LZW compression
You are encouraged to solve this task according to the task description, using any language you may know.
The Lempel-Ziv-Welch (LZW) algorithm provides lossless data compression. You can read a complete description of it in the Wikipedia article on the subject. It was patented, but it fell in the public domain in 2004.
D
D 1, with Phobos, from the Python version (the final writefln works only on 7-bit ASCII strings): <d> import std.stdio: writefln;
/// Compress a string to a list of output symbols. int[] compress(string uncompressed) {
// build the dictionary int dict_size = 256; int[string] dictionary; for (int i; i < dict_size; i++) dictionary["" ~ cast(char)i] = i;
string w; int[] result; foreach (c; uncompressed) { string wc = w ~ c; if (wc in dictionary) w = wc; else { result ~= dictionary[w]; // add wc to the dictionary dictionary[wc] = dict_size; dict_size++; w = "" ~ c; } }
// output the code for w if (w.length) result ~= dictionary[w]; return result;
}
/// Decompress a list of output ks to a string.
string decompress(int[] compressed) {
// build the dictionary int dict_size = 256; string[int] dictionary; for (int i; i < dict_size; i++) dictionary[i] = "" ~ cast(char)i;
string w = "" ~ cast(char)compressed[0]; string result = w; foreach (k; compressed[1 .. $]) { string entry; if (k in dictionary) entry = dictionary[k]; else if (k == dict_size) entry = w ~ w[0]; else throw new Exception("Bad compressed k"); result ~= entry;
// add w+entry[0] to the dictionary dictionary[dict_size] = w ~ entry[0]; dict_size++;
w = entry; } return result;
}
void main() {
auto compressed = compress("TOBEORNOTTOBEORTOBEORNOT"); writefln(compressed);
auto decompressed = decompress(compressed); writefln(decompressed);
} </d> The output: <d> [84,79,66,69,79,82,78,79,84,256,258,260,265,259,261,263] TOBEORNOTTOBEORTOBEORNOT </d>
Forth
256 value next-symbol \ current string fragment create w 256 allot \ counted string : w=c ( c -- ) w 1+ c! 1 w c! ; : w+c ( c -- ) w count + c! w c@ 1+ w c! ;
\ Compression \ dictionary of strings to symbols 0 value dict : init-dict table to dict 256 to next-symbol dict set-current ; : free-dict forth-wordlist set-current ; : in-dict? ( key len -- ? ) \ can assume len > 1 dict search-wordlist dup if nip then ; : lookup-dict ( key len -- symbol ) dup 1 = if drop c@ exit then dict search-wordlist if >body @ else abort" bad-dict!" then ; : put-dict ( data key len -- ) nextname create , ; \ output buffer of symbols \ in real life, these symbols would be packed into octets variable out-size create out 256 cells allot : output ( symbol -- ) dup out out-size @ cells + ! 1 out-size +! dup 256 < if emit space else . then ; : compress ( addr len -- ) init-dict 0 out-size ! over c@ w=c 1 /string bounds do i c@ w+c w count in-dict? 0= if w count 1- lookup-dict output next-symbol dup w count put-dict 1+ to next-symbol i c@ w=c then loop w count lookup-dict output free-dict ;
\ Decompression \ array of symbols to strings (in real code this would need to be growable) \ next-symbol is reused for the size of this table create symtab 256 cells allot 0 value start : init-symtab 256 to next-symbol here to start ; : free-symtab start here - allot ; : get-symbol ( symbol -- addr len ) dup 256 < if pad c! pad 1 exit then 256 - cells symtab + @ count ; : add-symbol ( addr len -- ) here symtab next-symbol 256 - cells + ! s, next-symbol 1+ to next-symbol ; create entry 256 allot : decompress ( addr len -- ) init-symtab over @ dup emit w=c cells bounds cell+ do i @ next-symbol < if i @ get-symbol entry place else i @ next-symbol = if w 1+ c@ w count + c! w count 1+ entry place else abort" bad symbol!" then then entry count type \ output entry 1+ c@ w+c w count add-symbol entry count w place 1 cells +loop free-symtab ;
\ Testing s" TOBEORNOTTOBEORTOBEORNOT" compress cr \ T O B E O R N O T 256 258 260 265 259 261 263 out out-size @ decompress cr \ TOBEORNOTTOBEORTOBEORNOT
