Polynomial long division

Polynomial long division
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This page uses content from Wikipedia. The original article was at Polynomial long division. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with Rosetta Code, the text of Wikipedia is available under the GNU FDL. (See links for details on variance)

In algebra, polynomial long division is an algorithm for dividing a polynomial by another polynomial of the same or lower degree.

Let us suppose a polynomial is represented by a vector, $x$ (i.e., an ordered collection of coefficients) so that the $i$^th element keeps the coefficient of $x^{i}$, and the multiplication by a monomial is a shift of the vector's elements "towards right" (injecting ones from left) followed by a multiplication of each element by the coefficient of the monomial.

Then a pseudocode for the polynomial long division using the conventions described above could be:

degree(P):
  return the index of the last non-zero element of P;
         if all elements are 0, return -∞

polynomial_long_division(N, D) returns (q, r):
  // N, D, q, r are vectors
  if degree(D) < 0 then error
  q ← 0
  while degree(N) ≥ degree(D)
    d ← D shifted right by (degree(N) - degree(D))
    q(degree(N) - degree(D)) ← N(degree(N)) / d(degree(d))
    // by construction, degree(d) = degree(N) of course
    d ← d * q(degree(N) - degree(D))
    N ← N - d
  endwhile
  r ← N
  return (q, r)

Note: vector * scalar multiplies each element of the vector by the scalar; vectorA - vectorB subtracts each element of the vectorB from the element of the vectorA with "the same index". The vectors in the pseudocode are zero-based.

• Error handling (for allocations or for wrong inputs) is not mandatory.
• Conventions can be different; in particular, note that if the first coefficient in the vector is the highest power of x for the polynomial represented by the vector, then the algorithm becomes simpler.

Example for clarification
This example is from Wikipedia, but changed to show how the given pseudocode works.

      0    1    2    3
   ----------------------
N:  -42    0  -12    1        degree = 3
D:   -3    1    0    0        degree = 1

   d(N) - d(D) = 2, so let's shift D towards right by 2:

N:  -42    0  -12    1
d:    0    0   -3    1

   N(3)/d(3) = 1, so d is unchanged. Now remember that "shifting by 2"
   is like multiplying by x2, and the final multiplication
   (here by 1) is the coefficient of this monomial. Let's store this
   into q:
                               0     1     2
                              ---------------
                          q:   0     0     1

   now compute N - d, and let it be the "new" N, and let's loop

N:  -42    0   -9    0        degree = 2
D:   -3    1    0    0        degree = 1

   d(N) - d(D) = 1, right shift D by 1 and let it be d

N:  -42    0   -9    0
d:    0   -3    1    0        * -9/1 = -9

                          q:   0    -9     1

d:    0   27   -9    0        

   N ← N - d

N:  -42  -27    0    0        degree = 1
D:   -3    1    0    0        degree = 1

   looping again... d(N)-d(D)=0, so no shift is needed; we
   multiply D by -27 (= -27/1) storing the result in d, then

                          q:  -27   -9     1

   and

N:  -42  -27    0    0        -
d:   81  -27    0    0        =
N: -123    0    0    0        (last N)

    d(N) < d(D), so now r ← N, and the result is:

       0   1  2
   -------------
q:   -27  -9  1   →  x2 - 9x - 27
r:  -123   0  0   →          -123

Related task

•   Polynomial derivative

11l

Translation of: Python

F degree(&poly)
   L !poly.empty & poly.last == 0
      poly.pop()
   R poly.len - 1

F poly_div(&n, &D)
   V dD = degree(&D)
   V dN = degree(&n)
   I dD < 0
      exit(1)
   [Float] q
   I dN >= dD
      q = [0.0] * dN
      L dN >= dD
         V d = [0.0] * (dN - dD) [+] D
         V mult = n.last / Float(d.last)
         q[dN - dD] = mult
         d = d.map(coeff -> coeff * @mult)
         n = zip(n, d).map((coeffN, coeffd) -> coeffN - coeffd)
         dN = degree(&n)
   E
      q = [0.0]
   R (q, n)

print(‘POLYNOMIAL LONG DIVISION’)
V n = [-42.0, 0.0, -12.0, 1.0]
V D = [-3.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0]
print(‘  #. / #. =’.format(n, D), end' ‘ ’)
V (q, r) = poly_div(&n, &D)
print(‘ #. remainder #.’.format(q, r))

Output:

POLYNOMIAL LONG DIVISION
  [-42, 0, -12, 1] / [-3, 1, 0, 0] =  [-27, -9, 1] remainder [-123]

Ada

long_division.adb:

with Ada.Text_IO; use Ada.Text_IO;

procedure Long_Division is
   package Int_IO is new Ada.Text_IO.Integer_IO (Integer);
   use Int_IO;

   type Degrees is range -1 .. Integer'Last;
   subtype Valid_Degrees is Degrees range 0 .. Degrees'Last;
   type Polynom is array (Valid_Degrees range <>) of Integer;

   function Degree (P : Polynom) return Degrees is
   begin
      for I in reverse P'Range loop
         if P (I) /= 0 then
            return I;
         end if;
      end loop;
      return -1;
   end Degree;

   function Shift_Right (P : Polynom; D : Valid_Degrees) return Polynom is
      Result : Polynom (0 .. P'Last + D) := (others => 0);
   begin
      Result (Result'Last - P'Length + 1 .. Result'Last) := P;
      return Result;
   end Shift_Right;

   function "*" (Left : Polynom; Right : Integer) return Polynom is
      Result : Polynom (Left'Range);
   begin
      for I in Result'Range loop
         Result (I) := Left (I) * Right;
      end loop;
      return Result;
   end "*";

   function "-" (Left, Right : Polynom) return Polynom is
      Result : Polynom (Left'Range);
   begin
      for I in Result'Range loop
         if I in Right'Range then
            Result (I) := Left (I) - Right (I);
         else
            Result (I) := Left (I);
         end if;
      end loop;
      return Result;
   end "-";

   procedure Poly_Long_Division (Num, Denom : Polynom; Q, R : out Polynom) is
      N : Polynom := Num;
      D : Polynom := Denom;
   begin
      if Degree (D) < 0 then
         raise Constraint_Error;
      end if;
      Q := (others => 0);
      while Degree (N) >= Degree (D) loop
         declare
            T : Polynom := Shift_Right (D, Degree (N) - Degree (D));
         begin
            Q (Degree (N) - Degree (D)) := N (Degree (N)) / T (Degree (T));
            T := T * Q (Degree (N) - Degree (D));
            N := N - T;
         end;
      end loop;
      R := N;
   end Poly_Long_Division;

   procedure Output (P : Polynom) is
      First : Boolean := True;
   begin
      for I in reverse P'Range loop
         if P (I) /= 0 then
            if First then
               First := False;
            else
               Put (" + ");
            end if;
            if I > 0 then
               if P (I) /= 1 then
                  Put (P (I), 0);
                  Put ("*");
               end if;
               Put ("x");
               if I > 1 then
                  Put ("^");
                  Put (Integer (I), 0);
               end if;
            elsif P (I) /= 0 then
               Put (P (I), 0);
            end if;
         end if;
      end loop;
      New_Line;
   end Output;

   Test_N : constant Polynom := (0 => -42, 1 => 0, 2 => -12, 3 => 1);
   Test_D : constant Polynom := (0 => -3, 1 => 1);
   Test_Q : Polynom (Test_N'Range);
   Test_R : Polynom (Test_N'Range);
begin
   Poly_Long_Division (Test_N, Test_D, Test_Q, Test_R);
   Put_Line ("Dividing Polynoms:");
   Put ("N: "); Output (Test_N);
   Put ("D: "); Output (Test_D);
   Put_Line ("-------------------------");
   Put ("Q: "); Output (Test_Q);
   Put ("R: "); Output (Test_R);
end Long_Division;

output:

Dividing Polynoms:
N: x^3 + -12*x^2 + -42
D: x + -3
-------------------------
Q: x^2 + -9*x + -27
R: -123

APL

div←{
    {
        q r d←⍵
        (≢d) > n←≢r : q r
        c ← (⊃⌽r) ÷ ⊃⌽d
        ∇ (c,q) ((¯1↓r) - c × ¯1↓(-n)↑d) d
    } ⍬ ⍺ ⍵
}

Output:

      N←¯42 0 ¯12 1
      D←¯3 1
      ⍪N div D
 ¯27 ¯9 1 
 ¯123     

BBC BASIC

      DIM N%(3) : N%() = -42, 0, -12, 1
      DIM D%(3) : D%() =  -3, 1,   0, 0
      DIM q%(3), r%(3)
      PROC_poly_long_div(N%(), D%(), q%(), r%())
      PRINT "Quotient = "; FNcoeff(q%(2)) "x^2" FNcoeff(q%(1)) "x" FNcoeff(q%(0))
      PRINT "Remainder = " ; r%(0)
      END
      
      DEF PROC_poly_long_div(N%(), D%(), q%(), r%())
      LOCAL d%(), i%, s%
      DIM d%(DIM(N%(),1))
      s% = FNdegree(N%()) - FNdegree(D%())
      IF s% >= 0 THEN
        q%() = 0
        WHILE s% >= 0
          FOR i% = 0 TO DIM(d%(),1) - s%
            d%(i%+s%) = D%(i%)
          NEXT
          q%(s%) = N%(FNdegree(N%())) DIV d%(FNdegree(d%()))
          d%() = d%() * q%(s%)
          N%() -= d%()
          s% = FNdegree(N%()) - FNdegree(D%())
        ENDWHILE
        r%() = N%()
      ELSE
        q%() = 0
        r%() = N%()
      ENDIF
      ENDPROC
      
      DEF FNdegree(a%())
      LOCAL i%
      i% = DIM(a%(),1)
      WHILE a%(i%)=0
        i% -= 1
        IF i%<0 EXIT WHILE
      ENDWHILE
      = i%
      
      DEF FNcoeff(n%)
      IF n%=0 THEN = ""
      IF n%<0 THEN = " - " + STR$(-n%)
      IF n%=1 THEN = " + "
      = " + " + STR$(n%)

Output:

Quotient =  + x^2 - 9x - 27
Remainder = -123

C

Translation of: Fortran

Library: GNU Scientific Library

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdarg.h>
#include <assert.h>
#include <gsl/gsl_vector.h>

#define MAX(A,B) (((A)>(B))?(A):(B))

void reoshift(gsl_vector *v, int h)
{
  if ( h > 0 ) {
    gsl_vector *temp = gsl_vector_alloc(v->size);
    gsl_vector_view p = gsl_vector_subvector(v, 0, v->size - h);
    gsl_vector_view p1 = gsl_vector_subvector(temp, h, v->size - h);
    gsl_vector_memcpy(&p1.vector, &p.vector);
    p = gsl_vector_subvector(temp, 0, h);
    gsl_vector_set_zero(&p.vector);
    gsl_vector_memcpy(v, temp);
    gsl_vector_free(temp);
  }
}

gsl_vector *poly_long_div(gsl_vector *n, gsl_vector *d, gsl_vector **r)
{
  gsl_vector *nt = NULL, *dt = NULL, *rt = NULL, *d2 = NULL, *q = NULL;
  int gn, gt, gd;

  if ( (n->size >= d->size) && (d->size > 0) && (n->size > 0) ) {
    nt = gsl_vector_alloc(n->size); assert(nt != NULL);
    dt = gsl_vector_alloc(n->size); assert(dt != NULL);
    rt = gsl_vector_alloc(n->size); assert(rt != NULL);
    d2 = gsl_vector_alloc(n->size); assert(d2 != NULL);
    gsl_vector_memcpy(nt, n);
    gsl_vector_set_zero(dt); gsl_vector_set_zero(rt);
    gsl_vector_view p = gsl_vector_subvector(dt, 0, d->size);
    gsl_vector_memcpy(&p.vector, d);
    gsl_vector_memcpy(d2, dt);
    gn = n->size - 1;
    gd = d->size - 1;
    gt = 0;

    while( gsl_vector_get(d, gd) == 0 ) gd--;
    
    while ( gn >= gd ) {
      reoshift(dt, gn-gd);
      double v = gsl_vector_get(nt, gn)/gsl_vector_get(dt, gn);
      gsl_vector_set(rt, gn-gd, v);
      gsl_vector_scale(dt, v);
      gsl_vector_sub(nt, dt);
      gt = MAX(gt, gn-gd);
      while( (gn>=0) && (gsl_vector_get(nt, gn) == 0.0) ) gn--;
      gsl_vector_memcpy(dt, d2);
    }

    q = gsl_vector_alloc(gt+1); assert(q != NULL);
    p = gsl_vector_subvector(rt, 0, gt+1);
    gsl_vector_memcpy(q, &p.vector);
    if ( r != NULL ) {
      if ( (gn+1) > 0 ) {
	*r = gsl_vector_alloc(gn+1); assert( *r != NULL );
	p = gsl_vector_subvector(nt, 0, gn+1);
	gsl_vector_memcpy(*r, &p.vector);
      } else {
	*r = gsl_vector_alloc(1); assert( *r != NULL );
	gsl_vector_set_zero(*r);
      }
    }
    gsl_vector_free(nt); gsl_vector_free(dt);
    gsl_vector_free(rt); gsl_vector_free(d2);
    return q;
  } else {
    q = gsl_vector_alloc(1); assert( q != NULL );
    gsl_vector_set_zero(q);
    if ( r != NULL ) {
      *r = gsl_vector_alloc(n->size); assert( *r != NULL );
      gsl_vector_memcpy(*r, n);
    }
    return q;
  } 
}

void poly_print(gsl_vector *p)
{
  int i;
  for(i=p->size-1; i >= 0; i--) {
    if ( i > 0 ) 
      printf("%lfx^%d + ", 
	     gsl_vector_get(p, i), i);
    else
      printf("%lf\n", gsl_vector_get(p, i));
  }
}

gsl_vector *create_poly(int d, ...)
{
  va_list al;
  int i;
  gsl_vector *r = NULL;

  va_start(al, d);
  r = gsl_vector_alloc(d); assert( r != NULL );
  
  for(i=0; i < d; i++)
    gsl_vector_set(r, i, va_arg(al, double));

  return r;
}

int main()
{
  int i;
  gsl_vector *q, *r;
  gsl_vector *nv, *dv;
  
  //nv = create_poly(4,  -42., 0., -12., 1.);
  //dv = create_poly(2,  -3., 1.);
  //nv = create_poly(3,  2., 3., 1.);
  //dv = create_poly(2,  1., 1.);
  nv = create_poly(4, -42., 0., -12., 1.);
  dv = create_poly(3, -3., 1., 1.);

  q = poly_long_div(nv, dv, &r);

  poly_print(q);
  poly_print(r);

  gsl_vector_free(q);
  gsl_vector_free(r);

  return 0;
}

Another version

Without outside libs, for clarity. Note that polys are stored and show with zero-degree term first:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdarg.h>
#include <string.h>

typedef struct {
        int power;
        double * coef;
} poly_t, *poly;

#define E(x, i) (x)->coef[i]

/* passing in negative power to have a zeroed poly */
poly p_new(int power, ...)
{
        int i, zeroed = 0;
        va_list ap;

        if (power < 0) {
                power = -power;
                zeroed = 1;
        }

        poly p = malloc(sizeof(poly_t));
        p->power = power;
        p->coef = malloc(sizeof(double) * ++power);

        if (zeroed)
                for (i = 0; i < power; i++) p->coef[i] = 0;
        else {
                va_start(ap, power);
                for (i = 0; i < power; i++)
                        E(p, i) = va_arg(ap, double);
                va_end(ap);
        }

        return p;
}

void p_del(poly p)
{
        free(p->coef);
        free(p);
}

void p_print(poly p)
{
        int i;
        for (i = 0; i <= p->power; i++)
                printf("%g ", E(p, i));
        printf("\n");
}

poly p_copy(poly p)
{
        poly q = p_new(-p->power);
        memcpy(q->coef, p->coef, sizeof(double) * (1 + p->power));
        return q;
}

