WOULD BE ;
; EASY TO MAKE IT RUN ON OTHER 65XX ;
; MACHINES BY CHANGING THE NEXT TWO ;
; EQUATES. SOME MACHINE-TESTED ;
; EXAMPLES: ;
; APPLE II, +, E, C: $FDED, $80 ;
; COMMODORE 64: $FFD2, $00 ;
;-------------------------------------;
ECHO = $FFEF ;EMIT A REG AS ASCII
ORMASK = $80 ;($00 FOR + ASCII)
;
MAXBEER = 99 ;INITIAL BEER COUNT
;-------------------------------------;
; X REG. IS THE BOTTLE COUNTER. ;
; Y REG. IS THE STRING INDEX POINTER, ;
; AND THE TENS DIGIT IN THE BINARY- ;
; TO-ASCII CONVERSION ROUTINE. ;
; A REG. HANDLES EVERYTHING ELSE WITH ;
; A LITTLE HELP FROM THE STACK. ;
; ZERO PAGE ISN'T DIRECTLY DISTURBED. ;
;-------------------------------------;
; EMIT COMPLETE CORRECT SONG ADJUSTED ;
; FOR UPPER-CASE 40-COLUMN DISPLAY. ;
;-------------------------------------;
LDX #MAXBEER ;X=MAXBEER
BNE PRSONG ;SING THE SONG & RTS
;-------------------------------------;
; EMIT WHOLE SONG UP TO LAST SENTENCE.;
;-------------------------------------;
BEERME:
LDY #TAKE1-TXT ;? "TAKE ... AROUND,"
JSR PRBOB ;? X;" BOT ... WALL."
PRSONG: ; ;?
LDY #CR-TXT ;? X;" BOT ... WALL,"
JSR PRBOB ;? X;" BOT ... BEER."
DEX ;X=X-1
BPL BEERME ;IF X>=0 THEN BEERME
;-------------------------------------;
; EMIT LAST SENTENCE AND FALL THROUGH.;
;-------------------------------------;
LDX #MAXBEER ;X=MAXBEER:
; ;? "GO TO ... MORE,"
;-------------------------------------;
; PRINT A PROPERLY PUNCTUATED "BOTTLE ;
; OF BEER" SENTENCE. ;
;-------------------------------------;
PRBOB:
TYA
PHA ;SAVE THE PRE$ PTR
JSR PUTS ;? PRE$;
TXA ;IF X=0 THEN
BEQ PRBOTT ; ? "NO MORE";
LDY #"0"-1 ;ELSE
SEC ;(
DIV10:
SBC #10 ; Y=INT(X/10)
INY
BCS DIV10
ADC #10+'0'
CPY #"0"
BEQ ONEDIG
PHA ; IF Y>0 THEN
TYA ? Y;
JSR PUTCH
PLA ; ? X MOD 10;
ONEDIG:
LDY #BOTTL-TXT ;)
PRBOTT:
JSR PUTCH ;? " BOTTLE";
CPX #1
BNE PLURAL
INY ;IF X<>1 THEN ? "S";
PLURAL:
JSR PUTS ;? " OF BEER";
PLA ;RECALL THE PRE$ PTR
CMP #COMCR-TXT
BEQ PRDOT
PHA ;IF APPROPRIATE THEN
JSR PUTS ; ? " ON THE WALL";
PLA
LDY #COMCR-TXT ;IF APPROPRIATE THEN
CMP #CR-TXT ; ? ",":
BEQ PRBOB ; ? X;" ... BEER";
PRDOT:
LDY #DOTCR-TXT ;? "."
;-------------------------------------;
; EMIT A HI-BIT-SET TERMINATED STRING ;
; @ OFFSET Y AND EXIT WITH Y @ THE ;
; BEGINNING OF THE NEXT STRING. ;
;-------------------------------------;
PUTS:
LDA TXT,Y ;GRAB A STRING CHAR
INY ;ADVANCE STRING PTR
PUTCH:
PHA
ORA #ORMASK
AND #ORMASK+127 ;FORMAT CHAR FOR ECHO
JSR ECHO ;SHOOT IT TO CONSOLE
PLA
BPL PUTS ;LOOP IF APPROPRIATE
RTS
;-------------------------------------;
; OPTIMIZED SONG LYRIC STRINGS. ;
;-------------------------------------;
TXT:
TAKE1:
.AS "TAKE ONE DOWN AND"
.AS " PASS IT AROUND"
COMCR:
.AS ","
CR:
.AT #13
.AS "NO MORE"
BOTTL:
.AT " BOTTLE"
.AT "S OF BEER"
.AT " ON THE WALL"
DOTCR:
.AT ".",#13
.AS "GO TO THE STORE AND"
.AT " BUY SOME MORE,",#13
.EN
;-------------------------------------;
; APPLE 1 MONITOR HEX DUMP FOLLOWS. ;
; ENTER THE 200 BYTES AS SHOWN INTO ;
; WOZMON AND LET THE BEER FLOW!! ;
;-------------------------------------;
0BEE
:A2 63 D0 05 A0 00 20 01 0C A0 21 20 01
:0C CA 10 F3 A2 63 98 48 20 3C 0C 8A F0
:16 A0 AF 38 E9 0A C8 B0 FB 69 3A C0 B0
:F0 06 48 98 20 40 0C 68 A0 29 20 40 0C
:E0 01 D0 01 C8 20 3C 0C 68 C9 20 F0 0B
:48 20 3C 0C 68 A0 20 C9 21 F0 C7 A0 45
:B9 4C 0C C8 48 09 80 29 FF 20 EF FF 68
:10 F1 60 54 41 4B 45 20 4F 4E 45 20 44
:4F 57 4E 20 41 4E 44 20 50 41 53 53 20
:49 54 20 41 52 4F 55 4E 44 2C 8D 4E 4F
:20 4D 4F 52 45 20 42 4F 54 54 4C C5 53
:20 4F 46 20 42 45 45 D2 20 4F 4E 20 54
:48 45 20 57 41 4C CC 2E 8D 47 4F 20 54
:4F 20 54 48 45 20 53 54 4F 52 45 20 41
:4E 44 20 42 55 59 20 53 4F 4D 45 20 4D
:4F 52 45 2C 8D
BEER6800 Assembly
.cr 6800
.tf beer6800.obj,AP1
.lf beer6800
;=====================================================;
; Beer Song for the Motorola 6800 microprocessor ;
; by barrym 2011-04-19 ;
;-----------------------------------------------------;
; Prints the correct, complete song lyrics to a full ;
; ascii terminal (console) connected to a 1970s ;
; vintage SWTPC 6800 system, which is the target ;
; device for this assembly. ;
; Many thanks to: ;
; swtpc.com for hosting Michael Holley's documents! ;
; sbprojects.com for a very nice assembler! ;
; swtpcemu.com for a very capable emulator! ;
; The 6800 microprocessor is the slightly older, less ;
; popular, and more expensive step-brother of the ;
; 6502. Numerous similarities exist between the ;
; assembly languages of the two, but the 6800 has ;
; its own distinct flavor, which is (judging by how ;
; compact the code ended up) well suited to this ;
; type of small program. I am especially impressed ;
; with the two-byte 'bsr' instruction, and I make ;
; extensive use of it here. ;
; Effort was made to keep the code footprint as small ;
; as possible by re-using substrings and code in a ;
; hacker-like style that makes the program flow a ;
; bit strange to the human eye (the 6800 gobbles it ;
; up without complaint). The final tally: 97 bytes ;
; of instructions, 108 bytes of text, and about 11 ;
; bytes of stack. This includes integer-to-ascii ;
; conversion, blank line between verses, removal of ;
; "s" from "1 bottles", substitution of "no more" ;
; for "0", and proper capitalization of "No more". ;
; reg b is the beer counter ;
; reg x is the string pointer ;
; reg a handles everything else (with a little help ;
; from the system stack) ;
;-----------------------------------------------------;
outeee = $e1d1 ;ROM: console putchar routine
stbeer = 99 ;Must be in the range [0..99]
.or $0f00
;=====================================================;
; Initialize, sing the song, and exit ;
;-----------------------------------------------------;
main ldab #stbeer ;Beer count = stbeer
bsr prsong ;Sing the entire song
swi ;Return to the monitor.
