Parse EBNF: Difference between revisions

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It is implemented and exercised using the flavor of EBNF and test cases specified on the [[Parse EBNF/Tests|test page]].
It is implemented and exercised using the flavor of EBNF and test cases specified on the [[Parse EBNF/Tests|test page]].


<lang perl6># A Raku grammar to parse EBNF
<lang perl6>
grammar EBNF {
# A Raku grammar to parse EBNF
grammar EBNF {
rule TOP { ^ <title>? '{' [ <production> ]+ '}' <comment>? $ }
rule TOP { ^ <title>? '{' [ <production> ]+ '}' <comment>? $ }
rule production { <name> '=' <expression> <[.;]> }
rule production { <name> '=' <expression> <[.;]> }
Line 1,850: Line 1,851:
token comment { <literal> }
token comment { <literal> }
token name { <identifier> <?before \h* '='> }
token name { <identifier> <?before \h* '='> }
}
}

class EBNF::Actions {
class EBNF::Actions {
method TOP($/) {
method TOP($/) {
say "Syntax Tree:\n", $/; # Dump the syntax tree to STDOUT
say "Syntax Tree:\n", $/; # Dump the syntax tree to STDOUT
Line 1,876: Line 1,877:
method optional($/) { make $<expression>.ast }
method optional($/) { make $<expression>.ast }
method group($/) { make $<expression>.ast }
method group($/) { make $<expression>.ast }
}
}

# An array of test cases
# An array of test cases
my @tests = (
my @tests = (
{
{
ebnf =>
ebnf =>
Line 1,903: Line 1,904:
term = factor { times factor } .
term = factor { times factor } .
factor = number | '(' expr ')' .
factor = number | '(' expr ')' .

plus = "+" | "-" .
plus = "+" | "-" .
times = "*" | "/" .
times = "*" | "/" .

number = digit { digit } .
number = digit { digit } .
digit = "0" | "1" | "2" | "3" | "4" | "5" | "6" | "7" | "8" | "9" .
digit = "0" | "1" | "2" | "3" | "4" | "5" | "6" | "7" | "8" | "9" .
Line 1,936: Line 1,937:
teststrings => ['foobar']
teststrings => ['foobar']
}
}
);
);

# Test the parser.
# Test the parser.
my $i = 1;
my $i = 1;
for @tests -> $test {
for @tests -> $test {
unless EBNF.parse($test<ebnf>) {
unless EBNF.parse($test<ebnf>) {
say "Parsing EBNF grammar:\n";
say "Parsing EBNF grammar:\n";
Line 1,971: Line 1,972:
say '*' x 79, "\n";
say '*' x 79, "\n";
unlink $fn;
unlink $fn;
}
}</lang>
</lang>


Output:
Output:

Revision as of 22:29, 25 August 2022

Parse EBNF is a draft programming task. It is not yet considered ready to be promoted as a complete task, for reasons that should be found in its talk page.
This task has been clarified. Its programming examples are in need of review to ensure that they still fit the requirements of the task.


Task

Write a program that can parse a grammar in   Extended Backus–Naur Form   (EBNF),   and then parse something else according to the grammar.

The program is only required to decide whether or not the something else belongs to the language described by the grammar,  but for extra credit,   it can output a syntax tree.

See the tests.

Go

Translation of: Phix


A more or less faithful translation except that indices are 0-based rather than 1-based and so 1 less than in the Phix results. <lang go>package main

import ( 

   "fmt"
   "strings"

)

// type aliases for Phix types type object = interface{} type sequence = []object

var ( 

   src         []rune
   ch          rune
   sdx         int
   token       object
   isSeq       bool
   err         = false
   idents      []string
   ididx       []int
   productions []sequence
   extras      sequence
   results     = [2]string{"pass", "fail"}

)

func btoi(b bool) int { 

   if b {
       return 1
   }
   return 0

}

func invalid(msg string) int { 

   err = true
   fmt.Println(msg)
   sdx = len(src) // set to eof
   return -1

}

func skipSpaces() { 

   for {
       if sdx >= len(src) {
           break
       }
       ch = src[sdx]
       if strings.IndexRune(" \t\r\n", ch) == -1 {
           break
       }
       sdx++
   }

}

func getToken() { 

   // Yields a single character token, one of {}()[]|=.;
   // or {"terminal",string} or {"ident", string} or -1.
   skipSpaces()
   if sdx >= len(src) {
       token = -1
       isSeq = false
       return
   }
   tokstart := sdx
   if strings.IndexRune("{}()[]|=.;", ch) >= 0 {
       sdx++
       token = ch
       isSeq = false
   } else if ch == '"' || ch == '\ {
       closech := ch
       for tokend := sdx + 1; tokend < len(src); tokend++ {
           if src[tokend] == closech {
               sdx = tokend + 1
               token = sequence{"terminal", string(src[tokstart+1 : tokend])}
               isSeq = true
               return
           }
       }
       token = invalid("no closing quote")
       isSeq = false
   } else if ch >= 'a' && ch <= 'z' {
       // To simplify things for the purposes of this task,
       // identifiers are strictly a-z only, not A-Z or 1-9.
       for {
           sdx++
           if sdx >= len(src) {
               break
           }
           ch = src[sdx]
           if ch < 'a' || ch > 'z' {
               break
           }
       }
       token = sequence{"ident", string(src[tokstart:sdx])}
       isSeq = true
   } else {
       token = invalid("invalid ebnf")
       isSeq = false
   }

}

func matchToken(ch rune) { 

   if token != ch {
       token = invalid(fmt.Sprintf("invalid ebnf (%c expected)", ch))
       isSeq = false
   } else {
       getToken()
   }

}

func addIdent(ident string) int { 

   k := -1
   for i, id := range idents {
       if id == ident {
           k = i
           break
       }
   }
   if k == -1 {
       idents = append(idents, ident)
       k = len(idents) - 1
       ididx = append(ididx, -1)
   }
   return k

}

func factor() object { 

   var res object
   if isSeq {
       t := token.([]object)
       if t[0] == "ident" {
           idx := addIdent(t[1].(string))
           t = append(t, idx)
           token = t
       }
       res = token
       getToken()
   } else if token == '[' {
       getToken()
       res = sequence{"optional", expression()}
       matchToken(']')
   } else if token == '(' {
       getToken()
       res = expression()
       matchToken(')')
   } else if token == '{' {
       getToken()
       res = sequence{"repeat", expression()}
       matchToken('}')
   } else {
       panic("invalid token in factor() function")
   }
   if s, ok := res.(sequence); ok && len(s) == 1 {
       return s[0]
   }
   return res

}

func term() object { 

   res := sequence{factor()}
   tokens := []object{-1, '|', '.', ';', ')', ']', '}'}

outer: 

   for {
       for _, t := range tokens {
           if t == token {
               break outer
           }
       }
       res = append(res, factor())
   }
   if len(res) == 1 {
       return res[0]
   }
   return res

}

func expression() object { 

   res := sequence{term()}
   if token == '|' {
       res = sequence{"or", res[0]}
       for token == '|' {
           getToken()
           res = append(res, term())
       }
   }
   if len(res) == 1 {
       return res[0]
   }
   return res

}

func production() object { 

   // Returns a token or -1; the real result is left in 'productions' etc,
   getToken()
   if token != '}' {
       if token == -1 {
           return invalid("invalid ebnf (missing closing })")
       }
       if !isSeq {
           return -1
       }
       t := token.(sequence)
       if t[0] != "ident" {
           return -1
       }
       ident := t[1].(string)
       idx := addIdent(ident)
       getToken()
       matchToken('=')
       if token == -1 {
           return -1
       }
       productions = append(productions, sequence{ident, idx, expression()})
       ididx[idx] = len(productions) - 1
   }
   return token

}

func parse(ebnf string) int { 

   // Returns +1 if ok, -1 if bad.
   fmt.Printf("parse:\n%s ===>\n", ebnf)
   err = false
   src = []rune(ebnf)
   sdx = 0
   idents = idents[:0]
   ididx = ididx[:0]
   productions = productions[:0]
   extras = extras[:0]
   getToken()
   if isSeq {
       t := token.(sequence)
       t[0] = "title"
       extras = append(extras, token)
       getToken()
   }
   if token != '{' {
       return invalid("invalid ebnf (missing opening {)")
   }
   for {
       token = production()
       if token == '}' || token == -1 {
           break
       }
   }
   getToken()
   if isSeq {
       t := token.(sequence)
       t[0] = "comment"
       extras = append(extras, token)
       getToken()
   }
   if token != -1 {
       return invalid("invalid ebnf (missing eof?)")
   }
   if err {
       return -1
   }
   k := -1
   for i, idx := range ididx {
       if idx == -1 {
           k = i
           break
       }
   }
   if k != -1 {
       return invalid(fmt.Sprintf("invalid ebnf (undefined:%s)", idents[k]))
   }
   pprint(productions, "productions")
   pprint(idents, "idents")
   pprint(ididx, "ididx")
   pprint(extras, "extras")
   return 1

}

// Adjusts Go's normal printing of slices to look more like Phix output. func pprint(ob object, header string) { 

   fmt.Printf("\n%s:\n", header)
   pp := fmt.Sprintf("%q", ob)
   pp = strings.Replace(pp, "[", "{", -1)
   pp = strings.Replace(pp, "]", "}", -1)
   pp = strings.Replace(pp, " ", ", ", -1)
   for i := 0; i < len(idents); i++ {
       xs := fmt.Sprintf(`'\x%02d'`, i)
       is := fmt.Sprintf("%d", i)
       pp = strings.Replace(pp, xs, is, -1)
   }
   fmt.Println(pp)

}

// The rules that applies() has to deal with are: // {factors} - if rule[0] is not string, // just apply one after the other recursively. // {"terminal", "a1"} -- literal constants // {"or", <e1>, <e2>, ...} -- (any) one of n // {"repeat", <e1>} -- as per "{}" in ebnf // {"optional", <e1>} -- as per "[]" in ebnf // {"ident", <name>, idx} -- apply the sub-rule

func applies(rule sequence) bool { 

   wasSdx := sdx // in case of failure
   r1 := rule[0]
   if _, ok := r1.(string); !ok {
       for i := 0; i < len(rule); i++ {
           if !applies(rule[i].(sequence)) {
               sdx = wasSdx
               return false
           }
       }
   } else if r1 == "terminal" {
       skipSpaces()
       r2 := []rune(rule[1].(string))
       for i := 0; i < len(r2); i++ {
           if sdx >= len(src) || src[sdx] != r2[i] {
               sdx = wasSdx
               return false
           }
           sdx++
       }
   } else if r1 == "or" {
       for i := 1; i < len(rule); i++ {
           if applies(rule[i].(sequence)) {
               return true
           }
       }
       sdx = wasSdx
       return false
   } else if r1 == "repeat" {
       for applies(rule[1].(sequence)) {
       }
   } else if r1 == "optional" {
       applies(rule[1].(sequence))
   } else if r1 == "ident" {
       i := rule[2].(int)
       ii := ididx[i]
       if !applies(productions[ii][2].(sequence)) {
           sdx = wasSdx
           return false
       }
   } else {
       panic("invalid rule in applies() function")
   }
   return true

}

func checkValid(test string) { 

   src = []rune(test)
   sdx = 0
   res := applies(productions[0][2].(sequence))
   skipSpaces()
   if sdx < len(src) {
       res = false
   }
   fmt.Printf("%q, %s\n", test, results[1-btoi(res)])

}

func main() { 

   ebnfs := []string{
       `"a" {
   a = "a1" ( "a2" | "a3" ) { "a4" } [ "a5" ] "a6" ;

} "z" `, 

       `{
   expr = term { plus term } .
   term = factor { times factor } .
   factor = number | '(' expr ')' .

   plus = "+" | "-" .
   times = "*" | "/" .

   number = digit { digit } .
   digit = "0" | "1" | "2" | "3" | "4" | "5" | "6" | "7" | "8" | "9" .

