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{{draft task|Database operations}}
;Task:
Create a database table to exemplify most commonly used data types and options.
;Related task:
* [[Table Creation - Address]]
<br><br>
=={{header|Arturo}}==
<syntaxhighlight lang="rebol">; Helper functions
createTable: function [][
query db {!sql DROP TABLE IF EXISTS users}
query db {!sql
CREATE TABLE users (
ID INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
username TEXT NOT NULL,
email TEXT NOT NULL,
age INTEGER
)
}
]
addUser: function [name, email, age][
query.id db ~{!sql
INSERT INTO users (username, email, age)
VALUES ('|name|','|email|','|age|')
}
]
findUser: function [name][
query db ~{!sql
SELECT *
FROM users
WHERE username='|name|'
}
]
db: open.sqlite "users.db"
createTable
print ["added user with id:" addUser "JohnDoe" "jodoe@gmail.com" 35]
print ["added user with id:" addUser "JaneDoe" "jadoe@gmail.com" 14]
print ["getting user with name: JohnDoe =>" findUser "JohnDoe"]
close db</syntaxhighlight>
{{out}}
<pre>added user with id: 1
added user with id: 2
getting user with name: JohnDoe => [[1 JohnDoe jodoe@gmail.com 35]] </pre>
=={{header|AWK}}==
Line 10 ⟶ 62:
AWK is just a glue language. Simply pipe the creation command into SQLite and capture the output.
<
awk '
BEGIN {
Line 17 ⟶ 69:
exit;
}
'</
=={{header|
<syntaxhighlight lang="vbnet"># create a new database file or open it
dbopen "mydbtest.sqlite3"
# delete the existing table in Personas - If it is a new database, the error is captured
onerror errortrap
dbexecute "drop table Personas;"
offerror
# create the table and enter data into it
dbexecute "create table Personas (id integer, nombre text, apellido text, edad integer, direccion string(50), salario decimal);"
dbexecute "insert into Personas values (1, 'Juan', 'Hdez', 52, '123 Calle Principal', 50000.00);"
print "Contents of the Personas table:"
dbopenset "select * from Personas order by nombre;"
while dbrow()
print dbint(0) + " " + dbstring(1) + " " + dbstring(2) + " " + dbint(3) + " " + dbstring(4) + " " + dbfloat(5)
end while
dbcloseset
# close all
dbclose
end
errortrap:
# accept the error - show nothing - return to the next statement
return</syntaxhighlight>
{{out}}
<pre>Contents of the Personas table:
1 Juan Hdez 52 123 Calle Principal 50000.0</pre>
=={{header|C}}==
Most database tables store data as text, number (mostly integer) and date or date time columns. Specialized requirements would need BLOB and other datatypes. The following implementation requires SQLite.
{{libheader|SQLite}}
<syntaxhighlight lang="c">
#include <sqlite3.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
sqlite3 *db = NULL;
char *errmsg;
const char *code =
"CREATE TABLE employee (\n"
" empID INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,\n"
" firstName TEXT NOT NULL,\n"
" lastName TEXT NOT NULL,\n"
" AGE INTEGER NOT NULL,\n"
" DOB DATE NOT NULL)\n" ;
if ( sqlite3_open("employee.db", &db) == SQLITE_OK ) {
sqlite3_exec(db, code, NULL, NULL, &errmsg);
sqlite3_close(db);
} else {
fprintf(stderr, "cannot open db...\n");
sqlite3_close(db);
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
return 0;
}
</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|FunL}}==
<
import util.*
Line 85 ⟶ 165:
statement.execute( "SELECT * FROM Persons ORDER BY LastName" )
print( TextTable.apply(statement.getResultSet()) )
conn.close()</
{{out}}
Line 101 ⟶ 181:
</pre>
=={{header|
{{libheader|SQLite}}
<syntaxhighlight lang="vbnet">#include once "sqlite3.bi"
Const NULL As Any Ptr = 0
Dim As sqlite3 Ptr db
Dim As zstring Ptr errMsg
Dim As sqlite3_stmt Ptr stmt
If sqlite3_open(":memory:", @db) <> SQLITE_OK Then
Print "Could not open database: "; sqlite3_errmsg(db)
sqlite3_close(db)
Sleep
End 1
End If
' Create the table
Dim As String sql = "CREATE TABLE Persons(" _
& "ID INT PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL," _
& "NAME TEXT NOT NULL," _
& "SURNAME TEXT NOT NULL," _
& "AGE INT NOT NULL," _
& "ADDRESS CHAR(50)," _
& "SALARY REAL );"
If sqlite3_exec(db, sql, NULL, NULL, @errMsg) <> SQLITE_OK Then
Print "Error creating table: "; *errMsg
sqlite3_free(errMsg)
Else
Print "Table created successfully"
End If
' Insert some data
sql = "INSERT INTO Persons (ID, NAME, SURNAME, AGE, ADDRESS, SALARY) " _
& "VALUES (1, 'John', 'Doe', 30, '123 Main St', 50000.00);"
If sqlite3_exec(db, sql, NULL, NULL, @errMsg) <> SQLITE_OK Then
Print "Error inserting data: "; *errMsg
sqlite3_free(errMsg)
End If
' Display the contents of the table
sql = "SELECT * FROM Persons;"
If sqlite3_prepare_v2(db, sql, -1, @stmt, NULL) <> SQLITE_OK Then
Print "Error preparing statement: "; sqlite3_errmsg(db)
Else
While sqlite3_step(stmt) = SQLITE_ROW
Print "ID: "; sqlite3_column_int(stmt, 0)
Print "Name: "; *cast(zstring ptr, sqlite3_column_text(stmt, 1))
Print "Surname: "; *cast(zstring ptr, sqlite3_column_text(stmt, 2))
Print "Age: "; sqlite3_column_int(stmt, 3)
Print "Address: "; *cast(zstring ptr, sqlite3_column_text(stmt, 4))
Print "Salary: "; sqlite3_column_double(stmt, 5)
Print
Wend
End If
sqlite3_finalize(stmt)
sqlite3_close(db)
Sleep</syntaxhighlight>
{{out}}
<pre>Table created successfully
ID: 1
Name: Juan
Surname: Hdez
Age: 52
Address: 123 Main St
Salary: 50000</pre>
=={{header|Go}}==
{{libheader|Bolt}}
<br>
This uses a key/value store rather than a relational database to create the table.