Java
<java>import java.util.*;
public class LZW {
/** Compress a string to a list of output symbols. */ public static List<Integer> compress(String uncompressed) { // Build the dictionary. int dictSize = 256; Map<String,Integer> dictionary = new HashMap<String,Integer>(); for (int i = 0; i < 256; i++) dictionary.put("" + (char)i, i); String w = ""; List<Integer> result = new ArrayList<Integer>(); for (char c : uncompressed.toCharArray()) { String wc = w + c; if (dictionary.containsKey(wc)) w = wc; else { result.add(dictionary.get(w)); // Add wc to the dictionary. dictionary.put(wc, dictSize++); w = "" + c; } } // Output the code for w. if (!w.equals("")) result.add(dictionary.get(w)); return result; } /** Decompress a list of output ks to a string. */ public static String decompress(List<Integer> compressed) { // Build the dictionary. int dictSize = 256; Map<Integer,String> dictionary = new HashMap<Integer,String>(); for (int i = 0; i < 256; i++) dictionary.put(i, "" + (char)i); String w = "" + (char)(int)compressed.remove(0); String result = w; for (int k : compressed) { String entry; if (dictionary.containsKey(k)) entry = dictionary.get(k); else if (k == dictSize) entry = w + w.charAt(0); else throw new IllegalArgumentException("Bad compressed k: " + k); result += entry; // Add w+entry[0] to the dictionary. dictionary.put(dictSize++, w + entry.charAt(0)); w = entry; } return result; }
public static void main(String[] args) { List<Integer> compressed = compress("TOBEORNOTTOBEORTOBEORNOT"); System.out.println(compressed); String decompressed = decompress(compressed); System.out.println(decompressed); }
}</java>
Objective-C
The class for the LZW compression algorithm:
<objc>#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
- import <stdio.h>
@interface LZWCompressor : NSObject {
@private NSMutableArray *iostream; NSMutableDictionary *dict; NSUInteger codemark;
}
-(LZWCompressor *) init; -(LZWCompressor *) initWithArray: (NSMutableArray *) stream; -(BOOL) compressData: (NSData *) string; -(void) setArray: (NSMutableArray *) stream; -(NSArray *) getArray; @end
@implementation LZWCompressor : NSObject
-(LZWCompressor *) init {
self = [super init]; if ( self ) { iostream = nil; codemark = 256; dict = [NSMutableDictionary dictionaryWithCapacity: 512]; } return self;
}
-(LZWCompressor *) initWithArray: (NSMutableArray *) stream {
self = [self init]; if ( self ) { [self setArray: stream]; } return self;
}
-(void) setArray: (NSMutableArray *) stream {
iostream = stream;
}
-(BOOL) compressData: (NSData *) string; {
NSUInteger i; unsigned char j; // prepare dict for(i=0; i < 256; i++) { j = i; NSData *s = [NSData dataWithBytes: &j length: 1]; [dict setObject: [NSNumber numberWithUnsignedInt: i] forKey: s]; } NSMutableData *w = [NSMutableData data]; NSMutableData *wc = [NSMutableData data]; for(i=0; i < [string length]; i++) { [wc setData: w]; [wc appendData: [string subdataWithRange: NSMakeRange(i, 1)]]; if ( [dict objectForKey: wc] != nil ) { [w setData: wc]; } else { [iostream addObject: [dict objectForKey: w]]; [dict setObject: [NSNumber numberWithUnsignedInt: codemark] forKey: wc]; codemark++; [w setData: [string subdataWithRange: NSMakeRange(i, 1)]]; } } if ( [w length] != 0 ) { [iostream addObject: [dict objectForKey: w]]; } return YES;
}
-(NSArray *) getArray {
return iostream;
}
@end</objc>
Usage example:
<objc>char *text = "TOBEORNOTTOBEORTOBEORNOT";
int main() {
NSAutoreleasePool *pool = [[NSAutoreleasePool alloc] init]; LZWCompressor *lzw = [[LZWCompressor alloc] initWithArray: [[NSMutableArray alloc] init] ]; if ( lzw ) { [lzw compressData: [NSData dataWithBytes: text length: strlen(text)]]; NSEnumerator *en = [[lzw getArray] objectEnumerator]; id obj; while( (obj = [en nextObject]) ) { printf("%u\n", [obj unsignedIntValue]); } } [pool release]; return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}</objc>
