Image convolution: Difference between revisions
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{{task|Image processing}}
One class of image digital filters is described by a rectangular matrix of real coefficients called [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_(image_processing) '''kernel'''] convoluted in a sliding window of image pixels. Usually the kernel is square <math>K_{kl}</math>, where <i>k</i>, <i>l</i> are in the range -<i>R</i>,-<i>R</i>+1,..,<i>R</i>-1,<i>R</i>. <i>W</i>=2<i>R</i>+1 is the kernel width.
The filter determines the new value of a '''grayscale image''' pixel P<sub><i>ij</i></sub> as a convolution of the image pixels in the window centered in <i>i</i>, <i>j</i> and the kernel values:
<blockquote>
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</blockquote>
'''Color images''' are usually split into the channels which are filtered independently. A color model can be changed as well, i.e. filtration is performed not necessarily in RGB. Common kernels sizes are 3x3 and 5x5. The complexity of filtrating grows quadratically ([[O]](<i>n</i><sup>2</sup>)) with the kernel width.
'''Task''': Write a generic convolution 3x3 kernel filter. Optionally show some end user filters that use this generic one.
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=={{header|Action!}}==
{{libheader|Action! Bitmap tools}}
<
DEFINE HISTSIZE="256"
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DO UNTIL CH#$FF OD
CH=$FF
RETURN</
{{out}}
[https://gitlab.com/amarok8bit/action-rosetta-code/-/raw/master/images/Image_convolution.png Screenshot from Atari 8-bit computer]
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=={{header|Ada}}==
First we define floating-point stimulus and color pixels which will be then used for filtration:
<
type Float_Pixel is record
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begin
return (To_Luminance (X.R), To_Luminance (X.G), To_Luminance (X.B));
end To_Pixel;</
Float_Luminance is an unconstrained equivalent of Luminance. Float_Pixel is one to Pixel. Conversion operations To_Luminance and To_Pixel saturate the corresponding values. The operation + is defined per channels. The operation * is defined as multiplying by a scalar. (I.e. Float_Pixel is a vector space.)
Now we are ready to implement the filter. The operation is performed in memory. The access to the image array is minimized using a slid window. The filter is in fact a triplet of filters handling each image channel independently. It can be used with other color models as well.
<
procedure Filter (Picture : in out Image; K : Kernel_3x3) is
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Above (Picture'Last (2)) := W21;
end loop;
end Filter;</
Example of use:
<
begin
Open (F1, In_File, "city.ppm");
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Put_PPM (F2, X);
end;
Close (F2);</
=={{header|BBC BASIC}}==
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[[Image:original_bbc.jpg|right]]
[[Image:sharpened_bbc.jpg|right]]
<
Height% = 200
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REPEAT
WAIT 1
UNTIL FALSE</
=={{header|C}}==
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Interface:
<
The implementation (the <tt>Ks</tt> argument is so that 1 specifies a 3×3 matrix, 2 a 5×5 matrix ...
N a (2N+1)×(2N+1) matrix).
<
inline static color_component GET_PIXEL_CHECK(image img, int x, int y, int l) {
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}
return NULL;
}</
Usage example:
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The <tt>read_image</tt> function is from [[Read image file through a pipe|here]].
<
#include "imglib.h"
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free_img(ii);
} else { fprintf(stderr, "err reading %s\n", input); }
}</
=={{header|Common Lisp}}==
Uses the RGB pixel buffer package defined here [[Basic bitmap storage#Common Lisp]]. Also the PPM file IO functions defined in
[[Bitmap/Read a PPM file#Common_Lisp]] and [[Bitmap/Write a PPM file#Common_Lisp]] merged into one package.
<
(load "ppm-file-io")
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(loop for pars being the hash-values of convolve::*cnv-lib*
do (princ (convolve::convolve "lena_color.ppm" pars)) (terpri)))
</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|D}}==
This requires the module from the Grayscale Image Task.
<
struct ConvolutionFilter {
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img.convolve(filter)
.savePGM(format("lenna_gray_%s.ppm", filter.name));
}</
=={{header|Go}}==
Using standard image library:
<
import (
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fmt.Println(err)
}
}</
Alternative version, building on code from bitmap task.