<syntaxhighlight lang="go">package main
import (
"encoding/binary"
"encoding/json"
"fmt"
"github.com/boltdb/bolt"
"log"
)
type StockTrans struct {
Id int // this will be auto-incremented by db
Date string
Trans string
Symbol string
Quantity int
Price float32
Settled bool
}
// save stock transaction to bucket in db
func (st *StockTrans) save(db *bolt.DB, bucket string) error {
err := db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
b := tx.Bucket([]byte(bucket))
id, _ := b.NextSequence()
st.Id = int(id)
encoded, err := json.Marshal(st)
if err != nil {
return err
}
return b.Put(itob(st.Id), encoded)
})
return err
}
// itob returns an 8-byte big endian representation of i.
func itob(i int) []byte {
b := make([]byte, 8)
binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(b, uint64(i))
return b
}
func check(err error) {
if err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
}
}
func main() {
// create database
db, err := bolt.Open("store.db", 0600, nil)
check(err)
defer db.Close()
// create bucket
err = db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
_, err := tx.CreateBucketIfNotExists([]byte("stocks"))
return err
})
check(err)
transactions := []*StockTrans{
{0, "2006-01-05", "BUY", "RHAT", 100, 35.14, true},
{0, "2006-03-28", "BUY", "IBM", 1000, 45, true},
{0, "2006-04-06", "SELL", "IBM", 500, 53, true},
{0, "2006-04-05", "BUY", "MSOFT", 1000, 72, false},
}
// save transactions to bucket
for _, trans := range transactions {
err := trans.save(db, "stocks")
check(err)
}
// print out contents of bucket
fmt.Println("Id Date Trans Sym Qty Price Settled")
fmt.Println("------------------------------------------------")
db.View(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
b := tx.Bucket([]byte("stocks"))
b.ForEach(func(k, v []byte) error {
st := new(StockTrans)
err := json.Unmarshal(v, st)
check(err)
fmt.Printf("%d %s %-4s %-5s %4d %2.2f %t\n",
st.Id, st.Date, st.Trans, st.Symbol, st.Quantity, st.Price, st.Settled)
return nil
})
return nil
})
}</syntaxhighlight>
{{out}}
<pre>
Id Date Trans Sym Qty Price Settled
------------------------------------------------
1 2006-01-05 BUY RHAT 100 35.14 true
2 2006-03-28 BUY IBM 1000 45.00 true
3 2006-04-06 SELL IBM 500 53.00 true
4 2006-04-05 BUY MSOFT 1000 72.00 false
</pre>
=={{header|J}}==
If we define a <code>table</code> as a named collection of columns, and we define a <code>type</code> as a mechanism for the representation of some kind of data, then:
<syntaxhighlight lang="j">stocks=: |: ,: ;:'date trans symbol qty price'
insertStock=: 3 :'0#stocks=: stocks,.y'
insertStock@".;._2]0 :0
'2006-01-05'; 'BUY'; 'RHAT'; 100; 35.14
'2006-03-28'; 'BUY'; 'IBM'; 1000; 45.00
'2006-04-05'; 'BUY'; 'MSOFT'; 1000; 72.00
'2006-04-06'; 'SELL'; 'IBM'; 500; 53.00
)</syntaxhighlight>
declares a table and some data within that table.
And, here's an example of sorting:
<syntaxhighlight lang="j">cols=: [:; {."1@[ <@i.`(<@i.@#@[)@.(=&(<,'*')@]"1 0) cutopen@]
sortBy=: [ /:"1 2 (<__)|:@,. [ }.@{~ cols
from=: cols~ {"0 _ ]
select=: |:
select '*' from stocks sortBy 'price'
┌──────────┬─────┬──────┬────┬─────┐
│date │trans│symbol│qty │price│
├──────────┼─────┼──────┼────┼─────┤
│2006-01-05│BUY │RHAT │100 │35.14│
├──────────┼─────┼──────┼────┼─────┤
│2006-03-28│BUY │IBM │1000│45 │
├──────────┼─────┼──────┼────┼─────┤
│2006-04-06│SELL │IBM │500 │53 │
├──────────┼─────┼──────┼────┼─────┤
│2006-04-05│BUY │MSOFT │1000│72 │
└──────────┴─────┴──────┴────┴─────┘</syntaxhighlight>
Note that this particular example is both overly general in some senses (for example, named column handling has features not demonstrated here) and overly specific in others (for example, I did not implement sort in descending order).
Also, a properly tuned system would likely use different code (for example, you could get better performance if you put an entire column into a box instead of introducing a new box for each element in a column).
