Make directory path
You are encouraged to solve this task according to the task description, using any language you may know.
- Task
Create a directory and any missing parents.
This task is named after the posix mkdir -p command, and several libraries which implement the same behavior.
Please implement a function of a single path string (for example ./path/to/dir) which has the above side-effect.
If the directory already exists, return successfully.
Ideally implementations will work equally well cross-platform (on windows, linux, and OS X).
It's likely that your language implements such a function as part of its standard library. If so, please also show how such a function would be implemented.
AppleScript
AppleScript is not a cross-platform language so this is a macOS-only solution. In post-Yosemite AppleScript we can draw on the macOS Foundation classes, which include the NSFileManager method: `createDirectoryAtPath:withIntermediateDirectories:attributes:error:`
<lang AppleScript>use framework "Foundation" use scripting additions
-- createOrFindDirectoryMay :: Bool -> FilePath -> Maybe IO ()
on createOrFindDirectoryMay(fp)
createDirectoryIfMissingMay(true, fp)
end createOrFindDirectoryMay
-- createDirectoryIfMissingMay :: Bool -> FilePath -> Maybe IO ()
on createDirectoryIfMissingMay(blnParents, fp)
if doesPathExist(fp) then
nothing("Directory already exists: " & fp)
else
set e to reference
set ca to current application
set oPath to (ca's NSString's stringWithString:(fp))'s ¬
stringByStandardizingPath
set {bool, nse} to ca's NSFileManager's ¬
defaultManager's createDirectoryAtPath:(oPath) ¬
withIntermediateDirectories:(blnParents) ¬
attributes:(missing value) |error|:(e)
if bool then
just(fp)
else
nothing((localizedDescription of nse) as string)
end if
end if
end createDirectoryIfMissingMay
-- TEST ---------------------------------------------------------------------- on run
createOrFindDirectoryMay("~/Desktop/Notes/today")
end run
-- GENERIC FUNCTIONS ---------------------------------------------------------
-- doesPathExist :: FilePath -> IO Bool on doesPathExist(strPath)
set ca to current application
ca's NSFileManager's defaultManager's ¬
fileExistsAtPath:((ca's NSString's ¬
stringWithString:strPath)'s ¬
stringByStandardizingPath)
end doesPathExist
-- just :: a -> Just a on just(x)
{nothing:false, just:x}
end just
-- nothing :: () -> Nothing on nothing(msg)
{nothing:true, msg:msg}
end nothing</lang>
AWK
<lang AWK>
- syntax: GAWK -f MAKE_DIRECTORY_PATH.AWK path ...
BEGIN {
for (i=1; i<=ARGC-1; i++) {
path = ARGV[i]
msg = (make_dir_path(path) == 0) ? "created" : "exists"
printf("'%s' %s\n",path,msg)
}
exit(0)
} function make_dir_path(path, cmd) {
- cmd = sprintf("mkdir -p '%s'",path) # Unix
cmd = sprintf("MKDIR \"%s\" 2>NUL",path) # MS-Windows
return system(cmd)
} </lang>
sample command and output under Windows 8:
GAWK -f MAKE_DIRECTORY_PATH.AWK \TEMP\A \TEMP\A "\TEMP\A\B C" '\TEMP\A' created '\TEMP\A' exists '\TEMP\A\B C' created
C
<lang c>#include <stdio.h>
- include <stdlib.h>
- include <libgen.h>
- include <string.h>
- include <sys/stat.h>
- include <sys/types.h>
int main (int argc, char **argv) {
char *str, *s; struct stat statBuf;
if (argc != 2) {
fprintf (stderr, "usage: %s <path>\n", basename (argv[0]));
exit (1);
}
s = argv[1];
while ((str = strtok (s, "/")) != NULL) {