/* p: poly;  d: divisor;  r: remainder; returns quotient */
poly p_div(poly p, poly d, poly* r)
{
        poly q;
        int i, j;
        int power = p->power - d->power;
        double ratio;

        if (power < 0) return 0;

        q = p_new(-power);
        *r= p_copy(p);

        for (i = p->power; i >= d->power; i--) {
                E(q, i - d->power) = ratio = E(*r, i) / E(d, d->power);
                E(*r ,i) = 0;

                for (j = 0; j < d->power; j++)
                        E(*r, i - d->power + j) -= E(d, j) * ratio;
        }
        while (! E(*r, --(*r)->power));

        return q;
}

int main()
{
        poly p = p_new(3, 1., 2., 3., 4.);
        poly d = p_new(2, 1., 2., 1.);
        poly r;
        poly q = p_div(p, d, &r);

        printf("poly: "); p_print(p);
        printf("div:  "); p_print(d);
        printf("quot: "); p_print(q);
        printf("rem:  "); p_print(r);

        p_del(p);
        p_del(q);
        p_del(r);
        p_del(d);

        return 0;
}

C#

Translation of: Java

using System;

namespace PolynomialLongDivision {
    class Solution {
        public Solution(double[] q, double[] r) {
            Quotient = q;
            Remainder = r;
        }

        public double[] Quotient { get; }
        public double[] Remainder { get; }
    }

    class Program {
        static int PolyDegree(double[] p) {
            for (int i = p.Length - 1; i >= 0; --i) {
                if (p[i] != 0.0) return i;
            }
            return int.MinValue;
        }

        static double[] PolyShiftRight(double[] p, int places) {
            if (places <= 0) return p;
            int pd = PolyDegree(p);
            if (pd + places >= p.Length) {
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("The number of places to be shifted is too large");
            }
            double[] d = new double[p.Length];
            p.CopyTo(d, 0);
            for (int i = pd; i >= 0; --i) {
                d[i + places] = d[i];
                d[i] = 0.0;
            }
            return d;
        }

        static void PolyMultiply(double[] p, double m) {
            for (int i = 0; i < p.Length; ++i) {
                p[i] *= m;
            }
        }

        static void PolySubtract(double[] p, double[] s) {
            for (int i = 0; i < p.Length; ++i) {
                p[i] -= s[i];
            }
        }

        static Solution PolyLongDiv(double[] n, double[] d) {
            if (n.Length != d.Length) {
                throw new ArgumentException("Numerator and denominator vectors must have the same size");
            }
            int nd = PolyDegree(n);
            int dd = PolyDegree(d);
            if (dd < 0) {
                throw new ArgumentException("Divisor must have at least one one-zero coefficient");
            }
            if (nd < dd) {
                throw new ArgumentException("The degree of the divisor cannot exceed that of the numerator");
            }
            double[] n2 = new double[n.Length];
            n.CopyTo(n2, 0);
            double[] q = new double[n.Length];
            while (nd >= dd) {
                double[] d2 = PolyShiftRight(d, nd - dd);
                q[nd - dd] = n2[nd] / d2[nd];
                PolyMultiply(d2, q[nd - dd]);
                PolySubtract(n2, d2);
                nd = PolyDegree(n2);
            }
            return new Solution(q, n2);
        }

        static void PolyShow(double[] p) {
            int pd = PolyDegree(p);
            for (int i = pd; i >= 0; --i) {
                double coeff = p[i];
                if (coeff == 0.0) continue;
                if (coeff == 1.0) {
                    if (i < pd) {
                        Console.Write(" + ");
                    }
                } else if (coeff == -1.0) {
                    if (i < pd) {
                        Console.Write(" - ");
                    } else {
                        Console.Write("-");
                    }
                } else if (coeff < 0.0) {
                    if (i < pd) {
                        Console.Write(" - {0:F1}", -coeff);
                    } else {
                        Console.Write("{0:F1}", coeff);
                    }
                } else {
                    if (i < pd) {
                        Console.Write(" + {0:F1}", coeff);
                    } else {
                        Console.Write("{0:F1}", coeff);
                    }
                }
                if (i > 1) Console.Write("x^{0}", i);
                else if (i == 1) Console.Write("x");
            }
            Console.WriteLine();
        }

        static void Main(string[] args) {
            double[] n = { -42.0, 0.0, -12.0, 1.0 };
            double[] d = { -3.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0 };
            Console.Write("Numerator   : ");
            PolyShow(n);
            Console.Write("Denominator : ");
            PolyShow(d);
            Console.WriteLine("-------------------------------------");
            Solution sol = PolyLongDiv(n, d);
            Console.Write("Quotient    : ");
            PolyShow(sol.Quotient);
            Console.Write("Remainder   : ");
            PolyShow(sol.Remainder);
        }
    }
}

Output:

Numerator   : x^3 - 12.0x^2 - 42.0
Denominator : x - 3.0
-------------------------------------
Quotient    : x^2 - 9.0x - 27.0
Remainder   : -123.0

C++

#include <iostream>
#include <iterator>
#include <vector>

using namespace std;
typedef vector<double> Poly;

// does:  prints all members of vector
// input: c - ASCII char with the name of the vector
//        A - reference to polynomial (vector)
void Print(char name, const Poly &A) {
	cout << name << "(" << A.size()-1 << ") = [ ";
	copy(A.begin(), A.end(), ostream_iterator<decltype(A[0])>(cout, " "));
	cout << "]\n";
}

int main() {
	Poly N, D, d, q, r;        // vectors - N / D == q && N % D == r
	size_t dN, dD, dd, dq, dr; // degrees of vectors
	size_t i;                  // loop counter

	// setting the degrees of vectors
	cout << "Enter the degree of N: ";
	cin >> dN;
	cout << "Enter the degree of D: "; 
	cin >> dD;
	dq = dN-dD;  
	dr = dN-dD;

	if( dD < 1 || dN < 1 ) {
		cerr << "Error: degree of D and N must be positive.\n";
		return 1;
	}

	// allocation and initialization of vectors
	N.resize(dN+1);
	cout << "Enter the coefficients of N:"<<endl;  
	for ( i = 0; i <= dN; i++ ) {
		cout << "N[" << i << "]= ";
		cin >> N[i];
	}

	D.resize(dN+1);
	cout << "Enter the coefficients of D:"<<endl;	
	for ( i = 0; i <= dD; i++ ) {
		cout << "D[" << i << "]= ";
		cin >> D[i];
	}

	d.resize(dN+1);
	q.resize(dq+1);
	r.resize(dr+1);

	cout << "-- Procedure --" << endl << endl;
	if( dN >= dD ) {
		while(dN >= dD) {
			// d equals D shifted right
			d.assign(d.size(), 0);

			for( i = 0 ; i <= dD ; i++ )
				d[i+dN-dD] = D[i];
			dd = dN;

			Print( 'd', d );

			// calculating one element of q
			q[dN-dD] = N[dN]/d[dd];

			Print( 'q', q );

			// d equals d * q[dN-dD]
			for( i = 0 ; i < dq + 1 ; i++ )
				d[i] = d[i] * q[dN-dD];

			Print( 'd', d );

			// N equals N - d
			for( i = 0 ; i < dN + 1 ; i++ )
				N[i] = N[i] - d[i];
			dN--;

			Print( 'N', N );
			cout << "-----------------------" << endl << endl;

		}
	}

	// r equals N 
	for( i = 0 ; i <= dN ; i++ )
		r[i] = N[i];

	cout << "=========================" << endl << endl;
	cout << "-- Result --" << endl << endl;

	Print( 'q', q );
	Print( 'r', r );
}

Clojure

This example performs multivariate polynomial division using Buchberger's algorithm to decompose a polynomial into its Gröbner bases. Polynomials are represented as hash-maps of monomials with tuples of exponents as keys and their corresponding coefficients as values: e.g. 2xy + 3x + 5y + 7 is represented as {[1 1] 2, [1 0] 3, [0 1] 5, [0 0] 7}.

Since this algorithm is much more efficient when the input is in graded reverse lexicographic (grevlex) order a comparator is included to be used with Clojure's sorted-map—(into (sorted-map-by grevlex) ...)—as well as necessary functions to compute polynomial multiplication, monomial complements, and S-polynomials.

(defn grevlex [term1 term2]
  (let [grade1 (reduce +' term1)
        grade2 (reduce +' term2)
        comp (- grade2 grade1)] ;; total degree
    (if (not= 0 comp)
      comp
      (loop [term1 term1
             term2 term2]
        (if (empty? term1)
          0
          (let [grade1 (last term1)
                grade2 (last term2)
                comp (- grade1 grade2)] ;; differs from grlex because terms are flipped from above
            (if (not= 0 comp)
            comp
            (recur (pop term1)
                   (pop term2)))))))))

(defn mul
  ;; transducer
  ([poly1]  ;; completion
   (fn
     ([] poly1)
     ([poly2] (mul poly1 poly2))
     ([poly2 & more] (mul poly1 poly2 more))))
  ([poly1 poly2]
   (let [product (atom (transient (sorted-map-by grevlex)))]
     (doall  ;; `for` is lazy so must to be forced for side-effects 
      (for [term1 poly1
            term2 poly2
            :let [vars (mapv +' (key term1) (key term2))
                  coeff (* (val term1) (val term2))]]
        (if (contains? @product vars)
          (swap! product assoc! vars (+ (get @product vars) coeff))
          (swap! product assoc! vars coeff))))
     (->> product
          (deref)
          (persistent!)
          (denull))))
  ([poly1 poly2 & more]
   (reduce mul (mul poly1 poly2) more)))

(defn compl [term1 term2] 
  (map (fn [x y]
         (cond
           (and (zero? x) (not= 0 y)) nil
           (< x y) nil
           (>= x y) (- x y)))
       term1
       term2))
     
(defn s-poly [f g]
  (let [f-vars (first f)
        g-vars (first g)
        lcm (compl f-vars g-vars)]
    (if (not-any? nil? lcm)
      {(vec lcm)
       (/ (second f) (second g))})))

(defn divide [f g]
  (loop [f f
         g g
         result (transient {})
         remainder {}]
    (if (empty? f)
      (list (persistent! result)
            (->> remainder
                 (filter #(not (nil? %)))
                 (into (sorted-map-by grevlex))))
      (let [term1 (first f)
            term2 (first g)
            s-term (s-poly term1 term2)]
        (if (nil? s-term)
          (recur (dissoc f (first term1))
                 (dissoc g (first term2))
                 result
                 (conj remainder term1))
          (recur (sub f (mul g s-term))
                 g
                 (conj! result s-term)
                 remainder))))))

(deftest divide-tests
  (is (= (divide {[1 1] 2, [1 0] 3, [0 1] 5, [0 0] 7}
                 {[1 1] 2, [1 0] 3, [0 1] 5, [0 0] 7})
         '({[0 0] 1} {})))
  (is (= (divide {[1 1] 2, [1 0] 3, [0 1] 5, [0 0] 7}
                 {[0 0] 1})
         '({[1 1] 2, [1 0] 3, [0 1] 5, [0 0] 7} {})))
  (is (= (divide {[1 1] 2, [1 0] 10, [0 1] 3, [0 0] 15}
                 {[0 1] 1, [0 0] 5})
         '({[1 0] 2, [0 0] 3} {})))
  (is (= (divide {[1 1] 2, [1 0] 10, [0 1] 3, [0 0] 15}
                 {[1 0] 2, [0 0] 3})
         '({[0 1] 1, [0 0] 5} {}))))

Common Lisp

Polynomials are represented as lists of degree/coefficient pairs ordered by degree (highest degree first), and pairs with zero coefficients can be omitted. Multiply and divide perform long multiplication and long division, respectively. multiply returns one value, the product, and divide returns two, the quotient and the remainder.

(defun add (p1 p2)
  (do ((sum '())) ((and (endp p1) (endp p2)) (nreverse sum))
    (let ((pd1 (if (endp p1) -1 (caar p1)))
          (pd2 (if (endp p2) -1 (caar p2))))
      (multiple-value-bind (c1 c2)
          (cond
           ((> pd1 pd2) (values (cdr (pop p1)) 0))
           ((< pd1 pd2) (values 0 (cdr (pop p2))))
           (t  (values (cdr (pop p1)) (cdr (pop p2)))))
        (let ((csum (+ c1 c2)))
          (unless (zerop csum)
            (setf sum (acons (max pd1 pd2) csum sum))))))))

(defun multiply (p1 p2)
  (flet ((*p2 (p)
           (destructuring-bind (d . c) p
             (loop for (pd . pc) in p2
                   collecting (cons (+ d pd) (* c pc))))))
    (reduce 'add (mapcar #'*p2 p1) :initial-value '())))

(defun subtract (p1 p2)
  (add p1 (multiply '((0 . -1)) p2)))

(defun divide (dividend divisor &aux (sum '()))
  (assert (not (endp divisor)) (divisor)
    'division-by-zero
    :operation 'divide
    :operands (list dividend divisor))
  (flet ((floor1 (dividend divisor)
           (if (endp dividend) (values '() ())
             (destructuring-bind (d1 . c1) (first dividend)
               (destructuring-bind (d2 . c2) (first divisor)
                 (if (> d2 d1) (values '() dividend)
                   (let* ((quot (list (cons (- d1 d2) (/ c1 c2))))
                          (rem (subtract dividend (multiply divisor quot))))
                     (values quot rem))))))))
    (loop (multiple-value-bind (quotient remainder)
              (floor1 dividend divisor)
            (if (endp quotient) (return (values sum remainder))
              (setf dividend remainder
                    sum (add quotient sum)))))))

The wikipedia example:

> (divide '((3 . 1) (2 . -12) (0 . -42)) ; x^3 - 12x^2 - 42
          '((1 . 1) (0 . -3)))           ; x - 3
((2 . 1) (1 . -9) (0 . -27)) ; x^2 - 9x - 27
((0 . -123))                 ; -123

D

import std.stdio, std.range, std.algorithm, std.typecons, std.conv;

Tuple!(double[], double[]) polyDiv(in double[] inN, in double[] inD)
nothrow pure @safe {
    // Code smell: a function that does two things.
    static int trimAndDegree(T)(ref T[] poly) nothrow pure @safe @nogc {
        poly = poly.retro.find!q{ a != b }(0.0).retro;
        return poly.length.signed - 1;
    }

    auto N = inN.dup;
    const(double)[] D = inD;
    const dD = trimAndDegree(D);
    auto dN = trimAndDegree(N);
    double[] q;
    if (dD < 0)
        throw new Error("ZeroDivisionError");
    if (dN >= dD) {
        q = [0.0].replicate(dN);
        while (dN >= dD) {
            auto d = [0.0].replicate(dN - dD) ~ D;
            immutable mult = q[dN - dD] = N[$ - 1] / d[$ - 1];
            d[] *= mult;
            N[] -= d[];
            dN = trimAndDegree(N);
        }
    } else
        q = [0.0];
    return tuple(q, N);
}


int trimAndDegree1(T)(ref T[] poly) nothrow pure @safe @nogc {
    poly.length -= poly.retro.countUntil!q{ a != 0 };
    return poly.length.signed - 1;
}

void main() {
    immutable N = [-42.0, 0.0, -12.0, 1.0];
    immutable D = [-3.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0];
    writefln("%s / %s = %s  remainder %s", N, D, polyDiv(N, D)[]);
}

Output:

[-42, 0, -12, 1] / [-3, 1, 0, 0] = [-27, -9, 1]  remainder [-123]

Delphi

Library: System.SysUtils

Translation of: C#

program Polynomial_long_division;

{$APPTYPE CONSOLE}

uses
  System.SysUtils;

type
  PPolySolution = ^TPolySolution;