;=====================================================;
; Emit the entire song up to the last sentence ;
;-----------------------------------------------------;
beerme bsr prbob2 ;Emit second sentence of verse
prsong ldx #nline ;Blank line between verses
ldaa #'N' ;First sentence type = 'N'
bsr prbob ;Emit 1st sentence of verse
decb ;Beer count -= 1
bpl beerme ;If beer count >= 0 then beerme
;=====================================================;
; Set up the last sentence and fall through to prbob2 ;
;-----------------------------------------------------;
ldab #stbeer ;Beer count = stbeer
ldx #store ;x$ = "Go to the store ..."
;=====================================================;
; Emit a properly punctuated bottle-of-beer sentence, ;
; using beer counter in reg b, pre-string pointer ;
; in reg x, and the sentence type in reg a ('N' = ;
; sentence 1, 'o' = sentence 1.5, 'n' = sentence 2) ;
;-----------------------------------------------------;
prbob2 ldaa #'n' ;Second sentence type = 'n'
prbob psha ;Stack sentence type for later
bsr puts ;Emit pre-string
pula ;Check sentence type and use
psha ; it to prepare the upper- or
anda #'n' ; lower-case of "no more"
ldx #omore ;x$ = "o more bottle"
tstb ;If beer count = 0 then
beq prbott ; skip over the i-to-a
ldx #bottl ;x$ = " bottle"
;=====================================================;
; I-to-A (inline): convert int in b to ascii and emit ;
; with leading zero suppression (0 <= # <= 99)! ;
;-----------------------------------------------------;
pshb ;Stack beer count
ldaa #-1 ; (divten trashes it)
divten subb #10 ;b = ones digit - 10
inca ;a = tens digit
bcc divten ;If a = 0 then
beq onedig ; suppress leading zero
adda #"0" ;else translate tens digit to
bsr putch ; shifted ascii and emit
onedig addb #'0'+10 ;Translate ones digit to ascii
tba ; and leave it in a for putch
pulb ;Restore beer count
;-----------------------------------------------------;
prbott bsr putch ;Emit a;x$;
cmpb #1 ;If beer count = 1
bne plural ;then
inx ; skip over the "s"
plural bsr puts ;Emit " ... beer";
pula ;Restore sentence type
cmpa #'o' ;If type <> 'o'
beq putdot ;then
psha ; emit " on the wall";
bsr puts ; if type = 'N' then loop
pula ; back to finish the
adda #33 ; first sentence with
bpl prbob ; type = 'o', x$ = ", "
putdot ldx #dotnl ;x$ = ".\n"
;=====================================================;
; Emit string @ x and leave x @ start of next string ;
;-----------------------------------------------------;
puts ldaa 0,x ;a = raw character removed
inx ; from the beginning of x$
;=====================================================;
; Emit a as ascii and loop into x$ if hi-bit is clear ;
;-----------------------------------------------------;
putch psha ;Stack raw char
anda #$7f ;Mask off the hi-bit
jsr outeee ;Emit a as 7-bit ascii
pula ;Restore raw char
tsta ;If hi-bit is clear then
bpl puts ; loop back into x$
rts ;All 8 'bsr's use this 'rts'!
;=====================================================;
; Optimized song lyric strings, carefully arranged to ;
; allow the prbob subroutine to take full advantage ;
; of the x register side-effects of puts ;
;-----------------------------------------------------;
omore .as "o more"
bottl .at " bottle"
.at "s of beer"
.at " on the wall"
.at ", "
dotnl .as "."
nline .at #13,#10
.at "Take one down and pass it around, "
store .at "Go to the store and buy some more, "
.en
;=====================================================;
; The following is a hex dump of the object file, ;
; suitable for copying and pasting into the 6800 ;
; emulator available at swtpcemu.com! ;
;-----------------------------------------------------;
e0F00 C6 63 8D 03 3F 8D 0F CE 0F 86 86 4E 8D 0A 5A 2A
e0F10 F4 C6 63 CE 0F AA 86 6E 36 8D 38 32 36 84 6E CE
e0F20 0F 61 5D 27 15 CE 0F 67 37 86 FF C0 0A 4C 24 FB
e0F30 27 04 8B B0 8D 20 17 8B 3A 33 8D 1A C1 01 26 01
e0F40 08 8D 10 32 81 6F 27 08 36 8D 08 32 8B 21 2A C8
e0F50 CE 0F 85 A6 00 08 36 84 7F BD E1 D1 32 4D 2A F3
e0F60 39 6F 20 6D 6F 72 65 20 62 6F 74 74 6C E5 73 20
e0F70 6F 66 20 62 65 65 F2 20 6F 6E 20 74 68 65 20 77
e0F80 61 6C EC 2C A0 2E 0D 8A 54 61 6B 65 20 6F 6E 65
e0F90 20 64 6F 77 6E 20 61 6E 64 20 70 61 73 73 20 69
e0FA0 74 20 61 72 6F 75 6E 64 2C A0 47 6F 20 74 6F 20
e0FB0 74 68 65 20 73 74 6F 72 65 20 61 6E 64 20 62 75
e0FC0 79 20 73 6F 6D 65 20 6D 6F 72 65 2C A0
j0F0068000 Assembly
The following is a Sega Genesis cartridge that can be assembled and run on the Fusion emulator. Press the A button to advance to the next part of the song. The game freezes when finished. Thanks to Keith S. of Chibiakumas for the cartridge header and print routines.