if (str != s) {
str[-1] = '/';
}
if (stat (argv[1], &statBuf) == -1) {
mkdir (argv[1], 0);
} else {
if (! S_ISDIR (statBuf.st_mode)) {
fprintf (stderr, "couldn't create directory %s\n", argv[1]);
exit (1);
}
}
s = NULL;
}
return 0;
}</lang>
C++
<lang cpp>
- include <filesystem>
- include <iostream>
namespace fs = std::experimental::filesystem;
int main(int argc, char* argv[]) { if(argc != 2) { std::cout << "usage: mkdir <path>\n"; return -1; }
fs::path pathToCreate(argv[1]);
if (fs::exists(pathToCreate)) return 0;
if (fs::create_directories(pathToCreate)) return 0; else { std::cout << "couldn't create directory: " << pathToCreate.string() << std::endl; return -1; } } </lang>
C#
<lang csharp>System.IO.Directory.CreateDirectory(path)</lang>
Common Lisp
<lang lisp> (ensure-directories-exist "your/path/name") </lang>
Clojure
<lang clojure>(defn mkdirp [path]
(let [dir (java.io.File. path)]
(if (.exists dir)
true
(.mkdirs dir))))</lang>
D
<lang D>import std.stdio;
void main() {
makeDir("parent/test");
}
/// Manual implementation of what mkdirRecurse in std.file does. void makeDir(string path) out {
import std.exception : enforce; import std.file : exists; enforce(path.exists, "Failed to create the requested directory.");
} body {
import std.array : array; import std.file; import std.path : pathSplitter, chainPath;
auto workdir = "";
foreach (dir; path.pathSplitter) {
workdir = chainPath(workdir, dir).array;
if (workdir.exists) {
if (!workdir.isDir) {
import std.conv : text;
throw new FileException(text("The file ", workdir, " in the path ", path, " is not a directory."));
}
} else {
workdir.mkdir();
}
}
}</lang>
Elixir
Tries to create the directory `path`. Missing parent directories are created. <lang elixir>File.mkdir_p("./path/to/dir")</lang>
ERRE
ERRE has the procedure "OS_MKDIR" in PC.LIB standard library, that creates a directory with all missing parents. Existing directory are simply ignored. <lang ERRE>OS_MKDIR("C:\EXAMPLES\03192015")</lang>
F#
The library function System.IO.Directory.CreateDirectory also returns a DirectoryInfo object of the deepest directory in the path.
In the F# REPL:
- Output:
> System.IO.Directory.CreateDirectory (System.IO.Directory.GetCurrentDirectory())
;;
val it : System.IO.DirectoryInfo =
Temp {Attributes = Directory;
CreationTime = 2016-06-01 04:12:25;
CreationTimeUtc = 2016-06-01 02:12:25;
Exists = true;
Extension = "";
FullName = "C:\Users\Kai\AppData\Local\Temp";
LastAccessTime = 2016-08-18 20:42:21;
LastAccessTimeUtc = 2016-08-18 18:42:21;
LastWriteTime = 2016-08-18 20:42:21;
LastWriteTimeUtc = 2016-08-18 18:42:21;
Name = "Temp";
Parent = Local;
Root = C:\;}
>
Gambas
<lang gambas>Public Sub Form_Open()
If Not Exist(User.home &/ "TestFolder") Then Mkdir User.Home &/ "TestFolder"
End</lang>
Go
The standard packages include os.MkdirAll which does exactly this (and its source is also available via that link). <lang go> os.MkdirAll("/tmp/some/path/to/dir", 0770)</lang>
Haskell
<lang Haskell> import System.Directory (createDirectory, setCurrentDirectory) import Data.List.Split (splitOn)
main :: IO () main = do
let path = splitOn "/" "path/to/dir" mapM_ (\x -> createDirectory x >> setCurrentDirectory x) path
</lang>
J
The verb pathcreate in the addon package general/dirutils will create any non-existing directories in a path. It works on Windows, Linux and OS X.