=={{header|Julia}}==
{{works with|Julia|0.6}}
<syntaxhighlight lang="julia">using SQLite
conn = SQLite.DB() # in-memory
SQLite.execute!(conn, """
create table stocks
(date text, trans text, symbol text,
qty real, price real)
""")
# Insert a row of data
SQLite.execute!(conn, """
insert into stocks
values ('2006-01-05','BUY','RHAT',100,35.14)
""")
for v in [["2006-03-28", "BUY", "IBM", 1000, 45.00],
["2006-04-05", "BUY", "MSOFT", 1000, 72.00],
["2006-04-06", "SELL", "IBM", 500, 53.00]]
SQLite.query(conn, "insert into stocks values (?,?,?,?,?)", values = v)
end
df = SQLite.query(conn, "select * from stocks order by price")
println(df)</syntaxhighlight>
{{out}}
<pre>4×5 DataFrames.DataFrame
│ Row │ date │ trans │ symbol │ qty │ price │
├─────┼──────────────┼────────┼─────────┼────────┼───────┤
│ 1 │ "2006-01-05" │ "BUY" │ "RHAT" │ 100.0 │ 35.14 │
│ 2 │ "2006-03-28" │ "BUY" │ "IBM" │ 1000.0 │ 45.0 │
│ 3 │ "2006-04-06" │ "SELL" │ "IBM" │ 500.0 │ 53.0 │
│ 4 │ "2006-04-05" │ "BUY" │ "MSOFT" │ 1000.0 │ 72.0 │</pre>
=={{header|Lua}}==
<syntaxhighlight lang="lua">Columns = {};
Columns.ID = {};
Columns.FName = {};
Columns.LName = {};
Columns.Email = {};
Columns.Names = {"ID","FName","LName","Email"};
function Insert(id,fname,lname,email)
table.insert(Columns.ID, id);
table.insert(Columns.FName, fname);
table.insert(Columns.LName, lname);
table.insert(Columns.Email, email);
end
for i,v in pairs(Columns.ID) do
print(v,Columns.FName[i],Columns.LName[i]);
end
function getMax(Table)
local cmax = #Table
for i,v in pairs(Columns[Table]) do
if #tostring(v) > cmax then
cmax = #tostring(v)
end
end
return cmax;
end
function listTables()
local Total = (#Columns.Names*2)+1;
for i,v in pairs(Columns.Names) do
Total = Total + getMax(v);
end
print()
local CS = "|";
for i,v in pairs(Columns.Names) do
CS = CS.." "..v..string.rep(" ",(getMax(v)-#v)).."|";
end
print(string.rep("-",Total).."\n"..CS.."\n"..string.rep("-",Total))
for it = 1,#Columns.ID do
CS = "|";
for i,v in pairs(Columns.Names) do
CS = CS.." "..Columns[v][it]..string.rep(" ",(getMax(v)-(#tostring((Columns[v][it]))))).."|";
end
print(CS);
end
print(string.rep("-",Total));
end
--[[Inserting items]]--
Insert(#Columns.ID,"John","Doel","John.Doe000@ExampleEmail.com");
Insert(#Columns.ID,"Jane","Miller","Jane.Miller000@ExampleEmail.com");
Insert(#Columns.ID,"Eerie","Crate","Eeriecrate@ExampleEmail.com");
--[[ ]]--
listTables();</syntaxhighlight>
{{out}}
<pre>
-----------------------------------------------------
| ID| FName| LName | Email |
-----------------------------------------------------
| 0 | John | Doel | John.Doe000@ExampleEmail.com |
| 1 | Jane | Miller| Jane.Miller000@ExampleEmail.com|
| 2 | Eerie| Crate | Eeriecrate@ExampleEmail.com |
-----------------------------------------------------
</pre>
=={{header|M2000 Interpreter}}==
M2000 Environment use ADO to connect to databases. Default type is Mdb (Acess 2007).
We can use text from UTF16LE set. Here we have Greek letters in Memo.
<syntaxhighlight lang="m2000 interpreter">
MODULE SIMPLEBASE {
BASE "ALFA" ' ERASED IF FOUND THE NAME OF "ALFA.MDB"
EXECUTE "ALFA", { CREATE TABLE Employees(ID autoincrement primary key, LastName VARCHAR(40) , FirstName VARCHAR(40) NOT NULL, MyMemo TEXT )}
APPEND "ALFA","Employees",,"George","Getbreak","Γεια χαρά από Ελλάδα"
RETRIEVE "ALFA", "Employees", 1,"",""
READ MANY, ID, LASTNAME$, FIRSTNAMES$, MEMO$
PRINT $(4, 6), "BASE:","ALFA"
Print "ID:",ID
PRINT "NAME:",LASTNAME$ + " " + FIRSTNAMES$
PRINT "MEMO:",
REPORT MEMO$
CLOSE BASE "ALFA"
PRINT
}
SIMPLEBASE
</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|Mathematica}}/{{header|Wolfram Language}}==
<syntaxhighlight lang="mathematica">Needs["DatabaseLink`"];conn = OpenSQLConnection[JDBC["mysql",
"databases:1234/conn_test"], "Username" -> "test"]
SQLCreateTable[conn, SQLTable["TEST"],If[Length[#] == 0,SQLColumn[StringJoin[#,"COL"],"DataTypeName" -> #],SQLColumn[StringJoin[#[[1]], "COL"], "DataTypeName" -> #[[1]],"DataLength" -> #[[2]]]] & /@ {"TINYINT", "SMALLINT", "INTEGER","BIGINT", "NUMERIC", "DECIMAL", "FLOAT", "REAL", "DOUBLE", "BIT","LONGVARBINARY", "VARBINARY", "BINARY","LONGVARCHAR",{"VARCHAR", 5},{"CHAR", 3},"DATE","TIME","TIMESTAMP","OBJECT"}]</
=={{header|Nim}}==
{{trans|Python}}
Nim standard library provides two modules to work with SQL databases. We use here the high level one for SQLite.