New function for raster package:
<
import "math"
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}
return r
}</
Demonstration program:
<
// Files required to build supporting package raster are found in:
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fmt.Println(err)
}
}</
=={{header|J}}==
<
NB. (increasing the first two dimensions by 1 less than the kernel size)
pad=:
rank=.#$m
'first second'=. (<.,:>.)-:$m
-@(second+rank{.$) {. (first+rank{.$){.]
}}
kernel_filter=:
[: (0 >. 255 <. <.@:+&0.5) (1,:$m)+/ .*
}}</syntaxhighlight>
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Example use:
<syntaxhighlight lang
sharpen_kernel=: ({ _1,#@,)id_kernel
blur_kernel=: ($ *&%/)3 3
emboss_kernel=: id_kernel+(+/~ - >./)i.3
sobel_emboss_kernel=: (i:-:<:3)*/1+(<.|.)i.3
'blurred.ppm' writeppm~ blur_kernel kernel_filter readppm 'original.ppm'</
=={{header|Java}}==
'''Code:'''
<
import java.io.File;
import java.io.IOException;
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return;
}
}</
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'''Code:'''
<
// precondition: Image is loaded
// returns loaded Image to asynchronous callback function
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imageOut.src = can.toDataURL('image/png');
}</
'''Example Usage:'''
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=={{header|Julia}}==
<
using FileIO, Images
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save("imagesharper.png", imfilt)
</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|Kotlin}}==
{{trans|Java}}
<
import kotlin.math.round
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}
writeOutputImage(args[1], dataArrays)
}</
{{out}}
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<br>
NB Things like convolution would be best done by combining LB with ImageMagick, which is easily called from LB.
<syntaxhighlight lang="lb">
dim result( 300, 300), image( 300, 300), mask( 100, 100)
w =128
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CallDLL #user32, "ReleaseDC", hw as ulong, hdc as ulong
end
</syntaxhighlight>
Screenview is available at [[http://www.diga.me.uk/convolved.gif]]
=={{header|Maple}}==
Builtin command ImageTools:-Convolution()
<
mask := Matrix([[1,2,3],[4,5,6],[7,8,9]]);
pic := ImageTools:-Convolution(pic, mask);</
=={{header|Mathematica}} / {{header|Wolfram Language}}==
Most image processing functions introduced in Mathematica 7
<
kernel = {{0, -1, 0}, {-1, 4, -1}, {0, -1, 0}};
ImageConvolve[img, kernel]
ImageConvolve[img, GaussianMatrix[35] ]
ImageConvolve[img, BoxMatrix[1] ]</
=={{header|MATLAB}}==
The built-in function [http://www.mathworks.com/help/matlab/ref/conv2.html conv2] handles the basic convolution. Below is a program that has several more options that may be useful in different image processing applications (see comments under convImage for specifics).
<
Im = [1 2 1 5 5 ; ...
1 2 7 9 9 ; ...
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% Convert back to former image data type
ImOut = cast(ImOut, classIm);
end</
{{out}}
<pre>Original image:
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As in the D version, we use the modules built for the "bitmap" and "grayscale image" tasks. But we have chosen to read and write PNG files rather than PPM files, using for this purpose the "nimPNG" third party module.
<
import nimPNG, bitmap, grayscale_image
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let output = Output2.format(filter.name)
if savePNG24(output, data, result.w, result.h).isOk:
echo "Saved: ", output</
=={{header|OCaml}}==
<
let _, r_channel,_,_ = img in
let width = Bigarray.Array2.dim1 r_channel
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done;
done;
(res)</
<
let kernel = [|
[| -2.; -1.; 0. |];
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|] in
convolve_value ~img ~kernel ~divisor:9.0 ~offset:0.0;
;;</
=={{header|Octave}}==
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'''Use package''' [http://octave.sourceforge.net/image/index.html Image]
<
r = im2uint8(mat2gray(conv2(a(:,:,1), c)));
g = im2uint8(mat2gray(conv2(a(:,:,2), c)));
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jpgwrite("LennaSobel.jpg", r, g, b, 100);
[r, g, b] = rgbconv2(im, sharpen);
jpgwrite("LennaSharpen.jpg", r, g, b, 100);</
=={{header|Perl}}==
<
use warnings;
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my $image = rpic 'pythagoras_tree.png';
my $smoothed = conv2d $image, $kernel, {Boundary => 'Truncate'};
wpic $smoothed, 'pythagoras_convolution.png';</
Compare offsite images: [https://github.com/SqrtNegInf/Rosettacode-Perl5-Smoke/blob/master/ref/frog.png frog.png] vs.