<lang J>require 'general/dirutils' pathcreate '/tmp/some/path/to/dir'</lang>
Code is similar to the following: <lang J>pathcreate=: monad define
todir=. termsep_j_ jpathsep y todirs=. }. ,each /\ <;.2 todir NB. base dirs msk=. -.direxist todirs NB. 1 for each non-existing dir msk=. 0 (i. msk i: 0)}msk dircreate msk#todirs NB. create non-existing base dirs
)
dircreate=: monad define
y=. boxxopen y msk=. -.direxist y if. -:$msk do. msk=. (#y)#msk end. res=. 1!:5 msk#y msk #inv ,res
)
direxist=: 2 = ftype&>@:boxopen</lang>
Java
The Java method for this is mkdirs and can be found in java.io.File. The source is in the src.zip of the JDK root directory. <lang java>import java.io.File;
public interface Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
File f = new File("C:/parent/test");
if (f.mkdirs())
System.out.println("path successfully created");
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}</lang>
JavaScript
Simplified version of the popular mkdirp library:
<lang Javascript>var path = require('path'); var fs = require('fs');
function mkdirp (p, cb) {
cb = cb || function () {};
p = path.resolve(p);
fs.mkdir(p, function (er) {
if (!er) {
return cb(null);
}
switch (er.code) {
case 'ENOENT':
// The directory doesn't exist. Make its parent and try again.
mkdirp(path.dirname(p), function (er) {
if (er) cb(er);
else mkdirp(p, cb);
});
break;
// In the case of any other error, something is borked.
default:
cb(er);
break;
}
});
}</lang>
Julia
<lang julia>mkpath("/tmp/unusefuldir/helloworld.d/test123")</lang>
Kotlin
<lang scala>// version 1.0.6
import java.io.File
fun main(args: Array<String>) {
// using built-in mkdirs() method
val success = File("./path/to/dir").mkdirs()
if (success) println("Directory path was created successfully")
else println("Failed to create directory path")
}</lang>
- Output:
Directory path was created successfully
Lua
The ubiquitous luafilesystem module contains lfs.mkdir but this does not have an option equivalent to the posix mkdir -p. Instead, the function shown here uses package.config to determine the correct directory separator for the OS and then iterates over the path string to create each individual folder in turn. <lang Lua>require("lfs")
function mkdir (path)
local sep, pStr = package.config:sub(1, 1), ""
for dir in path:gmatch("[^" .. sep .. "]+") do
pStr = pStr .. dir .. sep
lfs.mkdir(pStr)
end
end
mkdir("C:\\path\\to\\dir") -- Quoting backslashes requires escape sequence</lang> Note that attempting to run lfs.mkdir for a path that already exists writes no changes to disk and returns nil.
Mathematica
Creates directory specified by path, creating intermediate directories as necessary, and never fails if path already exists. <lang Mathematica>mkdirp[path_] := Quiet[CreateDirectory[path,{CreateIntermediateDirectories->True}],{CreateDirectory::filex}]</lang>
NewLISP
<lang newlisp>(define (mkdir-p mypath)
(if (= "/" (mypath 0)) ;; Abs or relative path?
(setf /? "/")
(setf /? "")
)
(setf path-components (clean empty? (parse mypath "/"))) ;; Split path and remove empty elements
(for (x 0 (length path-components))
(setf walking-path (string /? (join (slice path-components 0 (+ 1 x)) "/")))
(make-dir walking-path)
)
)
- Using user-made function...
(mkdir-p "/tmp/rosetta/test1")
- ... or calling OS command directly.
(! "mkdir -p /tmp/rosetta/test2") (exit)</lang>
Objeck
<lang objeck>class Program {
function : Main(args : String[]) ~ Nil {
System.IO.File.Directory->CreatePath("your/path/name")->PrintLine();
}
}</lang>
Perl
Using the File::Path core module:
<lang perl>use File::Path qw(make_path);
make_path('path/to/dir')</lang>
Perl 6
There is a built-in function for this:
<lang perl6>mkdir 'path/to/dir'</lang>
Alternatively, a custom solution (as per task description) that only uses the built-in mkdir non-recursively. The "triangle reduce" meta-operator [\ ] is used get the intermediate results of a left fold with the comma operator on the list of path elements.