}`, 

       `a = "1"`,
       `{ a = "1" ;`,
       `{ hello world = "1"; }`,
       `{ foo = bar . }`,
   }

   tests := [][]string{
       {
           "a1a3a4a4a5a6",
           "a1 a2a6",
           "a1 a3 a4 a6",
           "a1 a4 a5 a6",
           "a1 a2 a4 a5 a5 a6",
           "a1 a2 a4 a5 a6 a7",
           "your ad here",
       },
       {
           "2",
           "2*3 + 4/23 - 7",
           "(3 + 4) * 6-2+(4*(4))",
           "-2",
           "3 +",
           "(4 + 3",
       },
   }

   for i, ebnf := range ebnfs {
       if parse(ebnf) == +1 {
           fmt.Println("\ntests:")
           for _, test := range tests[i] {
               checkValid(test)
           }
       }
       fmt.Println()
   }

}</lang>

Output:
parse:
"a" {
    a = "a1" ( "a2" | "a3" ) { "a4" } [ "a5" ] "a6" ;
} "z"  ===>

productions:
{{"a", 0, {{"terminal", "a1"}, {"or", {"terminal", "a2"}, {"terminal", "a3"}}, {"repeat", {"terminal", "a4"}}, {"optional", {"terminal", "a5"}}, {"terminal", "a6"}}}}

idents:
{"a"}

ididx:
{0}

extras:
{{"title", "a"}, {"comment", "z"}}

tests:
"a1a3a4a4a5a6", pass
"a1 a2a6", pass
"a1 a3 a4 a6", pass
"a1 a4 a5 a6", fail
"a1 a2 a4 a5 a5 a6", fail
"a1 a2 a4 a5 a6 a7", fail
"your ad here", fail

parse:
{
    expr = term { plus term } .
    term = factor { times factor } .
    factor = number | '(' expr ')' .
 
    plus = "+" | "-" .
    times = "*" | "/" .
 
    number = digit { digit } .
    digit = "0" | "1" | "2" | "3" | "4" | "5" | "6" | "7" | "8" | "9" .
} ===>

productions:
{{"expr", 0, {{"ident", "term", 1}, {"repeat", {{"ident", "plus", 2}, {"ident", "term", 1}}}}}, {"term", 1, {{"ident", "factor", 3}, {"repeat", {{"ident", "times", 4}, {"ident", "factor", 3}}}}}, {"factor", 3, {"or", {"ident", "number", 5}, {{"terminal", "("}, {"ident", "expr", 0}, {"terminal", ")"}}}}, {"plus", 2, {"or", {"terminal", "+"}, {"terminal", "-"}}}, {"times", 4, {"or", {"terminal", "*"}, {"terminal", "/"}}}, {"number", 5, {{"ident", "digit", 6}, {"repeat", {"ident", "digit", 6}}}}, {"digit", 6, {"or", {"terminal", "0"}, {"terminal", "1"}, {"terminal", "2"}, {"terminal", "3"}, {"terminal", "4"}, {"terminal", "5"}, {"terminal", "6"}, {"terminal", "7"}, {"terminal", "8"}, {"terminal", "9"}}}}

idents:
{"expr", "term", "plus", "factor", "times", "number", "digit"}

ididx:
{0, 1, 3, 2, 4, 5, 6}

extras:
{}

tests:
"2", pass
"2*3 + 4/23 - 7", pass
"(3 + 4) * 6-2+(4*(4))", pass
"-2", fail
"3 +", fail
"(4 + 3", fail

parse:
a = "1" ===>
invalid ebnf (missing opening {)

parse:
{ a = "1" ; ===>
invalid ebnf (missing closing })

parse:
{ hello world = "1"; } ===>
invalid ebnf (= expected)

parse:
{ foo = bar . } ===>
invalid ebnf (undefined:bar)

Haskell

We use Parsec to generate Parsec.

<lang haskell>import Control.Applicative import Control.Monad import Data.Maybe import qualified Data.Map as M import System.Environment (getArgs) import Text.Parsec hiding (many, optional, (<|>)) import Text.Parsec.String import Text.Parsec.Error

-- Main

main = do {- Uses the EBNF grammar contained in the first file to parse the second file, then prints a parse tree. -} 

   [grammar_file, other_file] <- getArgs
   ebnf_text <- readFile grammar_file
   case parseGrammar grammar_file ebnf_text of
       Left  err ->
           putStrLn $ "Failed to parse EBNF grammar: " ++ show err
       Right g   -> do
           putStrLn "Successfully parsed EBNF grammar."
           o <- readFile other_file
           case parseWithGrammar g other_file o of
               Left err ->
                   putStrLn $ "Failed to parse second file: " ++ show err
               Right tree ->
                   print tree

-- Types and user functions

parseGrammar :: FilePath -> String -> Either ParseError Grammar parseGrammar fp s = 

   case runParser ebnf M.empty fp s of
       Left e ->
           Left e
       Right (Grammar g, usedNames) ->
           let undefinedRules = foldl (flip M.delete) usedNames $ map fst g
               (undefName, undefNamePos) = M.findMin undefinedRules
           in if   M.null undefinedRules
              then Right $ Grammar g
              else Left $ newErrorMessage
                       (Message $ "Undefined rule: " ++ undefName)
                       undefNamePos

parseWithGrammar :: Grammar -> FilePath -> String -> Either ParseError ParseTree parseWithGrammar g@(Grammar ((_, firstR) : _)) fp s = 

   runParser (liftA cleanTree $ firstR <* eof) g fp s

type GParser = Parsec String UsedNames type UsedNames = M.Map String SourcePos

type Rule = Parsec String Grammar ParseTree 

-- We need to keep the Grammar around as a Parsec user state
-- to look up named rules.

data Grammar = Grammar [(String, Rule)] 

-- Grammar would be a type synonym instead of an ADT, but
-- infinite types aren't allowed in Haskell.

data ParseTree = 

   ParseBranch String [ParseTree] |
   ParseLeaf String

instance Show ParseTree where 

     show = showIndented 0

-- show (ParseBranch "" t) = '[' : concatMap ((' ' :) . show) t ++ "]" -- show (ParseBranch s t) = '(' : s ++ concatMap ((' ' :) . show) t ++ ")" -- show (ParseLeaf s) = show s

showIndented :: Int -> ParseTree -> String showIndented i (ParseBranch "" []) = 

   indent i "[]"

showIndented i (ParseBranch "" t) = 

   indent i "[" ++
   concatMap (showIndented (i + 2)) t ++
   "]"

showIndented i (ParseBranch s t) = 

   indent i ("(" ++ s) ++
   concatMap (showIndented (i + 2)) t ++
   ")"

showIndented i (ParseLeaf s) = 

   indent i $ show s

indent :: Int -> String -> String indent i s = "\n" ++ replicate i ' ' ++ s

cleanTree :: ParseTree -> ParseTree -- Removes empty anonymous branches. cleanTree (ParseBranch i ts) = 

   ParseBranch i $ map cleanTree $ filter p ts
 where p (ParseBranch "" []) = False
       p _                   = True

cleanTree x = x

-- GParser definitions

ebnf :: GParser (Grammar, UsedNames) ebnf = liftA2 (,) (ws *> syntax <* eof) getState

syntax :: GParser Grammar syntax = liftA Grammar $ 

   optional title *>
   lcbtw '{' '}' (many production) <*
   optional comment

production :: GParser (String, Rule) production = do 

   i <- identifier
   lc '='
   r <- expression
   oneOf ".;"
   ws
   return (i, liftM (nameBranch i) r)
 where nameBranch i (ParseBranch _ l) = ParseBranch i l

expression, term :: GParser Rule expression = liftA (foldl1 (<|>)) $ term `sepBy1` (lc '|') term = liftA (branch . sequence) $ many1 factor

factor :: GParser Rule factor = liftA try $ 

   liftA ruleByName rememberName <|>
   liftA (leaf . (<* ws) . string) literal <|>
   liftA perhaps (lcbtw '[' ']' expression) <|>
   lcbtw '(' ')' expression <|>
   liftA (branch . many) (lcbtw '{' '}' expression)
 where rememberName :: GParser String
       rememberName = do
           i <- identifier
           p <- getPosition
           modifyState $ M.insertWith (flip const) i p
             {- Adds i → p to the state only if i doesn't
             already have an entry. This ensures we report the
             *first* usage of each unknown identifier. -}
           return i

       ruleByName :: String -> Rule
       ruleByName name = do
           Grammar g <- getState
           fromJust (lookup name g) <?> name

       perhaps = option $ ParseLeaf ""

identifier :: GParser String identifier = many1 (noneOf " \t\n=|(){}[].;\"'") <* ws

title = literal

comment = literal

literal = 

      (lc '\ *> manyTill anyChar (lc '\)) <|>
      (lc '"'  *> manyTill anyChar (lc '"'))
   <* ws

-- Miscellany

leaf = liftA ParseLeaf branch = liftA $ ParseBranch ""

lcbtw c1 c2 = between (lc c1) (lc c2)

lc :: Char -> GParser Char lc c = char c <* ws

ws = many $ oneOf " \n\t"</lang>

Julia

Creates a Grammar struct from an EBNF grammar, which has a matching Regex for each production of the EBNF grammar.