[https://github.com/SqrtNegInf/Rosettacode-Perl5-Smoke/blob/master/ref/frog_convolution.png frog_convolution.png]
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=={{header|Phix}}==
{{libheader|Phix/pGUI}}
<!--<syntaxhighlight lang="phix">(notonline)-->
<span style="color: #000080;font-style:italic;">--
-- demo\rosetta\Image_convolution.exw
-- ==================================
--</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">without</span> <span style="color: #008080;">js</span> <span style="color: #000080;font-style:italic;">-- imImage, im_width, im_height, im_pixel, IupImageRGB, allocate,
-- imFileImageLoadBitmap,
<span style="color: #008080;">include</span> <span style="color: #000000;">pGUI</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">.</span><span style="color: #000000;">e</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">constant</span> <span style="color: #000000;">filters</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">{</span><span style="color: #000080;font-style:italic;">-- Emboss</span>
<span style="color: #0000FF;">{{-</span><span style="color: #000000;">2.0</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">-</span><span style="color: #000000;">1.0</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">0.0</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">},</span>
<span style="color: #0000FF;">{-</span><span style="color: #000000;">1.0</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">1.0</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">1.0</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">},</span>
<span style="color: #0000FF;">{</span> <span style="color: #000000;">0.0</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">1.0</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">2.0</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">}},</span>
<span style="color: #0000FF;">{{-</span><span style="color: #000000;">1.0</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">-</span><span style="color: #000000;">1.0</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">-</span><span style="color: #000000;">1.0</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">},</span>
<span style="color: #0000FF;">{-</span><span style="color: #000000;">1.0</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">9.0</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">-</span><span style="color: #000000;">1.0</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">},</span>
<span style="color: #0000FF;">{-</span><span style="color: #000000;">1.0</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">-</span><span style="color: #000000;">1.0</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">-</span><span style="color: #000000;">1.0</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">}},</span>
<span style="color: #0000FF;">{{-</span><span style="color: #000000;">1.0</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">-</span><span style="color: #000000;">2.0</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">-</span><span style="color: #000000;">1.0</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">},</span>
<span style="color: #0000FF;">{</span> <span style="color: #000000;">0.0</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">0.0</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">0.0</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">},</span>
<span style="color: #0000FF;">{</span> <span style="color: #000000;">1.0</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">2.0</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">1.0</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">}},</span>
<span style="color: #0000FF;">{{</span> <span style="color: #000000;">1.0</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">1.0</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">1.0</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">},</span>
<span style="color: #0000FF;">{</span> <span style="color: #000000;">1.0</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">1.0</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">1.0</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">},</span>
<span style="color: #0000FF;">{</span> <span style="color: #000000;">1.0</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">1.0</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">1.0</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">}},</span>
<span style="color: #000080;font-style:italic;">-- Gaussian_blur</span>
<span style="color: #0000FF;">{{</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">4</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">7</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">4</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">1</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">},</span>
<span style="color: #0000FF;">{</span><span style="color: #000000;">4</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">16</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">26</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">16</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">4</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">},</span>
<span style="color: #0000FF;">{</span><span style="color: #000000;">7</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">26</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">41</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">26</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">7</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">},</span>
<span style="color: #0000FF;">{</span><span style="color: #000000;">4</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">16</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">26</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">16</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">4</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">},</span>
<span style="color: #0000FF;">{</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">4</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">7</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">4</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">1</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">}}}</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">function</span> <span style="color: #000000;">convolute</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">imImage</span> <span style="color: #000000;">img</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #004080;">integer</span> <span style="color: #000000;">fdx</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span>
<span style="color: #004080;">integer</span> <span style="color: #000000;">width</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">im_width</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">img</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">),</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">height</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">im_height</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">img</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span>