  TPolynomio = record
  private
    class function Degree(p: TPolynomio): Integer; static;
    class function ShiftRight(p: TPolynomio; places: Integer): TPolynomio; static;
    class function PolyMultiply(p: TPolynomio; m: double): TPolynomio; static;
    class function PolySubtract(p, s: TPolynomio): TPolynomio; static;
    class function PolyLongDiv(n, d: TPolynomio): PPolySolution; static;
    function GetSize: Integer;
  public
    value: TArray<Double>;
    class operator RightShift(p: TPolynomio; b: Integer): TPolynomio;
    class operator Multiply(p: TPolynomio; m: double): TPolynomio;
    class operator Subtract(p, s: TPolynomio): TPolynomio;
    class operator Divide(p, s: TPolynomio): PPolySolution;
    class operator Implicit(a: TArray<Double>): TPolynomio;
    class operator Implicit(a: TPolynomio): string;
    procedure Assign(other: TPolynomio); overload;
    procedure Assign(other: TArray<Double>); overload;
    property Size: Integer read GetSize;
    function ToString: string;
  end;

  TPolySolution = record
    Quotient, Remainder: TPolynomio;
    constructor Create(q, r: TPolynomio);
  end;

{ TPolynomio }

procedure TPolynomio.Assign(other: TPolynomio);
begin
  Assign(other.value);
end;

procedure TPolynomio.Assign(other: TArray<Double>);
begin
  SetLength(value, length(other));
  for var i := 0 to High(other) do
    value[i] := other[i];
end;

class function TPolynomio.Degree(p: TPolynomio): Integer;
begin
  var len := high(p.value);

  for var i := len downto 0 do
  begin
    if p.value[i] <> 0.0 then
      exit(i);
  end;
  Result := -1;
end;

class operator TPolynomio.Divide(p, s: TPolynomio): PPolySolution;
begin
  Result := PolyLongDiv(p, s);
end;

function TPolynomio.GetSize: Integer;
begin
  Result := Length(value);
end;

class operator TPolynomio.Implicit(a: TPolynomio): string;
begin
  Result := a.toString;
end;

class operator TPolynomio.Implicit(a: TArray<Double>): TPolynomio;
begin
  Result.Assign(a);
end;

class operator TPolynomio.Multiply(p: TPolynomio; m: double): TPolynomio;
begin
  Result := TPolynomio.PolyMultiply(p, m);
end;

class function TPolynomio.PolyLongDiv(n, d: TPolynomio): PPolySolution;
var
  Solution: TPolySolution;
begin
  if length(n.value) <> Length(d.value) then
    raise Exception.Create('Numerator and denominator vectors must have the same size');

  var nd := Degree(n);
  var dd := Degree(d);

  if dd < 0 then
    raise Exception.Create('Divisor must have at least one one-zero coefficient');

  if nd < dd then
    raise Exception.Create('The degree of the divisor cannot exceed that of the numerator');

  var n2, q: TPolynomio;
  n2.Assign(n);
  SetLength(q.value, length(n.value));

  while nd >= dd do
  begin
    var d2 := d shr (nd - dd);
    q.value[nd - dd] := n2.value[nd] / d2.value[nd];
    d2 := d2 * q.value[nd - dd];
    n2 := n2 - d2;
    nd := Degree(n2);
  end;
  new(Result);
  Result^.Create(q, n2);
end;

class function TPolynomio.PolyMultiply(p: TPolynomio; m: double): TPolynomio;
begin
  Result.Assign(p);
  for var i := 0 to High(p.value) do
    Result.value[i] := p.value[i] * m;
end;

class operator TPolynomio.RightShift(p: TPolynomio; b: Integer): TPolynomio;
begin
  Result := TPolynomio.ShiftRight(p, b);
end;

class function TPolynomio.ShiftRight(p: TPolynomio; places: Integer): TPolynomio;
begin
  Result.Assign(p);
  if places <= 0 then
    exit;

  var pd := Degree(p);

  Result.Assign(p);
  for var i := pd downto 0 do
  begin
    Result.value[i + places] := Result.value[i];
    Result.value[i] := 0.0;
  end;
end;

class operator TPolynomio.Subtract(p, s: TPolynomio): TPolynomio;
begin
  Result := TPolynomio.PolySubtract(p, s);
end;

class function TPolynomio.PolySubtract(p, s: TPolynomio): TPolynomio;
begin
  Result.Assign(p);
  for var i := 0 to High(p.value) do
    Result.value[i] := p.value[i] - s.value[i];
end;

function TPolynomio.ToString: string;
begin
  Result := '';
  var pd := Degree(self);
  for var i := pd downto 0 do
  begin
    var coeff := value[i];
    if coeff = 0.0 then
      Continue;
    if coeff = 1.0 then
    begin
      if i < pd then
        Result := Result + ' + ';
    end
    else
    begin
      if coeff = -1 then
      begin
        if i < pd then
          Result := Result + ' - '
        else
          Result := Result + '-';
      end
      else
      begin
        if coeff < 0.0 then
        begin
          if i < pd then
            Result := Result + format(' - %.1f', [-coeff])
          else
            Result := Result + format('%.1f', [coeff]);
        end
        else
        begin
          if i < pd then
            Result := Result + format(' + %.1f', [coeff])
          else
            Result := Result + format('%.1f', [coeff]);
        end;
      end;
    end;
    if i > 1 then
      Result := Result + 'x^' + i.tostring
    else if i = 1 then
      Result := Result + 'x';
  end;
end;

{ TPolySolution }

constructor TPolySolution.Create(q, r: TPolynomio);
begin
  Quotient.Assign(q);
  Remainder.Assign(r);
end;

// Just for force implicitty string conversion
procedure Writeln(s: string);
begin
  System.Writeln(s);
end;

var
  n, d: TPolynomio;
  Solution: PPolySolution;

begin
  n := [-42.0, 0.0, -12.0, 1.0];
  d := [-3.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0];

  Write('Numerator   : ');
  Writeln(n);
  Write('Denominator : ');
  Writeln(d);
  Writeln('-------------------------------------');
  Solution := n / d;
  Write('Quotient    : ');
  Writeln(Solution^.Quotient);
  Write('Remainder   : ');
  Writeln(Solution^.Remainder);
  FreeMem(Solution, sizeof(TPolySolution));
  Readln;
end.

E

Some lines in this example are too long (more than 80 characters). Please fix the code if it's possible and remove this message.

This program has some unnecessary features contributing to its length:

• It creates polynomial objects rather than performing its operations directly on arrays.
• It includes code for printing polynomials nicely.
• It prints the intermediate steps of the division.

pragma.syntax("0.9")
pragma.enable("accumulator")

def superscript(x, out) {
    if (x >= 10) { superscript(x // 10) }
    out.print("⁰¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹"[x %% 10])
}

def makePolynomial(initCoeffs :List) {
    def degree := {
        var i := initCoeffs.size() - 1
        while (i >= 0 && initCoeffs[i] <=> 0) { i -= 1 }
        if (i < 0) { -Infinity } else { i }
    }
    def coeffs := initCoeffs(0, if (degree == -Infinity) { [] } else { degree + 1 })
    
    def polynomial {
      /** Print the polynomial (not necessary for the task) */
        to __printOn(out) {
            out.print("(λx.")
            var first := true
            for i in (0..!(coeffs.size())).descending() {
                def coeff := coeffs[i]
                if (coeff <=> 0) { continue }
                out.print(" ")
                if (coeff <=> 1 && !(i <=> 0)) { 
                  # no coefficient written if it's 1 and not the constant term
                } else if (first) {      out.print(coeff)
                } else if (coeff > 0) {  out.print("+ ", coeff)
                } else {                 out.print("- ", -coeff)
                }
                if (i <=> 0) {         # no x if it's the constant term
                } else if (i <=> 1) {  out.print("x")
                } else {               out.print("x"); superscript(i, out)
                }
                first := false
            }
            out.print(")")
        }
        
        /** Evaluate the polynomial (not necessary for the task) */
        to run(x) {
          return accum 0 for i => c in coeffs { _ + c * x**i }
        }
        
        to degree() { return degree }
        to coeffs() { return coeffs }
        to highestCoeff() { return coeffs[degree] }
        
        /** Could support another polynomial, but not part of this task.
            Computes this * x**power. */
        to timesXToThe(power) {
            return makePolynomial([0] * power + coeffs)
        }
        
        /** Multiply (by a scalar only). */
        to multiply(scalar) {
            return makePolynomial(accum [] for x in coeffs { _.with(x * scalar) })
        }
        
        /** Subtract (by another polynomial only). */
        to subtract(other) {
            def oc := other.coeffs() :List
            return makePolynomial(accum [] for i in 0..(coeffs.size().max(oc.size())) { _.with(coeffs.fetch(i, fn{0}) - oc.fetch(i, fn{0})) })
        }
        
        /** Polynomial long division. */
        to quotRem(denominator, trace) {
            var numerator := polynomial
            require(denominator.degree() >= 0)
            if (numerator.degree() < denominator.degree()) {
                return [makePolynomial([]), denominator]
            } else {
                var quotientCoeffs := [0] * (numerator.degree() - denominator.degree())
                while (numerator.degree() >= denominator.degree()) {
                    trace.print("  ", numerator, "\n")

                    def qCoeff := numerator.highestCoeff() / denominator.highestCoeff()
                    def qPower := numerator.degree() - denominator.degree()
                    quotientCoeffs with= (qPower, qCoeff)

                    def d := denominator.timesXToThe(qPower) * qCoeff
                    trace.print("- ", d,  "          (= ", denominator, " * ", qCoeff, "x"); superscript(qPower, trace); trace.print(")\n")
                    numerator -= d

                    trace.print("  -------------------------- (Quotient so far: ",  makePolynomial(quotientCoeffs), ")\n")
                }
                return [makePolynomial(quotientCoeffs), numerator]
            }
        }
    }
    return polynomial
}

def n := makePolynomial([-42, 0, -12, 1])
def d := makePolynomial([-3, 1])
println("Numerator: ", n)
println("Denominator: ", d)
def [q, r] := n.quotRem(d, stdout)
println("Quotient: ", q)
println("Remainder: ", r)

Output:

Numerator: (λx. x³ - 12x² - 42)
Denominator: (λx. x - 3)
  (λx. x³ - 12x² - 42)
- (λx. x³ - 3.0x²)          (= (λx. x - 3) * 1.0x²)
  -------------------------- (Quotient so far: (λx. x²))
  (λx. -9.0x² - 42.0)
- (λx. -9.0x² + 27.0x)          (= (λx. x - 3) * -9.0x¹)
  -------------------------- (Quotient so far: (λx. x² - 9.0x))
  (λx. -27.0x - 42.0)
- (λx. -27.0x + 81.0)          (= (λx. x - 3) * -27.0x⁰)
  -------------------------- (Quotient so far: (λx. x² - 9.0x - 27.0))
Quotient: (λx. x² - 9.0x - 27.0)
Remainder: (λx. -123.0)

Elixir

Translation of: Ruby

defmodule Polynomial do
  def division(_, []), do: raise ArgumentError, "denominator is zero"
  def division(_, [0]), do: raise ArgumentError, "denominator is zero"
  def division(f, g) when length(f) < length(g), do: {[0], f}
  def division(f, g) do
    {q, r} = division(g, [], f)
    if q==[], do: q = [0]
    if r==[], do: r = [0]
    {q, r}
  end
  
  defp division(g, q, r) when length(r) < length(g), do: {q, r}
  defp division(g, q, r) do
    p = hd(r) / hd(g)
    r2 = Enum.zip(r, g)
         |> Enum.with_index
         |> Enum.reduce(r, fn {{pn,pg},i},acc ->
              List.replace_at(acc, i, pn - p * pg)
            end)
    division(g, q++[p], tl(r2))
  end
end

[ { [1, -12, 0, -42], [1, -3] },
  { [1, -12, 0, -42], [1, 1, -3] },
  { [1, 3, 2],        [1, 1] },
  { [1, -4, 6, 5, 3], [1, 2, 1] } ]
|> Enum.each(fn {f,g} ->
     {q, r} = Polynomial.division(f, g)
     IO.puts "#{inspect f} / #{inspect g} => #{inspect q} remainder #{inspect r}"
   end)

Output:

[1, -12, 0, -42] / [1, -3] => [1.0, -9.0, -27.0] remainder [-123.0]
[1, -12, 0, -42] / [1, 1, -3] => [1.0, -13.0] remainder [16.0, -81.0]
[1, 3, 2] / [1, 1] => [1.0, 2.0] remainder [0.0]
[1, -4, 6, 5, 3] / [1, 2, 1] => [1.0, -6.0, 17.0] remainder [-23.0, -14.0]

F#

Translation of: Ocaml

let rec shift n l = if n <= 0 then l else shift (n-1) (l @ [0.0])
let rec pad n l = if n <= 0 then l else pad (n-1) (0.0 :: l)
let rec norm = function | 0.0 :: tl -> norm tl | x -> x
let deg l = List.length (norm l) - 1
 
let zip op p q =
  let d = (List.length p) - (List.length q) in
  List.map2 op (pad (-d) p) (pad d q)

let polydiv f g =
  let rec aux f s q =
    let ddif = (deg f) - (deg s) in
    if ddif < 0 then (q, f) else
      let k = (List.head f) / (List.head s) in
      let ks = List.map ((*) k) (shift ddif s) in
      let q' = zip (+) q (shift ddif [k])
      let f' = norm (List.tail (zip (-) f ks)) in
      aux f' s q' in
  aux (norm f) (norm g) []

let str_poly l =
  let term v p = match (v, p) with
    | (  _, 0) -> string v
    | (1.0, 1) -> "x"
    | (  _, 1) -> (string v) + "*x"
    | (1.0, _) -> "x^" + (string p)
    | _ -> (string v) + "*x^" + (string p) in
  let rec terms = function
    | [] -> []
    | h :: t ->
       if h = 0.0 then (terms t) else (term h (List.length t)) :: (terms t) in
  String.concat " + " (terms l)

let _ =
  let f,g = [1.0; -4.0; 6.0; 5.0; 3.0], [1.0; 2.0; 1.0] in
  let q, r = polydiv f g in
  Printf.printf
    " (%s) div (%s)\ngives\nquotient:\t(%s)\nremainder:\t(%s)\n"
    (str_poly f) (str_poly g) (str_poly q) (str_poly r)

Output:

 (x^4 + -4*x^3 + 6*x^2 + 5*x + 3) div (x^2 + 2*x + 1)
gives
quotient:	(x^2 + -6*x + 17)
remainder:	(-23*x + -14)

Factor

USE: math.polynomials

{ -42 0 -12 1 } { -3 1 } p/mod ptrim [ . ] bi@

Output:

V{ -27 -9 1 }
V{ -123 }

Fortran

Works with: Fortran version 95 and later

module Polynom
  implicit none

contains

  subroutine poly_long_div(n, d, q, r)
    real, dimension(:), intent(in) :: n, d
    real, dimension(:), intent(out), allocatable :: q
    real, dimension(:), intent(out), allocatable, optional :: r

    real, dimension(:), allocatable :: nt, dt, rt
    integer :: gn, gt, gd

    if ( (size(n) >= size(d)) .and. (size(d) > 0) .and. (size(n) > 0) ) then  
       allocate(nt(size(n)), dt(size(n)), rt(size(n)))

       nt = n
       dt = 0
       dt(1:size(d)) = d
       rt = 0
       gn = size(n)-1
       gd = size(d)-1
       gt = 0

       do while ( d(gd+1) == 0 )
          gd = gd - 1
       end do

       do while( gn >= gd )
          dt = eoshift(dt, -(gn-gd))
          rt(gn-gd+1) = nt(gn+1) / dt(gn+1)
          nt = nt - dt * rt(gn-gd+1)
          gt = max(gt, gn-gd)
          do
             gn = gn - 1
             if ( nt(gn+1) /= 0 ) exit
          end do
          dt = 0
          dt(1:size(d)) = d
       end do

       allocate(q(gt+1))
       q = rt(1:gt+1)
       if ( present(r) ) then
          if ( (gn+1) > 0 ) then
             allocate(r(gn+1))
             r = nt(1:gn+1)
          else
             allocate(r(1))
             r = 0.0
          end if
       end if
       deallocate(nt, dt, rt)
    else
       allocate(q(1))
       q = 0
       if ( present(r) ) then
          allocate(r(size(n)))
          r = n
       end if
    end if

  end subroutine poly_long_div

  subroutine poly_print(p)
    real, dimension(:), intent(in) :: p

    integer :: i

    do i = size(p), 1, -1
       if ( i > 1 ) then
          write(*, '(F0.2,"x^",I0," + ")', advance="no") p(i), i-1
       else
          write(*, '(F0.2)') p(i)
       end if
    end do

  end subroutine poly_print

end module Polynom

program PolyDivTest
  use Polynom
  implicit none

  real, dimension(:), allocatable :: q
  real, dimension(:), allocatable :: r

  !! three tests from Wikipedia, plus an extra
  !call poly_long_div( (/ -3., 1. /), (/ -42., 0.0, -12., 1. /), q, r)
  call poly_long_div( (/ -42., 0.0, -12., 1. /), (/ -3., 1. /), q, r)
  !call poly_long_div( (/ -42., 0.0, -12., 1. /), (/ -3., 1., 1. /), q, r)
  !call poly_long_div( (/ 2., 3., 1. /), (/ 1., 1. /), q, r)

  call poly_print(q)
  call poly_print(r)
  deallocate(q, r)

end program PolyDivTest

FreeBASIC

#define EPS 1.0e-20

type polyterm
    degree as uinteger
    coeff as double
end type

sub poly_print( P() as double )
    dim as string outstr = "", sri
    for i as integer = ubound(P) to 0 step -1
        if outstr<>"" then
            if P(i)>0 then outstr = outstr + " + "
            if P(i)<0 then outstr = outstr + " - "
        end if
        if P(i)=0 then continue for
        if abs(P(i))<>1 or i=0 then 
            if outstr="" then 
                outstr = outstr + str((P(i)))
            else
                outstr = outstr + str(abs(P(i)))
            end if
        end if
        if i>0 then outstr=outstr+"x"
        sri= str(i)
        if i>1 then outstr=outstr + "^" + sri
    next i
    print outstr
end sub

function lc_deg( B() as double ) as polyterm
    'gets the coefficent and degree of the leading term in a polynomial
    dim as polyterm ret
    for i as uinteger = ubound(B) to 0 step -1
        if B(i)<>0 then 
            ret.degree = i
            ret.coeff = B(i)
            return ret
        end if
    next i
    return ret
end function

sub poly_multiply( byval k as polyterm, P() as double )
    'in-place multiplication of polynomial by a polynomial term
    dim i as integer
    for i = ubound(P) to k.degree step -1
        P(i) = k.coeff*P(i-k.degree)
    next i
    for i = k.degree-1 to 0 step -1
        P(i)=0
    next i
end sub

sub poly_subtract( P() as double, Q() as double )
    'in place subtraction of one polynomial from another
    dim as uinteger deg = ubound(P)
    for i as uinteger = 0 to deg
        P(i) -= Q(i)
        if abs(P(i))<EPS then P(i)=0   'stupid floating point subtraction, grumble grumble
    next i
end sub

sub poly_add( P() as double, byval t as polyterm )
    'in-place addition of a polynomial term to a polynomial
    P(t.degree) += t.coeff
end sub

sub poly_copy( source() as double, target() as double )
    for i as uinteger = 0 to ubound(source)
        target(i) = source(i)
    next i
end sub

sub polydiv( A() as double, B() as double, Q() as double, R() as double )
    dim as polyterm s
    dim as double sB(0 to ubound(B))
    poly_copy A(), R()
    dim as uinteger d = ubound(B), degr = lc_deg(R()).degree
    dim as double c = lc_deg(B()).coeff
    while degr >= d
        s.coeff = lc_deg(R()).coeff/c
        s.degree = degr - d
        poly_add Q(), s
        poly_copy B(), sB()
        redim preserve sB(0 to s.degree+ubound(sB)) as double
        poly_multiply s, sB()
        poly_subtract R(), sB()
        degr = lc_deg(R()).degree
        redim sB(0 to ubound(B))
    wend
end sub

dim as double N(0 to 4) = {-42, 0, -12, 1}    'x^3 - 12x^2 - 42
dim as double D(0 to 2) = {-3, 1}             '        x   -  3
dim as double Q(0 to ubound(N)), R(0 to ubound(N))

polydiv( N(), D(), Q(), R() )

poly_print Q()   'quotient
poly_print R()   'remainder

Output:

x^2 - 9x - 27
-123

GAP

GAP has built-in functions for computations with polynomials.

x := Indeterminate(Rationals, "x");
p := x^11 + 3*x^8 + 7*x^2 + 3;
q := x^7 + 5*x^3 + 1;
QuotientRemainder(p, q);
# [ x^4+3*x-5, -16*x^4+25*x^3+7*x^2-3*x+8 ]

Go

By the convention and pseudocode given in the task:

package main

import "fmt"

func main() {
    n := []float64{-42, 0, -12, 1}
    d := []float64{-3, 1}
    fmt.Println("N:", n)
    fmt.Println("D:", d)
    q, r, ok := pld(n, d)
    if ok {
        fmt.Println("Q:", q)
        fmt.Println("R:", r)
    } else {
        fmt.Println("error")
    }
}

func degree(p []float64) int {
    for d := len(p) - 1; d >= 0; d-- {
        if p[d] != 0 {
            return d
        }
    }
    return -1
}

func pld(nn, dd []float64) (q, r []float64, ok bool) {
    if degree(dd) < 0 {
        return
    }
    nn = append(r, nn...)
    if degree(nn) >= degree(dd) {
        q = make([]float64, degree(nn)-degree(dd)+1)
        for degree(nn) >= degree(dd) {
            d := make([]float64, degree(nn)+1)
            copy(d[degree(nn)-degree(dd):], dd)
            q[degree(nn)-degree(dd)] = nn[degree(nn)] / d[degree(d)]
            for i := range d {
                d[i] *= q[degree(nn)-degree(dd)]
                nn[i] -= d[i]
            }
        }
    }
    return q, nn, true
}

Output:

N: [-42 0 -12 1]
D: [-3 1]
Q: [-27 -9 1]
R: [-123 0 0 0]

Haskell

Translated from the OCaml code elsewhere on the page.

Works with: GHC version 6.10

import Data.List

shift n l = l ++ replicate n 0

pad n l = replicate n 0 ++ l

norm :: Fractional a => [a] -> [a]
norm = dropWhile (== 0)

deg l = length (norm l) - 1

zipWith' op p q = zipWith op (pad (-d) p) (pad d q)
  where d = (length p) - (length q)

polydiv f g = aux (norm f) (norm g) []
  where aux f s q | ddif < 0 = (q, f)
                  | otherwise = aux f' s q'
           where ddif = (deg f) - (deg s)
                 k = (head f) / (head s)
                 ks = map (* k) $ shift ddif s
                 q' = zipWith' (+) q $ shift ddif [k]
                 f' = norm $ tail $ zipWith' (-) f ks

And this is the also-translated pretty printing function.

str_poly l = intercalate " + " $ terms l
  where term v 0 = show v
        term 1 1 = "x"
        term v 1 = (show v) ++ "x"
        term 1 p = "x^" ++ (show p)
        term v p = (show v) ++ "x^" ++ (show p)

        terms :: Fractional a => [a] -> [String]
        terms [] = []
        terms (0:t) = terms t
        terms (h:t) = (term h (length t)) : (terms t)

J

From http://www.jsoftware.com/jwiki/Phrases/Polynomials

divmod=:[: (}: ; {:) ([ (] -/@,:&}. (* {:)) ] , %&{.~)^:(>:@-~&#)&.|.~

Wikipedia example:

_42 0 _12 1 divmod _3 1

This produces the result:

┌────────┬────┐
│_27 _9 1│_123│
└────────┴────┘

This means that $-42-12x^{2}+x^{3}$ divided by $-3+x$ produces $-27-9x+x^{2}$ with a remainder of $-123$.

Java

Replace existing translation.

When generalized, the coefficients of polynomial division are fractions. This implementation supports integer and fraction coefficients.

To test and validate the results, polynomial multiplication and addition are also implemented.

import java.math.BigInteger;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.Comparator;
import java.util.List;

public class PolynomialLongDivision {
    
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        RunDivideTest(new Polynomial(1, 3, -12, 2, -42, 0), new Polynomial(1, 1, -3, 0));
        RunDivideTest(new Polynomial(5, 2, 4, 1, 1, 0), new Polynomial(2, 1, 3, 0));
        RunDivideTest(new Polynomial(5, 10, 4, 7, 1, 0), new Polynomial(2, 4, 2, 2, 3, 0));
        RunDivideTest(new Polynomial(2,7,-24,6,2,5,-108,4,3,3,-120,2,-126,0), new Polynomial(2, 4, 2, 2, 3, 0));
    }
    
    private static void RunDivideTest(Polynomial p1, Polynomial p2) {
        Polynomial[] result = p1.divide(p2);
        System.out.printf("Compute: (%s) / (%s) = %s reminder %s%n", p1, p2, result[0], result[1]);
        System.out.printf("Test:    (%s) * (%s) + (%s) = %s%n%n", result[0], p2, result[1], result[0].multiply(p2).add(result[1]));
    }
    
    private static final class Polynomial {

        private List<Term> polynomialTerms;
        
        //  Format - coeff, exp, coeff, exp, (repeating in pairs) . . .
        public Polynomial(long ... values) {
            if ( values.length % 2 != 0 ) {
                throw new IllegalArgumentException("ERROR 102:  Polynomial constructor.  Length must be even.  Length = " + values.length);
            }
            polynomialTerms = new ArrayList<>();
            for ( int i = 0 ; i < values.length ; i += 2 ) {
                polynomialTerms.add(new Term(BigInteger.valueOf(values[i]), values[i+1]));
            }
            Collections.sort(polynomialTerms, new TermSorter());
        }
        
        public Polynomial() {
            //  zero
            polynomialTerms = new ArrayList<>();
            polynomialTerms.add(new Term(BigInteger.ZERO, 0));
        }
       
        private Polynomial(List<Term> termList) {
            if ( termList.size() != 0 ) {
                //  Remove zero terms if needed
                for ( int i = 0 ; i < termList.size() ; i++ ) {
                    if ( termList.get(i).coefficient.compareTo(Integer.ZERO_INT) == 0 ) {
                        termList.remove(i);
                    }
                }
            }
            if ( termList.size() == 0 ) {
                //  zero
                termList.add(new Term(BigInteger.ZERO,0));
            }
            polynomialTerms = termList;
            Collections.sort(polynomialTerms, new TermSorter());
        }
        
        public Polynomial[] divide(Polynomial v) {
            Polynomial q = new Polynomial();
            Polynomial r = this;
            Number lcv = v.leadingCoefficient();
            long dv = v.degree();
            while ( r.degree() >= dv ) {
                Number lcr = r.leadingCoefficient();
                Number s = lcr.divide(lcv);
                Term term = new Term(s, r.degree() - dv);
                q = q.add(term);
                r = r.add(v.multiply(term.negate()));
            }
            return new Polynomial[] {q, r};
        }

        public Polynomial add(Polynomial polynomial) {
            List<Term> termList = new ArrayList<>();
            int thisCount = polynomialTerms.size();
            int polyCount = polynomial.polynomialTerms.size();
            while ( thisCount > 0 || polyCount > 0 ) {
                Term thisTerm = thisCount == 0 ? null : polynomialTerms.get(thisCount-1);
                Term polyTerm = polyCount == 0 ? null : polynomial.polynomialTerms.get(polyCount-1);
                if ( thisTerm == null ) {
                    termList.add(polyTerm);
                    polyCount--;
                }
                else if (polyTerm == null ) {
                    termList.add(thisTerm);
                    thisCount--;
                }
                else if ( thisTerm.degree() == polyTerm.degree() ) {
                    Term t = thisTerm.add(polyTerm);
                    if ( t.coefficient.compareTo(Integer.ZERO_INT) != 0 ) {
                        termList.add(t);
                    }
                    thisCount--;
                    polyCount--;
                }
                else if ( thisTerm.degree() < polyTerm.degree() ) {
                    termList.add(thisTerm);
                    thisCount--;
                }
                else {
                    termList.add(polyTerm);
                    polyCount--;
                }
            }
            return new Polynomial(termList);
        }

        public Polynomial add(Term term) {
            List<Term> termList = new ArrayList<>();
            boolean added = false;
            for ( int index = 0 ; index < polynomialTerms.size() ; index++ ) {
                Term currentTerm = polynomialTerms.get(index);
                if ( currentTerm.exponent == term.exponent ) {
                    added = true;
                    if ( currentTerm.coefficient.add(term.coefficient).compareTo(Integer.ZERO_INT) != 0 ) {
                        termList.add(currentTerm.add(term));
                    }
                }
                else {
                    termList.add(currentTerm);
                }
            }
            if ( ! added ) {
                termList.add(term);
            }
            return new Polynomial(termList);
        }

        public Polynomial multiply(Polynomial polynomial) {
            List<Term> termList = new ArrayList<>();
            for ( int i = 0 ; i < polynomialTerms.size() ; i++ ) {
                Term ci = polynomialTerms.get(i);
                for ( int j = 0 ; j < polynomial.polynomialTerms.size() ; j++ ) {
                    Term cj = polynomial.polynomialTerms.get(j);
                    Term currentTerm = ci.multiply(cj);
                    boolean added = false;
                    for ( int k = 0 ; k < termList.size() ; k++ ) {
                        if ( currentTerm.exponent == termList.get(k).exponent ) {
                            added = true;
                            Term t = termList.remove(k).add(currentTerm);
                            if ( t.coefficient.compareTo(Integer.ZERO_INT) != 0 ) {
                                termList.add(t);
                            }
                            break;
                        }
                    }
                    if ( ! added ) {
                        termList.add(currentTerm);
                    }
                }
            }
            return new Polynomial(termList);
        }

        public Polynomial multiply(Term term) {
            List<Term> termList = new ArrayList<>();
            for ( int index = 0 ; index < polynomialTerms.size() ; index++ ) {
                Term currentTerm = polynomialTerms.get(index);
                termList.add(currentTerm.multiply(term));
            }
            return new Polynomial(termList);
        }

        public Number leadingCoefficient() {
            return polynomialTerms.get(0).coefficient;
        }

        public long degree() {
            return polynomialTerms.get(0).exponent;
        }
        
        @Override
        public String toString() {
            StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
            boolean first = true;
            for ( Term term : polynomialTerms ) {
                if ( first ) {
                    sb.append(term);
                    first = false;
                }
                else {
                    sb.append(" ");
                    if ( term.coefficient.compareTo(Integer.ZERO_INT) > 0 ) {
                        sb.append("+ ");
                        sb.append(term);
                    }
                    else {
                        sb.append("- ");
                        sb.append(term.negate());
                    }
                }
            }
            return sb.toString();
        }
    }
    
    private static final class TermSorter implements Comparator<Term> {
        @Override
        public int compare(Term o1, Term o2) {
            return (int) (o2.exponent - o1.exponent);
        }        
    }
    
    private static final class Term {
        Number coefficient;
        long exponent;
        
        public Term(BigInteger c, long e) {
            coefficient = new Integer(c);
            exponent = e;
        }

        public Term(Number c, long e) {
            coefficient = c;
            exponent = e;
        }

        public Term multiply(Term term) {
            return new Term(coefficient.multiply(term.coefficient), exponent + term.exponent);
        }
        
        public Term add(Term term) {
            if ( exponent != term.exponent ) {
                throw new RuntimeException("ERROR 102:  Exponents not equal.");
            }
            return new Term(coefficient.add(term.coefficient), exponent);
        }

        public Term negate() {
            return new Term(coefficient.negate(), exponent);
        }
        
        public long degree() {
            return exponent;
        }
        
        @Override
        public String toString() {
            if ( coefficient.compareTo(Integer.ZERO_INT) == 0 ) {
                return "0";
            }
            if ( exponent == 0 ) {
                return "" + coefficient;
            }
            if ( coefficient.compareTo(Integer.ONE_INT) == 0 ) {
                if ( exponent == 1 ) {
                    return "x";
                }
                else {
                    return "x^" + exponent;
                }
            }
            if ( exponent == 1 ) {
                return coefficient + "x";
            }
            return coefficient + "x^" + exponent;
        }
    }

    private static abstract class Number {
        public abstract int compareTo(Number in);
        public abstract Number negate();
        public abstract Number add(Number in);
        public abstract Number multiply(Number in);
        public abstract Number inverse();
        public abstract boolean isInteger();
        public abstract boolean isFraction();
        
        public Number subtract(Number in) {
            return add(in.negate());
        }
        
        public Number divide(Number in) {
            return multiply(in.inverse());
        }
    }

    public static class Fraction extends Number {

        private final Integer numerator;
        private final Integer denominator;

        public Fraction(Integer n, Integer d) {
            numerator = n;
            denominator = d;
        }
        