Tested with Julia v1.7.2

<lang julia> struct Grammar 

   regex::Regex
   rules::Dict{Symbol,Regex}
   root::Regex
   function Grammar(regex::Regex)
       names = keys(match(regex, ""))
       new(regex,
           Dict{Symbol,Regex}(
               Symbol(name) => Regex(
                   "$(regex.pattern)(?&$(name))",
                   regex.compile_options,
                   regex.match_options
               )
               for name in names if name isa String),
           Regex(
               "$(regex.pattern)^\\s*(?&$(first(names)))\\s*\$",
               regex.compile_options,
               regex.match_options))
   end

end

Base.getindex(grammar::Grammar, key) = grammar.rules[key] Base.occursin(grammar::Grammar, str::AbstractString) = occursin(grammar.root, str) Base.show(io::IO, grammar::Grammar) = print(io, "Grammar(", grammar.regex, ")")

const ebnfgrammar = Grammar(r""" (?(DEFINE) # EBNF syntax (?<syntax> 

   (?&title)? \s*+ { \s*+ ( (?&production) \s*+ )* } \s*+ (?&comment)? )

(?<production> 

   (?&identifier) \s*+ = \s*+ (?&expression) \s*+ [.;] )

(?<expression> 

   (?&term) ( \s*+ \| \s*+ (?&term) )* )

(?<term> 

   (?&factor) ( \s*+ (?&factor) )* )

(?<factor> 

   (?&identifier)

| (?&literal) | \[ \s*+ (?&expression) \s*+ \] | \( \s*+ (?&expression) \s*+ \) | { \s*+ (?&expression) \s*+ } ) (?<identifier> 

   [^'"\s=|(){}[\].;]+ )

(?<title> 

   (?&literal) )

(?<comment> 

   (?&literal) )

(?<literal> 

   ' [^']+ '

| " [^"]+ " ) )"""x)

function syntax(grammar::Grammar, str::AbstractString) 

   if occursin(grammar[:syntax], str)
       """(?(DEFINE)$(join(production(grammar, eachmatch(grammar[:production], str)))))"""
   else
       throw(ErrorException("Invalid EBNF syntax."))
   end

end

production(grammar::Grammar, iter) = (production(grammar, m.match) for m in iter) function production(grammar::Grammar, str::AbstractString) 

   rstrip(c -> isspace(c) || c == '.' || c == ';', str)
   id, expr = split(str, r"\s*=\s*", limit=2)
   "(?<$(id)>" * join(
       expression(grammar, eachmatch(grammar[:expression], expr)),
       "\\s*+|\\s*+") * "\\s*+)"

end

expression(grammar::Grammar, iter) = (expression(grammar, m.match) for m in iter) function expression(grammar::Grammar, str::AbstractString) 

   join(term(grammar, eachmatch(grammar[:term], str)), "\\s*+|\\s*+")

end

term(grammar::Grammar, iter) = (term(grammar, m.match) for m in iter) function term(grammar::Grammar, str::AbstractString) 

   join(factor(grammar, eachmatch(grammar[:factor], str)), "\\s*+")

end

factor(grammar::Grammar, iter) = (factor(grammar, m.match) for m in iter) function factor(grammar::Grammar, str::AbstractString) 

   str = strip(str)
   if startswith(str, r"['\"]")
       literal(grammar, str)
   elseif startswith(str, r"[[({]")
       "(\\s*+" * expression(grammar, str[begin+1:end-1]) * (
           if startswith(str, '[')
               "\\s*+)?"
           elseif startswith(str, '{')
               "\\s*+)*"
           else
               "\\s*+)"
           end
       )
   else
       "(?&$(str))"
   end

end

literal(::Grammar, str::AbstractString) = "\\Q$(str[begin+1:end-1])\\E"

grammar(ebnf::AbstractString) = Grammar(Regex(syntax(ebnfgrammar, ebnf)))

using Test

oneliner = grammar(""" "a" { 

   a = "a1" ( "a2" | "a3" ) { "a4" } [ "a5" ] "a6" ;

} "z" """)

@testset "One liner" begin 

   @test occursin(oneliner, "a1a3a4a4a5a6")
   @test occursin(oneliner, "a1 a2a6")
   @test occursin(oneliner, "a1 a3 a4 a6")
   @test !occursin(oneliner, "a1 a4 a5 a6")
   @test !occursin(oneliner, "a1 a2 a4 a5 a5 a6")
   @test !occursin(oneliner, "a1 a2 a4 a5 a6 a7")
   @test !occursin(oneliner, "your ad here")

end

arithmetic = grammar(""" { 

   expr = term { plus term } .
   term = factor { times factor } .
   factor = number | '(' expr ')' .

   plus = "+" | "-" .
   times = "*" | "/" .

   number = digit { digit } .
   digit = "0" | "1" | "2" | "3" | "4" | "5" | "6" | "7" | "8" | "9" .

} """)

@testset "Arithmetic expressions" begin 

   @test occursin(arithmetic, "2")
   @test occursin(arithmetic, "2*3 + 4/23 - 7")
   @test occursin(arithmetic, "(3 + 4) * 6-2+(4*(4))")
   @test !occursin(arithmetic, "-2")
   @test !occursin(arithmetic, "3 +")
   @test !occursin(arithmetic, "(4 + 3")

end

@testset "Invalid EBNF" begin 

   @test_throws ErrorException grammar("""a = "1";""")
   @test_throws ErrorException grammar("""{ a = "1";""")
   @test_throws ErrorException grammar("""{ hello world = "1"; }""")
   @test_throws ErrorException grammar("{ foo = bar . }")

end

</lang>


Modula-2

<lang modula2>MODULE EBNF;

FROM ASCII IMPORT EOL; FROM InOut IMPORT Done, Read, Write, WriteLn, WriteInt, WriteString; FROM EBNFScanner IMPORT Symbol, sym, id, Ino, GetSym, MarkError, SkipLine; FROM TableHandler IMPORT WordLength, Table, overflow, InitTable, Record, Tabulate;

VAR T0, T1  : Table;

PROCEDURE skip (n : INTEGER);

BEGIN 

 MarkError (n);
 WHILE  (sym < lpar) OR (sym > period)  DO  GetSym  END

END skip;

PROCEDURE Expression; 

 PROCEDURE Term;

   PROCEDURE Factor;

   BEGIN
     IF  sym = ident  THEN
       Record (T0, id, Ino);
       GetSym
     ELSIF  sym = literal  THEN
       Record (T1, id, Ino);
       GetSym
     ELSIF  sym = lpar  THEN
       GetSym;
       Expression;
       IF  sym = rpar  THEN  GetSym  ELSE  skip (2)  END
     ELSIF  sym = lbk  THEN
       GetSym;
       Expression;
       IF  sym = rbk  THEN  GetSym  ELSE  skip (3)  END
     ELSIF  sym = lbr  THEN
       GetSym;
       Expression;
       IF  sym = rbr  THEN  GetSym  ELSE  skip (4)  END
     ELSE
       skip (5)
     END
   END Factor;

 BEGIN
   Factor;
   WHILE  sym < bar  DO  Factor  END
 END Term;

BEGIN 

 Term;
 WHILE  sym = bar  DO
   GetSym;
   Term
 END

END Expression;


PROCEDURE Production;

BEGIN 

 Record (T0, id, - INTEGER (Ino));
 GetSym;
 IF  sym = eql  THEN  GetSym  ELSE  skip (7)  END;
 Expression;
 IF  sym # period  THEN
   MarkError (8);
   SkipLine
 END;
 GetSym

END Production;


BEGIN 

 InitTable (T0);
 InitTable (T1);
 GetSym;
 WHILE  (sym = ident) AND (overflow = 0)  DO  Production  END;
 IF  overflow > 0  THEN
   WriteLn;
   WriteString ("Table overflow");
   WriteInt (overflow, 6);
 END;
 Write (35C);
 Tabulate (T0);
 Tabulate (T1);

END EBNF.</lang> And the source for the EBNF scanner. I hope you like nested procedures. <lang modula2>IMPLEMENTATION MODULE EBNFScanner;

FROM ASCII IMPORT LF; FROM InOut IMPORT Read, Write, WriteLn, WriteInt, WriteBf, EOF;

VAR ch  : CHAR;

MODULE LineHandler; 

 IMPORT   LF, EOF, ch, Ino, Read, Write, WriteLn, WriteInt, WriteBf;
 EXPORT   GetCh, MarkError, SkipLine;

 CONST    LineWidth = 100;

 VAR      cc        : INTEGER;
          cc1       : INTEGER;
          cc2       : INTEGER;
          line      : ARRAY [0..LineWidth - 1] OF CHAR;

 PROCEDURE GetLine;

 BEGIN
   IF  cc2 > 0  THEN
     WriteLn;
     cc2 := 0
   END;
   Read (ch);
   IF  EOF ()  THEN
     line [0] := 177C;
     cc1 := 1
   ELSE
     INC (Ino);
     WriteInt (Ino, 5);
     Write (' ');
     cc1 := 0;
     LOOP
       Write (ch);
       line [cc1] := ch;
       INC (cc1);
       IF  ch = LF  THEN  EXIT  END;
       Read (ch)
     END
   END
 END GetLine;



   PROCEDURE GetCh;

   BEGIN
     WHILE  cc = cc1  DO
       cc := 0;
       GetLine
     END;
     ch := line [cc];
     INC (cc)
   END GetCh;



   PROCEDURE MarkError (n  : INTEGER);

   BEGIN
     IF  cc2 = 0  THEN
       Write ('*');
       cc2 := 3;
       REPEAT
         Write (' ');
         DEC (cc2)
       UNTIL  cc2 = 0;
     END;
     WHILE  cc2 < cc  DO
       Write (' ');
       INC (cc2)
     END;
     Write ('^');
     WriteInt (n, 1);
     INC (cc2, 2)
   END MarkError;

   PROCEDURE SkipLine;

   BEGIN
     WHILE  ch # LF  DO  GetCh  END;
     GetCh
   END SkipLine;

 BEGIN          (* BEGIN of LineHandler        *)
   cc  := 0;
   cc1 := 0;
   cc2 := 0
 END LineHandler;

PROCEDURE GetSym;

VAR i  : CARDINAL;

BEGIN 

 WHILE  ch <= ' '  DO  GetCh  END;
 IF  ch = '/'  THEN
   SkipLine;
   WHILE  ch <= ' '  DO  GetCh  END
 END;
 IF  (CAP (ch) <= 'Z') AND (CAP (ch) >= 'A')  THEN
   i := 0;
   sym := literal;
   REPEAT
     IF  i < IdLength  THEN
       id [i] := ch;
       INC (i)
     END;
     IF  ch > 'Z' THEN  sym := ident  END;
     GetCh
   UNTIL  (CAP (ch) < 'A') OR (CAP (ch) > 'Z');
   id [i] := ' '
 ELSIF  ch = "'"  THEN
   i := 0;
   GetCh;
   sym := literal;
   WHILE  ch # "'"  DO
     IF  i < IdLength  THEN
       id [i] := ch;
       INC (i)
     END;
     GetCh
   END;
   GetCh;
   id [i] := ' '
   WHILE  ch # "'"  DO
     IF  i < IdLength  THEN
       id [i] := ch;
       INC (i)
     END;
     GetCh
   END;
   GetCh;
   id [i] := ' '
 ELSIF  ch = '"'  THEN
   i := 0;
   GetCh;
   sym := literal;
   WHILE  ch # '"'  DO
     IF  i < IdLength  THEN
       id [i] := ch;
       INC (i)
     END;
     GetCh
   END;
   GetCh;
   id [i] := ' '
 ELSIF  ch = '='  THEN  sym := eql;   GetCh
 ELSIF  ch = '('  THEN  sym := lpar;  GetCh
 ELSIF  ch = ')'  THEN  sym := rpar;  GetCh
 ELSIF  ch = '['  THEN  sym := lbk;   GetCh
 ELSIF  ch = ']'  THEN  sym := rbk;   GetCh
 ELSIF  ch = '{'  THEN  sym := lbr;   GetCh
 ELSIF  ch = '}'  THEN  sym := rbr;   GetCh
 ELSIF  ch = '|'  THEN  sym := bar;   GetCh
 ELSIF  ch = '.'  THEN  sym := period;  GetCh
 ELSIF  ch = 177C THEN  sym := other;  GetCh
 ELSE
   sym := other;
   GetCh
 END