Output (reformatted by hand):
84 79 66 69 79 82 78 79 84 256 258 260 265 259 261 263
OCaml
<ocaml>#directory "+site-lib/extlib/"
- load "extLib.cma"
open ExtString
(** compress a string to a list of output symbols *) let compress ~uncompressed =
(* build the dictionary *) let dict_size = 256 in let dictionary = Hashtbl.create 397 in for i=0 to 255 do let str = String.make 1 (char_of_int i) in Hashtbl.add dictionary str i done; let f = (fun (w, dict_size, result) c -> let c = String.make 1 c in let wc = w ^ c in if Hashtbl.mem dictionary wc then (wc, dict_size, result) else begin (* add wc to the dictionary *) Hashtbl.add dictionary wc dict_size; let this = Hashtbl.find dictionary w in (c, dict_size + 1, this::result) end ) in let w, _, result = String.fold_left f ("", dict_size, []) uncompressed in
(* output the code for w *) let result = if w = "" then result else (Hashtbl.find dictionary w) :: result in
(List.rev result)
exception ValueError of string
(** decompress a list of output symbols to a string *) let decompress ~compressed =
(* build the dictionary *) let dict_size = 256 in let dictionary = Hashtbl.create 397 in for i=0 to pred dict_size do let str = String.make 1 (char_of_int i) in Hashtbl.add dictionary i str done;
let w, compressed = match compressed with | hd::tl -> (String.make 1 (char_of_int hd)), tl | [] -> failwith "empty input" in let result = w::[] in
let result, _, _ = List.fold_left (fun (result, w, dict_size) k -> let entry = if Hashtbl.mem dictionary k then Hashtbl.find dictionary k else if k = Hashtbl.length dictionary then w ^ (String.make 1 w.[0]) else raise(ValueError(Printf.sprintf "Bad compressed k: %d" k)) in let result = entry :: result in (* add (w ^ entry.[0]) to the dictionary *) Hashtbl.add dictionary dict_size (w ^ (String.make 1 entry.[0])); (result, entry, dict_size + 1) ) (result, w, dict_size) compressed in (List.rev result)
- </ocaml>
here is the interface: <ocaml>val compress : uncompressed:string -> int list val decompress : compressed:int list -> string list</ocaml>
How to use:
The compressed datas are a list of symbols (of type int) that will require more than 8 bits to be saved.
So to know how many bits are required, you need to know how many bits are required for the greatest symbol in the list.
<ocaml>let greatest = List.fold_left (fun m x -> max m x) 0 ;;
(** number of bits needed to encode the integer m *) let n_bits m =
let m = float m in let rec aux n = let max = (2. ** n) -. 1. in if max >= m then int_of_float n else aux (n +. 1.0) in aux 1.0
let write_compressed ~filename ~compressed =
let nbits = n_bits(greatest compressed) in let oc = open_out filename in output_byte oc nbits; let ob = IO.output_bits(IO.output_channel oc) in List.iter (fun code -> IO.write_bits ob nbits code ) compressed; IO.flush_bits ob; close_out oc;
let read_compressed ~filename =
let ic = open_in filename in let nbits = input_byte ic in let ib = IO.input_bits(IO.input_channel ic) in let rec loop acc = try let code = IO.read_bits ib nbits in loop (code::acc) with _ -> List.rev acc in let compressed = loop [] in let result = decompress ~compressed in let buf = Buffer.create 2048 in List.iter (Buffer.add_string buf) result; (Buffer.contents buf)
- </ocaml>
Perl
In this version the hashes contain mixed typed data: <perl># Compress a string to a list of output symbols. sub compress {
my $uncompressed = shift;
# Build the dictionary. my $dict_size = 256; my %dictionary = map {chr $_ => chr $_} 0..$dict_size-1;
my $w = ""; my @result; foreach my $c (split , $uncompressed) { my $wc = $w . $c; if (exists $dictionary{$wc}) { $w = $wc; } else { push @result, $dictionary{$w}; # Add wc to the dictionary. $dictionary{$wc} = $dict_size; $dict_size++; $w = $c; } }
# Output the code for w. if ($w) { push @result, $dictionary{$w}; } return @result;
}
- Decompress a list of output ks to a string.