        @Override
        public int compareTo(Number in) {
            if ( in.isInteger() ) {
                Integer result = ((Integer) in).multiply(denominator);
                return numerator.compareTo(result);
            }
            else if ( in.isFraction() ) {
                Fraction inFrac = (Fraction) in;
                Integer left = numerator.multiply(inFrac.denominator);
                Integer right = denominator.multiply(inFrac.numerator);
                return left.compareTo(right);
            }
            throw new RuntimeException("ERROR:  Unknown number type in Fraction.compareTo");
        }

        @Override
        public Number negate() {
            if ( denominator.integer.signum() < 0 ) {
                return new Fraction(numerator, (Integer) denominator.negate());
            }
            return new Fraction((Integer) numerator.negate(), denominator);
        }

        @Override
        public Number add(Number in) {
            if ( in.isInteger() ) {
                //x/y+z = (x+yz)/y
                return new Fraction((Integer) ((Integer) in).multiply(denominator).add(numerator), denominator);
            }
            else if ( in.isFraction() ) {
                Fraction inFrac = (Fraction) in;
                //  compute a/b + x/y
                //  Let q = gcd(b,y)
                //  Result = ( (a*y + x*b)/q ) / ( b*y/q )
                Integer x = inFrac.numerator;
                Integer y = inFrac.denominator;
                Integer q = y.gcd(denominator);
                Integer temp1 = numerator.multiply(y);
                Integer temp2 = denominator.multiply(x);
                Integer newDenom = denominator.multiply(y).divide(q);
                if ( newDenom.compareTo(Integer.ONE_INT) == 0 ) {
                    return temp1.add(temp2);
                }
                Integer newNum = (Integer) temp1.add(temp2).divide(q);
                Integer gcd2 = newDenom.gcd(newNum);
                if ( gcd2.compareTo(Integer.ONE_INT) == 0 ) {
                    return new Fraction(newNum, newDenom);
                }
                newNum = newNum.divide(gcd2);
                newDenom = newDenom.divide(gcd2);
                if ( newDenom.compareTo(Integer.ONE_INT) == 0 ) {
                    return newNum;
                }
                else if ( newDenom.compareTo(Integer.MINUS_ONE_INT) == 0 ) {
                    return newNum.negate();
                }
                return new Fraction(newNum, newDenom);
            }
            throw new RuntimeException("ERROR:  Unknown number type in Fraction.compareTo");
        }

        @Override
        public Number multiply(Number in) {
            if ( in.isInteger() ) {
                //x/y*z = x*z/y
                Integer temp = numerator.multiply((Integer) in);
                Integer gcd = temp.gcd(denominator);
                if ( gcd.compareTo(Integer.ONE_INT) == 0 || gcd.compareTo(Integer.MINUS_ONE_INT) == 0 ) {
                    return new Fraction(temp, denominator);
                }
                Integer newTop = temp.divide(gcd);
                Integer newBot = denominator.divide(gcd);
                if ( newBot.compareTo(Integer.ONE_INT) == 0 ) {
                    return newTop;
                }
                if ( newBot.compareTo(Integer.MINUS_ONE_INT) == 0 ) {
                    return newTop.negate();
                }
                return new Fraction(newTop, newBot);
            }
            else if ( in.isFraction() ) {
                Fraction inFrac = (Fraction) in;
                //  compute a/b * x/y
                Integer tempTop = numerator.multiply(inFrac.numerator);
                Integer tempBot = denominator.multiply(inFrac.denominator);
                Integer gcd = tempTop.gcd(tempBot);
                if ( gcd.compareTo(Integer.ONE_INT) == 0 || gcd.compareTo(Integer.MINUS_ONE_INT) == 0 ) {
                    return new Fraction(tempTop, tempBot);
                }
                Integer newTop = tempTop.divide(gcd);
                Integer newBot = tempBot.divide(gcd);
                if ( newBot.compareTo(Integer.ONE_INT) == 0 ) {
                    return newTop;
                }
                if ( newBot.compareTo(Integer.MINUS_ONE_INT) == 0 ) {
                    return newTop.negate();
                }
                return new Fraction(newTop, newBot);
            }
            throw new RuntimeException("ERROR:  Unknown number type in Fraction.compareTo");
        }

        @Override
        public boolean isInteger() {
            return false;
        }

        @Override
        public boolean isFraction() {
            return true;
        }
        
        @Override
        public String toString() {
            return numerator.toString() + "/" + denominator.toString();
        }

        @Override
        public Number inverse() {
            if ( numerator.equals(Integer.ONE_INT) ) {
                return denominator;
            }
            else if ( numerator.equals(Integer.MINUS_ONE_INT) ) {
                return denominator.negate();
            }
            else if ( numerator.integer.signum() < 0 ) {
                return new Fraction((Integer) denominator.negate(), (Integer) numerator.negate());            
            }
            return new Fraction(denominator, numerator);
        }
    }
    
    public static class Integer extends Number {

        private BigInteger integer;
        public static final Integer MINUS_ONE_INT = new Integer(new BigInteger("-1"));
        public static final Integer ONE_INT = new Integer(new BigInteger("1"));
        public static final Integer ZERO_INT = new Integer(new BigInteger("0"));
        
        public Integer(BigInteger number) {
            this.integer = number;
        }
        
        public int compareTo(Integer val) {
            return integer.compareTo(val.integer);
        }

        @Override
        public int compareTo(Number in) {
            if ( in.isInteger() ) {
                return compareTo((Integer) in);
            }
            else if ( in.isFraction() ) {
                Fraction frac = (Fraction) in;
                BigInteger result = integer.multiply(frac.denominator.integer);
                return result.compareTo(frac.numerator.integer);
            }
            throw new RuntimeException("ERROR:  Unknown number type in Integer.compareTo");
        }

        @Override
        public Number negate() {
            return new Integer(integer.negate()); 
        }

        public Integer add(Integer in) {
            return new Integer(integer.add(in.integer));
        }
        
        @Override
        public Number add(Number in) {
            if ( in.isInteger() ) {
                return add((Integer) in);
            }
            else if ( in.isFraction() ) {
                Fraction f = (Fraction) in;
                Integer top = f.numerator;
                Integer bot = f.denominator;
                return new Fraction((Integer) multiply(bot).add(top), bot);
            }
            throw new RuntimeException("ERROR:  Unknown number type in Integer.add");
        }

        @Override
        public Number multiply(Number in) {
            if ( in.isInteger() ) {
                return multiply((Integer) in);
            }
            else if ( in.isFraction() ) {
                //  a * x/y = ax/y
                Integer x = ((Fraction) in).numerator;
                Integer y = ((Fraction) in).denominator;
                Integer temp = (Integer) multiply(x);
                Integer gcd = temp.gcd(y);
                if ( gcd.compareTo(Integer.ONE_INT) == 0 || gcd.compareTo(Integer.MINUS_ONE_INT) == 0 ) {
                    return new Fraction(temp, y);
                }
                Integer newTop = temp.divide(gcd);
                Integer newBot = y.divide(gcd);
                if ( newBot.compareTo(Integer.ONE_INT) == 0 ) {
                    return newTop;
                }
                if ( newBot.compareTo(Integer.MINUS_ONE_INT) == 0 ) {
                    return newTop.negate();
                }
                return new Fraction(newTop, newBot);
            }
            throw new RuntimeException("ERROR:  Unknown number type in Integer.add");
        }

        public Integer gcd(Integer in) {
            return new Integer(integer.gcd(in.integer));
        }

        public Integer divide(Integer in) {
            return new Integer(integer.divide(in.integer));
        }

        public Integer multiply(Integer in) {
            return new Integer(integer.multiply(in.integer));
        }

        @Override
        public boolean isInteger() {
            return true;
        }

        @Override
        public boolean isFraction() {
            return false;
        }

        @Override
        public String toString() {
            return integer.toString();
        }

        @Override
        public Number inverse() {
            if ( equals(ZERO_INT) ) {
                throw new RuntimeException("Attempting to take the inverse of zero in IntegerExpression");
            }
            else if ( this.compareTo(ONE_INT) == 0 ) {
                return ONE_INT;
            }
            else if ( this.compareTo(MINUS_ONE_INT) == 0 ) {
                return MINUS_ONE_INT;
            }
            return new Fraction(ONE_INT, this);
        }

    }
}

Output:

Compute: (x^3 - 12x^2 - 42) / (x - 3) = x^2 - 9x - 27 reminder -123
Test:    (x^2 - 9x - 27) * (x - 3) + (-123) = x^3 - 12x^2 - 42

Compute: (5x^2 + 4x + 1) / (2x + 3) = 5/2x - 7/4 reminder 25/4
Test:    (5/2x - 7/4) * (2x + 3) + (25/4) = 5x^2 + 4x + 1

Compute: (5x^10 + 4x^7 + 1) / (2x^4 + 2x^2 + 3) = 5/2x^6 - 5/2x^4 + 2x^3 - 5/4x^2 - 2x + 5 reminder -2x^3 - 25/4x^2 + 6x - 14
Test:    (5/2x^6 - 5/2x^4 + 2x^3 - 5/4x^2 - 2x + 5) * (2x^4 + 2x^2 + 3) + (-2x^3 - 25/4x^2 + 6x - 14) = 5x^10 + 4x^7 + 1

Compute: (2x^7 - 24x^6 + 2x^5 - 108x^4 + 3x^3 - 120x^2 - 126) / (2x^4 + 2x^2 + 3) = x^3 - 12x^2 - 42 reminder 0
Test:    (x^3 - 12x^2 - 42) * (2x^4 + 2x^2 + 3) + (0) = 2x^7 - 24x^6 + 2x^5 - 108x^4 + 3x^3 - 120x^2 - 126

Julia

This task is straightforward with the help of Julia's Polynomials package.

using Polynomials

p = Poly([-42,0,-12,1])
q = Poly([-3,1])

d, r = divrem(p,q)

println(p, " divided by ", q, " is ", d, " with remainder ", r, ".")

Output:

-42 - 12x^2 + x^3 divided by -3 + x is -27.0 - 9.0x + x^2 with remainder -123.0.

Kotlin

Version 1

// version 1.1.51
 
typealias IAE = IllegalArgumentException
 
data class Solution(val quotient: DoubleArray, val remainder: DoubleArray)
 
fun polyDegree(p: DoubleArray): Int {
    for (i in p.size - 1 downTo 0) {
        if (p[i] != 0.0) return i
    }
    return Int.MIN_VALUE
}
 
fun polyShiftRight(p: DoubleArray, places: Int): DoubleArray {
    if (places <= 0) return p
    val pd = polyDegree(p)
    if (pd + places >= p.size) {
        throw IAE("The number of places to be shifted is too large")
    }
    val d = p.copyOf()
    for (i in pd downTo 0) {
        d[i + places] = d[i]
        d[i] = 0.0
    }
    return d
}
 
fun polyMultiply(p: DoubleArray, m: Double) {
    for (i in 0 until p.size) p[i] *= m
}
 
fun polySubtract(p: DoubleArray, s: DoubleArray) {
    for (i in 0 until p.size) p[i] -= s[i]
}
 
fun polyLongDiv(n: DoubleArray, d: DoubleArray): Solution {
    if (n.size != d.size) {
        throw IAE("Numerator and denominator vectors must have the same size")
    }
    var nd = polyDegree(n)
    val dd = polyDegree(d)
    if (dd < 0) { 
        throw IAE("Divisor must have at least one one-zero coefficient")
    }
    if (nd < dd) {
        throw IAE("The degree of the divisor cannot exceed that of the numerator")
    }
    val n2 = n.copyOf()
    val q = DoubleArray(n.size)  // all elements zero by default
    while (nd >= dd) {
        val d2 = polyShiftRight(d, nd - dd)
        q[nd - dd] = n2[nd] / d2[nd]
        polyMultiply(d2, q[nd - dd])
        polySubtract(n2, d2)
        nd = polyDegree(n2)
    }
    return Solution(q, n2)
}
 
fun polyShow(p: DoubleArray) {
    val pd = polyDegree(p)
    for (i in pd downTo 0) {
        val coeff = p[i]
        if (coeff == 0.0) continue
        print (when {
            coeff ==  1.0  -> if (i < pd) " + " else ""
            coeff == -1.0  -> if (i < pd) " - " else "-"
            coeff <   0.0  -> if (i < pd) " - ${-coeff}" else "$coeff"
            else           -> if (i < pd) " + $coeff" else "$coeff"
        })
        if (i > 1) print("x^$i")
        else if (i == 1) print("x")
    }
    println()
}
 
fun main(args: Array<String>) {
    val n = doubleArrayOf(-42.0, 0.0, -12.0, 1.0)
    val d = doubleArrayOf( -3.0, 1.0,   0.0, 0.0)
    print("Numerator   : ")
    polyShow(n)
    print("Denominator : ")
    polyShow(d)
    println("-------------------------------------")
    val (q, r) = polyLongDiv(n, d)
    print("Quotient    : ")
    polyShow(q)
    print("Remainder   : ")
    polyShow(r)
}

Output:

Output:

Numerator   : x^3 - 12.0x^2 - 42.0
Denominator : x - 3.0
-------------------------------------
Quotient    : x^2 - 9.0x - 27.0
Remainder   : -123.0

Version 2

More succinct version that provides an easy-to-use API.

class Polynom(private vararg val factors: Double) {

    operator fun div(divisor: Polynom): Pair<Polynom, Polynom> {
        var curr = canonical().factors
        val right = divisor.canonical().factors

        val result = mutableListOf<Double>()
        for (base in curr.size - right.size downTo 0) {
            val res = curr.last() / right.last()
            result += res
            curr = curr.copyOfRange(0, curr.size - 1)
            for (i in 0 until right.size - 1)
                curr[base + i] -= res * right[i]
        }

        val quot = Polynom(*result.asReversed().toDoubleArray())
        val rem = Polynom(*curr).canonical()
        return Pair(quot, rem)
    }

    private fun canonical(): Polynom {
        if (factors.last() != 0.0) return this
        for (newLen in factors.size downTo 1)
            if (factors[newLen - 1] != 0.0)
                return Polynom(*factors.copyOfRange(0, newLen))
        return Polynom(factors[0])
    }

    override fun toString() = "Polynom(${factors.joinToString(" ")})"
}

fun main() {
    val num = Polynom(-42.0, 0.0, -12.0, 1.0)
    val den = Polynom(-3.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0)

    val (quot, rem) = num / den

    print("$num / $den = $quot remainder $rem")
}

Output:

Polynom(-42.0 0.0 -12.0 1.0) / Polynom(-3.0 1.0 0.0 0.0) = Polynom(-27.0 -9.0 1.0) remainder Polynom(-123.0)

Maple

As Maple is a symbolic computation system, polynomial arithmetic is, of course, provided by the language runtime. The remainder (rem) and quotient (quo) operations each allow for the other to be computed simultaneously by passing an unassigned name as an optional fourth argument. Since rem and quo deal also with multivariate polynomials, the indeterminate is passed as the third argument.

