Special characters

List the special characters and escape sequences in the language.

Brainf***

The only characters that mean anything in BF are its commands:

> move the pointer one to the right

< move the pointer one to the left

+ increment the value at the pointer

- decrement the value at the pointer

, input one byte to memory at the pointer

. output one byte from memory at the pointer

[ begin loop if the value at the pointer is not 0

] end loop

All other characters are comments.

Haskell

Comments

-- comment here until end of line
{- comment here -}

Operator symbols (nearly any sequence can be used)

! # $ % & * + - . / < = > ? @ \ ^ | - ~ :
: as first character denotes constructor

Reserved symbol sequences

.. : :: = \ | <- -> @ ~ => _

Infix quotes

`identifier` (to use as infix operator)

Characters

'.'
\ escapes

Strings

"..."
\ escapes

Special escapes

\a alert
\b backspace
\f form feed
\n new line
\r carriage return
\t horizontal tab
\v vertical tab

Other

( )   (grouping)
( , ) (tuple type/tuple constructor)
{ ; } (grouping inside let, where, do, case without layout)
[ , ] (list type/list constructor)
[ | ] (list comprehension)

Unicode characters, according to category:

Upper case (identifiers)
Lower case (identifiers)
Digits (numbers)
Symbol/punctuation (operators)

Java

Math:

& | ^ ~ (bitwise AND, OR, XOR, and NOT)
>> << (bitwise arithmetic shift)
>>> (bitwise logical shift)
+ - * / = % (+ can be used for String concatenation)
any of the previous math operators can be placed in front of an equals sign to make a self-operation replacement:
x = x + 2 is the same as x += 2
++ -- (increment and decrement--before a variable for pre (++x), after for post(x++))

Boolean:

! ~ (both NOT)
^ && || (XOR, AND, OR)
== < > != <= >= (comparison)

Other:

{ } (scope)
( ) (for functions)
; (line delimiter)
[ ] (array index)
" (string literal)
' (character literal)
? : (ternary operator)

Escape characters:

 \b     (Backspace)
 \n     (Line Feed)
 \r     (Carriage Return)
 \f     (Form Feed)
 \t     (Tab)
 \0     (Null) Note. This is actually a OCTAL escape but handy nonetheless
 \'     (Single Quote)
 \"     (Double Quote)
 \\     (Backslash)
 \DDD   (Octal Escape Sequence, D is a number between 0 and 7)
 \uDDDD (Unicode Escape Sequence, D is any digit between 0 and 9)

$L a T e X$

LaTeX has ten special characters: # $ % & ~ _ ^ \ { }

To make any of these characters appear literally in output, prefix the character with a \. For example, to typeset 5% of $10 you would type

5\% of \$10

Note that the set of special characters in LaTeX isn't really fixed, but can be changed by LaTeX code. For example, the package ngerman (providing German-specific definitions, including easier access to umlaut letters) re-defines the double quote character (") as special character, so you can more easily write German words like "hören" (as h"oren instead of h{\"o}ren).

PowerShell

PowerShell is unusual in that it retains many of the escape sequences of languages descended from C, except that unlike these languages it uses a backtick ` as the escape character rather than a backslash \. For example `n is a new line and `t is a tab.