Category:Enguage: Difference between revisions
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==Linguistic Influence==
Enguage draws inspiration from linguistic theory and is an attempt to implement [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordinary_language_philosophy Ordinary Language Philosophy].
This is rejection of the Structuralist approach to meaning in language;
that there is not an underlying mathematical logic to the science of meaning.
The schism in the meaning of meaning originated in the dichotomy between dyadic and triadic sign models.
Semiotics is the study of signs, and a sign is simply the atomic element in meaning.
This is a brief synopsis.
===Pragmatism===
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Sanders_Peirce Charles Sanders Peirce] also devises the philosophy of Pragmatism, that things are defined by their effect, which is summarised in his [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragmatic_maxim Pragmatic Maxim]
===Dyadic Semiology===
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_de_Saussure Ferdinand de Saussure] created the first synchronic model of language - how a language works at any one point in time.
He described a dyadic sign at the heart of this Semiology.
Here, a ''signifier'', a written or spoken artefact, ''signifies'' a mental image.
There is an '''arbitrary''' link between what it said and its signified mental image.
===Triadic Semiotics===
Around the same time, but independently,
Charles Sanders Peirce devised a triadic model, which is composed of:
a sign vehicle, or ''Representamen';
a referent ''Object'' to which the sign vehicle refers; and,
the reasoning within the mind to make the connection between the two, ''Interpretant'.
Interpretant is always present, and thus this is a model of subjectivity.
Peirce describes the object being referenced in one of three ways, and as symbolic information, language works at the third level.
So, at the first level the color red may represent danger,
and at the second level there are many instances of this, such on a hot tap or stop switch on a machine,
but it is at the third level in which we propagate this as an idea by saying, "red means danger".
===The Meaning of Meaning===
British linguists C. K. Ogden and I. A. Richards, published The Meaning of Meaning in 1923, draws on Peirce's Semiotics,
illustrating the functioning of speech as a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangle_of_reference#/media/File:Ogden_semiotic_triangle.png triangle],
whereby a Symbol has an implies the referent Object, but only through the process of thinking.
The Symbol has a 1:1 relationship with the thoughts, but those Thoughts or Reference may refer to one or more objects.
This is, in essence, an illustration of a function, later defined by Alonzo Church in his Lambda Calculus and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_G%C3%B6del Kurt Gödel] in his recursive functions.
Their idea of utterances, not words, conveying meaning was quite revolutionary, and prefigures Grice's Implicature.
"", 1923.
===Speech Act Theory===
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._L._Austin J. L. Austin] used his William James' Lecture, at Harvard in 1955, to critique the traditional analysis of language towards truth statements.
He introduce the idea of performative statments which include:
what is uttered, locution;
what is meant by this, illocution: and,
the outcome of this speech act, perlocution.
The successful outcome, the ''felicity'', is dependent upon the circumstances, and by whom, the speech act is uttered.
This work was published posthumously in <ref name="jla">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._L._Austin#Work How to Do Things With Words]</ref>
The emphasis on outcome reflects Peirce's idea of effect in Pragmaticism.
This became codified in John Searle's Speech Act theory.
===Implicature===
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Grice H. Paul Grice's] William James' Lecture, at Harvard in 1957, to introduce ideas on meaning outside of the traditional.
He introduced the idea that meaning is what is implicated by an utterance.
==Algorithm==
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