> p := randpoly( x ); # pick a random polynomial in x
                           5       4       3       2
             p := -56 - 7 x  + 22 x  - 55 x  - 94 x  + 87 x

> rem( p, x^2 + 2, x, 'q' ); # remainder
                              220 + 169 x

> q; # quotient
                           3       2
                       -7 x  + 22 x  - 41 x - 138

> quo( p, x^2 + 2, x, 'r' ); # quotient
                           3       2
                       -7 x  + 22 x  - 41 x - 138

> r; # remainder
                              220 + 169 x
> expand( (x^2+2)*q + r - p ); # check
                                   0

Mathematica/Wolfram Language

PolynomialQuotientRemainder[x^3-12 x^2-42,x-3,x]

output:

{-27 - 9 x + x^2, -123}

Nim

const MinusInfinity = -1

type
  Polynomial = seq[int]
  Term = tuple[coeff, exp: int]

func degree(p: Polynomial): int =
  ## Return the degree of a polynomial.
  ## "p" is supposed to be normalized.
  result = if p.len > 0: p.len - 1 else: MinusInfinity

func normalize(p: var Polynomial) =
  ## Normalize a polynomial, removing useless zeroes.
  while p[^1] == 0: discard p.pop()

func `shr`(p: Polynomial; n: int): Polynomial =
  ## Shift a polynomial of "n" positions to the right.
  result.setLen(p.len + n)
  result[n..^1] = p

func `*=`(p: var Polynomial; n: int) =
  ## Multiply in place a polynomial by an integer.
  for item in p.mitems: item *= n
  p.normalize()

func `-=`(a: var Polynomial; b: Polynomial) =
  ## Substract in place a polynomial from another polynomial.
  for i, val in b: a[i] -= val
  a.normalize()

func longdiv(a, b: Polynomial): tuple[q, r: Polynomial] =
  ## Compute the long division of a polynomial by another.
  ## Return the quotient and the remainder as polynomials.
  result.r = a
  if b.degree < 0: raise newException(DivByZeroDefect, "divisor cannot be zero.")
  result.q.setLen(a.len)
  while (let k = result.r.degree - b.degree; k >= 0):
    var d = b shr k
    result.q[k] = result.r[^1] div d[^1]
    d *= result.q[k]
    result.r -= d
  result.q.normalize()

const Superscripts: array['0'..'9', string] = ["⁰", "¹", "²", "³", "⁴", "⁵", "⁶", "⁷", "⁸", "⁹"]

func superscript(n: Natural): string =
  ## Return the Unicode string to use to represent an exponent.
  if n == 1:
    return ""
  for d in $n:
    result.add(Superscripts[d])

func `$`(term: Term): string =
  ## Return the string representation of a term.
  if term.coeff == 0: "0"
  elif term.exp == 0: $term.coeff
  else:
    let base = 'x' & superscript(term.exp)
    if term.coeff == 1: base
    elif term.coeff == -1: '-' & base
    else: $term.coeff & base

func `$`(poly: Polynomial): string =
  ## return the string representation of a polynomial.
  for idx in countdown(poly.high, 0):
    let coeff = poly[idx]
    var term: Term = (coeff: coeff, exp: idx)
    if result.len == 0:
      result.add $term
    else:
      if coeff > 0:
        result.add '+'
        result.add $term
      elif coeff < 0:
        term.coeff = -term.coeff
        result.add '-'
        result.add $term


const
  N = @[-42, 0, -12, 1]
  D = @[-3, 1]

let (q, r) = longdiv(N, D)
echo "N = ", N
echo "D = ", D
echo "q = ", q
echo "r = ", r

Output:

N = x³-12x²-42
D = x-3
q = x²-9x-27
r = -123

OCaml

First define some utility operations on polynomials as lists (with highest power coefficient first).

let rec shift n l = if n <= 0 then l else shift (pred n) (l @ [0.0])
let rec pad n l = if n <= 0 then l else pad (pred n) (0.0 :: l)
let rec norm = function | 0.0 :: tl -> norm tl | x -> x
let deg l = List.length (norm l) - 1

let zip op p q =
  let d = (List.length p) - (List.length q) in
  List.map2 op (pad (-d) p) (pad d q)

Then the main polynomial division function

let polydiv f g =
  let rec aux f s q =
    let ddif = (deg f) - (deg s) in
    if ddif < 0 then (q, f) else
      let k = (List.hd f) /. (List.hd s) in
      let ks = List.map (( *.) k) (shift ddif s) in
      let q' = zip (+.) q (shift ddif [k])
      and f' = norm (List.tl (zip (-.) f ks)) in
      aux f' s q' in
  aux (norm f) (norm g) []

For output we need a pretty-printing function

let str_poly l =
  let term v p = match (v, p) with
    | (  _, 0) -> string_of_float v
    | (1.0, 1) -> "x"
    | (  _, 1) -> (string_of_float v) ^ "*x"
    | (1.0, _) -> "x^" ^ (string_of_int p)
    | _ -> (string_of_float v) ^ "*x^" ^ (string_of_int p) in
  let rec terms = function
    | [] -> []
    | h :: t ->
       if h = 0.0 then (terms t) else (term h (List.length t)) :: (terms t) in
  String.concat " + " (terms l)

and then the example

let _ =
  let f = [1.0; -4.0; 6.0; 5.0; 3.0] and g = [1.0; 2.0; 1.0] in
  let q, r = polydiv f g in
  Printf.printf
    " (%s) div (%s)\ngives\nquotient:\t(%s)\nremainder:\t(%s)\n"
    (str_poly f) (str_poly g) (str_poly q) (str_poly r)

gives the output:

 (x^4 + -4.*x^3 + 6.*x^2 + 5.*x + 3.) div (x^2 + 2.*x + 1.)
gives
quotient:	(x^2 + -6.*x + 17.)
remainder:	(-23.*x + -14.)

Octave

Octave has already facilities to divide two polynomials (deconv(n,d)); and the reason to adopt the convention of keeping the highest power coefficient first, is to make the code compatible with builtin functions: we can use polyout to output the result.

function [q, r] = poly_long_div(n, d)
  gd = length(d);
  pv = zeros(1, length(n));
  pv(1:gd) = d;
  if ( length(n) >= gd )
    q = [];
    while ( length(n) >= gd )
      q = [q, n(1)/pv(1)];
      n = n - pv .* (n(1)/pv(1));
      n = shift(n, -1);           % 
      tn = n(1:length(n)-1);      % eat the higher power term
      n = tn;                     %
      tp = pv(1:length(pv)-1);
      pv = tp;                    % make pv the same length of n
    endwhile
    r = n;
  else
    q = [0];
    r = n;
  endif
endfunction

[q, r] = poly_long_div([1,-12,0,-42], [1,-3]);
polyout(q, 'x');
polyout(r, 'x');
disp("");
[q, r] = poly_long_div([1,-12,0,-42], [1,1,-3]);
polyout(q, 'x');
polyout(r, 'x');
disp("");
[q, r] = poly_long_div([1,3,2], [1,1]);
polyout(q, 'x');
polyout(r, 'x');
disp("");
[q, r] = poly_long_div([1,3], [1,-12,0,-42]);
polyout(q, 'x');
polyout(r, 'x');

PARI/GP

This uses the built-in PARI polynomials.

poldiv(a,b)={
  my(rem=a%b);
  [(a - rem)/b, rem]
};
poldiv(x^9+1, x^3+x-3)

Alternately, use the built-in function divrem:

divrem(x^9+1, x^3+x-3)~

Perl

This solution keeps the highest power coefficient first, like OCaml solution and Octave solution.

Translation of: Octave

use strict;
use List::Util qw(min);

sub poly_long_div
{
    my ($rn, $rd) = @_;
    
    my @n = @$rn;
    my $gd = scalar(@$rd);
    if ( scalar(@n) >= $gd ) {
	my @q = ();
	while ( scalar(@n) >= $gd ) {
	    my $piv = $n[0]/$rd->[0];
	    push @q, $piv;
	    $n[$_] -= $rd->[$_] * $piv foreach ( 0 .. min(scalar(@n), $gd)-1 );
	    shift @n;
	}
	return ( \@q, \@n );
    } else {
	return ( [0], $rn );
    }
}

sub poly_print
{
    my @c = @_;
    my $l = scalar(@c);
    for(my $i=0; $i < $l; $i++) {
	print $c[$i];
	print "x^" . ($l-$i-1) . " + " if ($i < ($l-1)); 
    }
    print "\n";
}

my ($q, $r);

($q, $r) = poly_long_div([1, -12, 0, -42], [1, -3]);
poly_print(@$q);
poly_print(@$r);
print "\n";
($q, $r) = poly_long_div([1,-12,0,-42], [1,1,-3]);
poly_print(@$q);
poly_print(@$r);
print "\n";
($q, $r) = poly_long_div([1,3,2], [1,1]);
poly_print(@$q);
poly_print(@$r);
print "\n";
# the example from the OCaml solution 
($q, $r) = poly_long_div([1,-4,6,5,3], [1,2,1]);
poly_print(@$q);
poly_print(@$r);

Phix

-- demo\rosetta\Polynomial_long_division.exw
with javascript_semantics

function degree(sequence p)
    for i=length(p) to 1 by -1 do
        if p[i]!=0 then return i end if
    end for
    return -1
end function
 
function poly_div(sequence n, d)
    d = deep_copy(d)
    while length(d)<length(n) do d &=0 end while
    integer dn = degree(n),
            dd = degree(d)
    if dd<0 then throw("divide by zero") end if
    sequence quo = repeat(0,dn),
             rem = deep_copy(n)
    while dn>=dd do
        integer k = dn-dd, qk = rem[dn]/d[dd]
        sequence d2 = d[1..length(d)-k]
        quo[k+1] = qk
        for i=1 to length(d2) do
            integer mi = -i
            rem[mi] -= d2[mi]*qk
        end for
        dn = degree(rem)
    end while
    return {quo,rem}
end function
 
function poly(sequence si)
    -- display helper
    string r = ""
    for t=length(si) to 1 by -1 do
        integer sit = si[t]
        if sit!=0 then
            if sit=1 and t>1 then
                r &= iff(r=""? "":" + ")
            elsif sit=-1 and t>1 then
                r &= iff(r=""?"-":" - ")
            else
                if r!="" then
                    r &= iff(sit<0?" - ":" + ")
                    sit = abs(sit)
                end if
                r &= sprintf("%d",sit)
            end if
            r &= iff(t>1?"x"&iff(t>2?sprintf("^%d",t-1):""):"")
        end if
    end for
    if r="" then r="0" end if
    return r
end function
 
constant tests = {{{-42,0,-12,1},{-3,1}},
                  {{-3,1},{-42,0,-12,1}},
                  {{-42,0,-12,1},{-3,1,1}},
                  {{2,3,1},{1,1}},
                  {{3,5,6,-4,1},{1,2,1}},
                  {{3,0,7,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,0,1},{1,0,0,5,0,0,0,1}},
                  {{-56,87,-94,-55,22,-7},{2,0,1}}, 
                 }
 
constant fmt = "%40s / %-16s = %25s rem %s\n"
 
for i=1 to length(tests) do
    sequence {num,den} = tests[i],
             {quo,rem} = poly_div(num,den) 
    printf(1,fmt,apply({num,den,quo,rem},poly))
end for

Output:

                        x^3 - 12x^2 - 42 / x - 3            =             x^2 - 9x - 27 rem -123
                                   x - 3 / x^3 - 12x^2 - 42 =                         0 rem x - 3
                        x^3 - 12x^2 - 42 / x^2 + x - 3      =                    x - 13 rem 16x - 81
                            x^2 + 3x + 2 / x + 1            =                     x + 2 rem 0
              x^4 - 4x^3 + 6x^2 + 5x + 3 / x^2 + 2x + 1     =             x^2 - 6x + 17 rem -23x - 14
                  x^11 + 3x^8 + 7x^2 + 3 / x^7 + 5x^3 + 1   =              x^4 + 3x - 5 rem -16x^4 + 25x^3 + 7x^2 - 3x + 8
-7x^5 + 22x^4 - 55x^3 - 94x^2 + 87x - 56 / x^2 + 2          = -7x^3 + 22x^2 - 41x - 138 rem 169x + 220

PicoLisp

(de degree (P)
   (let I NIL
      (for (N . C) P
         (or (=0 C) (setq I N)) )
      (dec I) ) )

(de divPoly (N D)
   (if (lt0 (degree D))
      (quit "Div/0" D)
      (let (Q NIL Diff)
         (while (ge0 (setq Diff (- (degree N) (degree D))))
            (setq Q (need (- -1 Diff) Q 0))
            (let E D
               (do Diff (push 'E 0))
               (let F (/ (get N (inc (degree N))) (get E (inc (degree E))))
                  (set (nth Q (inc Diff)) F)
                  (setq N (mapcar '((N E) (- N (* E F))) N E)) ) ) )
         (list Q N) ) ) )

Output:

: (divPoly (-42 0 -12 1) (-3 1 0 0))
-> ((-27 -9 1) (-123 0 0 0))

Python

Works with: Python 2.x

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

from itertools import izip

def degree(poly):
    while poly and poly[-1] == 0:
        poly.pop()   # normalize
    return len(poly)-1

def poly_div(N, D):
    dD = degree(D)
    dN = degree(N)
    if dD < 0: raise ZeroDivisionError
    if dN >= dD:
        q = [0] * dN
        while dN >= dD:
            d = [0]*(dN - dD) + D
            mult = q[dN - dD] = N[-1] / float(d[-1])
            d = [coeff*mult for coeff in d]
            N = [coeffN - coeffd for coeffN, coeffd in izip(N, d)]
            dN = degree(N)
        r = N
    else:
        q = [0]
        r = N
    return q, r

if __name__ == '__main__':
    print "POLYNOMIAL LONG DIVISION"
    N = [-42, 0, -12, 1]
    D = [-3, 1, 0, 0]
    print "  %s / %s =" % (N,D),
    print " %s remainder %s" % poly_div(N, D)

Sample output:

POLYNOMIAL LONG DIVISION
  [-42, 0, -12, 1] / [-3, 1, 0, 0] =  [-27.0, -9.0, 1.0] remainder [-123.0]

R

Translation of: Octave

polylongdiv <- function(n,d) {
  gd <- length(d)
  pv <- vector("numeric", length(n))
  pv[1:gd] <- d
  if ( length(n) >= gd ) {
    q <- c()
    while ( length(n) >= gd ) {
      q <- c(q, n[1]/pv[1])
      n <- n - pv * (n[1]/pv[1])
      n <- n[2:length(n)]
      pv <- pv[1:(length(pv)-1)]
    }
    list(q=q, r=n)
  } else {
    list(q=c(0), r=n)
  }
}

# an utility function to print polynomial
print.polynomial <- function(p) {
  i <- length(p)-1
  for(a in p) {
    if ( i == 0 ) {
      cat(a, "\n")
    } else {
      cat(a, "x^", i, " + ", sep="")
    }
    i <- i - 1
  }
}

r <- polylongdiv(c(1,-12,0,-42), c(1,-3))
print.polynomial(r$q)
print.polynomial(r$r)

Racket

#lang racket
(define (deg p) 
  (for/fold ([d -inf.0]) ([(pi i) (in-indexed p)])
    (if (zero? pi) d i)))
(define (lead p) (vector-ref p (deg p)))
(define (mono c d) (build-vector (+ d 1) (λ(i) (if (= i d) c 0))))
(define (poly*cx^n c n p) (vector-append (make-vector n 0) (for/vector ([pi p]) (* c pi))))
(define (poly+ p q) (poly/lin 1 p  1 q))
(define (poly- p q) (poly/lin 1 p -1 q))
(define (poly/lin a p b q)
  (cond [(< (deg p) 0) q] 
        [(< (deg q) 0) p]
        [(< (deg p) (deg q)) (poly/lin b q a p)]
        [else (define ap+bq (for/vector #:length (+ (deg p) 1) #:fill 0
                              ([pi p] [qi q]) (+ (* a pi) (* b qi))))
              (for ([i (in-range (+ (deg q) 1) (+ (deg p) 1))])
                (vector-set! ap+bq i (* a (vector-ref p i))))
              ap+bq]))
 