END GetSym;

BEGIN 

 Ino := 0;
 ch := ' '

END EBNFScanner.</lang>

Perl

<lang perl>#!/usr/bin/perl

use strict; # http://www.rosettacode.org/wiki/Parse_EBNF use warnings; $SIG{__WARN__} = sub { print "\nWARN: @_\n"; exit };

my $h = qr/\G\s*/; my $identifier = qr/$h([a-z]\w*)\b/i; my $literal = qr/$h(['"])(.+?)\1/s; my ($title, $comment, %productions, %called, $startsymbol, $show, $errpos);

sub node { bless [ @_[1..$#_] ], $_[0] } sub err { die "ERROR: ", s/\G\s*\K/<**ERROR @_**>/r, "\n" } sub want { /$h\Q$_[1]\E/gc ? shift : err "missing '$_[1]' " } sub addin { node $_[0] => ref $_[1] eq $_[0] ? @{$_[1]} : $_[1], pop }

for my $case ( split /^-{50}.*\n/m, do { local $/; @ARGV ? <> : } ) 

 {
 $show = $case =~ s/^#show.*//m;
 my ($ebnf, $tests) = map s/^#.*\n//gmr, split /^#test.*\n/m, $case, 2;
 parse( $ebnf, ($tests // "") =~ /.*\n/g );
 }

sub parse 

 {
 eval
   {
   (%productions, %called, $startsymbol) = ();
   local $_ = shift // 'empty ebnf source string';
   print '-' x 75, "\n", s/\s*\z/\n\n/r;
   syntax(); ################################################## parse the EBNF
   print "       title: $title\n     comment: $comment\n";
   $startsymbol or err "no productions";
   print "start symbol: $startsymbol\n";
   for my $key ( sort keys %productions )
     {
     $show and print "\n$key =\n", $productions{$key}->show =~ s/^/   /gmr;
     }
   delete @called{keys %productions};
   %called and die "\nERROR: undefined production(s) <@{[ keys %called]}>\n";

   for ( @_ ) ###################################################### run tests
     {
     $errpos = undef;
     print "\ntry: $_";
     print eval
       {
       $productions{$startsymbol}->run or pos($_) = $errpos, err; ### run tree
       /$h\n/gc or err 'incomplete parse';
       } ? "valid\n" : $@;
     }
   1;
   } or print "$@\n";
 }

sub syntax ############################################## subs for parsing EBNF 

 {
 $title = /$literal/gc ? $2 : 'none';
 /$h\{/gc or err 'missing open brace';
 while( /$identifier\s*=/gc )              # is this the start of a production
   {
   my $name = $1;
   $startsymbol //= $name;
   my $tree = expr(0);
   $productions{$name} =
     $productions{$name} ? addin ALT => $productions{$name}, $tree : $tree;
   /$h[.;]/gc or err 'missing production terminator';
   }
 /$h\}/gc or err 'missing close brace';
 $comment = /$literal/gc ? $2 : 'none';
 /$h\z/gc or err 'extra characters after parse';
 }

sub expr 

 {
 my $tree =
   /$identifier/gc ? do { $called{$1}++; node PROD => $1 } :
   /$literal/gc    ? node LIT => $2 :
   /$h\[/gc        ? node OPTION => want expr(0), ']' :
   /$h\{/gc        ? node REPEAT => want expr(0), '}' :
   /$h\(/gc        ?                want expr(0), ')' :
   err 'Invalid expression';
 $tree =
   /\G\s+/gc                           ? $tree :
   $_[0] <= 1 && /\G(?=[[{('"a-z])/gci ? addin SEQ => $tree, expr(2) :
   $_[0] <= 0 && /\G\|/gc              ? addin ALT => $tree, expr(1) :
   return $tree while 1;
 }
                                                                                                      1. run parse tree

sub LIT::run { /$h\Q$_[0][0]\E/gc } sub SEQ::run 

 {
 my $pos = pos($_) // 0;
 for my $node ( @{ $_[0] } )
   {
   $node->run or $errpos = pos($_), pos($_) = $pos, return 0;
   }
 return 1;
 }

sub OPTION::run 

 {
 my $pos = pos($_) // 0;
 $_[0][0]->run or pos($_) = $pos, return 1;
 }

sub PROD::run 

 {
 $productions{ $_[0][0] }->run;
 }

sub REPEAT::run 

 {
 my $pos = pos($_) // 0;
 $pos = pos($_) while $_[0][0]->run;
 pos($_) = $pos;
 return 1;
 }

sub ALT::run 

 {
 my $pos = pos($_) // 0;
 for my $node ( @{ $_[0] } )
   {
   eval{ $node->run } and return 1;
   pos($_) = $pos;
   }
 return 0;
 }

sub LIT::show { "LIT $_[0][0]\n" } ###################### for nested tree print sub PROD::show { "PROD $_[0][0]\n" } sub UNIVERSAL::show 

 {
 join , ref $_[0], "\n", map $_->show =~ s/^/   /gmr, @{ $_[0] };
 }

__DATA__ "a" { 

   a = "a1" ( "a2" | "a3" ) { "a4" } [ "a5" ] "a6" ;

} "z"

  1. show
  2. tests
   a1a3a4a4a5a6
   a1 a2a6
   a1 a3 a4 a6 
   a1 a4 a5 a6
   a1 a2 a4 a5 a5 a6
   a1 a2 a4 a5 a6 a7
   your ad here

"Arithmetic expressions" { 

   expr = term { plus term } .
   term = factor { times factor } .
   factor = number | '(' expr ')' .

   plus = "+" | "-" .
   times = "*" | "/" .

   number = digit { digit } .
   digit = "0" | "1" | "2" | "3" | "4" | "5" | "6" | "7" | "8" | "9" .

} 'http://www.rosettacode.org/wiki/Parse_EBNF'

  1. tests
   2
   2*3 + 4/23 - 7
   (3 + 4) * 6-2+(4*(4)) 
   -2
   3 +
   (4 + 3

'some invalid EBNF' { a = "1" ;

a = "1";

{ hello world = "1"; }

{ foo = bar . } "undefined production check"

</lang>

Output:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
"a" {
    a = "a1" ( "a2" | "a3" ) { "a4" } [ "a5" ] "a6" ;
} "z"

       title: a
     comment: z
start symbol: a

a =
   SEQ
      LIT a1
      ALT
         LIT a2
         LIT a3
      REPEAT
         LIT a4
      OPTION
         LIT a5
      LIT a6

try:     a1a3a4a4a5a6
valid

try:     a1 a2a6
valid

try:     a1 a3 a4 a6 
valid

try:     a1 a4 a5 a6
ERROR:     a1 <**ERROR **>a4 a5 a6


try:     a1 a2 a4 a5 a5 a6
ERROR:     a1 a2 a4 a5 <**ERROR **>a5 a6


try:     a1 a2 a4 a5 a6 a7
ERROR:     a1 a2 a4 a5 a6 <**ERROR incomplete parse**>a7


try:     your ad here
ERROR:     <**ERROR **>your ad here

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
"Arithmetic expressions" {
    expr = term { plus term } .
    term = factor { times factor } .
    factor = number | '(' expr ')' .

    plus = "+" | "-" .
    times = "*" | "/" .

    number = digit { digit } .
    digit = "0" | "1" | "2" | "3" | "4" | "5" | "6" | "7" | "8" | "9" .
} 'http://www.rosettacode.org/wiki/Parse_EBNF'

       title: Arithmetic expressions
     comment: http://www.rosettacode.org/wiki/Parse_EBNF
start symbol: expr

try:     2
valid

try:     2*3 + 4/23 - 7
valid

try:     (3 + 4) * 6-2+(4*(4)) 
valid

try:     -2
ERROR:     <**ERROR **>-2


try:     3 +
ERROR:     3 <**ERROR incomplete parse**>+


try:     (4 + 3
ERROR:     <**ERROR **>(4 + 3

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
'some invalid EBNF' { a = "1" ;

ERROR: 'some invalid EBNF' { a = "1" ;
<**ERROR missing close brace**>

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
a = "1";

ERROR: <**ERROR missing open brace**>a = "1";


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
{ hello world = "1"; }

ERROR: { <**ERROR missing close brace**>hello world = "1"; }


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
{ foo = bar . } "undefined production check"

       title: none
     comment: undefined production check
start symbol: foo

ERROR: undefined production(s) <bar>

Phix

with javascript_semantics
string src
integer ch, sdx
object token
 
bool error = false
function invalid(string msg)
    error = true
    ?msg
    sdx = length(src)+1 -- (set to eof)
    return -1
end function
 
procedure skip_spaces()
    while 1 do
        if sdx>length(src) then exit end if
        ch = src[sdx]
        if not find(ch,{' ','\t','\r','\n'}) then exit end if
        sdx += 1
    end while
end procedure
 
procedure get_token()
-- yeilds a single character token, one of {}()[]|=.;
-- or {"terminal",string} or {"ident", string} or -1.
    skip_spaces()
    if sdx>length(src) then
        token = -1
        return
    end if
    integer tokstart = sdx
    if find(ch,"{}()[]|=.;") then
        sdx += 1
        token = ch
    elsif ch='\"'
       or ch='\'' then
        integer closech = ch
        for tokend=sdx+1 to length(src) do
            if src[tokend] = closech then
                sdx = tokend+1
                token = {"terminal",src[tokstart+1..tokend-1]}
                return
            end if
        end for
        token = invalid("no closing quote")
    elsif ch>='a' and ch<='z' then
        -- to simplify things for the purposes of this task, 
        -- identifiers are strictly a-z only, not A-Z or 1-9
        while 1 do
            sdx += 1
            if sdx>length(src) then exit end if
            ch = src[sdx]
            if ch<'a' or ch>'z' then exit end if
        end while
        token = {"ident",src[tokstart..sdx-1]}
    else
        token = invalid("invalid ebnf")
    end if
end procedure
 
procedure match_token(integer ch)
    if token!=ch then
        token = invalid(sprintf("invalid ebnf (%c expected)",ch))
    else
        get_token()
    end if
end procedure
 
sequence idents = {},
         ididx = {}
 
function add_ident(string ident)
    integer k = find(ident,idents)
    if k=0 then
        idents = append(idents,ident)
        k = length(idents)
        ididx = append(ididx,0)
    end if
    return k
end function
 
forward function expression()
 
function factor()
object res
    if sequence(token) then
        if token[1]="ident" then
            token &= add_ident(token[2])
        end if
        res = token
        get_token()
    elsif token='[' then
        get_token()
        res = {"optional",expression()}
        match_token(']')
    elsif token='(' then
        get_token()
        res = expression()
        match_token(')')
    elsif token='{' then
        get_token()
        res = {"repeat",expression()}
        match_token('}')
    else
        ?9/0        -- erm??
--      res = -1    --  ""
    end if
    return res
end function
 
function term()
--  sequence res = {"factors",factor()} -- (opted against this)
    sequence res = {factor()}
    while not find(token,{-1,'|','.',';',')',']','}'}) do
        res = append(res,factor())
    end while
    if length(res)=1 then res = res[1] end if
    return res
end function
 