<syntaxhighlight lang="nim">import db_sqlite
let dbc = open(":memory:", "", "", "")
dbc.exec(sql"create table stocks(date text, trans text, symbol text, qty real, price real)")
# Insert a row of data.
dbc.exec(sql"insert into stocks values ('2006-01-05', 'BUY', 'RHAT', 100, 35.14)")
for v in [("2006-03-28", "BUY", "IBM", 1000, 45.00),
("2006-04-05", "BUY", "MSOFT", 1000, 72.00),
("2006-04-06", "SELL", "IBM", 500, 53.00)]:
dbc.exec(sql"insert into stocks values (?, ?, ?, ?, ?)", v[0], v[1], v[2], v[3], v[4])
# Data retrieval.
for row in dbc.fastRows(sql"select * from stocks order by price"):
echo row</syntaxhighlight>
{{out}}
<pre>@["2006-01-05", "BUY", "RHAT", "100.0", "35.14"]
@["2006-03-28", "BUY", "IBM", "1000.0", "45.0"]
@["2006-04-06", "SELL", "IBM", "500.0", "53.0"]
@["2006-04-05", "BUY", "MSOFT", "1000.0", "72.0"]</pre>
=={{header|Oracle}}==
Great SCOTT! from utlsampl.sql
<
CREATE TABLE EMP
(EMPNO NUMBER(4) CONSTRAINT PK_EMP PRIMARY KEY,
Line 118 ⟶ 570:
COMM NUMBER(7,2),
DEPTNO NUMBER(2) CONSTRAINT FK_DEPTNO REFERENCES DEPT);
</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|Oz}}==
Line 126 ⟶ 578:
{{libheader|Ozsqlite}}
<
[Sqlite] = {Module.link ['x-ozlib:/sqlite/Sqlite.ozf']}
Line 163 ⟶ 615:
{Sqlite.close DB}
end
</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|PARI/GP}}==
The most natural way to store tabular data in GP is in a matrix:
<
m[1,] = ["Barack", "Obama", 20500];
\\ ...</
=={{header|
{{trans|Julia}}
<syntaxhighlight lang="perl"># 20211218 Perl programming solution
use strict;
use warnings;
use DBI;
my $dbh = DBI->connect("dbi:SQLite:dbname=:memory:");
$dbh->do("CREATE TABLE stocks (
date TEXT, trans TEXT, symbol TEXT, qty REAL, price REAL
)");
my $sth = $dbh->prepare( "INSERT INTO stocks VALUES (?,?,?,?,?)" );
my @DATA = ( '"2006-01-05","BUY", "RHAT", 100, 35.14',
'"2006-03-28","BUY", "IBM", 1000, 45.00',
'"2006-04-05","BUY","MSOFT", 1000, 72.00',
'"2006-04-06","SELL", "IBM", 500, 53.00' );
for ( @DATA ) { $sth->execute( split /,/ ) or die }
$sth = $dbh->prepare("SELECT * FROM stocks ORDER BY price") or die;
$sth->execute();
my $format = "%-15s %-15s %-15s %-15s %-15s\n";
printf $format, $sth->{NAME}->@* ;
print '=' x 75 , "\n";
while ( my @row = $sth->fetchrow_array ) { printf $format, @row }</syntaxhighlight>
{{out}}
<pre>
date trans symbol qty price
===========================================================================
"2006-01-05" "BUY" "RHAT" 100 35.14
"2006-03-28" "BUY" "IBM" 1000 45
"2006-04-06" "SELL" "IBM" 500 53
"2006-04-05" "BUY" "MSOFT" 1000 72
</pre>
=={{header|Phix}}==
{{libheader|SQLite}}
<!--<syntaxhighlight lang="phix">-->
<span style="color: #008080;">include</span> <span style="color: #000000;">pSQLite</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">.</span><span style="color: #000000;">e</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">constant</span> <span style="color: #000000;">sqlcode</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #008000;">"""
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS employee (
empID INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
firstName TEXT NOT NULL,
lastName TEXT NOT NULL,
age INTEGER NOT NULL,
dob DATE NOT NULL)"""</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">sqlite3</span> <span style="color: #000000;">db</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">sqlite3_open</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #008000;">"employees.sqlite"</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span>
<span style="color: #004080;">integer</span> <span style="color: #000000;">res</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">sqlite3_exec</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">db</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">sqlcode</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">if</span> <span style="color: #000000;">res</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span><span style="color: #000000;">SQLITE_OK</span> <span style="color: #008080;">then</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">sqlite3_close</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">db</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">else</span>
<span style="color: #7060A8;">printf</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #008000;">"sqlite3_exec error: %d [%s]\n"</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,{</span><span style="color: #000000;">res</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">sqlite_last_exec_err</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">})</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">if</span>
<!--</syntaxhighlight>-->
=={{header|PicoLisp}}==
<
(class +Account +Entity)
Line 218 ⟶ 724:
(if (: active) "Yes" "No")
(: username)
(money (: balance)) ) ) )</
Output:
<pre>account_id created active username balance
12345 20090513 No John Doe 77.22
12346 20090514 Yes Jane Miller 123.75</pre>
=={{header|PL/I}}==
<syntaxhighlight lang="pl/i">declare 1 table (100),
2 name character (20) varying,
2 address,
3 number fixed decimal,
3 street character (30) varying,
3 suburb character (30) varying,
3 zip picture '9999',
2 transaction_date date,
2 sex character (1),
2 suppress_junk_mail bit (1);</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|PostgreSQL}}==
Line 228 ⟶ 746:
Postgres developers, please feel free to add additional data-types you commonly use to this example.