(define (poly/ n d)
  (define N (deg n))
  (define D (deg d))
  (cond
    [(< N 0) (error 'poly/ "can't divide by zero")]
    [(< N D) (values 0 n)]
    [else    (define c (/ (lead n) (lead d)))
             (define q (mono c (- N D)))
             (define r (poly- n (poly*cx^n c (- N D) d)))
             (define-values (q1 r1) (poly/ r d))
             (values (poly+ q q1) r1)]))
; Example:
(poly/ #(-42 0 -12 1) #(-3 1))
; Output:
'#(-27 -9 1)
'#(-123 0)

Raku

(formerly Perl 6)

Works with: rakudo version 2018.10

Translation of: Perl

for the core algorithm; original code for LaTeX pretty-printing.

sub poly_long_div ( @n is copy, @d ) {
    return [0], |@n if +@n < +@d;

    my @q = gather while +@n >= +@d {
        @n = @n Z- flat ( ( @d X* take ( @n[0] / @d[0] ) ), 0 xx * );
        @n.shift;
    }

    return @q, @n;
}

sub xP ( $power ) { $power>1 ?? "x^$power" !! $power==1 ?? 'x' !! '' }
sub poly_print ( @c ) { join ' + ', @c.kv.map: { $^v ~ xP( @c.end - $^k ) } }

my @polys = [ [     1, -12, 0, -42 ], [    1, -3 ] ],
            [ [     1, -12, 0, -42 ], [ 1, 1, -3 ] ],
            [ [          1, 3,   2 ], [    1,  1 ] ],
            [ [ 1, -4,   6, 5,   3 ], [ 1, 2,  1 ] ];

say '<math>\begin{array}{rr}';
for @polys -> [ @a, @b ] {
    printf Q"%s , & %s \\\\\n", poly_long_div( @a, @b ).map: { poly_print($_) };
}
say '\end{array}</math>';

Output:

${\begin{array}{rr}1x^{2}+-9x+-27,&-123\\1x+-13,&16x+-81\\1x+2,&0\\1x^{2}+-6x+17,&-23x+-14\\\end{array}}$

REXX

/* REXX needed by some... */
z='1 -12 0 -42'  /* Numerator   */
n='1 -3'         /* Denominator */
zx=z
nx=n copies('0 ',words(z)-words(n))
qx=''            /* Quotient    */
Do Until words(zx)<words(n)
  Parse Value div(zx,nx) With q zx
  qx=qx q
  nx=subword(nx,1,words(nx)-1)
  End
Say '('show(z)')/('show(n)')=('show(qx)')'
Say 'Remainder:' show(zx)
Exit
div: Procedure
Parse Arg z,n
q=word(z,1)/word(n,1)
zz=''
Do i=1 To words(z)
  zz=zz word(z,i)-q*word(n,i)
  End
Return q subword(zz,2)

show: Procedure
Parse Arg poly
d=words(poly)-1
res=''
Do i=1 To words(poly)
  Select
    When d>1 Then fact='*x**'d
    When d=1 Then fact='*x'
    Otherwise     fact=''
    End
  Select
    When word(poly,i)=0  Then p=''
    When word(poly,i)=1  Then p='+'substr(fact,2)
    When word(poly,i)=-1 Then p='-'substr(fact,2)
    When word(poly,i)<0  Then p=word(poly,i)||fact
    Otherwise                 p='+'word(poly,i)||fact
    End
  res=res p
  d=d-1
  End
Return strip(space(res,0),'L','+')

Output:

(x**3-12*x**2-42)/(x-3)=(x**2-9*x-27)
Remainder: -123 

Ruby

Implementing the algorithm given in the task description:

def polynomial_long_division(numerator, denominator)
  dd = degree(denominator)
  raise ArgumentError, "denominator is zero" if dd < 0
  if dd == 0
    return [multiply(numerator, 1.0/denominator[0]), [0]*numerator.length]
  end
  
  q = [0] * numerator.length
  
  while (dn = degree(numerator)) >= dd
    d = shift_right(denominator, dn - dd)
    q[dn-dd] = numerator[dn] / d[degree(d)]
    d = multiply(d, q[dn-dd])
    numerator = subtract(numerator, d)
  end
  
  [q, numerator]
end

def degree(ary)
  idx = ary.rindex(&:nonzero?)
  idx ? idx : -1
end

def shift_right(ary, n)
  [0]*n + ary[0, ary.length - n]
end

def subtract(a1, a2)
  a1.zip(a2).collect {|v1,v2| v1 - v2}
end

def multiply(ary, num)
  ary.collect {|x| x * num}
end

f = [-42, 0, -12, 1]
g = [-3, 1, 0, 0]
q, r = polynomial_long_division(f, g)
puts "#{f} / #{g} => #{q} remainder #{r}"
# => [-42, 0, -12, 1] / [-3, 1, 0, 0] => [-27, -9, 1, 0] remainder [-123, 0, 0, 0]

g = [-3, 1, 1, 0]
q, r = polynomial_long_division(f, g)
puts "#{f} / #{g} => #{q} remainder #{r}"
# => [-42, 0, -12, 1] / [-3, 1, 1, 0] => [-13, 1, 0, 0] remainder [-81, 16, 0, 0]

Implementing the algorithms on the wikipedia page -- uglier code but nicer user interface

def polynomial_division(f, g)
  if g.length == 0 or (g.length == 1 and g[0] == 0)
    raise ArgumentError, "denominator is zero"
  elsif g.length == 1
    [f.collect {|x| Float(x)/g[0]}, [0]]
  elsif g.length == 2
    synthetic_division(f, g)
  else 
    higher_degree_synthetic_division(f, g)
  end
end

def synthetic_division(f, g)
  board = [f] << Array.new(f.length) << Array.new(f.length)
  board[2][0] = board[0][0]
  
  1.upto(f.length - 1).each do |i|
    board[1][i] = board[2][i-1] * -g[1]
    board[2][i] = board[0][i] + board[1][i]
  end
  
  [board[2][0..-2], [board[2][-1]]]
end

# an ugly mess of array index arithmetic
# http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynomial_long_division#Higher_degree_synthetic_division
def higher_degree_synthetic_division(f, g)
  
  # [use] the negative coefficients of the denominator following the leading term
  lhs = g[1..-1].collect {|x| -x}
  board = [f]
  
  q = []
  1.upto(f.length - lhs.length).each do |i|
    n = 2*i - 1
    
    # underline the leading coefficient of the right-hand side, multiply it by
    # the left-hand coefficients and write the products beneath the next columns
    # on the right.
    q << board[n-1][i-1]
    board << Array.new(f.length).fill(0, i) # row n
    (lhs.length).times do |j|
      board[n][i+j] = q[-1]*lhs[j]
    end
    
    # perform an addition
    board << Array.new(f.length).fill(0, i) # row n+1
    (lhs.length + 1).times do |j|
      board[n+1][i+j] = board[n-1][i+j] + board[n][i+j] if i+j < f.length
    end
  end
  
  # the remaining numbers in the bottom row correspond to the coefficients of the remainder
  r = board[-1].compact
  q = [0] if q.empty?
  [q, r]
end

f = [1, -12, 0, -42]
g = [1, -3]
q, r = polynomial_division(f, g)
puts "#{f} / #{g} => #{q} remainder #{r}"
# => [1, -12, 0, -42] / [1, -3] => [1, -9, -27] remainder [-123]

g = [1, 1, -3]
q, r = polynomial_division(f, g)
puts "#{f} / #{g} => #{q} remainder #{r}"
# => [1, -12, 0, -42] / [1, 1, -3] => [1, -13] remainder [16, -81]

Best of both worlds:

Translation of: Tcl

def polynomial_division(f, g)
  if g.length == 0 or (g.length == 1 and g[0] == 0)
    raise ArgumentError, "denominator is zero"
  end
  return [[0], f] if f.length < g.length
  
  q, n = [], f.dup
  while n.length >= g.length
    q << Float(n[0]) / g[0]
    n[0, g.length].zip(g).each_with_index do |pair, i|
      n[i] = pair[0] - q[-1] * pair[1]
    end
    n.shift
  end
  q = [0] if q.empty?
  n = [0] if n.empty?
  [q, n]
end

f = [1, -12, 0, -42]
g = [1, -3]
q, r = polynomial_division(f, g)
puts "#{f} / #{g} => #{q} remainder #{r}"
# => [1, -12, 0, -42] / [1, -3] => [1.0, -9.0, -27.0] remainder [-123.0]

g = [1, 1, -3]
q, r = polynomial_division(f, g)
puts "#{f} / #{g} => #{q} remainder #{r}"
# => [1, -12, 0, -42] / [1, 1, -3] => [1.0, -13.0] remainder [16.0, -81.0]

Sidef

Translation of: Perl

func poly_long_div(rn, rd) {
 
    var n = rn.map{_}
    var gd = rd.len
 
    if (n.len >= gd) {
        return(gather {
            while (n.len >= gd) {
                var piv = n[0]/rd[0]
                take(piv)
                { |i|
                    n[i] -= (rd[i] * piv)
                } << ^(n.len `min` gd)
                n.shift
            }
        }, n)
    }
 
    return([0], rn)
}

Example:

func poly_print(c) {
    var l = c.len
    c.each_kv {|i, n|
        print n
        print("x^", (l - i - 1), " + ") if (i < l-1)
    }
    print "\n";
}

var poly = [
    Pair([1,-12,0,-42],  [1, -3]),
    Pair([1,-12,0,-42], [1,1,-3]),
    Pair(      [1,3,2],    [1,1]),
    Pair( [1,-4,6,5,3],  [1,2,1]),
]

poly.each { |pair|
    var (q, r) = poly_long_div(pair.first, pair.second)
    poly_print(q)
    poly_print(r)
    print "\n"
}

Output:

1x^2 + -9x^1 + -27
-123

1x^1 + -13
16x^1 + -81

1x^1 + 2
0

1x^2 + -6x^1 + 17
-23x^1 + -14

Slate

define: #Polynomial &parents: {Comparable} &slots: {#coefficients -> ExtensibleArray new}.

p@(Polynomial traits) new &capacity: n
[
  p cloneSettingSlots: #(coefficients) to: {p coefficients new &capacity: n}
].

p@(Polynomial traits) newFrom: seq@(Sequence traits)
[
  p clone `>> [coefficients: (seq as: p coefficients). normalize. ]
].

p@(Polynomial traits) copy
[
  p cloneSettingSlots: #(coefficients) to: {p coefficients copy}
].

p1@(Polynomial traits) >= p2@(Polynomial traits)
[p1 degree >= p2 degree].

p@(Polynomial traits) degree
[p coefficients indexOfLastSatisfying: [| :n | n isZero not]].

p@(Polynomial traits) normalize
[
  [p degree isPositive /\ [p coefficients last isZero]]
    whileTrue: [p coefficients removeLast]
].

p@(Polynomial traits) * n@(Number traits)
[
  p newFrom: (p coefficients collect: [| :x | x * n])
].

p@(Polynomial traits) / n@(Number traits)
[
  p newFrom: (p coefficients collect: [| :x | x / n])
].

p1@(Polynomial traits) minusCoefficients: p2@(Polynomial traits)
[
  p1 newFrom: (p1 coefficients with: p2 coefficients collect: #- `er)
].

p@(Polynomial traits) / denom@(Polynomial traits)
[
  p >= denom
    ifTrue:
      [| n q |
       n: p copy.
       q: p new.
       [n >= denom]
          whileTrue:
            [| piv |
	     piv: p coefficients last / denom coefficients last.
	     q coefficients add: piv.
	     n: (n minusCoefficients: denom * piv).
	     n normalize].
       n coefficients isEmpty ifTrue: [n coefficients add: 0].
       {q. n}]
    ifFalse: [{p newFrom: #(0). p copy}]
].

Smalltalk

Works with: GNU Smalltalk

Object subclass: Polynomial [
  |coeffs|
  Polynomial class >> new [ ^ super basicNew init ]
  init [ coeffs := OrderedCollection new. ^ self ]
  Polynomial class >> newWithCoefficients: coefficients [
    |r|
    r := super basicNew.
    ^ r initWithCoefficients: coefficients
  ]
  initWithCoefficients: coefficients [ 
    coeffs := coefficients asOrderedCollection.
    ^ self
  ]
  / denominator [ |n q|
    n := self deepCopy.
    self >= denominator
      ifTrue: [
        q := Polynomial new.
        [ n >= denominator ]
          whileTrue: [ |piv|
 	    piv := (n coeff: 0) / (denominator coeff: 0).
	    q addCoefficient: piv.
	    n := n - (denominator * piv).
	    n clean
          ].
        ^ { q . (n degree) > 0 ifTrue: [ n ] ifFalse: [ n addCoefficient: 0. n ] }
      ]
      ifFalse: [
        ^ { Polynomial newWithCoefficients: #( 0 ) . self deepCopy }
      ]
  ]
  * constant [ |r| r := self deepCopy.
    1 to: (coeffs size) do: [ :i |
      r at: i put: ((r at: i) * constant)
    ].
    ^ r
  ]
  at: index [ ^ coeffs at: index ]
  at: index put: obj [ ^ coeffs at: index put: obj ]
  >= anotherPoly [
    ^ (self degree) >= (anotherPoly degree)
  ]
  degree [ ^ coeffs size ]
  - anotherPoly [ "This is not a real subtraction between Polynomial: it is an
                   internal method ..."
    |a|
    a := self deepCopy.
    1 to: ( (coeffs size) min: (anotherPoly degree) ) do: [ :i |
      a at: i put: ( (a at: i) - (anotherPoly at: i) )
    ].
    ^ a
  ]
  coeff: index [ ^ coeffs at: (index + 1) ]
  addCoefficient: coeff [ coeffs add: coeff ]
  clean [
    [ (coeffs size) > 0
        ifTrue: [ (coeffs at: 1) = 0 ] ifFalse: [ false ] ]
      whileTrue: [ coeffs removeFirst ].
  ]
  display [
    1 to: (coeffs size) do: [ :i | 
      (coeffs at: i) display.
      i < (coeffs size)
        ifTrue: [ ('x^%1 + ' % {(coeffs size) - i} ) display ]
    ] 
  ]
  displayNl [ self display. Character nl display ]
].

|res|
res := OrderedCollection new.

res add:  ((Polynomial newWithCoefficients: #( 1 -12 0 -42) ) /
           (Polynomial newWithCoefficients: #( 1 -3 ) )) ;
    add:  ((Polynomial newWithCoefficients: #( 1 -12 0 -42) ) /
           (Polynomial newWithCoefficients: #( 1 1 -3 ) )).

res do: [ :o |
  (o at: 1) display. ' with rest: ' display. (o at: 2) displayNl
]

SPAD

Works with: FriCAS

Works with: OpenAxiom

Works with: Axiom

(1) -> monicDivide(x^3-12*x^2-42,x-3,'x)

                     2
   (1)  [quotient = x  - 9x - 27,remainder = - 123]

   Type: Record(quotient: Polynomial(Integer),remainder: Polynomial(Integer))

Domain:[1]