;99 BOTTLES OF BEER
;Ram Variables
Cursor_X equ $00FF0000 ;Ram for Cursor Xpos
Cursor_Y equ $00FF0000+1 ;Ram for Cursor Ypos
joypad1 equ $00FF0002 ;joypad presses (we're only checking the A button on the controller)
;Video Ports
VDP_data EQU $C00000 ; VDP data, R/W word or longword access only
VDP_ctrl EQU $C00004 ; VDP control, word or longword writes only
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
; VECTOR TABLE
;org $00000000
DC.L $00FFFFFE ;SP register value
DC.L ProgramStart ;Start of Program Code
DC.L IntReturn ; bus err
DC.L IntReturn ; addr err
DC.L IntReturn ; illegal inst
DC.L IntReturn ; divzero
DC.L IntReturn ; CHK
DC.L IntReturn ; TRAPV
DC.L IntReturn ; privilege viol
DC.L IntReturn ; TRACE
DC.L IntReturn ; Line A (1010) emulator
DC.L IntReturn ; Line F (1111) emulator
DC.L IntReturn,IntReturn,IntReturn,IntReturn ; Reserved /Coprocessor/Format err/ Uninit Interrupt
DC.L IntReturn,IntReturn,IntReturn,IntReturn,IntReturn,IntReturn,IntReturn,IntReturn
DC.L IntReturn ; spurious interrupt
DC.L IntReturn ; IRQ level 1
DC.L IntReturn ; IRQ level 2 EXT
DC.L IntReturn ; IRQ level 3
DC.L IntReturn ; IRQ level 4 Hsync
DC.L IntReturn ; IRQ level 5
DC.L IntReturn ; IRQ level 6 Vsync
DC.L IntReturn ; IRQ level 7 (NMI)
;org $00000080
;TRAPS
DC.L IntReturn,IntReturn,IntReturn,IntReturn,IntReturn,IntReturn,IntReturn,IntReturn
DC.L IntReturn,IntReturn,IntReturn,IntReturn,IntReturn,IntReturn,IntReturn,IntReturn
;org $000000C0
;FP/MMU
DC.L IntReturn,IntReturn,IntReturn,IntReturn,IntReturn,IntReturn,IntReturn,IntReturn
DC.L IntReturn,IntReturn,IntReturn,IntReturn,IntReturn,IntReturn,IntReturn,IntReturn
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
; Header
HEADER:
DC.B "SEGA GENESIS " ;System Name MUST TAKE UP 16 BYTES, USE PADDING IF NECESSARY
DC.B "(C)PDS " ;Copyright MUST TAKE UP 8 BYTES, USE PADDING IF NECESSARY
DC.B "2022.JUN" ;Date MUST TAKE UP 8 BYTES, USE PADDING IF NECESSARY
CARTNAME:
DC.B "BEER"
CARTNAME_END:
DS.B 48-(CARTNAME_END-CARTNAME) ;ENSURES PROPER SPACING
CARTNAMEALT:
DC.B "BEER"
CARTNAMEALT_END:
DS.B 48-(CARTNAMEALT_END-CARTNAMEALT) ;ENSURES PROPER SPACING
gameID:
DC.B "GM PUPPY002-00" ;TT NNNNNNNN-RR T=Type (GM=Game) N=game Num R=Revision
DC.W $0000 ;16-bit Checksum (Address $000200+)
CTRLDATA:
DC.B "J " ;Control Data (J=3button K=Keyboard 6=6button C=cdrom)
;(MUST TAKE UP 16 BYTES, USE PADDING IF NECESSARY)
ROMSTART:
DC.L $00000000 ;ROM Start
ROMLEN:
DC.L $003FFFFF ;ROM Length
RAMSTART:
DC.L $00FF0000
RAMEND:
DC.L $00FFFFFF ;RAM start/end (fixed)
DC.B " " ;External RAM Data (MUST TAKE UP 12 BYTES, USE PADDING IF NECESSARY)
DC.B " " ;Modem Data (MUST TAKE UP 12 BYTES, USE PADDING IF NECESSARY)
MEMO:
DC.B " " ;(MUST TAKE UP 40 BYTES, USE PADDING IF NECESSARY)
REGION:
DC.B "JUE " ;Regions Allowed (MUST TAKE UP 16 BYTES, USE PADDING IF NECESSARY)
even
HEADER_END:
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
; Generic Interrupt Handler
IntReturn:
rte ;immediately return to game
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
; Program Start
ProgramStart:
;initialize TMSS (TradeMark Security System)
move.b ($A10001),D0 ;A10001 test the hardware version
and.b #$0F,D0
beq NoTmss ;branch if no TMSS chip
move.l #'SEGA',($A14000);A14000 disable TMSS
NoTmss:
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
; Set Up Graphics
lea VDPSettings,A5 ;Initialize Screen Registers
move.l #VDPSettingsEnd-VDPSettings,D1 ;length of Settings
move.w (VDP_ctrl),D0 ;C00004 read VDP status (interrupt acknowledge?)
move.l #$00008000,d5 ;VDP Reg command (%8rvv)
NextInitByte:
move.b (A5)+,D5 ;get next video control byte
move.w D5,(VDP_ctrl) ;C00004 send write register command to VDP
; 8RVV - R=Reg V=Value
add.w #$0100,D5 ;point to next VDP register
dbra D1,NextInitByte ;loop for rest of block
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
; Set up palette
;Define palette
move.l #$C0000000,d0 ;Color 0 (background)
move.l d0,VDP_Ctrl
; ----BBB-GGG-RRR-
move.w #%0000011000000000,VDP_data
move.l #$C01E0000,d0 ;Color 15 (Font)
move.l d0,VDP_Ctrl
move.w #%0000000011101110,VDP_data
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
; Set up Font
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
; FONT IS 1BPP, THIS ROUTINE CONVERTS IT TO A 4BPP FORMAT.