<
CREATE SEQUENCE account_seq start 100;
Line 255 ⟶ 773:
-- char(#): space padded text field with length of #
-- varchar(#): variable length text field up to #
-- text: not limited</
=={{header|Python}}==
{{libheader|SQLite}}
The sqlite3 database is a part of the Python standard library. It does not associate type with table columns, any cell can be of any type.
<
>>> conn = sqlite3.connect(':memory:')
>>> c = conn.cursor()
Line 295 ⟶ 812:
(u'2006-04-06', u'SELL', u'IBM', 500.0, 53.0)
(u'2006-04-05', u'BUY', u'MSOFT', 1000.0, 72.0)
>>> </
=={{header|Racket}}==
This is the relevant part of [[Table creation/Postal addresses#Racket]] that creates the DB table:
<
#lang racket
(require db)
(define postal (sqlite3-connect #:database "/tmp/postal.db" #:mode 'create))
</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|Raku}}==
(formerly Perl 6)
In Raku, there is no 'database' type built in, so it is somewhat ambiguous when specifying 'create a database table'. Raku offers bindings to most common databases through its DBIish module but mostly abstracts away the differences between the underlying databases, which hides many of the finer distinctions of what may be stored where. The actual data types and options available are properties of the database used.
If on the other hand, we are meant to show built in collective types that may be used to hold tabular data, this may be of some use.
In general, a container type can hold objects of any data type, even instances of their own type; allowing 'multi-dimensional' (tabular) containers.
Raku offers two broad categories of collective container types; those that do the Positional role and those that do Associative. Positional objects are collective objects that access the individual storage slots using an integer index. Associative objects use some sort of other pointer (typically string) to access their storage slots.
The various Associative types mostly differ in their value handling. Hash, Map and QuantHash may have any type of object as their value. All the others have some specific, usually numeric, type as their value.
<pre>
Positional - Object that supports looking up values by integer index
Array Sequence of itemized objects
List Immutable sequence of objects
Associative - Object that supports looking up values by key (typically string)
Bag Immutable collection of distinct objects with integer weights
BagHash Mutable collection of distinct objects with integer weights
Hash Mapping from strings to itemized values
Map Immutable mapping from strings to values
Mix Immutable collection of distinct objects with Real weights
MixHash Mutable collection of distinct objects with Real weights
QuantHash Collection of objects represented as hash keys
Set Immutable collection of distinct objects, no value except 'present'
SetHash Mutable collection of distinct objects, no value except 'present'
</pre>
If you want a persistent instance of any of these types, you need to declare the name with some scope constraint, but there are no prerequisites to creating instances. Simply assigning values to them will call them into existence.
=={{header|REXX}}==
REXX doesn't have tables (structures), as there is only one data type in REXX:
However, tables (or structures) can be constructed by using stemmed arrays
<br>a unique identifier, something akin to a SSN (Social Security Number) or something similar.
<syntaxhighlight lang="rexx"> id = 000112222 /*could be a SSN or some other unique ID (or number).*/
table.id.!
table.id.!
table.id.!
table.id.!dob = '06/09/1946'
table.id.!gender = 'm'
table.id.!phone = '(111)-222-3333'
table.id.!addr = '123 Elm Drive\Apartment 6A'
table.id.!town = 'Gotham City'
table.id.!state = 'NY'
table.id.!zip = '12345-6789'</
=={{header|Ring}}==
<syntaxhighlight lang="ring">
# Project : Table creation
load "stdlib.ring"
oSQLite = sqlite_init()
sqlite_open(oSQLite,"mytest.db")
sql = "CREATE TABLE COMPANY(" +
"ID INT PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL," +
"NAME TEXT NOT NULL," +
"AGE INT NOT NULL," +
"ADDRESS CHAR(50)," +
"SALARY REAL );"
sqlite_execute(oSQLite,sql)
sql = "INSERT INTO COMPANY (ID,NAME,AGE,ADDRESS,SALARY) " +
"VALUES (1, 'Mahmoud', 29, 'Jeddah', 20000.00 ); " +
"INSERT INTO COMPANY (ID,NAME,AGE,ADDRESS,SALARY) " +
"VALUES (2, 'Ahmed', 27, 'Jeddah', 15000.00 ); " +
"INSERT INTO COMPANY (ID,NAME,AGE,ADDRESS,SALARY)" +
"VALUES (3, 'Mohammed', 31, 'Egypt', 20000.00 );" +
"INSERT INTO COMPANY (ID,NAME,AGE,ADDRESS,SALARY)" +
"VALUES (4, 'Ibrahim', 24, 'Egypt ', 65000.00 );"
sqlite_execute(oSQLite,sql)
aResult = sqlite_execute(oSQLite,"select * from COMPANY")
for x in aResult
for t in x
see t[2] + nl
next
next
see copy("*",50) + nl
for x in aResult
see x["name"] + nl
next
sqlite_close(oSQLite)
</syntaxhighlight>
Output:
<pre>
1
Mahmoud
29
Jeddah
20000.0
2
Ahmed
27
Jeddah
15000.0
3
Mohammed
31
Egypt
20000.0
4
Ibrahim
24
Egypt
65000.0
**************************************************
Mahmoud
Ahmed
Mohammed
Ibrahim
</pre>
=={{header|Ruby}}==
This code is enough to create a PStore (or open an existing PStore).
<
db = PStore.new "filename.pstore"</
The example at [[Table creation/Postal addresses#Ruby]] puts Ruby objects into the PStore.
=={{header|Run BASIC}}==
Run Basic supports all features of SQLite.