<lang perl6>for [\,] $*SPEC.splitdir("../path/to/dir") -> @path {
mkdir $_ unless .e given $*SPEC.catdir(@path).IO;
}</lang>
Phix
There's a builtin for that <lang Phix>if not create_directory("myapp/interface/letters") then
crash("Filesystem problem - could not create the new folder")
end if</lang> The implementation in builtins/pfile.e is as follows (see there for initf() etc): <lang Phix>global function create_directory(string name, integer mode=0o700, bool make_parent=1) bool ret
if not finit then initf() end if
if length(name)=0 then
?9/0
end if
name = get_proper_path(name)
-- Remove any trailing slash.
if name[$]=SLASH then
name = name[1..$-1]
end if
if make_parent then
integer pos = rfind(SLASH, name)
if pos!=0 then
string parent = name[1..pos-1]
if file_exists(parent) then
if file_type(parent)!=FILETYPE_DIRECTORY then ?9/0 end if
else
if not create_directory(parent, mode, make_parent) then
return 0
end if
end if
end if
end if
if platform()=LINUX then
ret = not c_func(xCreateDirectory, {name, mode})
elsif platform()=WINDOWS then
ret = c_func(xCreateDirectory, {name, 0})
end if
return ret
end function</lang> Of course you could also use system("mkdir -p path/to/dir") or whatever.
PicoLisp
<lang PicoLisp>(call "mkdir" "-p" "path/to/dir")</lang>
PowerShell
<lang PowerShell> New-Item -Path ".\path\to\dir" -ItemType Directory -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue </lang>
Python
<lang Python> from errno import EEXIST from os import mkdir, curdir from os.path import split, exists
def mkdirp(path, mode=0777):
head, tail = split(path)
if not tail:
head, tail = split(head)
if head and tail and not exists(head):
try:
mkdirp(head, mode)
except OSError as e:
# be happy if someone already created the path
if e.errno != EEXIST:
raise
if tail == curdir: # xxx/newdir/. exists if xxx/newdir exists
return
try:
mkdir(path, mode)
except OSError as e:
# be happy if someone already created the path
if e.errno != EEXIST:
raise
</lang>
Above is a modified version of the standard library's os.makedirs, for pedagogical purposes. In practice, you would be more likely to use the standard library call:
<lang Python> def mkdirp(path):
try:
os.makedirs(path)
except OSError as exc: # Python >2.5
if exc.errno == errno.EEXIST and os.path.isdir(path):
pass
else: raise
</lang>
In Python3 this becomes even simpler:
<lang Python> def mkdirp(path):
os.makedirs(path, exist_ok=True)
</lang>
Racket
Uses make-directory* (NB the star — that causes the intermediate directories to be produced).
Canonical documentation at Racket Documentation for Filesystem
Creates directory specified by path, creating intermediate
directories as necessary, and never failing if path exists already.
<lang racket>#lang racket (define path-str "/tmp/woo/yay") (define path/..-str "/tmp/woo")
- clean up from a previous run
(when (directory-exists? path-str)
(delete-directory path-str) (delete-directory path/..-str))
- delete-directory/files could also be used -- but that requires goggles and rubber
- gloves to handle safely!
(define (report-path-exists)
(printf "~s exists (as a directory?):~a~%~s exists (as a directory?):~a~%~%"
path/..-str (directory-exists? path/..-str)
path-str (directory-exists? path-str)))
(report-path-exists)
- Really ... this is the only bit that matters!
(make-directory* path-str)
(report-path-exists)</lang>
- Output:
"/tmp/woo" exists (as a directory?):#f "/tmp/woo/yay" exists (as a directory?):#f "/tmp/woo" exists (as a directory?):#t "/tmp/woo/yay" exists (as a directory?):#t
REXX
The following works with any modern (Microsoft) Windows ® and/or DOS.
Operating system note: all versions of Microsoft ® DOS require the use of a blackslash [\] instead of a forward slash [/].
Usage note: without the error messages being suppressed, the MKDIR command will issue an error message if the subdirectory (or its path) already exists. <lang rexx>/*REXX program creates a directory (folder) and all its parent paths as necessary. */ trace off /*suppress possible warning msgs.*/
dPath = 'path\to\dir' /*define directory (folder) path.*/
'MKDIR' dPath "2>nul" /*alias could be used: MD dPath */
/*stick a fork in it, we're done.*/</lang>
Ring
<lang ring> System("mkdir C:\Ring\docs") isdir("C:\Ring\docs")
see isdir("C:\Ring\docs") + nl func isdir cDir
try
dir(cDir)
return true
catch
return false
done
</lang>
Ruby
<lang ruby>require 'fileutils' FileUtils.mkdir_p("path/to/dir") </lang> mkdir_p also takes an array of pathnames instead of a single pathname as an argument. mkdir_p is aliased as: mkpath, makedirs.