function expression()
    object res = term()
    if token='|' then
        res = {"or",res}
        while token='|' do
            get_token()
            res = append(res,term())
        end while
    end if
    return res
end function
 
sequence productions = {}
 
function production()
-- returns a token or -1; the real result is left in productions[] etc.
    get_token()
    if token!='}' then
        if token=-1 then
            return invalid("invalid ebnf (missing closing })")
        end if
        if not sequence(token)
        or token[1]!="ident" then
            return -1
        end if
        string ident = token[2]
        integer idx = add_ident(ident)
        get_token()
        match_token('=')
        if token=-1 then
            return -1
        end if
        sequence res = expression()
        productions = append(productions,{ident,idx,res})
        ididx[idx] = length(productions)
    end if
    return token
end function
 
sequence extras = {}
 
function parse(string ebnf)
-- returns: +1 if ok, -1 if bad
    puts(1,"parse: "&ebnf&" ===>\n")
    error = false
    src = ebnf
    sdx = 1
    idents = {}
    ididx = {}
    productions = {}
    extras = {}
    get_token()
    if sequence(token) then
        token[1] = "title"
        extras = append(extras,token)
        get_token()
    end if
    if token!='{' then
        return invalid("invalid ebnf (missing opening {)")
    end if
    while 1 do
        token = production()
        if token='}' or token=-1 then exit end if
    end while
    get_token()
    if sequence(token) then
        token[1] = "comment"
        extras = append(extras,token)
        get_token()
    end if
    if token!=-1 then
        return invalid("invalid ebnf (missing eof?)")
    end if      
    if error then return -1 end if
    integer k = find(0,ididx)
    if k!=0 then
        return invalid("invalid ebnf (undefined:"&idents[k]&")")
    end if
    ppOpt({pp_Pause,0})
    pp(productions)
--  pp(idents)
--  pp(ididx)
--  pp(extras)
    return 1
end function
 
-- The rules that applies() has to deal with are:
-- {factors} - if rule[1] is not string, just apply one after the other,
--             recursively. As per term() above, originally had "factors",
--              but getting rid of it made the syntax tree much clearer)
-- {"terminal", "a1"}       -- literal constants
-- {"or", <e1>, <e2>, ...}  -- (any) one of n
-- {"repeat", <e1>}         -- as per "{}" in ebnf
-- {"optional", <e1>}       -- as per "[]" in ebnf
-- {"ident", <name>, idx}   -- apply the sub-rule
 
function applies(sequence rule)
integer was_sdx = sdx   -- in case of failure
    object r1 = rule[1]
    if not string(r1) then
        for i=1 to length(rule) do
            if not applies(rule[i]) then
                sdx = was_sdx
                return false
            end if
        end for
    elsif r1="terminal" then
        skip_spaces()
        for i=1 to length(rule[2]) do
            if sdx>length(src)
            or src[sdx]!=rule[2][i] then
                sdx = was_sdx
                return false
            end if
            sdx += 1
        end for
    elsif r1="or" then
        for i=2 to length(rule) do
            if applies(rule[i]) then
                return true
            end if
        end for
        sdx = was_sdx
        return false
    elsif r1="repeat" then
        while applies(rule[2]) do
        end while
    elsif r1="optional" then
        if applies(rule[2]) then
        end if
    elsif r1="ident" then
        integer i = rule[3],
                ii = ididx[i]
        if not applies(productions[ii][3]) then
            sdx = was_sdx
            return false
        end if
    else
        ?9/0
    end if
    return true
end function
 
procedure check_valid(string test)
    src = test
    sdx = 1
    bool res = applies(productions[1][3])
    skip_spaces()
    if sdx<=length(src) then res = false end if
    ?{test,{"pass","fail"}[2-res]}
end procedure
 
constant ebnf = {""" 
"a" {
    a = "a1" ( "a2" | "a3" ) { "a4" } [ "a5" ] "a6" ;
} "z" """,
""" 
{
    expr = term { plus term } .
    term = factor { times factor } .
    factor = number | '(' expr ')' .
 
    plus = "+" | "-" .
    times = "*" | "/" .
 
    number = digit { digit } .
    digit = "0" | "1" | "2" | "3" | "4" | "5" | "6" | "7" | "8" | "9" .
}""",
`a = "1"`,
`{ a = "1" ;`,
`{ hello world = "1"; }`,
`{ foo = bar . }`
}
 
constant tests = { {"a1a3a4a4a5a6",
                    "a1 a2a6",
                    "a1 a3 a4 a6",
                    "a1 a4 a5 a6",
                    "a1 a2 a4 a5 a5 a6",
                    "a1 a2 a4 a5 a6 a7",
                    "your ad here"},
                   {"2",
                    "2*3 + 4/23 - 7",
                    "(3 + 4) * 6-2+(4*(4))",
                    "-2",
                    "3 +",
                    "(4 + 3"}}
 
for i=1 to length(ebnf) do
    if parse(ebnf[i])=+1 then
        ?"tests:"
        for j=1 to length(tests[i]) do
            check_valid(tests[i][j])
        end for
    end if
end for

In real use, I would be tempted to use numeric literals rather than string tags in such structures, but the latter certainly make things ten times easier to debug, plus I got an instantly legible syntax tree dump (the bit just after "===>" below) practically for free.

Output:
parse:
"a" {
    a = "a1" ( "a2" | "a3" ) { "a4" } [ "a5" ] "a6" ;
} "z"  ===>
{{"a", 1,
  {{"terminal", "a1"}, {"or", {"terminal", "a2"}, {"terminal", "a3"}},
   {"repeat", {"terminal", "a4"}}, {"optional", {"terminal", "a5"}},
   {"terminal", "a6"}}}}
"tests:"
{"a1a3a4a4a5a6","pass"}
{"a1 a2a6","pass"}
{"a1 a3 a4 a6","pass"}
{"a1 a4 a5 a6","fail"}
{"a1 a2 a4 a5 a5 a6","fail"}
{"a1 a2 a4 a5 a6 a7","fail"}
{"your ad here","fail"}
parse:
{
    expr = term { plus term } .
    term = factor { times factor } .
    factor = number | '(' expr ')' .

    plus = "+" | "-" .
    times = "*" | "/" .

    number = digit { digit } .
    digit = "0" | "1" | "2" | "3" | "4" | "5" | "6" | "7" | "8" | "9" .
} ===>
{{"expr", 1,
  {{"ident", "term", 2},
   {"repeat", {{"ident", "plus", 3}, {"ident", "term", 2}}}}},
 {"term", 2,
  {{"ident", "factor", 4},
   {"repeat", {{"ident", "times", 5}, {"ident", "factor", 4}}}}},
 {"factor", 4,
  {"or", {"ident", "number", 6},
   {{"terminal", "("}, {"ident", "expr", 1}, {"terminal", ")"}}}},
 {"plus", 3, {"or", {"terminal", "+"}, {"terminal", "-"}}},
 {"times", 5, {"or", {"terminal", "*"}, {"terminal", "/"}}},
 {"number", 6, {{"ident", "digit", 7}, {"repeat", {"ident", "digit", 7}}}},
 {"digit", 7,
  {"or", {"terminal", "0"}, {"terminal", "1"}, {"terminal", "2"},
   {"terminal", "3"}, {"terminal", "4"}, {"terminal", "5"},
   {"terminal", "6"}, {"terminal", "7"}, {"terminal", "8"},
   {"terminal", "9"}}}}
"tests:"
{"2","pass"}
{"2*3 + 4/23 - 7","pass"}
{"(3 + 4) * 6-2+(4*(4))","pass"}
{"-2","fail"}
{"3 +","fail"}
{"(4 + 3","fail"}
parse: a = "1" ===>
"invalid ebnf (missing opening {)"
parse: { a = "1" ; ===>
"invalid ebnf (missing closing })"
parse: { hello world = "1"; } ===>
"invalid ebnf (= expected)"
parse: { foo = bar . } ===>
"invalid ebnf (undefined:bar)"

PicoLisp

<lang PicoLisp>(de EBNF 

  "expr  : term ( ( PLUS | MINUS )  term )* ;"
  "term  : factor ( ( MULT | DIV ) factor )* ;"
  "factor   : NUMBER ;" )

(for E EBNF 

  (use (@S @E)
     (unless (and (match '(@S : @E ;) (str E)) (not (cdr @S)))
        (quit "Invalid EBNF" E) )
     (put (car @S) 'ebnf @E) ) )</lang>

<lang PicoLisp>(de matchEbnf (Pat) 

  (cond
     ((asoq Pat '((PLUS . +) (MINUS . -) (MULT . *) (DIV . /)))
        (let Op (cdr @)
           (when (= Op (car *Lst))
              (pop '*Lst)
              Op ) ) )
     ((== 'NUMBER Pat)
        (cond
           ((num? (car *Lst))
              (pop '*Lst)
              @ )
           ((and (= "-" (car *Lst)) (num? (cadr *Lst)))
              (setq *Lst (cddr *Lst))
              (- @) ) ) )
     ((get Pat 'ebnf) (parseLst @))
     ((atom Pat))
     (T
        (loop
           (T (matchEbnf (pop 'Pat)) @)
           (NIL Pat)
           (NIL (== '| (pop 'Pat)))
           (NIL Pat) ) ) ) )

(de parseLst (Pat) 

  (let (P (pop 'Pat)  X (matchEbnf P))
     (loop
        (NIL Pat)
        (if (n== '* (cadr Pat))
           (if (matchEbnf (pop 'Pat))
              (setq X (list @ X))
              (throw) )
           (loop
              (NIL *Lst)
              (NIL (matchEbnf (car Pat)))
              (setq X (list @ X (or (matchEbnf P) (throw)))) )
           (setq Pat (cddr Pat)) ) )
     X ) )

(de parseEbnf (Str) 

  (let *Lst (str Str "")
     (catch NIL
        (parseLst (get 'expr 'ebnf)) ) ) )</lang>

Output: 

: (parseEbnf "1 + 2 * -3 / 7 - 3 * 4")
-> (- (+ 1 (/ (* 2 -3) 7)) (* 3 4))

Raku

(formerly Perl 6)

Works with: Rakudo version 2019.03.1

This parses the EBNF rule set using a Raku grammar, then if it parses as valid EBNF, constructs a grammar and parses the test strings with that. EBNF rule sets that are naively syntactically correct but missing rules will parse as valid but will give a runtime failure warning about missing methods. It is implemented and exercised using the flavor of EBNF and test cases specified on the test page.