This is a sample of a item master
<
#sql execute("
CREATE TABLE item (
Line 373 ⟶ 991:
CREATE UNIQUE INDEX item_descr ON item( descr, itemNum);
CREATE UNIQUE INDEX item_itemNum ON item(itemNum);"
</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|Scala}}==
===using SLICK FRM===
<syntaxhighlight lang="scala">// Use H2Profile to connect to an H2 database
import slick.jdbc.H2Profile.api._
import scala.concurrent.ExecutionContext.Implicits.global
object Main extends App {
// Definition of the SUPPLIERS table
class Suppliers(tag: Tag) extends Table[(Int, String, String, String, String, String)](tag, "SUPPLIERS") {
def id = column[Int]("SUP_ID", O.PrimaryKey) // This is the primary key column
def name = column[String]("SUP_NAME")
def street = column[String]("STREET")
def city = column[String]("CITY")
def state = column[String]("STATE")
def zip = column[String]("ZIP")
// Every table needs a * projection with the same type as the table's type parameter
def * = (id, name, street, city, state, zip)
}
val suppliers = TableQuery[Suppliers]
// Definition of the COFFEES table
class Coffees(tag: Tag) extends Table[(String, Int, Double, Int, Int)](tag, "COFFEES") {
def name = column[String]("COF_NAME", O.PrimaryKey)
def supID = column[Int]("SUP_ID")
def price = column[Double]("PRICE")
def sales = column[Int]("SALES")
def total = column[Int]("TOTAL")
def * = (name, supID, price, sales, total)
// A reified foreign key relation that can be navigated to create a join
def supplier = foreignKey("SUP_FK", supID, suppliers)(_.id)
}
val coffees = TableQuery[Coffees]
val setup = DBIO.seq(
// Create the tables, including primary and foreign keys
(suppliers.schema ++ coffees.schema).create
)}</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|SQL PL}}==
{{works with|Db2 LUW}}
<syntaxhighlight lang="sql pl">
CREATE TABLE dept (
deptno NUMERIC(2)
NOT NULL CONSTRAINT dept_pk PRIMARY KEY,
dname VARCHAR(14)
NOT NULL CONSTRAINT dept_dname_uq UNIQUE,
loc VARCHAR(13)
);
CREATE TABLE emp (
empno NUMERIC(4)
NOT NULL CONSTRAINT emp_pk PRIMARY KEY,
ename VARCHAR(10),
job VARCHAR(9),
mgr NUMERIC(4),
hiredate DATE,
sal DECIMAL(7,2)
CONSTRAINT emp_sal_ck CHECK (sal > 0),
comm DECIMAL(7,2),
deptno NUMERIC(2)
CONSTRAINT emp_ref_dept_fk
REFERENCES dept(deptno)
);
INSERT INTO dept VALUES (10, 'ACCOUNTING', 'NEW YORK');
INSERT INTO dept VALUES (20, 'RESEARCH', 'DALLAS');
INSERT INTO emp VALUES (7369, 'SMITH', 'CLERK', 7902, '1980-12-17', 800, NULL, 20);
INSERT INTO emp VALUES (7566, 'JONES', 'MANAGER', 7839, '1981-04-02', 2975, NULL, 20);
INSERT INTO emp VALUES (7782, 'CLARK', 'MANAGER', 7839, '1981-06-09', 2450, NULL, 10);
INSERT INTO emp VALUES (7788, 'SCOTT', 'ANALYST', 7566, '1987-04-19', 3000, NULL, 20);
INSERT INTO emp VALUES (7839, 'KING', 'PRESIDENT', NULL, '1981-11-17', 5000, NULL, 10);
INSERT INTO emp VALUES (7876, 'ADAMS', 'CLERK', 7788, '1987-05-23', 1100, NULL, 20);
INSERT INTO emp VALUES (7902, 'FORD', 'ANALYST', 7566, '1981-12-03', 3000, NULL, 20);
INSERT INTO emp VALUES (7934, 'MILLER', 'CLERK', 7782, '1982-01-23', 1300, NULL, 10);
</syntaxhighlight>
Output:
<pre>
db2 => CREATE TABLE dept (
db2 (cont.) => deptno NUMERIC(2)
db2 (cont.) => NOT NULL CONSTRAINT dept_pk PRIMARY KEY,
db2 (cont.) => dname VARCHAR(14)
db2 (cont.) => NOT NULL CONSTRAINT dept_dname_uq UNIQUE,
db2 (cont.) => loc VARCHAR(13)
db2 (cont.) =>);
DB20000I The SQL command completed successfully.
db2 => CREATE TABLE emp (
db2 (cont.) => empno NUMERIC(4)
db2 (cont.) => NOT NULL CONSTRAINT emp_pk PRIMARY KEY,
db2 (cont.) => ename VARCHAR(10),
db2 (cont.) => job VARCHAR(9),
db2 (cont.) => mgr NUMERIC(4),
db2 (cont.) => hiredate DATE,
db2 (cont.) => sal DECIMAL(7,2)
db2 (cont.) => CONSTRAINT emp_sal_ck CHECK (sal > 0),
db2 (cont.) => comm DECIMAL(7,2),
db2 (cont.) => deptno NUMERIC(2)
db2 (cont.) => CONSTRAINT emp_ref_dept_fk
db2 (cont.) => REFERENCES dept(deptno)
db2 (cont.) =>);
DB20000I The SQL command completed successfully.
db2 => INSERT INTO dept VALUES (10, 'ACCOUNTING', 'NEW YORK');
DB20000I The SQL command completed successfully.
db2 => INSERT INTO dept VALUES (20, 'RESEARCH', 'DALLAS');
DB20000I The SQL command completed successfully.
db2 => INSERT INTO emp VALUES (7369, 'SMITH', 'CLERK', 7902, '1980-12-17', 800, NULL, 20);
DB20000I The SQL command completed successfully.
