Execute Computer/Zero: Difference between revisions

Line 366:

=={{header|Phix}}==

Assumes theres is no need for an "assembler", just a runtime interpreter. Output matches Algol 68.

First three were easy enough...

with javascript_semantics

Line 377:

JMP = 0b110_00000, -- jump, goto xxxxx

STP = 0b111_00000, -- stop

OP = 0b111_00000, -- operator

OP = 0b111_00000, -- operator mask

ARG = 0b000_11111 -- memory location (0 based)

Line 384:

integer pc = 1, a = 0

while true do

integer op = ~~and_bits(~~~~program~~[pc]~~,OP)~~,

integer ppc = memory[pc],

~~arg~~ = ~~and_bits~~(~~program~~~~[pc]~~,~~ARG~~)~~+1~~

op = and_bitsu(ppc,OP),

arg = and_bits(ppc,ARG)+1

pc += 1

switch op do

Line 391:

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case LDA: a = memory[arg]

case STA: memory[arg] = a

case ADD: a += memory[arg]

case ADD: a = and_bitsu(a+memory[arg],#FF)

case SUB: a -= memory[arg]

case SUB: a = and_bitsu(a-memory[arg],#FF)

case BRZ: if a=0 then pc = arg end if

case JMP: pc = arg

case STP: printf(1,"%s: %d\n",{name,a})

case STP: printf(1,"%12s: %3d\n",{name,a})

return

end switch

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execute("fibonacci",{LDA+14, STA+15, ADD+13, STA+14, LDA+15, STA+13, LDA+16,

SUB+17, BRZ+11, STA+16, JMP+0, LDA+14, STP, 1,1,0,8,1})

execute("linkedList",{LDA+13, ADD+15, STA+5, ADD+16, STA+7, NOP, STA+14, NOP,

BRZ+11, STA+15, JMP+0, LDA+14, STP, LDA+0, 0,28,1,0,0,

0,6,0,2,26,5,20,3,30,1,22,4,24})

execute("prisoner",{NOP, NOP, STP, 0, LDA+3, SUB+29, BRZ+18, LDA+3, STA+29,

BRZ+14, LDA+1, ADD+31, STA+1, JMP+2, LDA+0, ADD+31, STA+0,

JMP+2, LDA+3, STA+29, LDA+1, ADD+30, ADD+3, STA+1, LDA+0,

ADD+30, ADD+3, STA+0, JMP+2, 0, 1, 3})

-- subtractions yielding negative results

execute("0-255",{LDA+3,SUB+4,STP, 0,255})

execute("0-1",{LDA+3, SUB+4, STP, 0,1})

-- overflow on addition

execute("1+255",{LDA+3, ADD+4, STP, 1, 255})

You could of course define the programs using (say) 0b001_00011 instead of LDA+3.

<pre>

2+2: 4

7*8: 56

fibonacci: 55

linkedList: 6

prisoner: 0

0-255: 1

0-1: 255

1+255: 0

</pre>

=={{header|Wren}}==

As I'm unclear whether the interpreter should be able to deal with labels, the programs all use literal memory addresses for now. Output is in decimal.