lea Font,A1 ;Font Address in ROM
move.l #Font_End-Font,d6 ;Our font contains 96 letters 8 lines each
move.l #$40000000,(VDP_Ctrl);Start writes to VRAM address $0000
NextFont:
move.b (A1)+,d0 ;Get byte from font
moveq.l #7,d5 ;Bit Count (8 bits)
clr.l d1 ;Reset BuildUp Byte
Font_NextBit: ;1 color per nibble = 4 bytes
rol.l #3,d1 ;Shift BuildUp 3 bits left
roxl.b #1,d0 ;Shift a Bit from the 1bpp font into the Pattern
roxl.l #1,d1 ;Shift bit into BuildUp
dbra D5,Font_NextBit ;Next Bit from Font
move.l d1,d0 ; Make fontfrom Color 1 to color 15
rol.l #1,d1 ;Bit 1
or.l d0,d1
rol.l #1,d1 ;Bit 2
or.l d0,d1
rol.l #1,d1 ;Bit 3
or.l d0,d1
move.l d1,(VDP_Data);Write next Long of char (one line) to VDP
dbra d6,NextFont ;Loop until done
clr.b Cursor_X ;Clear Cursor XY
clr.b Cursor_Y
;Turn on screen
move.w #$8144,(VDP_Ctrl);C00004 reg 1 = 0x44 unblank display
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
MOVE.W #$99,D7 ;our binary-coded decimal value
MOVE.W #1,D6
main:
clr.b (Cursor_X)
clr.b (Cursor_Y)
;adjust the number of these as you see fit.
;this affects the game's overall speed.
JSR waitVBlank
JSR waitVBlank
JSR waitVBlank
JSR waitVBlank
JSR waitVBlank
JSR waitVBlank
JSR waitVBlank
JSR waitVBlank
JSR waitVBlank
JSR waitVBlank
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; check controller presses
JOYPAD_BITNUM_A equ 4
LEA Beer,a3
jsr PrintStringDelay
SBCD D6,D7
LEA BeerMinus1,A3
JSR PrintStringDelay
CMP.B #0,D7
BNE JoyNotA
JMP * ;we're done, halt the game.
JoyNotA:
JSR Player_ReadControlsDual ;get controller input
BTST #JOYPAD_BITNUM_A,D0
BNE JoyNotA
jsr ClearScreen
JMP main
;list of control codes:
; 1 = print D7.B as a hexadecimal or binary-coded decimal value
; 10 = \n
; 255 = terminator
Beer:
DC.B 1," bottles of beer on the wall,",10
DC.B 1," bottles of beer!",10
DC.B "Take one down, pass it around,",10,255
even
BeerMinus1:
DC.B 1," bottles of beer on the wall!",10,255
even
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
Player_ReadControlsDual:
move.b #%01000000,($A1000B) ; Set direction IOIIIIII (I=In O=Out)
move.l #$A10003,a0 ;RW port for player 1
move.b #$40,(a0) ; TH = 1
nop ;Delay
nop
move.b (a0),d2 ; d0.b = --CBRLDU Store in D2
move.b #$0,(a0) ; TH = 0
nop ;Delay
nop
move.b (a0),d1 ; d1.b = --SA--DU Store in D1
move.b #$40,(a0) ; TH = 1
nop ;Delay
nop
move.b #$0,(a0) ; TH = 0
nop ;Delay
nop
move.b #$40,(a0) ; TH = 1
nop ;Delay
nop
move.b (a0),d3 ; d1.b = --CBXYZM Store in D3
move.b #$0,(a0) ; TH = 0
clr.l d0 ;Clear buildup byte
roxr.b d2
roxr.b d0 ;U
roxr.b d2
roxr.b d0 ;D
roxr.b d2
roxr.b d0 ;L
roxr.b d2
roxr.b d0 ;R
roxr.b #5,d1
roxr.b d0 ;A
roxr.b d2
roxr.b d0 ;B
roxr.b d2
roxr.b d0 ;C
roxr.b d1
roxr.b d0 ;S
move.l d3,d1
roxl.l #7,d1 ;XYZ
and.l #%0000011100000000,d1
or.l d1,d0
move.l d3,d1
roxl.l #8,d1 ;M
roxl.l #3,d1
and.l #%0000100000000000,d1
or.l d1,d0
or.l #$FFFFF000,d0 ;Set unused bits to 1
;this returns player 1's buttons into D0 as the following:
;----MZYXSCBARLDU
rts
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
waitVBlank: ;Bit 3 defines if we're in Vblank
MOVE.L d0,-(sp)
.wait:
move.w VDP_ctrl,d0
and.w #%0000000000001000,d0 ;See if vblank is running
bne .wait ;wait until it is
waitVBlank2:
move.w VDP_ctrl,d0
and.w #%0000000000001000,d0 ;See if vblank is running
beq waitVBlank2 ;wait until it isnt
MOVE.L (SP)+,d0
rts
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
PrintChar: ;Show D0 to screen
moveM.l d0-d7/a0-a7,-(sp)
and.l #$FF,d0 ;Keep only 1 byte
sub #32,d0 ;No Characters in our font below 32
PrintCharAlt:
Move.L #$40000003,d5 ;top 4=write, bottom $3=Cxxx range
clr.l d4 ;Tilemap at $C000+
Move.B (Cursor_Y),D4
rol.L #8,D4 ;move $-FFF to $-FFF----
rol.L #8,D4
rol.L #7,D4 ;2 bytes per tile * 64 tiles per line
add.L D4,D5 ;add $4------3
Move.B (Cursor_X),D4
rol.L #8,D4 ;move $-FFF to $-FFF----
rol.L #8,D4
rol.L #1,D4 ;2 bytes per tile
add.L D4,D5 ;add $4------3
MOVE.L D5,(VDP_ctrl) ; C00004 write next character to VDP
MOVE.W D0,(VDP_data) ; C00000 store next word of name data
addq.b #1,(Cursor_X) ;INC Xpos
move.b (Cursor_X),d0
cmp.b #39,d0
bls nextpixel_Xok
jsr NewLine ;If we're at end of line, start newline
nextpixel_Xok:
moveM.l (sp)+,d0-d7/a0-a7
rts
PrintString:
move.b (a3)+,d0 ;Read a character in from A3
cmp.b #255,d0
beq .done ;return on 255
jsr PrintChar ;Print the Character
bra PrintString
.done:
rts
PrintStringDelay:
move.b (a3)+,d0 ;Read a character in from A3
cmp.b #1,d0
bne .notNumber
JSR PrintHex
bra PrintStringDelay
.notNumber:
cmp.b #10,d0
bne .notCRLF
jsr NewLine
bra PrintStringDelay
.notCRLF:
cmp.b #255,d0
beq .done ;return on 255
jsr PrintChar ;Print the Character
jsr waitVBlank
jsr waitVBlank
jsr waitVBlank
bra PrintStringDelay
.done:
rts
NewLine:
addq.b #1,(Cursor_Y) ;INC Y
clr.b (Cursor_X) ;Zero X
rts
ClearScreen:
clr.b (Cursor_X)
clr.b (Cursor_Y)
MOVE.B #' ',D0
MOVE.W #(40*30)-1,D1 ;total screen size (measured in 8x8 pixel tiles), minus 1.