db2 => INSERT INTO emp VALUES (7566, 'JONES', 'MANAGER', 7839, '1981-04-02', 2975, NULL, 20);
DB20000I The SQL command completed successfully.
db2 => INSERT INTO emp VALUES (7782, 'CLARK', 'MANAGER', 7839, '1981-06-09', 2450, NULL, 10);
DB20000I The SQL command completed successfully.
db2 => INSERT INTO emp VALUES (7788, 'SCOTT', 'ANALYST', 7566, '1987-04-19', 3000, NULL, 20);
DB20000I The SQL command completed successfully.
db2 => INSERT INTO emp VALUES (7839, 'KING', 'PRESIDENT', NULL, '1981-11-17', 5000, NULL, 10);
DB20000I The SQL command completed successfully.
db2 => INSERT INTO emp VALUES (7876, 'ADAMS', 'CLERK', 7788, '1987-05-23', 1100, NULL, 20);
DB20000I The SQL command completed successfully.
db2 => INSERT INTO emp VALUES (7902, 'FORD', 'ANALYST', 7566, '1981-12-03', 3000, NULL, 20);
DB20000I The SQL command completed successfully.
db2 => INSERT INTO emp VALUES (7934, 'MILLER', 'CLERK', 7782, '1982-01-23', 1300, NULL, 10);
DB20000I The SQL command completed successfully.
db2 => describe table dept;
Data type Column
Column name schema Data type name Length Scale Nulls
------------------------------- --------- ------------------- ---------- ----- ------
DEPTNO SYSIBM DECIMAL 2 0 No
DNAME SYSIBM VARCHAR 14 0 No
LOC SYSIBM VARCHAR 13 0 Yes
3 record(s) selected.
db2 => describe table emp;
Data type Column
Column name schema Data type name Length Scale Nulls
------------------------------- --------- ------------------- ---------- ----- ------
EMPNO SYSIBM DECIMAL 4 0 No
ENAME SYSIBM VARCHAR 10 0 Yes
JOB SYSIBM VARCHAR 9 0 Yes
MGR SYSIBM DECIMAL 4 0 Yes
HIREDATE SYSIBM DATE 4 0 Yes
SAL SYSIBM DECIMAL 7 2 Yes
COMM SYSIBM DECIMAL 7 2 Yes
DEPTNO SYSIBM DECIMAL 2 0 Yes
8 record(s) selected.
db2 => select * from dept;
DEPTNO DNAME LOC
------ -------------- -------------
10. ACCOUNTING NEW YORK
20. RESEARCH DALLAS
2 record(s) selected.
db2 => select * from emp;
EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO
------ ---------- --------- ------ ---------- --------- --------- ------
7369. SMITH CLERK 7902. 12/17/1980 800.00 - 20.
7566. JONES MANAGER 7839. 04/02/1981 2975.00 - 20.
7782. CLARK MANAGER 7839. 06/09/1981 2450.00 - 10.
7788. SCOTT ANALYST 7566. 04/19/1987 3000.00 - 20.
7839. KING PRESIDENT - 11/17/1981 5000.00 - 10.
7876. ADAMS CLERK 7788. 05/23/1987 1100.00 - 20.
7902. FORD ANALYST 7566. 12/03/1981 3000.00 - 20.
7934. MILLER CLERK 7782. 01/23/1982 1300.00 - 10.
8 record(s) selected.
</pre>
=={{header|Tcl}}==
Tables, as used in relational databases, seem far away conceptually from Tcl. However, the following code demonstrates how a table (implemented as a list of lists, the first being the header line) can be type-checked and rendered:
<
upvar $_tbl tbl
set heads [lindex $tbl 0]
Line 451 ⟶ 1,242:
balance 0.0 \
created 2009-05-14
puts [table_format $mytbl]</
Output:
<pre>
Line 460 ⟶ 1,251:
| 12346 | 2009-05-14 | | Jane Miller | 0.0 |
+------------+------------+--------+-------------+---------+
</pre>
=={{header|Wren}}==
===Version 1===
{{libheader|Wren-dynamic}}
{{libheader|Wren-fmt}}
{{libheader|Wren-sort}}
Wren-cli does not currently have access to any external databases so, for the purposes of this task, we devise our own very simple in-memory database format, create a table, add some records to it and display them.
In practice, a binary search would be needed to find records quickly by key given that the records are being maintained in sorted order. However, for now we use a sequential search instead.