@@ Line 366: / Line 366: @@
 =={{header|Phix}}==
+Assumes theres is no need for an "assembler", just a runtime interpreter. Output matches Algol 68.
-First three were easy enough...
 <!--<lang Phix>(phixonline)-->
  <span style="color: #008080;">with</span> <span style="color: #008080;">javascript_semantics</span>
@@ Line 377: / Line 377: @@
           <span style="color: #000000;">JMP</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">0b110_00000</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000080;font-style:italic;">-- jump, goto xxxxx</span>
           <span style="color: #000000;">STP</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">0b111_00000</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000080;font-style:italic;">-- stop</span>
-          <span style="color: #000000;">OP</span>  <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">0b111_00000</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000080;font-style:italic;">-- operator</span>
+          <span style="color: #000000;">OP</span>  <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">0b111_00000</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000080;font-style:italic;">-- operator mask</span>
           <span style="color: #000000;">ARG</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">0b000_11111</span>  <span style="color: #000080;font-style:italic;">-- memory location (0 based)</span>
@@ Line 384: / Line 384: @@
      <span style="color: #004080;">integer</span> <span style="color: #000000;">pc</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">1</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">a</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">0</span>
      <span style="color: #008080;">while</span> <span style="color: #004600;">true</span> <span style="color: #008080;">do</span>
-         <span style="color: #004080;">integer</span> <span style="color: #000000;">op</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #7060A8;">and_bits</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">program</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[</span><span style="color: #000000;">pc</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">],</span><span style="color: #000000;">OP</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">),</span>
+         <span style="color: #004080;">integer</span> <span style="color: #000000;">ppc</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">memory</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[</span><span style="color: #000000;">pc</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">],</span>
-                 <span style="color: #000000;">arg</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #7060A8;">and_bits</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">program</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[</span><span style="color: #000000;">pc</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">],</span><span style="color: #000000;">ARG</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)+</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span>
+                 <span style="color: #000000;">op</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #7060A8;">and_bitsu</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">ppc</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">OP</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">),</span>
+                 <span style="color: #000000;">arg</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #7060A8;">and_bits</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">ppc</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">ARG</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)+</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span>
          <span style="color: #000000;">pc</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">+=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">1</span>
          <span style="color: #008080;">switch</span> <span style="color: #000000;">op</span> <span style="color: #008080;">do</span>
@@ Line 391: / Line 392: @@
              <span style="color: #008080;">case</span> <span style="color: #000000;">LDA</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">:</span>   <span style="color: #000000;">a</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">memory</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[</span><span style="color: #000000;">arg</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">]</span>
              <span style="color: #008080;">case</span> <span style="color: #000000;">STA</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">:</span>   <span style="color: #000000;">memory</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[</span><span style="color: #000000;">arg</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">]</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">a</span>
-             <span style="color: #008080;">case</span> <span style="color: #000000;">ADD</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">:</span>   <span style="color: #000000;">a</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">+=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">memory</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[</span><span style="color: #000000;">arg</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">]</span>
+             <span style="color: #008080;">case</span> <span style="color: #000000;">ADD</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">:</span>   <span style="color: #000000;">a</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #7060A8;">and_bitsu</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">a</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">+</span><span style="color: #000000;">memory</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[</span><span style="color: #000000;">arg</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">],</span><span style="color: #000000;">#FF</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span>
-             <span style="color: #008080;">case</span> <span style="color: #000000;">SUB</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">:</span>   <span style="color: #000000;">a</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">-=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">memory</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[</span><span style="color: #000000;">arg</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">]</span>
+             <span style="color: #008080;">case</span> <span style="color: #000000;">SUB</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">:</span>   <span style="color: #000000;">a</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #7060A8;">and_bitsu</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">a</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">-</span><span style="color: #000000;">memory</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[</span><span style="color: #000000;">arg</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">],</span><span style="color: #000000;">#FF</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span>
              <span style="color: #008080;">case</span> <span style="color: #000000;">BRZ</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">:</span>   <span style="color: #008080;">if</span> <span style="color: #000000;">a</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span><span style="color: #000000;">0</span> <span style="color: #008080;">then</span> <span style="color: #000000;">pc</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">arg</span> <span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">if</span>
              <span style="color: #008080;">case</span> <span style="color: #000000;">JMP</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">:</span>   <span style="color: #000000;">pc</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">arg</span>
-             <span style="color: #008080;">case</span> <span style="color: #000000;">STP</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">:</span>   <span style="color: #7060A8;">printf</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #008000;">"%s: %d\n"</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,{</span><span style="color: #000000;">name</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">a</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">})</span>
+             <span style="color: #008080;">case</span> <span style="color: #000000;">STP</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">:</span>   <span style="color: #7060A8;">printf</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #008000;">"%12s: %3d\n"</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,{</span><span style="color: #000000;">name</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">a</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">})</span>
                          <span style="color: #008080;">return</span>
          <span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">switch</span>
@@ Line 406: / Line 407: @@
  <span style="color: #000000;">execute</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #008000;">"fibonacci"</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,{</span><span style="color: #000000;">LDA</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">+</span><span style="color: #000000;">14</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">STA</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">+</span><span style="color: #000000;">15</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">ADD</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">+</span><span style="color: #000000;">13</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">STA</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">+</span><span style="color: #000000;">14</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">LDA</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">+</span><span style="color: #000000;">15</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">STA</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">+</span><span style="color: #000000;">13</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">LDA</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">+</span><span style="color: #000000;">16</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span>