<lang perl6> 

# A Raku grammar to parse EBNF
grammar EBNF {
 rule         TOP { ^ <title>? '{' [ <production> ]+ '}' <comment>? $ }
 rule  production { <name> '=' <expression> <[.;]> }
 rule  expression { <term> +% "|" }
 rule        term { <factor>+ }
 rule      factor { <group> | <repeat> | <optional> | <identifier> | <literal> }
 rule       group { '(' <expression> ')' }
 rule      repeat { '{' <expression> '}' }
 rule    optional { '[' <expression> ']' }
 token identifier { <-[\|\(\)\{\}\[\]\.\;\"\'\s]>+ } #"
 token    literal { ["'" <-[']>+ "'" | '"' <-["]>+ '"'] } #"
 token      title { <literal> }
 token    comment { <literal> }
 token       name { <identifier>  <?before \h* '='> }
}

class EBNF::Actions {
   method        TOP($/) { 
                           say "Syntax Tree:\n", $/; # Dump the syntax tree to STDOUT
                           make 'grammar ' ~
                             ($<title> ?? $<title>.subst(/\W/, , :g) !! 'unnamed') ~
                             " \{\n rule TOP \{^[<" ~ $/<production>[0]<name> ~
                             ">]+\$\}\n " ~ $<production>>>.ast ~ "\}"
                         }
   method production($/) { 
                           make 'token ' ~ $<name> ~ ' {' ~
                             $<expression>.ast ~ "}\n"
                         }
   method expression($/) { make join '|', $<term>>>.ast }
   method       term($/) { make join '\h*', $<factor>>>.ast }
   method     factor($/) { 
                           make $<literal>  ?? $<literal> !!
                             $<group>    ?? '[' ~ $<group>.ast    ~ ']'  !!
                             $<repeat>   ?? '[' ~ $<repeat>.ast   ~ '\\s*]*' !!
                             $<optional> ?? '[' ~ $<optional>.ast ~ ']?' !!
                             '<' ~ $<identifier> ~ '>'
                         }
   method     repeat($/) { make $<expression>.ast }
   method   optional($/) { make $<expression>.ast }
   method      group($/) { make $<expression>.ast }
}

# An array of test cases
my @tests = (
   {
       ebnf => 
           q<"a" {
               a = "a1" ( "a2" | "a3" ) { "a4" } [ "a5" ] "a6" ;
           } "z">
       ,
       teststrings => [
           'a1a3a4a4a5a6',
           'a1 a2a6',
           'a1 a3 a4 a6',
           'a1 a4 a5 a6',
           'a1 a2 a4 a4 a5 a6',
           'a1 a2 a4 a5 a5 a6',
           'a1 a2 a4 a5 a6 a7',
           'your ad here' 
       ]
   },
   {
       ebnf =>
           q<{
               expr = term { plus term } .
               term = factor { times factor } .
               factor = number | '(' expr ')' .

               plus = "+" | "-" .
               times = "*" | "/" .

               number = digit { digit } .
               digit = "0" | "1" | "2" | "3" | "4" | "5" | "6" | "7" | "8" | "9" .
           }>
       ,
       teststrings => [
           '2',
           '2*3 + 4/23 - 7',
           '(3 + 4) * 6-2+(4*(4))',
           '-2',
           '3 +',
           '(4 + 3'
       ]
   },
   {
       ebnf => q<a = "1";>,
       teststrings => ['foobar']
   },
   {
       ebnf => q<{ a = "1" ;>,
       teststrings => ['foobar']
   },
   {
       ebnf => q<{ hello world = "1"; }>,
       teststrings => ['foobar']
   },
   {
       ebnf => q<{ foo = bar . }>,
       teststrings => ['foobar']
   }
);

# Test the parser.
my $i = 1;
for @tests -> $test {
   unless EBNF.parse($test<ebnf>) {
        say "Parsing EBNF grammar:\n";
        say "{$test<ebnf>.subst(/^^\h*/,,:g)}\n";
        say "Invalid syntax. Can not be parsed.\n";
        say '*' x 79;
        next;
   }
   my $p = EBNF.parse($test<ebnf>, :actions(EBNF::Actions));
   my $grammar = $p.ast;
   $grammar ~~ m/^'grammar '(\w+)/;
   my $title = $0;
   my $fn = 'EBNFtest'~$i++;
   my $fh = open($fn, :w) orelse .die;
   $fh.say( "\{\n", $grammar );
   $fh.say( qq|say "Parsing EBNF grammar '$title':\\n";| );
   $fh.say( qq|say q<{$test<ebnf>.subst(/^^\h*/,,:g)}>;| );
   $fh.say(  q|say "\nValid syntax.\n\nTesting:\n";| );
   $fh.say(  q|CATCH { default { say " - $_" } };| );
   my $len = max $test<teststrings>.flat>>.chars;
   for $test<teststrings>.flat -> $s {
       $fh.say( qq|printf "%{$len}s", '{$s}';| ~
                qq|printf " - %s\\n", {$title}.parse('{$s}')| ~
                qq| ?? 'valid.' !! 'NOT valid.';|
              );
   }
   $fh.say( qq| "\\n"} |);
   $fh.close;
   say qqx/raku $fn/;
   say '*' x 79, "\n";
   unlink $fn;
}

</lang>

Output: 

Syntax Tree:
｢"a" {
                a = "a1" ( "a2" | "a3" ) { "a4" } [ "a5" ] "a6" ;
            } "z"｣
 title => ｢"a"｣
  literal => ｢"a"｣
 production => ｢a = "a1" ( "a2" | "a3" ) { "a4" } [ "a5" ] "a6" ;
            ｣
  name => ｢a｣
   identifier => ｢a｣
  expression => ｢"a1" ( "a2" | "a3" ) { "a4" } [ "a5" ] "a6" ｣
   term => ｢"a1" ( "a2" | "a3" ) { "a4" } [ "a5" ] "a6" ｣
    factor => ｢"a1" ｣
     literal => ｢"a1"｣
    factor => ｢( "a2" | "a3" ) ｣
     group => ｢( "a2" | "a3" ) ｣
      expression => ｢"a2" | "a3" ｣
       term => ｢"a2" ｣
        factor => ｢"a2" ｣
         literal => ｢"a2"｣
       term => ｢ "a3" ｣
        factor => ｢"a3" ｣
         literal => ｢"a3"｣
    factor => ｢{ "a4" } ｣
     repeat => ｢{ "a4" } ｣
      expression => ｢"a4" ｣
       term => ｢"a4" ｣
        factor => ｢"a4" ｣
         literal => ｢"a4"｣
    factor => ｢[ "a5" ] ｣
     optional => ｢[ "a5" ] ｣
      expression => ｢"a5" ｣
       term => ｢"a5" ｣
        factor => ｢"a5" ｣
         literal => ｢"a5"｣
    factor => ｢"a6" ｣
     literal => ｢"a6"｣
 comment => ｢"z"｣
  literal => ｢"z"｣

Parsing EBNF grammar 'a':

"a" {
a = "a1" ( "a2" | "a3" ) { "a4" } [ "a5" ] "a6" ;
} "z"

Valid syntax.

Testing:

     a1a3a4a4a5a6 - valid.
          a1 a2a6 - valid.
      a1 a3 a4 a6 - valid.
      a1 a4 a5 a6 - NOT valid.
a1 a2 a4 a4 a5 a6 - valid.
a1 a2 a4 a5 a5 a6 - NOT valid.
a1 a2 a4 a5 a6 a7 - NOT valid.
     your ad here - NOT valid.

*******************************************************************************

Syntax Tree:
｢{
                expr = term { plus term } .
                term = factor { times factor } .
                factor = number | '(' expr ')' .

                plus = "+" | "-" .
                times = "*" | "/" .

                number = digit { digit } .
                digit = "0" | "1" | "2" | "3" | "4" | "5" | "6" | "7" | "8" | "9" .
            }｣
 production => ｢expr = term { plus term } .
                ｣
  name => ｢expr｣
   identifier => ｢expr｣
  expression => ｢term { plus term } ｣
   term => ｢term { plus term } ｣
    factor => ｢term ｣
     identifier => ｢term｣
    factor => ｢{ plus term } ｣
     repeat => ｢{ plus term } ｣
      expression => ｢plus term ｣
       term => ｢plus term ｣
        factor => ｢plus ｣
         identifier => ｢plus｣
        factor => ｢term ｣
         identifier => ｢term｣
 production => ｢term = factor { times factor } .
                ｣
  name => ｢term｣
   identifier => ｢term｣
  expression => ｢factor { times factor } ｣
   term => ｢factor { times factor } ｣
    factor => ｢factor ｣
     identifier => ｢factor｣
    factor => ｢{ times factor } ｣
     repeat => ｢{ times factor } ｣
      expression => ｢times factor ｣
       term => ｢times factor ｣
        factor => ｢times ｣
         identifier => ｢times｣
        factor => ｢factor ｣
         identifier => ｢factor｣
 production => ｢factor = number | '(' expr ')' .

                ｣
  name => ｢factor｣
   identifier => ｢factor｣
  expression => ｢number | '(' expr ')' ｣
   term => ｢number ｣
    factor => ｢number ｣
     identifier => ｢number｣
   term => ｢ '(' expr ')' ｣
    factor => ｢'(' ｣
     literal => ｢'('｣
    factor => ｢expr ｣
     identifier => ｢expr｣
    factor => ｢')' ｣
     literal => ｢')'｣
 production => ｢plus = "+" | "-" .
                ｣
  name => ｢plus｣
   identifier => ｢plus｣
  expression => ｢"+" | "-" ｣
   term => ｢"+" ｣
    factor => ｢"+" ｣
     literal => ｢"+"｣
   term => ｢ "-" ｣
    factor => ｢"-" ｣
     literal => ｢"-"｣
 production => ｢times = "*" | "/" .

                ｣
  name => ｢times｣
   identifier => ｢times｣
  expression => ｢"*" | "/" ｣
   term => ｢"*" ｣
    factor => ｢"*" ｣
     literal => ｢"*"｣
   term => ｢ "/" ｣
    factor => ｢"/" ｣
     literal => ｢"/"｣
 production => ｢number = digit { digit } .
                ｣
  name => ｢number｣
   identifier => ｢number｣
  expression => ｢digit { digit } ｣
   term => ｢digit { digit } ｣
    factor => ｢digit ｣
     identifier => ｢digit｣
    factor => ｢{ digit } ｣
     repeat => ｢{ digit } ｣
      expression => ｢digit ｣
       term => ｢digit ｣
        factor => ｢digit ｣
         identifier => ｢digit｣
 production => ｢digit = "0" | "1" | "2" | "3" | "4" | "5" | "6" | "7" | "8" | "9" .
            ｣
  name => ｢digit｣
   identifier => ｢digit｣
  expression => ｢"0" | "1" | "2" | "3" | "4" | "5" | "6" | "7" | "8" | "9" ｣
   term => ｢"0" ｣
    factor => ｢"0" ｣
     literal => ｢"0"｣
   term => ｢ "1" ｣
    factor => ｢"1" ｣
     literal => ｢"1"｣
   term => ｢ "2" ｣
    factor => ｢"2" ｣
     literal => ｢"2"｣
   term => ｢ "3" ｣
    factor => ｢"3" ｣
     literal => ｢"3"｣
   term => ｢ "4" ｣
    factor => ｢"4" ｣
     literal => ｢"4"｣
   term => ｢ "5" ｣
    factor => ｢"5" ｣
     literal => ｢"5"｣
   term => ｢ "6" ｣
    factor => ｢"6" ｣
     literal => ｢"6"｣
   term => ｢ "7" ｣
    factor => ｢"7" ｣
     literal => ｢"7"｣
   term => ｢ "8" ｣
    factor => ｢"8" ｣
     literal => ｢"8"｣
   term => ｢ "9" ｣
    factor => ｢"9" ｣
     literal => ｢"9"｣

Parsing EBNF grammar 'unnamed':

{
expr = term { plus term } .
term = factor { times factor } .
factor = number | '(' expr ')' .

plus = "+" | "-" .
times = "*" | "/" .

number = digit { digit } .
digit = "0" | "1" | "2" | "3" | "4" | "5" | "6" | "7" | "8" | "9" .
}

Valid syntax.