<syntaxhighlight lang="wren">import "./dynamic" for Enum, Tuple
import "./fmt" for Fmt
import "./sort" for Cmp, Sort
var FieldType = Enum.create("FieldType", ["text", "num", "int", "bool"])
var Field = Tuple.create("Field", ["name", "fieldType", "maxLen"])
class Table {
construct new(name, fields, keyIndex) {
_name = name
_fields = fields
_keyIndex = keyIndex // the zero based index of the field to sort on
_records = []
_fmt = ""
for (f in _fields) {
var c = f.name.count
var l = f.maxLen.max(c)
if (f.fieldType == FieldType.text ||f.fieldType == FieldType.bool) {
l = -l
}
_fmt = _fmt + "$%(l)s "
}
_fmt = _fmt.trimEnd()
}
name { _name }
showFields() {
System.print("Fields for %(_name) table:\n")
Fmt.print("$-20s $4s $s", "name", "type", "maxlen")
System.print("-" * 33)
for (f in _fields) {
Fmt.print("$-20s $-4s $d", f.name, FieldType.members[f.fieldType], f.maxLen)
}
}
cmp_ { Fn.new { |r1, r2|
return (Num.fromString(r1[_keyIndex]) - Num.fromString(r2[_keyIndex])).sign
}}
addRecord(record) {
var items = record.split(", ")
_records.add(items)
Sort.insertion(_records, cmp_) // move new record into sorted order
}
showRecords() {
System.print("Records for %(_name) table:\n")
var h = Fmt.slwrite(_fmt, _fields.map { |f| f.name }.toList)
System.print(h)
System.print("-" * h.count)
for (r in _records) {
Fmt.lprint(_fmt, r)
}
}
removeRecord(key) {
for (i in 0..._records.count) {
if (_records[i][_keyIndex] == key.toString) {
_records.removeAt(i)
return
}
}
}
findRecord(key) {
for (i in 0..._records.count) {
if (_records[i][_keyIndex] == key.toString) {
return _records[i].join(", ")
}
}
return null
}
}
var fields = []
fields.add(Field.new("id", FieldType.int, 2))
fields.add(Field.new("date", FieldType.text, 10))
fields.add(Field.new("trans", FieldType.text, 4))
fields.add(Field.new("sym", FieldType.text, 5))
fields.add(Field.new("qty", FieldType.int, 4))
fields.add(Field.new("price", FieldType.num, 5))
fields.add(Field.new("settled", FieldType.bool, 5))
// create table
var table = Table.new("Stock_transactions", fields, 0)
// add records in unsorted order
table.addRecord("3, 2006-04-06, SELL, IBM, 500, 53.00, true")
table.addRecord("1, 2006-01-05, BUY, RHAT, 100, 35.14, true")
table.addRecord("4, 2006-04-05, BUY, MSOFT, 1000, 72.00, false")
table.addRecord("2, 2006-03-28, BUY, IBM, 1000, 45.00, true")
// show the table's fields
table.showFields()
System.print()
// show the table's records in sorted order
table.showRecords()
// find a record by key
System.print("\nThe record with an id of 2 is:")
System.print(table.findRecord(2))
// delete a record by key
table.removeRecord(3)
System.print("\nThe record with an id of 3 will be deleted, leaving:\n")
table.showRecords()</syntaxhighlight>
{{out}}
<pre>
Fields for Stock_transactions table:
name type maxlen
---------------------------------
id int 2
date text 10
trans text 4
sym text 5
qty int 4
price num 5
settled bool 5
Records for Stock_transactions table:
id date trans sym qty price settled
--------------------------------------------------
1 2006-01-05 BUY RHAT 100 35.14 true
2 2006-03-28 BUY IBM 1000 45.00 true
3 2006-04-06 SELL IBM 500 53.00 true
4 2006-04-05 BUY MSOFT 1000 72.00 false
The record with an id of 2 is:
2, 2006-03-28, BUY, IBM, 1000, 45.00, true
The record with an id of 3 will be deleted, leaving:
Records for Stock_transactions table:
id date trans sym qty price settled
--------------------------------------------------
1 2006-01-05 BUY RHAT 100 35.14 true
2 2006-03-28 BUY IBM 1000 45.00 true
4 2006-04-05 BUY MSOFT 1000 72.00 false
</pre>
<br>
===Version 2===
{{libheader|Wren-table}}
The above module provides a more generic way to create simple databases and was not available when the first version was written.
<syntaxhighlight lang="wren">import "./table" for FieldInfo, Table, Records
var fields = [
FieldInfo.new("id", Num),
FieldInfo.new("date", String),
FieldInfo.new("trans", String),
FieldInfo.new("sym", String),
FieldInfo.new("qty", Num),
FieldInfo.new("price", Num),
FieldInfo.new("settled", Bool)
]
// create table
var table = Table.new("Stock_transactions", fields)
// add records
table.add([3, "2006-04-06", "SELL", "IBM" , 500, 53.00, true ])
table.add([1, "2006-01-05", "BUY" , "RHAT" , 100, 35.14, true ])
table.add([4, "2006-04-05", "BUY" , "MSOFT", 1000, 72.00, false])
table.add([2, "2006-03-28", "BUY" , "IBM" , 1000, 45.00, true ])
var colWidths = [2, 10, 4, 5, 4, 5.2, 7] // for listings
// show the table's fields
table.listFields()
System.print()
// sort the records by 'id' and show them
var sortFn = Fn.new { |s, t| s[0] < t[0] }
var records = table.sortedRecords(sortFn)
Records.list(table.fields, records, "Records for %(table.name) table:\n", colWidths)
// find a record by key
System.print("\nThe record with an id of 2 is:")
System.print(table.find(2))
// delete a record by key
table.remove(3)
System.print("\nThe record with an id of 3 will be deleted, leaving:\n")
records = table.sortedRecords(sortFn)
Records.list(table.fields, records, "Records for %(table.name) table:\n", colWidths)</syntaxhighlight>
{{out}}
<pre>
Fields for Stock_transactions table:
name kind
------- ------
id Num
date String
trans String
sym String
qty Num
price Num
settled Bool
Records for Stock_transactions table:
id date tran sym qty price settled
-- ---------- ---- ----- ---- ----- -------
1 2006-01-05 BUY RHAT 100 35.14 true
2 2006-03-28 BUY IBM 1000 45.00 true
3 2006-04-06 SELL IBM 500 53.00 true
4 2006-04-05 BUY MSOFT 1000 72.00 false
The record with an id of 2 is:
[2, 2006-03-28, BUY, IBM, 1000, 45, true]
The record with an id of 3 will be deleted, leaving:
Records for Stock_transactions table:
id date tran sym qty price settled
-- ---------- ---- ----- ---- ----- -------
1 2006-01-05 BUY RHAT 100 35.14 true
2 2006-03-28 BUY IBM 1000 45.00 true
4 2006-04-05 BUY MSOFT 1000 72.00 false
</pre>
| |||