.loop:
JSR PrintChar
dbra d1,.loop
rts
PrintHex: ;also works for binary-coded decimal
move.w d7,d0
move.w d0,d2
move.w d2,d1
and.w #%11110000,d1
ror.b #4,D1
bsr PrintHexChar
move.w d2,d1
and.w #%00001111,d1
bra PrintHexChar
PrintHexChar:
move.w d1,d0
and.l #$FF,d0
cmp.b #9,d0
ble PrintHexCharLessThan10
add.w #'A'-10,d0
jmp PrintChar
PrintHexCharLessThan10:
add.w #'0',d0
jmp PrintChar
Font:
;1bpp font - 8x8 96 characters
;looks just like your typical "8-bit" font. You'll just have to take my word for it.
DC.B $00,$00,$00,$00,$00,$00,$00,$00,$18,$3c,$3c,$18,$18,$00,$18,$18
DC.B $36,$36,$12,$24,$00,$00,$00,$00,$00,$12,$7f,$24,$24,$fe,$48,$00
DC.B $00,$04,$1e,$28,$1c,$0a,$3c,$10,$00,$62,$64,$08,$10,$26,$46,$00
DC.B $00,$18,$24,$20,$12,$2c,$44,$3a,$18,$18,$08,$10,$00,$00,$00,$00
DC.B $08,$10,$20,$20,$20,$20,$10,$08,$10,$08,$04,$04,$04,$04,$08,$10
DC.B $00,$10,$38,$10,$28,$00,$00,$00,$00,$00,$10,$10,$7c,$10,$10,$00
DC.B $00,$00,$00,$00,$0c,$0c,$04,$08,$00,$00,$00,$00,$7e,$00,$00,$00
DC.B $00,$00,$00,$00,$00,$18,$18,$00,$01,$02,$04,$08,$10,$20,$40,$00
DC.B $1c,$26,$63,$63,$63,$32,$1c,$00,$0c,$1c,$0c,$0c,$0c,$0c,$3f,$00
DC.B $3e,$63,$07,$1e,$3c,$70,$7f,$00,$3f,$06,$0c,$1e,$03,$63,$3e,$00
DC.B $0e,$1e,$36,$66,$7f,$06,$06,$00,$7e,$60,$7e,$03,$03,$63,$3e,$00
DC.B $1e,$30,$60,$7e,$63,$63,$3e,$00,$7f,$63,$06,$0c,$18,$18,$18,$00
DC.B $3c,$62,$72,$3c,$4f,$43,$3e,$00,$3e,$63,$63,$3f,$03,$06,$3c,$00
DC.B $00,$18,$18,$00,$18,$18,$00,$00,$00,$0c,$0c,$00,$0c,$0c,$04,$08
DC.B $00,$00,$06,$18,$60,$18,$06,$00,$00,$00,$00,$7e,$00,$7e,$00,$00
DC.B $00,$00,$60,$18,$06,$18,$60,$00,$1c,$36,$36,$06,$0c,$00,$0c,$0c
DC.B $3c,$42,$99,$a1,$a1,$99,$42,$3c,$1c,$36,$63,$63,$7f,$63,$63,$00
DC.B $7e,$63,$63,$7e,$63,$63,$7e,$00,$1e,$33,$60,$60,$60,$33,$1e,$00
DC.B $7c,$66,$63,$63,$63,$66,$7c,$00,$3f,$30,$30,$3e,$30,$30,$3f,$00
DC.B $7f,$60,$60,$7e,$60,$60,$60,$00,$1f,$30,$60,$67,$63,$33,$1f,$00
DC.B $63,$63,$63,$7f,$63,$63,$63,$00,$3f,$0c,$0c,$0c,$0c,$0c,$3f,$00
DC.B $03,$03,$03,$03,$03,$63,$3e,$00,$63,$66,$6c,$78,$7c,$6e,$67,$00
DC.B $30,$30,$30,$30,$30,$30,$3f,$00,$63,$77,$7f,$7f,$6b,$63,$63,$00
DC.B $63,$73,$7b,$7f,$6f,$67,$63,$00,$3e,$63,$63,$63,$63,$63,$3e,$00
DC.B $7e,$63,$63,$63,$7e,$60,$60,$00,$3e,$63,$63,$63,$6f,$66,$3d,$00
DC.B $7e,$63,$63,$67,$7c,$6e,$67,$00,$3c,$66,$60,$3e,$03,$63,$3e,$00
DC.B $3f,$0c,$0c,$0c,$0c,$0c,$0c,$00,$63,$63,$63,$63,$63,$63,$3e,$00
DC.B $63,$63,$63,$77,$3e,$1c,$08,$00,$63,$63,$6b,$7f,$7f,$77,$63,$00
DC.B $63,$77,$3e,$1c,$3e,$77,$63,$00,$33,$33,$33,$1e,$0c,$0c,$0c,$00
DC.B $7f,$07,$0e,$1c,$38,$70,$7f,$00,$00,$38,$20,$20,$20,$20,$38,$00
DC.B $80,$40,$20,$10,$08,$04,$02,$00,$00,$1c,$04,$04,$04,$04,$1c,$00
DC.B $10,$28,$44,$00,$00,$00,$00,$00,$00,$00,$00,$00,$00,$00,$7e,$00
DC.B $00,$20,$10,$00,$00,$00,$00,$00,$00,$18,$04,$1c,$24,$2c,$1c,$00
DC.B $00,$20,$20,$38,$24,$24,$38,$00,$00,$00,$1c,$20,$20,$20,$1c,$00
DC.B $00,$04,$04,$1c,$24,$24,$1c,$00,$00,$00,$1c,$24,$3c,$20,$1c,$00
DC.B $00,$18,$24,$20,$30,$20,$20,$00,$00,$1c,$24,$24,$1c,$04,$3c,$00
DC.B $00,$20,$20,$38,$24,$24,$24,$00,$00,$10,$00,$10,$10,$10,$10,$00
DC.B $08,$00,$08,$08,$08,$08,$28,$10,$20,$20,$24,$28,$30,$28,$24,$00
DC.B $10,$10,$10,$10,$10,$10,$18,$00,$00,$00,$40,$68,$54,$54,$54,$00
DC.B $00,$00,$28,$34,$24,$24,$24,$00,$00,$00,$1c,$22,$22,$22,$1c,$00
DC.B $00,$00,$38,$24,$24,$38,$20,$20,$00,$00,$1c,$24,$24,$1c,$04,$04
DC.B $00,$00,$2c,$30,$20,$20,$20,$00,$00,$00,$1c,$20,$1c,$02,$3c,$00
DC.B $00,$10,$3c,$10,$10,$14,$08,$00,$00,$00,$24,$24,$24,$24,$1a,$00
DC.B $00,$00,$24,$24,$24,$14,$18,$00,$00,$00,$92,$92,$92,$5a,$6c,$00
DC.B $00,$00,$22,$14,$08,$14,$22,$00,$00,$00,$24,$24,$1c,$04,$18,$00
DC.B $00,$00,$3c,$04,$18,$20,$3c,$00,$00,$08,$10,$10,$20,$10,$10,$08
DC.B $18,$18,$18,$18,$18,$18,$18,$18,$00,$10,$08,$08,$04,$08,$08,$10