Testing:

                    2 - valid.
       2*3 + 4/23 - 7 - valid.
(3 + 4) * 6-2+(4*(4)) - valid.
                   -2 - NOT valid.
                  3 + - NOT valid.
               (4 + 3 - NOT valid.

*******************************************************************************

Parsing EBNF grammar:

a = "1";

Invalid syntax. Can not be parsed.

*******************************************************************************
Parsing EBNF grammar:

{ a = "1" ;

Invalid syntax. Can not be parsed.

*******************************************************************************
Parsing EBNF grammar:

{ hello world = "1"; }

Invalid syntax. Can not be parsed.

*******************************************************************************
Syntax Tree:
｢{ foo = bar . }｣
 production => ｢foo = bar . ｣
  name => ｢foo｣
   identifier => ｢foo｣
  expression => ｢bar ｣
   term => ｢bar ｣
    factor => ｢bar ｣
     identifier => ｢bar｣

Parsing EBNF grammar 'unnamed':

{ foo = bar . }

Valid syntax.

Testing:

foobar - No such method 'bar' for invocant of type 'unnamed'

*******************************************************************************

Ruby

This example is under development. It was marked thus on 12/May/2011. Please help complete the example.
This example is incomplete. The tokenizer is here, but the parser is very incomplete. Please ensure that it meets all task requirements and remove this message.

<lang ruby>#--

  1. The tokenizer splits the input into Tokens like "identifier",
  2. ":", ")*" and so on. This design uses a StringScanner on each line of
  3. input, therefore a Token can never span more than one line.
  5. Each Token knows its original line and position, so an error message
  6. can locate a bad token.
  7. ++

require 'strscan'

  1. A line of input.
  2. where:: A location like "file.txt:3"
  3. str:: String of this line

Line = Struct.new :where, :str

  1. A token.
  2. cat:: A category like :colon, :ident or so on
  3. str:: String of this token
  4. line:: Line containing this token
  5. pos:: Position of this token within this line

Token = Struct.new :cat, :str, :line, :pos

  1. Reads and returns the next Token. At end of file, returns nil.
  2. --
  3. Needs @filename and @in.
  4. ++

def next_token 

 # Loop until we reach a Token.
 loop do
   # If at end of line, then get next line, or else declare end of
   # file.
   if @scanner.eos?
     if s = @in.gets
       # Each line needs a new Line object. Tokens can hold references
       # to old Line objects.
       @line = Line.new("#{@filename}:#{@in.lineno}", s)
       @scanner.string = s
     else
       return nil  # End of file
     end
   end

   # Skip whitespace.
   break unless @scanner.skip(/space:+/)
 end

 # Read token by regular expression.
 if s = @scanner.scan(/:/)
   c = :colon
 elsif s = @scanner.scan(/;/)
   c = :semicolon
 elsif s = @scanner.scan(/\(/)
   c = :paren
 elsif s = @scanner.scan(/\)\?/)
   c = :option
 elsif s = @scanner.scan(/\)\*/)
   c = :repeat
 elsif s = @scanner.scan(/\)/)
   c = :group
 elsif s = @scanner.scan(/\|/)
   c = :bar
 elsif s = @scanner.scan(/alpha:alnum:*/)
   c = :ident
 elsif s = @scanner.scan(/'[^']*'|"[^"]*"/)
   # Fix syntax highlighting for Rosetta Code. => '
   c = :string
 elsif s = @scanner.scan(/'[^']*|"[^"]*/)
   c = :bad_string
 elsif s = @scanner.scan(/.*/)
   c = :unknown
 end

 Token.new(c, s, @line, (@scanner.pos - s.length))

end

  1. Prints a _message_ to standard error, along with location of _token_.

def error(token, message) 

 line = token.line

 # We print a caret ^ pointing at the bad token. We make a very crude
 # attempt to align the caret ^ in the correct column. If the input
 # line has a non-[:print:] character, like a tab, then we print it as
 # a space.
 STDERR.puts <<EOF
  1. {line.where}: #{message}
  2. {line.str.gsub(/[^[:print:]]/, " ")}
  3. {" " * token.pos}^

EOF end


  1. --
  2. The parser converts Tokens to a Grammar object. The parser also
  3. detects syntax errors.
  4. ++
  1. A parsed EBNF grammar. It is an Array of Productions.

class Grammar < Array; end

  1. A production.
  2. ident:: The identifier
  3. alts:: An Array of Alternatives

Production = Struct.new :ident, :alts

  1. An array of Alternatives, as from "(a | b)".

class Group < Array; end

  1. An optional group, as from "(a | b)?".

class OptionalGroup < Group; end

  1. A repeated group, as from "(a | b)*".

class RepeatedGroup < Group; end

  1. An array of identifiers and string literals.

class Alternative < Array; end

  1. --
  2. Needs @filename and @in.
  3. ++

def parse 

 # TODO: this only dumps the tokens.
 while t = next_token
   error(t, "#{t.cat}")
 end

end

  1. Set @filename and @in. Parse input.

case ARGV.length when 0 then @filename = "-" when 1 then @filename = ARGV[0] else fail "Too many arguments" end open(@filename) do |f| 

 @in = f
 @scanner = StringScanner.new("")
 parse

end </lang>

Tcl

This example is in need of improvement:

This is not an EBNF parser. It never uses EBNF. It is a calculator parser, but there is already a calculator parser at Arithmetic evaluation#Tcl. One should adjust this solution to parse the EBNF language, not the calculator language.

Demonstration lexer and parser. Note that this parser supports parenthesized expressions, making the grammar recursive. <lang tcl>package require Tcl 8.6

  1. Utilities to make the coroutine easier to use

proc provide args {while {![yield $args]} {yield}} proc next lexer {$lexer 1} proc pushback lexer {$lexer 0}

  1. Lexical analyzer coroutine core

proc lexer {str} { 

   yield [info coroutine]
   set symbols {+ PLUS - MINUS * MULT / DIV ( LPAR ) RPAR}
   set idx 0
   while 1 {

switch -regexp -matchvar m -- $str { {^\s+} { # No special action for whitespace } {^([-+*/()])} { provide [dict get $symbols [lindex $m 1]] [lindex $m 1] $idx } {^(\d+)} { provide NUMBER [lindex $m 1] $idx } {^$} { provide EOT "EOT" $idx return } . { provide PARSE_ERROR [lindex $m 0] $idx } } # Trim the matched string set str [string range $str [string length [lindex $m 0]] end] incr idx [string length [lindex $m 0]] 

   }

}

  1. Utility functions to help with making an LL(1) parser; ParseLoop handles
  2. EBNF looping constructs, ParseSeq handles sequence constructs.

proc ParseLoop {lexer def} { 

   upvar 1 token token payload payload index index
   foreach {a b} $def {

if {$b ne "-"} {set b [list set c $b]} lappend m $a $b 

   }
   lappend m default {pushback $lexer; break}
   while 1 {

lassign [next $lexer] token payload index switch -- $token {*}$m if {[set c [catch {uplevel 1 $c} res opt]]} { dict set opt -level [expr {[dict get $opt -level]+1}] return -options $opt $res } 

   }

} proc ParseSeq {lexer def} { 

   upvar 1 token token payload payload index index
   foreach {t s} $def {

lassign [next $lexer] token payload index switch -- $token $t { if {[set c [catch {uplevel 1 $s} res opt]]} { dict set opt -level [expr {[dict get $opt -level]+1}] return -options $opt $res } } EOT { throw SYNTAX "end of text at position $index" } default { throw SYNTAX "\"$payload\" at position $index" } 

   }

}

  1. Main parser driver; contains "master" grammar that ensures that the whole
  2. text is matched and not just a prefix substring. Note also that the parser
  3. runs the lexer as a coroutine (with a fixed name in this basic demonstration
  4. code).

proc parse {str} { 

   set lexer [coroutine l lexer $str]
   try {

set parsed [parse.expr $lexer] ParseLoop $lexer { EOT { return $parsed } } throw SYNTAX "\"$payload\" at position $index" 

   } trap SYNTAX msg {

return -code error "syntax error: $msg" 

   } finally {

catch {rename $lexer ""} 

   }

}

  1. Now the descriptions of how to match each production in the grammar...

proc parse.expr {lexer} { 

   set expr [parse.term $lexer]
   ParseLoop $lexer {

PLUS - MINUS { set expr [list $token $expr [parse.term $lexer]] } 

   }
   return $expr

} proc parse.term {lexer} { 

   set term [parse.factor $lexer]
   ParseLoop $lexer {

MULT - DIV { set term [list $token $term [parse.factor $lexer]] } 

   }
   return $term

} proc parse.factor {lexer} { 

   ParseLoop $lexer {

NUMBER { return $payload } MINUS { ParseSeq $lexer { NUMBER {return -$payload} } } LPAR { set result [parse.expr $lexer] ParseSeq $lexer { RPAR {return $result} } break } EOT { throw SYNTAX "end of text at position $index" } 

   }
   throw SYNTAX "\"$payload\" at position $index"

}</lang>

<lang tcl># Demonstration code puts [parse "1 - 2 - -3 * 4 + 5"] puts [parse "1 - 2 - -3 * (4 + 5)"]</lang> Output: 

PLUS {MINUS {MINUS 1 2} {MULT -3 4}} 5
MINUS {MINUS 1 2} {MULT -3 {PLUS 4 5}}

Wren

Translation of: Phix
Library: Wren-fmt
Library: Wren-trait
Library: Wren-str
Library: Wren-seq

Translated via the Go entry. <lang ecmascript>import "/fmt" for Conv, Fmt import "/trait" for Stepped import "/str" for Char import "/seq" for Lst

var src = "" var ch = "" var sdx = 0 var token = null var isSeq = false var err = false var idents = [] var ididx = [] var productions = [] var extras = [] var results = ["pass", "fail"]

var invalid = Fn.new { |msg| 

   err = true
   System.print(msg)
   sdx = src.count // set to EOF
   return -1

}

var skipSpaces = Fn.new { 

   while (true) {
       if (sdx >= src.count) return
       ch = src[sdx]
       if (!" \t\r\n".contains(ch)) return
       sdx = sdx + 1
   }

}

var getToken = Fn.new { 

   // Yields a single character token, one of {}()[]|=.;
   // or {"terminal",string} or {"ident", string} or -1.
   skipSpaces.call()
   if (sdx >= src.count) {
       token = -1
       isSeq = false
       return
   }
   var tokstart = sdx
   if ("{}()[]|=.;".contains(ch)) {
       sdx = sdx + 1
       token = ch
       isSeq = false
   } else if (ch == "\"" || ch == "'") {
       var closech = ch
       for (tokend in Stepped.ascend(sdx + 1...src.count)) {
           if (src[tokend] == closech) {
               sdx = tokend + 1
               token = ["terminal", src[tokstart+1...tokend]]
               isSeq = true
               return
           }
       }
       token = invalid.call("no closing quote")
       isSeq = false
   } else if (Char.isAsciiLower(ch)) {
       // To simplify things for the purposes of this task,
       // identifiers are strictly a-z only, not A-Z or 1-9.
       while (true) {
           sdx = sdx + 1
           if (sdx >= src.count) break
           ch = src[sdx]
           if (!Char.isAsciiLower(ch)) break
       }
       token = ["ident", src[tokstart...sdx]]
       isSeq = true
   } else {
       token = invalid.call("invalid ebnf")
       isSeq = false
   }