sub decompress {
my @compressed = @_;
# Build the dictionary. my $dict_size = 256; my %dictionary = map {chr $_ => chr $_} 0..$dict_size-1;
my $w = shift @compressed; my $result = $w; foreach my $k (@compressed) { my $entry; if (exists $dictionary{$k}) { $entry = $dictionary{$k}; } elsif ($k == $dict_size) { $entry = $w . substr(w,0,1); } else { die "Bad compressed k: $k"; } $result .= $entry;
# Add w+entry[0] to the dictionary. $dictionary{$dict_size} = $w . substr($entry,0,1); $dict_size++;
$w = $entry; } return $result;
}
- How to use:
my @compressed = compress('TOBEORNOTTOBEORTOBEORNOT'); print "@compressed\n"; my $decompressed = decompress(@compressed); print "$decompressed\n";</perl>
Output:
T O B E O R N O T 256 258 260 265 259 261 263 TOBEORNOTTOBEORTOBEORNOT
Python
In this version the dicts contain mixed typed data: <python>def compress(uncompressed):
"""Compress a string to a list of output symbols."""
# Build the dictionary. dict_size = 256 dictionary = dict((chr(i), chr(i)) for i in xrange(dict_size))
w = "" result = [] for c in uncompressed: wc = w + c if wc in dictionary: w = wc else: result.append(dictionary[w]) # Add wc to the dictionary. dictionary[wc] = dict_size dict_size += 1 w = c
# Output the code for w. if w: result.append(dictionary[w]) return result
def decompress(compressed):
"""Decompress a list of output ks to a string."""
# Build the dictionary. dict_size = 256 dictionary = dict((chr(i), chr(i)) for i in xrange(dict_size))
w = result = compressed.pop(0) for k in compressed: if k in dictionary: entry = dictionary[k] elif k == dict_size: entry = w + w[0] else: raise ValueError('Bad compressed k: %s' % k) result += entry
# Add w+entry[0] to the dictionary. dictionary[dict_size] = w + entry[0] dict_size += 1
w = entry return result
- How to use:
compressed = compress('TOBEORNOTTOBEORTOBEORNOT') print compressed decompressed = decompress(compressed) print decompressed</python>
Output:
['T', 'O', 'B', 'E', 'O', 'R', 'N', 'O', 'T', 256, 258, 260, 265, 259, 261, 263] TOBEORNOTTOBEORTOBEORNOT
Ruby
In this version the hashes contain mixed typed data: # Compress a string to a list of output symbols. def compress(uncompressed)
# Build the dictionary. dict_size = 256 dictionary = Hash[* (0...dict_size).map {|i| [i.chr, i.chr]}.flatten ]
w = "" result = [] for c in uncompressed.split() wc = w + c if dictionary.has_key?(wc) w = wc else result << dictionary[w] # Add wc to the dictionary. dictionary[wc] = dict_size dict_size += 1 w = c end end
# Output the code for w. if w result << dictionary[w] end result
end
- Decompress a list of output ks to a string.
def decompress(compressed)
# Build the dictionary. dict_size = 256 dictionary = Hash[* (0...dict_size).map {|i| [i.chr, i.chr]}.flatten ]
w = result = compressed.shift for k in compressed if dictionary.has_key?(k) entry = dictionary[k] elsif k == dict_size entry = w + w[0,1] else raise 'Bad compressed k: %s' % k end result += entry
# Add w+entry[0] to the dictionary. dictionary[dict_size] = w + entry[0,1] dict_size += 1
w = entry end result
end
- How to use:
compressed = compress('TOBEORNOTTOBEORTOBEORNOT') p compressed decompressed = decompress(compressed) puts decompressed
Output:
["T", "O", "B", "E", "O", "R", "N", "O", "T", 256, 258, 260, 265, 259, 261, 263] TOBEORNOTTOBEORTOBEORNOT