DC.B $00,$00,$00,$30,$4a,$04,$00,$00,$1c,$7f,$00,$7f,$55,$55,$55,$00
Font_End:
VDPSettings:
DC.B $04 ; 0 mode register 1 ---H-1M-
DC.B $04 ; 1 mode register 2 -DVdP---
DC.B $30 ; 2 name table base for scroll A (A=top 3 bits) --AAA--- = $C000
DC.B $3C ; 3 name table base for window (A=top 4 bits / 5 in H40 Mode) --AAAAA- = $F000
DC.B $07 ; 4 name table base for scroll B (A=top 3 bits) -----AAA = $E000
DC.B $6C ; 5 sprite attribute table base (A=top 7 bits / 6 in H40) -AAAAAAA = $D800
DC.B $00 ; 6 unused register --------
DC.B $00 ; 7 background color (P=Palette C=Color) --PPCCCC
DC.B $00 ; 8 unused register --------
DC.B $00 ; 9 unused register --------
DC.B $FF ;10 H interrupt register (L=Number of lines) LLLLLLLL
DC.B $00 ;11 mode register 3 ----IVHL
DC.B $81 ;12 mode register 4 (C bits both1 = H40 Cell) C---SIIC
DC.B $37 ;13 H scroll table base (A=Top 6 bits) --AAAAAA = $FC00
DC.B $00 ;14 unused register --------
DC.B $02 ;15 auto increment (After each Read/Write) NNNNNNNN
DC.B $01 ;16 scroll size (Horiz & Vert size of ScrollA & B) --VV--HH = 64x32 tiles
DC.B $00 ;17 window H position (D=Direction C=Cells) D--CCCCC
DC.B $00 ;18 window V position (D=Direction C=Cells) D--CCCCC
DC.B $FF ;19 DMA length count low LLLLLLLL
DC.B $FF ;20 DMA length count high HHHHHHHH
DC.B $00 ;21 DMA source address low LLLLLLLL
DC.B $00 ;22 DMA source address mid MMMMMMMM
DC.B $80 ;23 DMA source address high (C=CMD) CCHHHHHH
VDPSettingsEnd:
even
8080 Assembly
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;; 99 bottles of beer, in 8080 assembly ;;
;; Written to run under CP/M ;;
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
bdos: equ 5
char: equ 2
org 100h
mvi b,100
verse: call beer ; _ bottles of beer
call bputs ; on the wall
push h
call bputs ; , \r\n
call beer ; _ bottles of beer
pop h
call bputs ; , \r\n
;; Last verse?
dcr b
jz final
;; No - take one down
lxi h,stake
call bputs
;; Decrement number
lxi h,snum + 1
dcr m
mvi a,'0' - 1
cmp m
jnz lstlin
mvi m,'9'
dcx h
dcr m
lstlin: call last
jmp verse
;; Go to the store and buy some more
final: lxi h,sstore
call bputs
lxi h,3939h
shld snum
call last
rst 0
;; Output "_ bottle(s) of beer on the wall.\r\n"
last: call beer
call bputs
lxi h,sdot
jmp bputs
;; Output "_ bottle(s) of beer"
beer: call numout ;N
lxi h,sbotl
call bputs ;bottle
mvi a,2
cmp b
jnz bputs
inr l
jmp bputs
;; Output number, or "no more"
numout: lxi h,snum
mvi a,'0'
cmp m
jnz bputs
inx h
cmp m
jnz bputs
lxi h,sgone
;; Output zero-terminated string
;; and leave HL set to next string
bputs: xra a
ora m
inx h
rz
push b
push h
mvi c,char
mov e,a
call 5
pop h
pop b
jmp bputs
;; Strings
snum: db '99',0
sbotl: db ' bottle',0
sbeer: db 's of beer',0
swall: db ' on the wall',0
scomma: db ',',13,10,0
sdot: db '.',13,10,13,10,0
sgone: db 'No more',0
stake: db 'Take one down and pass it around',13,10,0
sstore: db 'Go to the store and buy some more,',13,10,0ARM Assembly
.global main
main:
mov r0, #99
loop:
push {r0}
mov r1, r0
mov r2, r0
sub r3, r0, #1
ldr r0, =lyric
bl printf
pop {r0}
sub r0, r0, #1
cmp r0, #0
bgt loop
ldr r0, =last_lyric
bl printf
mov r7, #1
swi 0
lyric:
.ascii "%d bottles of beer on the wall\n"
.ascii "%d bottles of beer\n"
.ascii "Take one down, pass it around\n"
.ascii "%d bottles of beer on the wall\n\n\000"
last_lyric:
.ascii "No more bottles of beer on the wall, no more bottles of beer.\n"
.ascii "Go to the store and buy some more, 99 bottles of beer on the wall\n\000"LLVM
; "99 Bottles of Beer on the Wall" in LLVM Assembly
; This is not strictly LLVM, as it uses the C library function "printf".
; LLVM does not provide a way to print values, so the alternative would be
; to just load the string into memory, and that would be boring.
; The song lyrics are global constants.