<span style="color: #004080;">sequence</span> <span style="color: #000000;">original</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #7060A8;">repeat</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #7060A8;">repeat</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">0</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">width</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">),</span><span style="color: #000000;">height</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">),</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">new_image</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">filterfdx</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">filters</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[</span><span style="color: #000000;">fdx</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">]</span>
<span style="color: #004080;">integer</span> <span style="color: #000000;">fh</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #7060A8;">length</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">filterfdx</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">),</span> <span style="color: #000000;">hh</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">=(</span><span style="color: #000000;">fh</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">-</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)/</span><span style="color: #000000;">2</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">fw</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #7060A8;">length</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">filterfdx</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">]),</span> <span style="color: #000000;">hw</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">=(</span><span style="color: #000000;">fw</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">-</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)/</span><span style="color: #000000;">2</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">divisor</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #7060A8;">max</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #7060A8;">sum</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">filterfdx</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">),</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">for</span> <span style="color: #000000;">y</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span><span style="color: #000000;">height</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">-</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span> <span style="color: #008080;">to</span> <span style="color: #000000;">0</span> <span style="color: #008080;">by</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">-</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span> <span style="color: #008080;">do</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">for</span> <span style="color: #000000;">x</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span><span style="color: #000000;">0</span> <span style="color: #008080;">to</span> <span style="color: #000000;">width</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">-</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span> <span style="color: #008080;">do</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">original</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[</span><span style="color: #000000;">height</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">-</span><span style="color: #000000;">y</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">x</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">+</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">]</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">im_pixel</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">img</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">x</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">y</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">for</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">for</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">new_image</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">original</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">for</span> <span style="color: #000000;">y</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span><span style="color: #000000;">hh</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">+</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span> <span style="color: #008080;">to</span> <span style="color: #000000;">height</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">-</span><span style="color: #000000;">hh</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">-</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span> <span style="color: #008080;">do</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">for</span> <span style="color: #000000;">x</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span><span style="color: #000000;">hw</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">+</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span> <span style="color: #008080;">to</span> <span style="color: #000000;">width</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">-</span><span style="color: #000000;">hw</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">-</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span> <span style="color: #008080;">do</span>
<span style="color: #004080;">sequence</span> <span style="color: #000000;">newrgb</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">{</span><span style="color: #000000;">0</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">0</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">0</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">}</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">for</span> <span style="color: #000000;">i</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">=-</span><span style="color: #000000;">hh</span> <span style="color: #008080;">to</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">+</span><span style="color: #000000;">hh</span> <span style="color: #008080;">do</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">for</span> <span style="color: #000000;">j</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">=-</span><span style="color: #000000;">hw</span> <span style="color: #008080;">to</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">+</span><span style="color: #000000;">hw</span> <span style="color: #008080;">do</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">newrgb</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #7060A8;">sq_add</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">newrgb</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #7060A8;">sq_mul</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">filterfdx</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[</span><span style="color: #000000;">i</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">+</span><span style="color: #000000;">hh</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">+</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">j</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">+</span><span style="color: #000000;">hw</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">+</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">],</span><span style="color: #000000;">original</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[</span><span style="color: #000000;">y</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">+</span><span