                       <span style="color: #000000;">SUB</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">+</span><span style="color: #000000;">17</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">BRZ</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">+</span><span style="color: #000000;">11</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">STA</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">+</span><span style="color: #000000;">16</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">JMP</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">+</span><span style="color: #000000;">0</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span>  <span style="color: #000000;">LDA</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">+</span><span style="color: #000000;">14</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">STP</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">1</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">0</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">8</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">})</span>
+ <span style="color: #000000;">execute</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #008000;">"linkedList"</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,{</span><span style="color: #000000;">LDA</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">+</span><span style="color: #000000;">13</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">ADD</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">+</span><span style="color: #000000;">15</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">STA</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">+</span><span style="color: #000000;">5</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">ADD</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">+</span><span style="color: #000000;">16</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">STA</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">+</span><span style="color: #000000;">7</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">NOP</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">STA</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">+</span><span style="color: #000000;">14</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">NOP</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span>
+                       <span style="color: #000000;">BRZ</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">+</span><span style="color: #000000;">11</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">STA</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">+</span><span style="color: #000000;">15</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">JMP</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">+</span><span style="color: #000000;">0</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">LDA</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">+</span><span style="color: #000000;">14</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">STP</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">LDA</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">+</span><span style="color: #000000;">0</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">0</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">28</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">0</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">0</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span>
+                       <span style="color: #000000;">0</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">6</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">0</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">2</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">26</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">5</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">20</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">3</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">30</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">22</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">4</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">24</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">})</span>
+ <span style="color: #000000;">execute</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #008000;">"prisoner"</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,{</span><span style="color: #000000;">NOP</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">NOP</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">STP</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">0</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">LDA</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">+</span><span style="color: #000000;">3</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">SUB</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">+</span><span style="color: #000000;">29</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">BRZ</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">+</span><span style="color: #000000;">18</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">LDA</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">+</span><span style="color: #000000;">3</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">STA</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">+</span><span style="color: #000000;">29</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span>
+                     <span style="color: #000000;">BRZ</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">+</span><span style="color: #000000;">14</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">LDA</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">+</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">ADD</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">+</span><span style="color: #000000;">31</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">STA</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">+</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">JMP</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">+</span><span style="color: #000000;">2</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">LDA</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">+</span><span style="color: #000000;">0</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">ADD</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">+</span><span style="color: #000000;">31</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">STA</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">+</span><span style="color: #000000;">0</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span>
+                     <span style="color: #000000;">JMP</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">+</span><span style="color: #000000;">2</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">LDA</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">+</span><span style="color: #000000;">3</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">STA</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">+</span><span style="color: #000000;">29</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">LDA</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">+</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">ADD</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">+</span><span style="color: #000000;">30</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">ADD</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">+</span><span style="color: #000000;">3</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">STA</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">+</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">LDA</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">+</span><span style="color: #000000;">0</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span>
+                     <span style="color: #000000;">ADD</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">+</span><span style="color: #000000;">30</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">ADD</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">+</span><span style="color: #000000;">3</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">STA</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">+</span><span style="color: #000000;">0</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">JMP</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">+</span><span style="color: #000000;">2</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">0</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">1</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">3</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">})</span>
+ <span style="color: #000080;font-style:italic;">-- subtractions yielding negative results</span>
+ <span style="color: #000000;">execute</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #008000;">"0-255"</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,{</span><span style="color: #000000;">LDA</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">+</span><span style="color: #000000;">3</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">SUB</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">+</span><span style="color: #000000;">4</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">STP</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">0</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">255</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">})</span>
+ <span style="color: #000000;">execute</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #008000;">"0-1"</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,{</span><span style="color: #000000;">LDA</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">+</span><span style="color: #000000;">3</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">SUB</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">+</span><span style="color: #000000;">4</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">STP</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">0</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">})</span>
+ <span style="color: #000080;font-style:italic;">-- overflow on addition</span>
+ <span style="color: #000000;">execute</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #008000;">"1+255"</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,{</span><span style="color: #000000;">LDA</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">+</span><span style="color: #000000;">3</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">ADD</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">+</span><span style="color: #000000;">4</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">STP</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">1</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">255</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">})</span>
 <!--</lang>-->
+You could of course define the programs using (say) 0b001_00011 instead of LDA+3.
 {{out}}
 <pre>
-+2: 4
++2:   4
-*8: 56
+*8:  56
-fibonacci: 55
+   fibonacci:  55
+  linkedList:   6
+    prisoner:   0
+-255:   1
+-1: 255
++255:   0
 </pre>
 =={{header|Wren}}==
 As I'm unclear whether the interpreter should be able to deal with labels, the programs all use literal memory addresses for now. Output is in decimal.