; Lyrics for plural verses:
@pluralVerse = private constant [120 x i8]
c"%d bottles of beer on the wall, %d bottles of beer.\0ATake one down and pass it around, %d bottles of beer on the wall.\0A\0A\00"
; Lyrics for the singular verse:
@singularVerse = private constant [121 x i8]
c"1 bottle of beer on the wall, 1 bottle of beer.\0ATake one down and pass it around, no more bottles of beer on the wall.\0A\0A\00"
; Lyrics for the final verse:
@finalVerse = private constant [130 x i8]
c"No more bottles of beer on the wall, no more bottles of beer.\0AGo to the store and buy some more, %d bottles of beer on the wall.\0A\00"
; Initial number of bottles of beer.
; This must be a natural number.
@initialVerseNumber = private constant i32 99
; The declaration for the external C printf function.
declare i32 @printf(i8*, ...)
; Prints a verse, with %numberOfBottles being the initial number of bottles
; in that verse.
define fastcc void @printVerse(i32 %numberOfBottles) {
switch i32 %numberOfBottles,
label %pluralVerse
[ i32 1, label %singularVerse
i32 0, label %finalVerse ]
pluralVerse:
%pluralVersePointer = getelementptr [120 x i8]* @pluralVerse, i64 0, i64 0
%newNumberOfBottles = sub i32 %numberOfBottles, 1
call i32(i8*, ...)* @printf(
i8* %pluralVersePointer,
i32 %numberOfBottles,
i32 %numberOfBottles,
i32 %newNumberOfBottles)
ret void
singularVerse:
%singularVersePointer = getelementptr [121 x i8]* @singularVerse,i64 0,i64 0
call i32(i8*, ...)* @printf(i8* %singularVersePointer)
ret void
finalVerse:
%finalVersePointer = getelementptr [130 x i8]* @finalVerse, i64 0, i64 0
%initialVerseNumberL = load i32* @initialVerseNumber
call i32(i8*, ...)* @printf(i8* %finalVersePointer,i32 %initialVerseNumberL)
ret void
}
define i32 @main() {
loopHeader:
%initialVerseNumberL = load i32* @initialVerseNumber
br label %loop ; This br terminates the first basic block.
loop:
%verseNumber =
phi i32 [%initialVerseNumberL, %loopHeader], [%nextVerseNumber, %do]
%cond = icmp eq i32 -1, %verseNumber
br i1 %cond, label %break, label %do
do:
call fastcc void @printVerse(i32 %verseNumber)
%nextVerseNumber = sub i32 %verseNumber, 1
br label %loop
break:
ret i32 0
}
OASYS Assembler
The following example demonstrates the use of pointer variables (the argument ,^# to the &VERSE# method), and therefore may not be as efficient as one which does not use pointer variables.
; Beer program with OASYS assembler.
[&]
%@*>"Type 'beer' for beer.~Type 'quit' to quit.~"PS
['BEER]
,#99>:+,#&VERSE#/"No more bottles of beer on the wall.~"PS
[&VERSE#,^#]
,^#<<PI" bottles of beer on the wall.~"PS
,^#<<PI" bottles of beer.~Take one down and pass it around,~"PS
,^#<,^#<<DN>,^#<<\
,^#<<PI" bottles of beer on the wall.~"PS CR 1RF: 0RF
['QUIT]
GQX86 Assembly
Using Windows/MASM32
.386
.model flat, stdcall
option casemap :none
include \masm32\include\kernel32.inc
include \masm32\include\masm32.inc
include \masm32\include\user32.inc
includelib \masm32\lib\kernel32.lib
includelib \masm32\lib\masm32.lib
includelib \masm32\lib\user32.lib
.DATA
buffer db 1024 dup(?)
str1 db "%d bottles of beer on the wall.",10,13,0
str2 db "%d bottles of beer",10,13,0
str3 db "Take one down, pass it around",10,13,0
str4 db "No more bottles of beer on the wall!",10,13,0
nline db 13,10,0
bottles dd 99
.CODE
start:
INVOKE wsprintfA, offset buffer, offset str1, [bottles]
INVOKE StdOut, offset buffer
INVOKE wsprintfA, offset buffer, offset str2, [bottles]
INVOKE StdOut, offset buffer
INVOKE StdOut, offset str3
DEC [bottles]
INVOKE wsprintfA, offset buffer, offset str1, [bottles]
INVOKE StdOut, offset buffer
INVOKE StdOut, offset nline
CMP [bottles], 1
JNE start
INVOKE StdOut, offset str4
INVOKE ExitProcess, 0
end start
using DOS/BIOS
[bits 16]
DrinkBeer:
push ds
push si
push ax
mov ax, cs
mov ds, ax
mov ax, 99
.beer_loop:
call .printHexNumber
mov si, .dataBeerSong1
call .printString
call .printHexNumber
mov si, .dataBeerSong2
call .printString
dec ax
call .printHexNumber
mov si, .dataBeerSong3
call .printString
test ax, ax
jnz .beer_loop
pop ax
pop si
pop ds
ret
.printString:
push ax
push si
.looping:
lodsb
test al, al
jz .done
mov ah, 0Eh
int 10h
jmp .looping
.done:
pop si
pop ax
ret
.printHexNumber:
pusha
push ds
mov ax, cs
mov ds, ax
push word 0
mov bx, ax
xor dx, dx
mov cx, 4r
.convert_loop:
mov ax, bx
and ax, 0Fh
cmp ax, 9
ja .greater_than_9
add ax, '0'
jmp .converted
.greater_than_9:
add ax, 'A'-0Ah
.converted:
push ax
shr bx, 4
dec cx
jnz .convert_loop
.popoff:
pop ax
cmp ax, 0
je .done
mov ah, 0Eh
int 10h
jmp .popoff
.done:
pop ds
popa
ret
.dataHelloWorld: db "Hello World!", 0
.dataBeerSong1: db " bottles of beer on the wall ", 0
.dataBeerSong2: db " bottles of beer", 13, 10, "Take one down, pass it around "
.dataBeerSong3: db 0, " bottles of beer on the wall", 0
Implemented in the nasm preprocessor
bits 32
section .data
str:
%assign bottles 99
%rep 99
%defstr bottles_str bottles
%if bottles == 1
%define bottle_plur " bottle"
%else
%define bottle_plur " bottles"
%endif
db bottles_str, bottle_plur, " of beer on the wall", 10
db bottles_str, bottle_plur, " of beer", 10
db "Take one down, pass it around", 10, 10
%assign bottles bottles-1
%endrep
db "0 bottles of beer on the wall", 10
str_len: equ $ - str
section .text
global _start
_start:
mov edx, str_len
mov ecx, str
mov ebx, 1
mov eax, 4
int 0x80
mov ebx, 0
mov eax, 1
int 0x80
x86_64 (GAS)
Could maybe have done it all with macros, but I wanted to write my own itoa function. Plus I feel like using the preprocessor for its looping directives takes the challenge out of the problem. To extend to larger numbers, all you have to do is increase the size of the buffer and modify START_BOTTLES.