style="color: #000000;">i</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">x</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">+</span><span style="color: #000000;">j</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">]))</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">for</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">for</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">new_image</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[</span><span style="color: #000000;">y</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">x</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">]</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #7060A8;">sq_max</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #7060A8;">sq_min</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #7060A8;">sq_floor_div</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">newrgb</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">divisor</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">),</span><span style="color: #000000;">255</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">),</span><span style="color: #000000;">0</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">for</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">for</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">new_image</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #7060A8;">flatten</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">new_image</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span> <span style="color: #000080;font-style:italic;">-- (as needed by IupImageRGB)</span>
<span style="color: #004080;">Ihandle</span> <span style="color: #000000;">new_img</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">IupImageRGB</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">width</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">height</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">new_image</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">return</span> <span style="color: #000000;">new_img</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">function</span>
<span style="color: #7060A8;">IupOpen</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">()</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">constant</span> <span style="color: #000000;">w</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #7060A8;">machine_word</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(),</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">TITLE</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #008000;">"Image convolution"</span>
<span style="color: #004080;">atom</span> <span style="color: #000000;">pError</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #7060A8;">allocate</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">w</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span>
<span style="color: #000080;font-style:italic;">--imImage im1 = imFileImageLoadBitmap("Lenna50.jpg",0,pError)
--imImage im1 = imFileImageLoadBitmap("Lenna100.jpg",0,pError)
--imImage im1 = imFileImageLoadBitmap("Lena.ppm",0,pError)</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">imImage</span> <span style="color: #000000;">im1</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">imFileImageLoadBitmap</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #008000;">"Quantum_frog.png"</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">0</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">pError</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span>
<span style="color: #000080;font-style:italic;">--imImage im1 = imFileImageLoadBitmap("Quantum_frog.512.png",0,pError)</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">if</span> <span style="color: #000000;">im1</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span><span style="color: #004600;">NULL</span> <span style="color: #008080;">then</span>
<span style="color: #0000FF;">?{</span><span style="color: #008000;">"error opening image"</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #7060A8;">peekNS</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">pError</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">w</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)}</span>
<span style="color: #0000FF;">{}</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #7060A8;">wait_key</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">()</span>
<span style="color: #7060A8;">abort</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">0</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">if</span>
<span style="color: #000080;font-style:italic;">--(see also Color_quantization.exw if not an IM_RGB image)</span>
<span style="color: #004080;">Ihandle</span> <span style="color: #000000;">dlg</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">flt</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #7060A8;">IupList</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #008000;">"DROPDOWN=YES, VALUE=1"</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span>
<span style="color: #004080;">Ihandln</span> <span style="color: #000000;">image1</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">IupImageFromImImage</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">im1</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">),</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">image2</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">convolute</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">im1</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">),</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">label1</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #7060A8;">IupLabel</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(),</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">label2</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #7060A8;">IupLabel</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">()</span>
<span style="color: #7060A8;">IupSetAttributeHandle</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">label1</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #008000;">"IMAGE"</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">image1</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span>
<span style="color: #7060A8;">IupSetAttributeHandle</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">label2</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #008000;">"IMAGE"</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">image2</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">function</span> <span style="color: #000000;">valuechanged_cb</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #004080;">Ihandle</span> <span style="color: #000080;font-style:italic;">/*flt*/</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span>
<span style="color: #7060A8;">IupSetAttribute</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">dlg</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #008000;">"TITLE"</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #008000;">"Working..."</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span>