Swift

Translation of: Kotlin

protocol Dividable {
  static func / (lhs: Self, rhs: Self) -> Self
}

extension Int: Dividable { }

struct Solution<T> {
  var quotient: [T]
  var remainder: [T]
}

func polyDegree<T: SignedNumeric>(_ p: [T]) -> Int {
  for i in stride(from: p.count - 1, through: 0, by: -1) where p[i] != 0 {
    return i
  }

  return Int.min
}

func polyShiftRight<T: SignedNumeric>(p: [T], places: Int) -> [T] {
  guard places > 0 else {
    return p
  }

  let deg = polyDegree(p)

  assert(deg + places < p.count, "Number of places to shift too large")

  var res = p

  for i in stride(from: deg, through: 0, by: -1) {
    res[i + places] = res[i]
    res[i] = 0
  }

  return res
}

func polyMul<T: SignedNumeric>(_ p: inout [T], by: T) {
  for i in 0..<p.count {
    p[i] *= by
  }
}

func polySub<T: SignedNumeric>(_ p: inout [T], by: [T]) {
  for i in 0..<p.count {
    p[i] -= by[i]
  }
}

func polyLongDiv<T: SignedNumeric & Dividable>(numerator n: [T], denominator d: [T]) -> Solution<T>? {
  guard n.count == d.count else {
    return nil
  }

  var nDeg = polyDegree(n)
  let dDeg = polyDegree(d)

  guard dDeg >= 0, nDeg >= dDeg else {
    return nil
  }

  var n2 = n
  var quo = [T](repeating: 0, count: n.count)

  while nDeg >= dDeg {
    let i = nDeg - dDeg
    var d2 = polyShiftRight(p: d, places: i)

    quo[i] = n2[nDeg] / d2[nDeg]

    polyMul(&d2, by: quo[i])
    polySub(&n2, by: d2)

    nDeg = polyDegree(n2)
  }

  return Solution(quotient: quo, remainder: n2)
}

func polyPrint<T: SignedNumeric & Comparable>(_ p: [T]) {
  let deg = polyDegree(p)

  for i in stride(from: deg, through: 0, by: -1) where p[i] != 0 {
    let coeff = p[i]

    switch coeff {
    case 1 where i < deg:
      print(" + ", terminator: "")
    case 1:
      print("", terminator: "")
    case -1 where i < deg:
      print(" - ", terminator: "")
    case -1:
      print("-", terminator: "")
    case _ where coeff < 0 && i < deg:
      print(" - \(-coeff)", terminator: "")
    case _ where i < deg:
      print(" + \(coeff)", terminator: "")
    case _:
      print("\(coeff)", terminator: "")
    }

    if i > 1 {
      print("x^\(i)", terminator: "")
    } else if i == 1 {
      print("x", terminator: "")
    }
  }

  print()
}

let n = [-42, 0, -12, 1]
let d = [-3, 1, 0, 0]

print("Numerator: ", terminator: "")
polyPrint(n)
print("Denominator: ", terminator: "")
polyPrint(d)

guard let sol = polyLongDiv(numerator: n, denominator: d) else {
  fatalError()
}

print("----------")
print("Quotient: ", terminator: "")
polyPrint(sol.quotient)
print("Remainder: ", terminator: "")
polyPrint(sol.remainder)

Output:

Numerator: x^3 - 12x^2 - 42
Denominator: x - 3
----------
Quotient: x^2 - 9x - 27
Remainder: -123

Tcl

Works with: Tcl version 8.5 and later

# poldiv - Divide two polynomials n and d.
#          Result is a list of two polynomials, q and r, where n = qd + r
#          and the degree of r is less than the degree of b.
#          Polynomials are represented as lists, where element 0 is the
#          x**0 coefficient, element 1 is the x**1 coefficient, and so on.

proc poldiv {a b} {
    # Toss out leading zero coefficients efficiently
    while {[lindex $a end] == 0} {set a [lrange $a[set a {}] 0 end-1]}
    while {[lindex $b end] == 0} {set b [lrange $b[set b {}] 0 end-1]}
    if {[llength $a] < [llength $b]} {
        return [list 0 $a]
    }

    # Rearrange the terms to put highest powers first
    set n [lreverse $a]
    set d [lreverse $b]

    # Carry out classical long division, accumulating quotient coefficients
    # in q, and replacing n with the remainder.
    set q {}
    while {[llength $n] >= [llength $d]} {
        set qd [expr {[lindex $n 0] / [lindex $d 0]}]
        set i 0
        foreach nd [lrange $n 0 [expr {[llength $d] - 1}]] dd $d {
            lset n $i [expr {$nd - $qd * $dd}]
            incr i
        }
        lappend q $qd
        set n [lrange $n 1 end]
    }

    # Return quotient and remainder, constant term first
    return [list [lreverse $q] [lreverse $n]]
}

# Demonstration
lassign [poldiv {-42. 0. -12. 1.} {-3. 1. 0. 0.}] Q R
puts [list Q = $Q]
puts [list R = $R]

Ursala

The input is a pair of lists of coefficients in order of increasing degree. Trailing zeros can be omitted. The output is a pair of lists (q,r), the quotient and remainder polynomial coefficients. This is a straightforward implementation of the algorithm in terms of list operations (fold, zip, map, distribute, etc.) instead of array indexing, hence not unnecessarily verbose.

#import std
#import flo

polydiv =

zeroid~-l~~; leql?rlX\~&NlX ^H\(@rNrNSPXlHDlS |\ :/0.) @NlX //=> ?(
   @lrrPX ==!| zipp0.; @x not zeroid+ ==@h->hr ~&t,
   (^lryPX/~&lrrl2C minus^*p/~&rrr times*lrlPD)^/div@bzPrrPlXO ~&,
   @r ^|\~& ~&i&& :/0.)

test program:

#cast %eLW

example = polydiv(<-42.,0.,-12.,1.>,<-3.,1.,0.,0.>)

output:

(
   <-2.700000e+01,-9.000000e+00,1.000000e+00>,
   <-1.230000e+02>)

VBA

Translation of: Phix

Option Base 1
Function degree(p As Variant)
    For i = UBound(p) To 1 Step -1
        If p(i) <> 0 Then
            degree = i
            Exit Function
        End If
    Next i
    degree = -1
End Function
 
Function poly_div(ByVal n As Variant, ByVal d As Variant) As Variant
    If UBound(d) < UBound(n) Then
        ReDim Preserve d(UBound(n))
    End If
    Dim dn As Integer: dn = degree(n)
    Dim dd As Integer: dd = degree(d)
    If dd < 0 Then
        poly_div = CVErr(xlErrDiv0)
        Exit Function
    End If
    Dim quot() As Integer
    ReDim quot(dn)
    Do While dn >= dd
        Dim k As Integer: k = dn - dd
        Dim qk As Integer: qk = n(dn) / d(dd)
        quot(k + 1) = qk
        Dim d2() As Variant
        d2 = d
        ReDim Preserve d2(UBound(d) - k)
        For i = 1 To UBound(d2)
            n(UBound(n) + 1 - i) = n(UBound(n) + 1 - i) - d2(UBound(d2) + 1 - i) * qk
        Next i
        dn = degree(n)
    Loop
    poly_div = Array(quot, n) '-- (n is now the remainder)
End Function
 
Function poly(si As Variant) As String
'-- display helper
    Dim r As String
    For t = UBound(si) To 1 Step -1
        Dim sit As Integer: sit = si(t)
        If sit <> 0 Then
            If sit = 1 And t > 1 Then
                r = r & IIf(r = "", "", " + ")
            Else
                If sit = -1 And t > 1 Then
                    r = r & IIf(r = "", "-", " - ")
                Else
                    If r <> "" Then
                        r = r & IIf(sit < 0, " - ", " + ")
                        sit = Abs(sit)
                    End If
                    r = r & CStr(sit)
                End If
            End If
            r = r & IIf(t > 1, "x" & IIf(t > 2, t - 1, ""), "")
        End If
    Next t
    If r = "" Then r = "0"
    poly = r
End Function
 
Function polyn(s As Variant) As String
    Dim t() As String
    ReDim t(2 * UBound(s))
    For i = 1 To 2 * UBound(s) Step 2
        t(i) = poly(s((i + 1) / 2))
    Next i
    t(1) = String$(45 - Len(t(1)) - Len(t(3)), " ") & t(1)
    t(2) = "/"
    t(4) = "="
    t(6) = "rem"
    polyn = Join(t, " ")
End Function
 
Public Sub main()
    Dim tests(7) As Variant
    tests(1) = Array(Array(-42, 0, -12, 1), Array(-3, 1))
    tests(2) = Array(Array(-3, 1), Array(-42, 0, -12, 1))
    tests(3) = Array(Array(-42, 0, -12, 1), Array(-3, 1, 1))
    tests(4) = Array(Array(2, 3, 1), Array(1, 1))
    tests(5) = Array(Array(3, 5, 6, -4, 1), Array(1, 2, 1))
    tests(6) = Array(Array(3, 0, 7, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 3, 0, 0, 1), Array(1, 0, 0, 5, 0, 0, 0, 1))
    tests(7) = Array(Array(-56, 87, -94, -55, 22, -7), Array(2, 0, 1))
    Dim num As Variant, denom As Variant, quot As Variant, rmdr As Variant
    For i = 1 To 7
        num = tests(i)(1)
        denom = tests(i)(2)
        tmp = poly_div(num, denom)
        quot = tmp(1)
        rmdr = tmp(2)
        Debug.Print polyn(Array(num, denom, quot, rmdr))
    Next i
End Sub

Output:

                          x3 - 12x2 - 42 / x - 3 = x2 - 9x - 27 rem -123 
                          x - 3 / x3 - 12x2 - 42 = 0 rem x - 3 
                     x3 - 12x2 - 42 / x2 + x - 3 = x - 13 rem 16x - 81 
                             x2 + 3x + 2 / x + 1 = x + 2 rem 0 
           x4 - 4x3 + 6x2 + 5x + 3 / x2 + 2x + 1 = x2 - 6x + 17 rem -23x - 14 
              x11 + 3x8 + 7x2 + 3 / x7 + 5x3 + 1 = x4 + 3x - 5 rem -16x4 + 25x3 + 7x2 - 3x + 8 
   -7x5 + 22x4 - 55x3 - 94x2 + 87x - 56 / x2 + 2 = -7x3 + 22x2 - 41x - 138 rem 169x + 220 

Wren

Translation of: Kotlin

Version 1

Library: Wren-dynamic

import "/dynamic" for Tuple

var Solution = Tuple.create("Solution", ["quotient", "remainder"])

var polyDegree = Fn.new { |p|
    for (i in p.count-1..0) if (p[i] != 0) return i
    return -2.pow(31)
}

var polyShiftRight = Fn.new { |p, places|
    if (places <= 0) return p
    var pd = polyDegree.call(p)
    if (pd + places >= p.count) {
        Fiber.abort("The number of places to be shifted is too large.")
    }
    var d = p.toList
    for (i in pd..0) {
        d[i + places] = d[i]
        d[i] = 0
    }
    return d
}

var polyMultiply = Fn.new { |p, m|
    for (i in 0...p.count) p[i] = p[i] * m
}

var polySubtract = Fn.new { |p, s|
    for (i in 0...p.count) p[i] = p[i] - s[i]
}

var polyLongDiv = Fn.new { |n, d|
    if (n.count != d.count) {
        Fiber.abort("Numerator and denominator vectors must have the same size")
    }
    var nd = polyDegree.call(n)
    var dd = polyDegree.call(d)
    if (dd < 0) {
        Fiber.abort("Divisor must have at least one one-zero coefficient")
    }
    if (nd < dd) {
        Fiber.abort("The degree of the divisor cannot exceed that of the numerator")
    }
    var n2 = n.toList
    var q = List.filled(n.count, 0)
    while (nd >= dd) {
        var d2 = polyShiftRight.call(d, nd - dd)
        q[nd - dd] = n2[nd] / d2[nd]
        polyMultiply.call(d2, q[nd - dd])
        polySubtract.call(n2, d2)
        nd = polyDegree.call(n2)
    }
    return Solution.new(q, n2)
}

var polyShow = Fn.new { |p|
    var pd = polyDegree.call(p)
    for (i in pd..0) {
        var coeff = p[i]
        if (coeff != 0) {
            System.write(
                (coeff ==  1) ? ((i < pd) ? " + " :  "") :
                (coeff == -1) ? ((i < pd) ? " - " : "-") :
                (coeff <   0) ? ((i < pd) ? " - %(-coeff)" : "%(coeff)") :
                                ((i < pd) ? " + %( coeff)" : "%(coeff)")
            )
            if (i > 1) {
                System.write("x^%(i)")
            } else if (i == 1) {
                System.write("x")
            }
        }
    }
    System.print()
}

var n = [-42, 0, -12, 1]
var d = [ -3, 1,   0, 0]
System.write("Numerator   : ")
polyShow.call(n)
System.write("Denominator : ")
polyShow.call(d)
System.print("-------------------------------------")
var sol = polyLongDiv.call(n, d)
System.write("Quotient    : ")
polyShow.call(sol.quotient)
System.write("Remainder   : ")
polyShow.call(sol.remainder)

Output:

Numerator   : x^3 - 12x^2 - 42
Denominator : x - 3
-------------------------------------
Quotient    : x^2 - 9x - 27
Remainder   : -123

Version 2

class Polynom {
    construct new(factors) {
        _factors = factors.toList
    }

    factors { _factors.toList }

    /(divisor) {
        var curr = canonical().factors
        var right = divisor.canonical().factors
        var result = []
        var base = curr.count - right.count
        while (base >= 0) {
            var res = curr[-1] / right[-1]
            result.add(res)
            curr = curr[0...-1]
            for (i in 0...right.count-1) {
                curr[base + i] = curr[base + i] - res * right[i]
            }
            base = base - 1
        }
        var quot = Polynom.new(result[-1..0])
        var rem = Polynom.new(curr).canonical()
        return [quot, rem]
    }

    canonical() {
        if (_factors[-1] != 0) return this
        var newLen = factors.count
        while (newLen > 0) {
            if (_factors[newLen-1] != 0) return Polynom.new(_factors[0...newLen])
            newLen = newLen - 1
        }
        return Polynom.new(_factors[0..0])
    }

    toString { "Polynomial(%(_factors.join(", ")))" }
}

var num = Polynom.new([-42, 0, -12, 1])
var den = Polynom.new([-3, 1, 0, 0])
var res = num / den
var quot = res[0]
var rem = res[1]
System.print("%(num) / %(den) = %(quot) remainder %(rem)")

Output:

Polynomial(-42, 0, -12, 1) / Polynomial(-3, 1, 0, 0) = Polynomial(-27, -9, 1) remainder Polynomial(-123)

zkl

fcn polyLongDivision(a,b){  // (a0 + a1x + a2x^2 + a3x^3 ...)
   _assert_(degree(b)>=0,"degree(%s) < 0".fmt(b));
   q:=List.createLong(a.len(),0.0);
   while((ad:=degree(a)) >= (bd:=degree(b))){
      z,d,m := ad-bd, List.createLong(z,0.0).extend(b), a[ad]/b[bd];;
      q[z]=m;
      d,a = d.apply('*(m)), a.zipWith('-,d);
   }
   return(q,a);		// may have trailing zero elements
}
fcn degree(v){  // -1,0,..len(v)-1, -1 if v==0
   v.len() - v.copy().reverse().filter1n('!=(0)) - 1;
}
fcn polyString(terms){ // (a0,a1,a2...)-->"a0 + a1x + a2x^2 ..."
   str:=[0..].zipWith('wrap(n,a){ if(a) "+ %sx^%s ".fmt(a,n) else "" },terms)
   .pump(String)
   .replace("x^0 "," ").replace(" 1x"," x").replace("x^1 ","x ")
   .replace("+ -", "- ");
   if(not str)     return(" ");  // all zeros
   if(str[0]=="+") str[1,*];     // leave leading space
   else            String("-",str[2,*]);
}

q,r:=polyLongDivision(T(-42.0, 0.0, -12.0, 1.0),T(-3.0, 1.0));
println("Quotient  = ",polyString(q));
println("Remainder = ",polyString(r));

Output:

Quotient  = -27 - 9x + x^2 
Remainder = -123