}

var matchToken = Fn.new { |ch| 

   if (token != ch) {
       token = invalid.call("invalid ebnf (%(ch) expected)")
       isSeq = false
   } else {
       getToken.call()
   }

}

var addIdent = Fn.new { |ident| 

   var k = -1
   var i = 0
   for (id in idents) {
       if (id == ident) {
           k = i
           break
       }
       i =  i + 1
   }
   if (k == -1) {
       idents.add(ident)
       k = idents.count - 1
       ididx.add(-1)
   }
   return k

}

var expression // forward declaration

var factor = Fn.new { 

   var res
   if (isSeq) {
       if (token[0] == "ident") {
           var idx = addIdent.call(token[1])
           token.add(idx)
       }
       res = token
       getToken.call()
   } else if (token == "[") {
       getToken.call()
       res = ["optional", expression.call()]
       matchToken.call("]")
   } else if (token == "(") {
       getToken.call()
       res = expression.call()
       matchToken.call(")")
   } else if (token == "{") {
       getToken.call()
       res = ["repeat", expression.call()]
       matchToken.call("}")
   } else {
       Fiber.abort("invalid token in factor() function")
   }
   if (res is Sequence && res.count == 1) return res[0]
   return res

}

var term = Fn.new { 

   var res = [factor.call()]
   var tokens = [-1, "|", ".", ";", ")", "]", "}"]
   while (true) {
       var outer = false
       for (t in tokens) {
           if (t == token) {
               outer = true
               break
           }
       }
       if (outer) break
       res.add(factor.call())
   }
   if (res.count == 1) return res[0]
   return res

}

// declared earlier expression = Fn.new { 

   var res = [term.call()]
   if (token == "|") {
       res = ["or", res[0]]
       while (token == "|") {
           getToken.call()
           res.add(term.call())
       }
   }
   if (res.count == 1) return res[0]
   return res

}

var production = Fn.new { 

   // Returns a token or -1; the real result is left in 'productions' etc,
   getToken.call()
   if (token != "}") {
       if (token == -1) return invalid.call("invalid ebnf (missing closing })")
       if (!isSeq) return -1
       if (token[0] != "ident") return -1
       var ident = token[1]
       var idx = addIdent.call(ident)
       getToken.call()
       matchToken.call("=")
       if (token == -1) return -1
       productions.add([ident, idx, expression.call()])
       ididx[idx] = productions.count - 1
   }
   return token

}

// Adjusts Wren's normal printing of lists to look more like Phix output. var pprint = Fn.new { |ob, header| 

   Fmt.print("\n$s:", header)
   var quote // recursive closure
   quote = Fn.new { |list|
       for (i in 0...list.count) {
           if (list[i] is String) {
               list[i] = Fmt.swrite("$q", list[i])
           } else if (list[i] is List) quote.call(list[i])
        }
   }
   var obs
   if (ob is String) {
       obs = Fmt.swrite("$q", ob)
   } else if (ob is List) {
       obs = Lst.clone(ob)
       quote.call(obs)
   }
   var pp = obs.toString
   pp = pp.replace("[", "{")
   pp = pp.replace("]", "}")
   for (i in 0...idents.count) {
       var xs = Fmt.swrite("'\\x$02d'", i)
       pp = pp.replace(xs, i.toString)
   }
   System.print(pp)

}

var parse = Fn.new { |ebnf| 

   // Returns +1 if ok, -1 if bad.
   System.print("parse:\n%(ebnf) ===>")
   err = false
   src = ebnf
   sdx = 0
   idents.clear()
   ididx.clear()
   productions.clear()
   extras.clear()
   getToken.call()
   if (isSeq) {
       token[0] = "title"
       extras.add(token)
       getToken.call()
   }
   if (token != "{") return invalid.call("invalid ebnf (missing opening {)")
   while (true) {
       token = production.call()
       if (token == "}" || token == -1) break
   }
   getToken.call()
   if (isSeq) {
       token[0] = "comment"
       extras.add(token)
       getToken.call()
   }
   if (token != -1) return invalid.call("invalid ebnf (missing eof?)")
   if (err) return -1
   var k = -1
   var i = 0
   for (idx in ididx) {
       if (idx == -1) {
           k = i
           break
       }
       i = i + 1
   }
   if (k != -1) return invalid.call("invalid ebnf (undefined:%(idents[k]))")
   pprint.call(productions, "productions")
   pprint.call(idents, "idents")
   pprint.call(ididx, "ididx")
   pprint.call(extras, "extras")
   return 1

}

// The rules that applies() has to deal with are: // {factors} - if rule[0] is not string, // just apply one after the other recursively. // {"terminal", "a1"} -- literal constants // {"or", <e1>, <e2>, ...} -- (any) one of n // {"repeat", <e1>} -- as per "{}" in ebnf // {"optional", <e1>} -- as per "[]" in ebnf // {"ident", <name>, idx} -- apply the sub-rule var applies // recursive function applies = Fn.new { |rule| 

   var wasSdx = sdx // in case of failure
   var r1 = rule[0]
   if (!(r1 is String)) {
       for (i in 0...rule.count) {
           if (!applies.call(rule[i])) {
               sdx = wasSdx
               return false
           }
       }
   } else if (r1 == "terminal") {
       skipSpaces.call()
       var r2 = rule[1]
       for (i in 0...r2.count) {
           if (sdx >= src.count || src[sdx] != r2[i]) {
               sdx = wasSdx
               return false
           }
           sdx = sdx + 1
       }
   } else if (r1 == "or") {
       for (i in Stepped.ascend(1...rule.count)) {
           if (applies.call(rule[i])) return true
       }
       sdx = wasSdx
       return false
   } else if (r1 == "repeat") {
       while (applies.call(rule[1])) {}
   } else if (r1 == "optional") {
       applies.call(rule[1])
   } else if (r1 == "ident") {
       var i = rule[2]
       var ii = ididx[i]
       if (!(applies.call(productions[ii][2]))) {
           sdx = wasSdx
           return false
       }
   } else {
       Fiber.abort("invalid rule in applies() function")
   }
   return true

}

var checkValid = Fn.new { |test| 

   src = test
   sdx = 0
   var res = applies.call(productions[0][2])
   skipSpaces.call()
   if (sdx < src.count) res = false
   Fmt.print("$q, $s", test, results[1-Conv.btoi(res)])

}

var ebnfs = [ 

   """"a" {
   a = "a1" ( "a2" | "a3" ) { "a4" } [ "a5" ] "a6" ;

} "z" """, 

   """{
   expr = term { plus term } .
   term = factor { times factor } .
   factor = number | '(' expr ')' .

   plus = "+" | "-" .
   times = "*" | "/" .

   number = digit { digit } .
   digit = "0" | "1" | "2" | "3" | "4" | "5" | "6" | "7" | "8" | "9" .

}""", 

   "a = \"1\"",
   """{ a = "1" ;""",
   """{ hello world = "1"; }""",
   """{ foo = bar . }"""

]

var tests = [ 

   [
       "a1a3a4a4a5a6",
       "a1 a2a6",
       "a1 a3 a4 a6",
       "a1 a4 a5 a6",
       "a1 a2 a4 a5 a5 a6",
       "a1 a2 a4 a5 a6 a7",
       "your ad here"
   ],
   [
       "2",
       "2*3 + 4/23 - 7",
       "(3 + 4) * 6-2+(4*(4))",
       "-2",
       "3 +",
       "(4 + 3"
   ]

]

var i = 0 for (ebnf in ebnfs) { 

   if (parse.call(ebnf) == 1) {
       System.print("\ntests:")
       for (test in tests[i]) checkValid.call(test)
   }
   System.print()
   i = i + 1

}</lang>

Output:
parse:
"a" {
    a = "a1" ( "a2" | "a3" ) { "a4" } [ "a5" ] "a6" ;
} "z"  ===>

productions:
{{"a", 0, {{"terminal", "a1"}, {"or", {"terminal", "a2"}, {"terminal", "a3"}}, {"repeat", {"terminal", "a4"}}, {"optional", {"terminal", "a5"}}, {"terminal", "a6"}}}}

idents:
{"a"}

ididx:
{0}

extras:
{{"title", "a"}, {"comment", "z"}}

tests:
"a1a3a4a4a5a6", pass
"a1 a2a6", pass
"a1 a3 a4 a6", pass
"a1 a4 a5 a6", fail
"a1 a2 a4 a5 a5 a6", fail
"a1 a2 a4 a5 a6 a7", fail
"your ad here", fail

parse:
{
    expr = term { plus term } .
    term = factor { times factor } .
    factor = number | '(' expr ')' .

    plus = "+" | "-" .
    times = "*" | "/" .

    number = digit { digit } .
    digit = "0" | "1" | "2" | "3" | "4" | "5" | "6" | "7" | "8" | "9" .
} ===>

productions:
{{"expr", 0, {{"ident", "term", 1}, {"repeat", {{"ident", "plus", 2}, {"ident", "term", 1}}}}}, {"term", 1, {{"ident", "factor", 3}, {"repeat", {{"ident", "times", 4}, {"ident", "factor", 3}}}}}, {"factor", 3, {"or", {"ident", "number", 5}, {{"terminal", "("}, {"ident", "expr", 0}, {"terminal", ")"}}}}, {"plus", 2, {"or", {"terminal", "+"}, {"terminal", "-"}}}, {"times", 4, {"or", {"terminal", "*"}, {"terminal", "/"}}}, {"number", 5, {{"ident", "digit", 6}, {"repeat", {"ident", "digit", 6}}}}, {"digit", 6, {"or", {"terminal", "0"}, {"terminal", "1"}, {"terminal", "2"}, {"terminal", "3"}, {"terminal", "4"}, {"terminal", "5"}, {"terminal", "6"}, {"terminal", "7"}, {"terminal", "8"}, {"terminal", "9"}}}}

idents:
{"expr", "term", "plus", "factor", "times", "number", "digit"}

ididx:
{0, 1, 3, 2, 4, 5, 6}

extras:
{}

tests:
"2", pass
"2*3 + 4/23 - 7", pass
"(3 + 4) * 6-2+(4*(4))", pass
"-2", fail
"3 +", fail
"(4 + 3", fail

parse:
a = "1" ===>
invalid ebnf (missing opening {)

parse:
{ a = "1" ; ===>
invalid ebnf (missing closing })

parse:
{ hello world = "1"; } ===>
invalid ebnf (= expected)

parse:
{ foo = bar . } ===>
invalid ebnf (undefined:bar)
Retrieved from "https://rosettacode.org/wiki/Parse_EBNF?oldid=326941"