<span style="color: #000080;font-style:italic;">-- IupSetAttributeHandle(label2, "IMAGE", NULL)</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">image2</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #7060A8;">IupDestroy</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">image2</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">image2</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">convolute</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">im1</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #7060A8;">IupGetInt</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">flt</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #008000;">"VALUE"</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">))</span>
<span style="color: #7060A8;">IupSetAttributeHandle</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">label2</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #008000;">"IMAGE"</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">image2</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span>
<span style="color: #7060A8;">IupSetAttribute</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">dlg</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #008000;">"TITLE"</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">TITLE</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span>
<span style="color: #7060A8;">IupRefresh</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">dlg</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">return</span> <span style="color: #004600;">IUP_DEFAULT</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">function</span>
<span style="color: #7060A8;">IupSetCallback</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">flt</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #008000;">"VALUECHANGED_CB"</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #7060A8;">Icallback</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #008000;">"valuechanged_cb"</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">))</span>
<span style="color: #7060A8;">IupSetAttributes</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">flt</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #008000;">`1=Emboss, 2=Sharpen, 3="Sobel emboss", 4="Box_blur", 5=Gaussian_blur`</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span>
<span style="color: #7060A8;">IupSetAttributes</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">flt</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #008000;">"VISIBLEITEMS=6"</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span> <span style="color: #000080;font-style:italic;">-- (still dunno why this trick works)</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">dlg</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #7060A8;">IupDialog</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #7060A8;">IupVbox</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">({</span><span style="color: #000000;">flt</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span>
<span style="color: #7060A8;">IupFill</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(),</span>
<span style="color: #7060A8;">IupHbox</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">({</span><span style="color: #7060A8;">IupFill</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(),</span><span style="color: #000000;">label1</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">label2</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #7060A8;">IupFill</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">()}),</span>
<span style="color: #7060A8;">IupFill</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">()}))</span>
<span style="color: #7060A8;">IupSetAttribute</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">dlg</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #008000;">"TITLE"</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">TITLE</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span>
<span style="color: #7060A8;">IupShow</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">dlg</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">if</span> <span style="color: #7060A8;">platform</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">()!=</span><span style="color: #004600;">JS</span> <span style="color: #008080;">then</span> <span style="color: #000080;font-style:italic;">-- (no chance...)</span>
<span style="color: #7060A8;">IupMainLoop</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">()</span>
<span style="color: #7060A8;">IupClose</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">()</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">if</span>
<!--</syntaxhighlight>-->
=={{header|PicoLisp}}==
<
(de ppmConvolution (Ppm Kernel)
Line 1,934 ⟶ 1,951:
(* (get X K L C) (get Kernel K L)) ) ) )
(link (min 255 (max 0 (*/ Val 1.0)))) ) ) ) )
(map pop X) ) ) ) ) ) ) )</
Test using 'ppmRead' from [[Bitmap/Read a PPM file#PicoLisp]] and 'ppmWrite'
from [[Bitmap/Write a PPM file#PicoLisp]]:
Line 1,954 ⟶ 1,971:
Image manipulation is normally done using an image processing library. For PIL/Pillow do:
<
from PIL import Image, ImageFilter
Line 1,965 ⟶ 1,982:
im2 = im.filter(kernel)
im2.show()</
Alternatively, SciPy can be used but programmers need to be careful about the colors being clipped since they are normally limited to the 0-255 range:
<
import numpy as np
from scipy.ndimage.filters import convolve
Line 1,985 ⟶ 2,002:
im3 = np.array(np.clip(im2, 0, 255), dtype=np.uint8) #Apply color clipping
imshow(im3)</
=={{header|Racket}}==
Line 1,995 ⟶ 2,012:
<
(require images/flomap racket/flonum)
Line 2,044 ⟶ 2,061:
(save-image
(flomap->bitmap (flomap-convolve flmp (flvector -1. -1. -1. -1. 4. -1. -1. -1. -1.)))
"out/convolve-etch-3x3.png"))</
=={{header|Raku}}==
Line 2,050 ⟶ 2,067:
===Perl 5 PDL library===
<syntaxhighlight lang="raku"
use PDL::Image2D:from<Perl5>;
Line 2,057 ⟶ 2,074:
my $image = rpic 'frog.png';
my $smoothed = conv2d $image, $kernel, {Boundary => 'Truncate'};
wpic $smoothed, 'frog_convolution.png';</
Compare offsite images: [https://github.com/SqrtNegInf/Rosettacode-Perl6-Smoke/blob/master/ref/frog.png frog.png] vs.
[https://github.com/SqrtNegInf/Rosettacode-Perl6-Smoke/blob/master/ref/frog_convolution.png frog_convolution.png]
===Imagemagick library===
<syntaxhighlight lang="raku" line>
# Note: must install version from github NOT version from CPAN which needs to be updated.
# Reference:
Line 2,092 ⟶ 2,109:
$original.cleanup if $original.defined;
$o.cleanup if $o.defined;
}</
=={{header|Ruby}}==
{{trans|Tcl}}
<
# Apply a convolution kernel to a whole image
def convolute(kernel)
Line 2,152 ⟶ 2,169:
savefile = 'teapot_' + label.downcase + '.ppm'
teapot.convolute(kernel).save(savefile)
end</
=={{header|Tcl}}==
{{works with|Tcl|8.6}}
{{libheader|Tk}}
<
# Function for clamping values to those that we can use with colors
Line 2,233 ⟶ 2,250:
pack [labelframe .$name -text $label] -side left
pack [label .$name.l -image [convolve teapot $kernel]]
}</
=={{header|Wren}}==
{{libheader|DOME}}
Based on the Java/Kotlin solutions, though input details are hard-coded rather than read in as command line arguments and the input and output images are displayed side by side with the latter also being saved to a file.
<
import "dome" for Window
Line 2,316 ⟶ 2,333:
getArrayDatasFromImage(filename) {
var inputImage = ImageData.
inputImage.draw(0, 0)
Canvas.print(filename, _width * 1/6, _height * 5/6, Color.white)
Line 2,384 ⟶ 2,401:
for (x in 0...k.count) kernel[x, y] = k[x][y]
}
var Game = ImageConvolution.new(700, 300, image1, image2, kernel, divisor)</
{{out}}
|