Run BASIC
<lang runbasic> files #f, "c:\myDocs" ' check for directory if #f hasanswer() then
if #f isDir() then ' is it a file or a directory
print "A directory exist"
else
print "A file exist"
end if
else
shell$("mkdir c:\myDocs" ' if not exist make a directory
end if</lang> The following info about files / directory FILE ACCESSOR methods
- handle HASANSWER() - Return non-zero if the file accessor has at least one
resulting row.
- handle ROWCOUNT() - Return the number of rows returned.
- handle NEXTFILE$() - Advance to the next row and return a comma delimited string for the next file (name, size, date, time, directory flag).
- handle NEXTFILE$([delimExpr$]) - Like NEXTFILE$() but you get to specify the delimiter instead of a comma.
- handle NAME$() - Return the name of the current file row.
- handle SIZE() - Return the size of the current file row.
- handle DATE$() - Return a string containing a formatted date for the current file row.
- handle TIME$() - Return a string containing a formatted time for the current file row.
- handle ISDIR() - Return non-zero if the current file row represents a directory instead of a file.
- handle RESET() - Reset the file accessor back to the beginning so you can read through them again.
- handle DATEFORMAT(template$) - Set the date format using a "mmm dd, yyyy" style template$.
- handle TIMEFORMAT(template$) - Set the time format using a "hh:mm:ss" style template$.
- handle ISNULL() - Returns zero (or false)
- handle DEBUG$() - Returns the string "Files"
Rust
<lang rust>use std::fs;
fn main() {
fs::create_dir_all("./path/to/dir").expect("An Error Occured!")
}</lang>
Scala
<lang Scala>new java.io.File("/path/to/dir").mkdirs</lang> Alternative (platform-independent) for the library function: <lang Scala>import java.io.File
def mkdirs(path: List[String]) = // return true if path was created
path.tail.foldLeft(new File(path.head)){(a,b) => a.mkdir; new File(a,b)}.mkdir
mkdirs(List("/path", "to", "dir")) </lang>
Seed7
The library cli_cmds.s7i defines the function doMkdirCmd, which is used below.
<lang seed7>$ include "seed7_05.s7i";
include "cli_cmds.s7i";
const proc: main is func
begin doMkdirCmd(argv(PROGRAM), TRUE); end func;</lang>
The library cli_cmds.s7i defines also doMkdir (Make directories like the Unix mkdir command) and doMd (Make directories like the DOS md command). This functions read the parameters and options from a string. The reading is done according to Unix respectively DOS/Windows rules. The function doMkdir is used in the alternate solution below:
<lang seed7>$ include "seed7_05.s7i";
include "cli_cmds.s7i";
const proc: main is func
local var string: parameters is ""; begin parameters := join(argv(PROGRAM), " "); doMkdir(parameters); end func;</lang>
Sidef
<lang ruby>Dir.new(Dir.cwd, "path", "to", "dir").make_path; # works cross-platform</lang>
Tcl
Tcl's built in file mkdir works exactly this way:
<lang tcl>file mkdir ./path/to/dir</lang>
If a directory cannot be made (e.g., because it would involve making a directory with the same name as an existing file) the command will throw a trappable error, as normal for Tcl commands.
UNIX Shell
<lang bash>function mkdirp() { mkdir -p "$1"; }</lang>
zkl
This is for Unix as zkl doesn't have a built in mkdir method. <lang zkl>System.cmd("mkdir -p ../foo/bar")</lang> The system error code is returned (0 in this case). <lang zkl>fcn mkdir(path) { System.cmd("mkdir -p "+path) }</lang>
- Output:
zkl: mkdir("../foo/bar")
0
zkl: mkdir("/foo/bar")
mkdir: cannot create directory ‘/foo’: Permission denied
256