// Compiles with `gcc -nostdlib`
#define SYS_EXIT $60
#define SYS_WRITE $1
#define STDOUT $1
// Some numbers:
#define START_BOTTLES 99
#define NUM_LOCALS $8
#define WRL1_LEN $30
#define WRL2_LEN $53
#define WRL3_LEN $31
.global _start
.text
.macro WRITE
movq STDOUT, %rdi
movq SYS_WRITE, %rax
syscall
.endm
.macro WRITENUM
movq 8(%rsp), %rdx
movq (%rsp), %rsi
WRITE
.endm
/* void* itoa(long, char *)
0q 8q
- char * points to the *back* of the string. itoa writes from ls digit.
- clobbers rdi, rax, rdx
- returns pointer to beginning of string
*/
itoa:
pushq %rbp
movq %rsp, %rbp
movq 16(%rsp), %rdi
movq 24(%rsp), %rax
cycledigits:
xorq %rdx, %rdx
divq decimal
addq $48, %rdx // Add 48 to remainder, store digit
movb %dl, (%rdi) // Copy char
decq %rdi // Next digit
cmpq $0, %rax
jg cycledigits // No more digits?
leaq 1(%rdi), %rax // return value
popq %rbp
ret
_start:
// Set up stack
movq %rsp, %rbp
/*
bptr = itoa(counter, numstring)
do
{
write(stdout, bptr, bptr-numstring+1) // number
write(stdout, regstring, 30)
write(stdout, bptr, bptr-numstring+1) // number
write(stdout, regstring2, 52)
counter-=1
bptr = itoa(counter, numstring)
write(stdout, bptr, bptr-numstring+1) // number
write(stdout, regstring3, 30)
} while(counter>0)
*/
subq NUM_LOCALS, %rsp
pushq counter
pushq $numstring
precall:
call itoa
addq $16, %rsp // clean args
movq %rax, (%rsp) // bptr = itoa(counter, numstring)
subq $numstring, %rax
negq %rax
leaq 1(%rax), %rdx
movq %rdx, 8(%rsp) // Save the calculation
printloop:
WRITENUM // write(stdout, bptr, bptr-numstring+1)
writeline1:
movq WRL1_LEN, %rdx
movq $regstring, %rsi
WRITE // write(stdout, regstring, 30)
WRITENUM // write(stdout, bptr, bptr-numstring+1)
writeline2:
movq WRL2_LEN, %rdx
movq $regstring2, %rsi
WRITE // write(stdout, regstring2, 52)
decq counter // counter--
pluralcheck:
cmpq $1, counter
jg norm
cmpq $0, counter
je zeroconfirm
oneconfirm:
movq $regstring, %rdx
movb $0x20 , 7(%rdx)
movq $regstring2, %rdx
movb $0x20 , 7(%rdx)
movq $regstring3, %rdx
movb $0x20 , 7(%rdx)
jg norm
zeroconfirm:
movq $regstring, %rdx
movb $'s, 7(%rdx)
movq $regstring2, %rdx
movb $'s , 7(%rdx)
movq $regstring3, %rdx
movb $'s , 7(%rdx)
norm:
pushq counter
pushq $numstring
call itoa
addq $16, %rsp
movq %rax, (%rsp) // bptr = itoa(counter, numstring)
write3:
subq $numstring, %rax
negq %rax
leaq 1(%rax), %rdx
movq %rdx, 8(%rsp)
movq (%rsp), %rsi
WRITE // write(stdout, bptr, bptr-numstring+1)
writeline3:
movq WRL3_LEN, %rdx
movq $regstring3, %rsi
WRITE // write(stdout, regstring, 30)
cmpq $0, counter
jg printloop
exit:
movq SYS_EXIT, %rax
xorq %rdi, %rdi // The exit code.
syscall
.data
/* Begin Data Section: */
decimal: // base 10
.quad 10
counter:
.quad START_BOTTLES
buffer:
.ascii "xxx" /* Separated out because want back of string */
numstring:
.byte 'x
regstring:
.ascii " bottles of beer on the wall,\n"
regstring2:
.ascii " bottles of beer.\nTake one down, and pass it around:\n"
regstring3:
.ascii " bottles of beer on the wall.\n\n"
Z80 Assembly
For Sinclair ZX Spectrum.
org 32768
start:
ld a, 2 ; Spectrum: channel 2 = "S" for screen
call $1601 ; Spectrum: Select print channel using ROM
ld c,99 ; Number of bottles to start with
loopstart:
call printc ; Print the number of bottles
ld hl,line1 ; Print the rest of the first line
call printline
call printc ; Print the number of bottles
ld hl,line2_3 ; Print rest of the 2nd and 3rd lines
call printline
dec c ; Take one bottle away
call printc ; Print the number of bottles
ld hl,line4 ; Print the rest of the fourth line
call printline
ld a,c
cp 0 ; Out of beer bottles?
jp nz,loopstart ; If not, loop round again
ret ; Return to BASIC
printc: ; Routine to print C register as ASCII decimal
ld a,c
call dtoa2d ; Split A register into D and E
ld a,d ; Print first digit in D
cp '0' ; Don't bother printing leading 0
jr z,printc2
rst 16 ; Spectrum: Print the character in 'A'
printc2:
ld a,e ; Print second digit in E
rst 16 ; Spectrum: Print the character in 'A'
ret
printline: ; Routine to print out a line
ld a,(hl) ; Get character to print
cp '$' ; See if it '$' terminator
jp z,printend ; We're done if it is
rst 16 ; Spectrum: Print the character in 'A'
inc hl ; Move onto the next character
jp printline ; Loop round
printend:
ret
dtoa2d: ; Decimal to ASCII (2 digits only), in: A, out: DE
ld d,'0' ; Starting from ASCII '0'
dec d ; Because we are inc'ing in the loop
ld e,10 ; Want base 10 please
and a ; Clear carry flag
dtoa2dloop:
inc d ; Increase the number of tens
sub e ; Take away one unit of ten from A
jr nc,dtoa2dloop ; If A still hasn't gone negative, do another
add a,e ; Decreased it too much, put it back
add a,'0' ; Convert to ASCII
ld e,a ; Stick remainder in E
ret
; Data
line1: defb ' bottles of beer on the wall,',13,'$'
line2_3: defb ' bottles of beer,',13,'Take one down, pass it around,',13,'$'
line4: defb ' bottles of beer on the wall.',13,13,'$'