Substring/Top and tail: Difference between revisions

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 =={{header|UNIX Shell}}==
-Only zsh supports nest string manipulation.
+First ''or'' last character:
-<lang bash>
-#!/bin/zsh
-str='abcdefg'
+<lang bash>str='abcdefg'
-echo ${str#?}   # Remove first char
+echo "${str#?}"   # Remove first char
-echo ${str%?}   # Remove last char
+echo "${str%?}"   # Remove last char</lang>
-echo ${${str#?}%?}   # Remove first & last chars
+First ''and'' last character:
-</lang>
+: Only zsh supports nested string manipulation.
+: <lang bash>echo ${${str#?}%?}   # Remove first & last chars</lang>
+: bash and ksh, use substring expansion, from character index 1 for length of (string length) minus 2
+: <lang bash>echo "${s:1:${#s}-2}"</lang>
+: POSIX shells like dash, need a temp variable
+: <lang bash>tmp=${s#?}; tmp=${tmp%?}; echo "$tmp"</lang>
 =={{header|Vala}}==